同等學力英語語法輔導:時態(tài)

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 一、總述
    謂語動詞用來表示動作或情況發(fā)生時間的各種形式稱為時態(tài)。我們通常所說的時態(tài),其實反映的是兩個不同的概念,即tense (時)和aspect (態(tài)和體)。從時間上來看,英語的時態(tài)有現在、過去、將來及過去將來4 種。從表現形式(或稱“體”)上來看,英語的時態(tài)有一般時態(tài)、過去時態(tài)、完成時態(tài)、完成進行時態(tài)4 種。兩者的結合構成了英語的各種時態(tài)。共有16 種,具體見下表所示(以動詞do 為例)。
    
一般時態(tài) 進行時態(tài) 完成時態(tài) 完成進行時態(tài)  
現在 do does is has done has been doing
am doing have done have been doing
are    
過去 did was doing were doing had done had been doing
將來 shall do shall be doing shall have done shall have been doing
will do will be doing will have done will have been doing
過去將來 should do would do should be doing would be doing should have done would have done should have been doing would have been doing

    二、重要考點
    1. 一般現在時一般現在時通常表示習慣動作、一般狀態(tài)、客觀規(guī)律和永恒真理。如果主語是第三人稱單數,其動詞后需加s 或es。例如:
    He always gets up late on Sundays.
    He lives on a lonely island in the Pacific Ocean.
    The sun rises in the east and sets in the west.
    在以as soon as 、when 、after 等引導的時間狀語從句中,或以if、unless 等引導的條件狀語從句中,通常使用一般現在時態(tài)。例如:
    I’ll ring you as soon as he comes back.
    You’ll succeed if you try your best.
    2. 現在進行時
    現在進行時表示說話時正在進行的動作,也表示目前一段時間內正在進行的活動。表示后一種情況時,動作也一定正在進行。例如:
    They are constructing that building.
    Steve is studying Chinese best.
    1) 并非所有動詞都有進行時,有些表示狀態(tài)和感覺的動詞通常無進行時,除非這類動詞的詞義發(fā)生變化。這類動詞有:be, love, like, hate, believe, think, feel, seem 等。例如:
    Do you see anyone over there?
    Are you seeing someone off?(see off 意思是“送行”。)
    2) 現在進行時也可表示將來的動作:它指按人們的計劃、安排將要發(fā)生的動作或指即將開始的動作。例如:
    I’m leaving for Beijing tomorrow.
    Imagine I’m seeing the Mona Lisa.
    3) 現在進行時也可用來給習慣動作加上贊賞或討厭等感情色彩。例如:
    She is always cooking some delicious food for her family.
    He is always finding fault with his employees.
    3. 現在完成時
    現在完成時表示目前已完成的動作或剛剛完成的動作,也可表示從過去某一刻發(fā)生,現在仍延續(xù)著的動作或情況。此時態(tài)強調動作對現在的影響。例如:
    The conference has lasted for five days.
    He’s just bought an unusual taxi.
    1) 當句子中出現表示到現在為止這段時間的狀語時,謂語動詞一般用現在完成時。此類狀語有up to (till) now 、so far、these days 、this summer 、for… (后接一段時間的短語),since…(后接過去某個具體時間)等。例如:
    We haven’t seen each other again since we graduated in 1987. 2句中謂語動詞是用一般過去時還是用現在完成時主要取決于動作是否對現在有影響。例如:
    What did she say about it?
    I have lived in Beijing for 15 years