英語資源頻道為大家整理的china daily 雙語新聞：中國有哪七類利益集團(tuán)，供大家閱讀參考。
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作者：鄧聿文
Author: Deng Yuwen
既得利益已成為中國深化改革的嚴(yán)重障礙，這已成為常識。但要打破利益集團(tuán)對改革的阻礙，從目前來看，卻非常困難，連李克強(qiáng)總理都感嘆“現(xiàn)在觸動利益往往比觸及靈魂還難”。這就需要我們對利益集團(tuán)有一個客觀的分析和判斷。
Vested interest has become a serious obstacle to China's reform, it has become common sense. But to break the interest group on the reform of obstacles, from the current point of view, it is very difficult, even Premier Li Keqiang have lamented the "now more often than touch the soul also difficult to touch the interests". This requires that we have an objective analysis and judgment on interest group.
與西方的利益集團(tuán)不同，中國的利益集團(tuán)具有：(1)發(fā)展的不平衡性，(2)形態(tài)的模糊性和過渡性，(3)獲利的非正常性和行為的表面合法性，(4)利益的排他性，(5)權(quán)力的至上性，及(6)缺乏法理的正當(dāng)性等特點(diǎn)。我們可以簡單地把中國的利益集團(tuán)界定為對公共權(quán)力和資源享有支配權(quán)的部分人或社會階層，為了維護(hù)自己共有的特殊利益而結(jié)成的利益共同體，或者利益聯(lián)盟。
Different from the western interest groups, interest groups in China are: (1) the imbalance in development, (2) fuzzy and transitional form, (3) profit than normal and the behavior of surface legitimacy, (4) exclusive interests, (5) the supreme power, and (6) the lack of legitimacy, legal characteristics. We can simply take the Chinese interest groups is defined as the dominate part of people or social class of public power and resources, and form in order to safeguard their common interests or special interest community, benefit alliance.
中國的七類利益集團(tuán)
Seven kinds of interest groups in China
奧爾森在《國家的興衰》一書中指出，任何一個國家，只要有足夠長時間的政治穩(wěn)定，就會出現(xiàn)特殊利益集團(tuán)，而且，它們會變得越來越明白、成熟、有技巧。
Olsen in "the rise and fall of the country" a book that, any country, political stability as long as there is enough long time, there will be special interest group, and, they will become more and more understand, mature, have the skills.
然后它們就會對這個國家最重要的公共政策，國家的經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展、社會發(fā)展、政治機(jī)器，尤其是行政和法律，會越來越知道該怎樣操縱，懂得在操縱時怎樣找到好的理由。
And then they will be on the national public policy is the most important, the country's economic development, social development, and political machine, especially the administrative and legal, will be more and more know how to manipulate, know how to find good reasons in the operation.
由于他們的技巧越來越嫻熟，因而獲得的利益也就越來越持續(xù)、越多。最終慢慢導(dǎo)致這個國家的經(jīng)濟(jì)、社會、行政、法律等方面的體制、政策、組織，變成最符合特殊利益集團(tuán)的安排，使得該國發(fā)展的新動力(310328,基金吧)越來越被抑制，各個部門越來越僵化，最終，導(dǎo)致國家的衰落。
Because of their more and more skillful techniques, so the benefits are more sustainable, more. Eventually led to the country's economic, social, administrative, legal and other aspects of the system, policy, organization, become the most consistent with special interest group arrangement, so that the development of new power (310328, fund it) is increasingly inhibited, each department is becoming more and more rigid, ultimately, lead to the decline of the state.
從中國來看，利益集團(tuán)自改革以來尤其是近十多年來一直在發(fā)展壯大，既得利益者的身影處處可見，可以隨便舉幾個例子。
From the Chinese point of view, the interest group since the reform especially in recent 10 years has been in the development and growth, the vested interest figure can be seen everywhere, you can just to name a few.
例如，水電系統(tǒng)，這是中國一個重要的利益集團(tuán)，它強(qiáng)大到了不僅把中國的大江大河，而且連中等的江河，都圈過去，建電站大壩，每個項目都有幾億、幾十億、幾百億元的資金。
For example, hydropower system, which is an important interest groups in China, it is powerful to not only the Chinese rivers, and even the middle river, are the past, to build a power station dam, each project has hundreds of millions, billions, tens of billions of yuan of funds.
計生系統(tǒng)，這也是一個特殊利益集團(tuán)。按照目前的人口發(fā)展規(guī)律，中國早就應(yīng)該對實(shí)行了幾十年的計生政策進(jìn)行重大調(diào)整，可計生政策就是廢除不了，原因不外乎在過去幾十年中，計生系統(tǒng)已經(jīng)造成了一個特殊利益集團(tuán)全國至少有幾十萬人員，靠著“計劃生育”當(dāng)官、掌控錢權(quán)的。
Family planning system, which is also a special interest group. According to the population development of the current, China would have a decades-old one-child policy for a major adjustment, can birth control policy is not abolished, reason nothing else but in the past few decades, the family planning system has created a special interest group of the national at least some one hundred thousand personnel, relying on "family planning" officer, control the money right.
證券系統(tǒng)，也是一個既得利益深厚的集團(tuán)。證監(jiān)會的發(fā)審制度是三高(高發(fā)行價格、高市盈率和高超募額)、內(nèi)幕交易等亂象的根源，但也就是改變不了，原因在于中國股市上有強(qiáng)大的利益集團(tuán)，政府、交易所、監(jiān)管機(jī)構(gòu)、中介機(jī)構(gòu)各方利益介入太深，涉及市場的方方面面。
Security system, but also a deep vested interest group. The SFC Fashen system is three high (high issue price, high P / E ratio and superb raise the amount of root), insider trading and other problems, but it is not change, the reason is that there are powerful interest group on the Chinese stock market, the government, exchanges, regulators, intermediaries in the interests of all parties involved in too deep, relates to the market all aspects of.
房地產(chǎn)系統(tǒng)，在房地產(chǎn)中，的利益集團(tuán)是各級地方政府。地方政府通過高房價獲得了大量的財政收入、GDP政績、形象工程、政績工程和尋租腐敗機(jī)會。
The real estate system, in the real estate, the largest group of interest. The governments at all levels. The local government is getting a lot of fiscal revenue, GDP performance, image project, project of achievement in one's post and the rent-seeking corruption opportunities through high prices.
其次是銀行等金融機(jī)構(gòu)，通過房地產(chǎn)貸款等手段，從高房價中獲得了高額利潤。
The second is that banks and other financial institutions, through the real estate loans and other means, from the high prices to obtain high profits.
最后才是房地產(chǎn)開發(fā)商，它們通過與政府公權(quán)的結(jié)合，從高房價中獲得了超額利潤。
Finally, real estate developers, they combined with the right of government, from the high prices in the gain excess profit.
從學(xué)理上看，在中國，劃分利益集團(tuán)的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)至少應(yīng)該涉及與權(quán)力的結(jié)合程度、占有資源的程度、代言人、規(guī)模與影響力、訴求及隔閡與差異等因素。因此，筆者提出判斷既得利益者的三個標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。
From a theoretical point of view, in China, dividing the interest group standard should at least degree of binding, relates to and power resource extent, spokesperson, scale and influence, appeal and misunderstandings and differences and other factors. Therefore, the author puts forward three standards to judge the vested interest.
一是他們攫取了來自改革開放的大部分收益，并且將繼續(xù)從改革開放中攫取更多收益;二是進(jìn)一步的社會改革尤其是政治改革會損害其利益，因而他們對限權(quán)的政治改革持消極態(tài)度;
One of them grabbed most from the reform and opening up earnings, and will continue to get more benefits from the reform and opening up; two is to further social reform especially the political reform will damage their interests, so they hold negative attitude to the political reform;
三是他們也有很大的能量阻擾改革的進(jìn)行，或者將改革從有形化為無形，或者將改革帶來的危機(jī)和不利轉(zhuǎn)嫁出去。假如一個集團(tuán)如果同時符合這三條標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，可以稱之既得利益者。
Three are they also have the energy block reform big, or will the reform from tangible to intangible, or will go out of the crisis and the adverse shift reform. If a group if you meet these three criteria, can be called the vested interest.
以此衡量，大致可把中國的既得利益者劃分為七大類：
By that measure, can be roughly put China's vested interest is divided into seven categories:
第一類：強(qiáng)力政府部門及其官員;第二類：地方政府及其相關(guān)官員;第三類：國有壟斷企業(yè)特別是央企和地方重要國企及其高管;第四類：跨國資本及其國內(nèi)代理人，即俗稱的“洋買辦”;第五類是房地產(chǎn)開發(fā)商;第六類：大的民營企業(yè)和民營資本，包括民營房產(chǎn)商、煤老板等實(shí)業(yè)資本家和金融資本家;第七類：依附于上述各類利益集團(tuán)之上的部分專家學(xué)者和專業(yè)人士。
The first class: strong government departments and officials; second categories: local government and its officials; third categories: state-owned monopoly enterprises especially the state-owned enterprises and local enterprises and their important executive; Fourth: transnational capital and domestic agents, commonly known as "foreign comprador"; fifth is the real estate developers; Sixth categories: Large private enterprises and private capital, including private real estate companies, coal bosses and other industrial capitalists and financial capitalists; seventh categories: attached to the above all kinds of interest group of experts and scholars and professionals.
上述七類利益集團(tuán)還可進(jìn)一步把他們歸類，分為權(quán)貴資本利益集團(tuán)，包括前述的一、二、三類，其組成人員是政府官員和國企高官。
The above seven kinds of interest groups can be further classify them, divided into crony capital interest groups, including the one or two, three, its members are government officials and officials of state-owned enterprises.
金融資本利益集團(tuán)，包括前述的第四類和第六類一部分，其組成人員是“洋買辦”、民營金融資本家;實(shí)業(yè)資本利益集團(tuán)，包括前述的第五類一部分和第六類一部分，其組成人員是從事實(shí)業(yè)的民營企業(yè)家;知識資本利益集團(tuán)，包括前述的第七類，其組成人員是專家學(xué)者和專業(yè)人士。他們基本囊括了中國的既得利益者，是中國改革的受益者。
Financial capital interest group, including a part of the fourth class and sixth class, its members are "foreign comprador", private financial capitalists; industrial capital interest group, a part of the fifth part and the sixth class, its members are engaged in the industry of private entrepreneur; knowledge capital interest group, including the seventh class, its members are experts and scholars and professionals. They include China's vested interest, is the biggest beneficiaries of Chinese reform.
那么，利益集團(tuán)是如何形成的?正如一些學(xué)者所說，有些既得利益集團(tuán)是計劃經(jīng)濟(jì)時期遺留下來的變種;有些新的既得利益集團(tuán)是在改革開放過程中形成的過渡體制中產(chǎn)生的;有些私人部門，包括部分外企，也是一種既得利益集團(tuán);有些投機(jī)主體則利用不健全的過渡體制形成了自己的既得利益。
Then, interest group is how to form? As some scholars said, some vested interest group is the legacy of the planned economy period variants; some new vested interest group is the transition system formed in the process of reform and opening up in the private sector; some, including some foreign companies, but also a vested interest group; some speculation subjects the transition system is not sound formed their own vested interest.
利益集團(tuán)形成后，其最基本的維護(hù)利益的方式，是通過集體行動的力量，借助制度安排，來影響或左右政府決策，從而達(dá)到所追求的目標(biāo)。但和一般的以權(quán)謀私不同，既得利益集團(tuán)謀取利益和好處，雖然形式隱秘，卻是通過合法的途徑，其理由是上得了臺面的。
After the formation of interest groups, the most basic safeguard the interests of the way, through the power of collective action, by means of institutional arrangements, to affect or influence government policy, so as to achieve the goal of. But unlike the general power, vested interest group interests and benefits, although the form of the secret, it is through the legal channels, the reason is got on the table.
因此，即使事后被察覺其意圖，然因是合法的制度安排，無論是具體制定政策的官員還是背后的主張者，都可以不承擔(dān)責(zé)任，沒有政治風(fēng)險。這是既得利益集團(tuán)同貪污受賄的不同。
Therefore, even after being aware of their intentions, because the system arrangement is legitimate, whether specific policy officials or behind the advocate, can not bear the responsibility, no political risk. This is vested interest group with the biggest difference of corruption and bribery.
以央企和地方政府為例，央企擁有的各方面特權(quán)對民眾生產(chǎn)的經(jīng)濟(jì)價值進(jìn)行有利于自身的收入再分配，它是通過三種作用方式實(shí)現(xiàn)的：一是免費(fèi)或低成本使用國有資源，如土地、礦產(chǎn)等;二是利用行政權(quán)力阻礙非國有經(jīng)濟(jì)的競爭，形成事實(shí)的壟斷，制定壟斷產(chǎn)品價格，獲取壟斷租金;三是以行政權(quán)力保證低成本的融資，如國有銀行體制和對利率的管制保證央企能以低成本獲取銀行貸款，央企的資本市場特權(quán)能夠保證其低成本的直接融資能力。
The central enterprises and local government as an example, is conducive to the redistribution of income in its economic value in all aspects of the central enterprises have privileges to people in production, it is realized through three ways: one is free or low cost use of state-owned resources, such as land, mineral and so on; two is the use of administrative power to block the non state-owned economy competition, formed the monopoly, monopoly price formulation, getting monopoly rent; three is the administrative authority to ensure low-cost financing, such as the state-owned banking system and control of interest rate that the central enterprises to obtain bank loans at low cost, the central enterprises to capital market privileges can ensure the low cost of direct financing ability.
地方政府則以中國的快速城市化進(jìn)程為契機(jī)，利用其相當(dāng)程度的地方經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展自主權(quán)和國有土地制度，通過土地財政模式獲取收益。
The local government to rapid city the process in China as an opportunity, to use its considerable local economic development of autonomy and the system of state-owned land, to obtain income through land financial model.
它的具體作用方式又有兩種：一是掌控城市化進(jìn)程中的土地供應(yīng)，收取高額土地出讓金和各類型房地產(chǎn)開發(fā)稅收，進(jìn)行城市基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施建設(shè)，刺激地方經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展，獲得政治升遷，獲取政治收益;二是在政府掌控的房地產(chǎn)開發(fā)和基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施建設(shè)中，通過合法或者非法的方式獲取經(jīng)濟(jì)利益，從而實(shí)現(xiàn)有利于其自身的收入再分配活動。這就是既得利益者的作用機(jī)理。
Methods the specific role it has two kinds: one is the control in the process of city land supply, charge high land leasing and various types of real estate tax, the city infrastructure construction, stimulating local economic development, political promotion, obtain political benefits; two is under government control of real estate development and foundation infrastructure, access to economic benefits through legal or illegal means, in order to achieve favorable for their own income redistribution activities. This action mechanism is vested interest person.
Read in English
作者：鄧聿文
Author: Deng Yuwen
既得利益已成為中國深化改革的嚴(yán)重障礙，這已成為常識。但要打破利益集團(tuán)對改革的阻礙，從目前來看，卻非常困難，連李克強(qiáng)總理都感嘆“現(xiàn)在觸動利益往往比觸及靈魂還難”。這就需要我們對利益集團(tuán)有一個客觀的分析和判斷。
Vested interest has become a serious obstacle to China's reform, it has become common sense. But to break the interest group on the reform of obstacles, from the current point of view, it is very difficult, even Premier Li Keqiang have lamented the "now more often than touch the soul also difficult to touch the interests". This requires that we have an objective analysis and judgment on interest group.
與西方的利益集團(tuán)不同，中國的利益集團(tuán)具有：(1)發(fā)展的不平衡性，(2)形態(tài)的模糊性和過渡性，(3)獲利的非正常性和行為的表面合法性，(4)利益的排他性，(5)權(quán)力的至上性，及(6)缺乏法理的正當(dāng)性等特點(diǎn)。我們可以簡單地把中國的利益集團(tuán)界定為對公共權(quán)力和資源享有支配權(quán)的部分人或社會階層，為了維護(hù)自己共有的特殊利益而結(jié)成的利益共同體，或者利益聯(lián)盟。
Different from the western interest groups, interest groups in China are: (1) the imbalance in development, (2) fuzzy and transitional form, (3) profit than normal and the behavior of surface legitimacy, (4) exclusive interests, (5) the supreme power, and (6) the lack of legitimacy, legal characteristics. We can simply take the Chinese interest groups is defined as the dominate part of people or social class of public power and resources, and form in order to safeguard their common interests or special interest community, benefit alliance.
中國的七類利益集團(tuán)
Seven kinds of interest groups in China
奧爾森在《國家的興衰》一書中指出，任何一個國家，只要有足夠長時間的政治穩(wěn)定，就會出現(xiàn)特殊利益集團(tuán)，而且，它們會變得越來越明白、成熟、有技巧。
Olsen in "the rise and fall of the country" a book that, any country, political stability as long as there is enough long time, there will be special interest group, and, they will become more and more understand, mature, have the skills.
然后它們就會對這個國家最重要的公共政策，國家的經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展、社會發(fā)展、政治機(jī)器，尤其是行政和法律，會越來越知道該怎樣操縱，懂得在操縱時怎樣找到好的理由。
And then they will be on the national public policy is the most important, the country's economic development, social development, and political machine, especially the administrative and legal, will be more and more know how to manipulate, know how to find good reasons in the operation.
由于他們的技巧越來越嫻熟，因而獲得的利益也就越來越持續(xù)、越多。最終慢慢導(dǎo)致這個國家的經(jīng)濟(jì)、社會、行政、法律等方面的體制、政策、組織，變成最符合特殊利益集團(tuán)的安排，使得該國發(fā)展的新動力(310328,基金吧)越來越被抑制，各個部門越來越僵化，最終，導(dǎo)致國家的衰落。
Because of their more and more skillful techniques, so the benefits are more sustainable, more. Eventually led to the country's economic, social, administrative, legal and other aspects of the system, policy, organization, become the most consistent with special interest group arrangement, so that the development of new power (310328, fund it) is increasingly inhibited, each department is becoming more and more rigid, ultimately, lead to the decline of the state.
從中國來看，利益集團(tuán)自改革以來尤其是近十多年來一直在發(fā)展壯大，既得利益者的身影處處可見，可以隨便舉幾個例子。
From the Chinese point of view, the interest group since the reform especially in recent 10 years has been in the development and growth, the vested interest figure can be seen everywhere, you can just to name a few.
例如，水電系統(tǒng)，這是中國一個重要的利益集團(tuán)，它強(qiáng)大到了不僅把中國的大江大河，而且連中等的江河，都圈過去，建電站大壩，每個項目都有幾億、幾十億、幾百億元的資金。
For example, hydropower system, which is an important interest groups in China, it is powerful to not only the Chinese rivers, and even the middle river, are the past, to build a power station dam, each project has hundreds of millions, billions, tens of billions of yuan of funds.
計生系統(tǒng)，這也是一個特殊利益集團(tuán)。按照目前的人口發(fā)展規(guī)律，中國早就應(yīng)該對實(shí)行了幾十年的計生政策進(jìn)行重大調(diào)整，可計生政策就是廢除不了，原因不外乎在過去幾十年中，計生系統(tǒng)已經(jīng)造成了一個特殊利益集團(tuán)全國至少有幾十萬人員，靠著“計劃生育”當(dāng)官、掌控錢權(quán)的。
Family planning system, which is also a special interest group. According to the population development of the current, China would have a decades-old one-child policy for a major adjustment, can birth control policy is not abolished, reason nothing else but in the past few decades, the family planning system has created a special interest group of the national at least some one hundred thousand personnel, relying on "family planning" officer, control the money right.
證券系統(tǒng)，也是一個既得利益深厚的集團(tuán)。證監(jiān)會的發(fā)審制度是三高(高發(fā)行價格、高市盈率和高超募額)、內(nèi)幕交易等亂象的根源，但也就是改變不了，原因在于中國股市上有強(qiáng)大的利益集團(tuán)，政府、交易所、監(jiān)管機(jī)構(gòu)、中介機(jī)構(gòu)各方利益介入太深，涉及市場的方方面面。
Security system, but also a deep vested interest group. The SFC Fashen system is three high (high issue price, high P / E ratio and superb raise the amount of root), insider trading and other problems, but it is not change, the reason is that there are powerful interest group on the Chinese stock market, the government, exchanges, regulators, intermediaries in the interests of all parties involved in too deep, relates to the market all aspects of.
房地產(chǎn)系統(tǒng)，在房地產(chǎn)中，的利益集團(tuán)是各級地方政府。地方政府通過高房價獲得了大量的財政收入、GDP政績、形象工程、政績工程和尋租腐敗機(jī)會。
The real estate system, in the real estate, the largest group of interest. The governments at all levels. The local government is getting a lot of fiscal revenue, GDP performance, image project, project of achievement in one's post and the rent-seeking corruption opportunities through high prices.
其次是銀行等金融機(jī)構(gòu)，通過房地產(chǎn)貸款等手段，從高房價中獲得了高額利潤。
The second is that banks and other financial institutions, through the real estate loans and other means, from the high prices to obtain high profits.
最后才是房地產(chǎn)開發(fā)商，它們通過與政府公權(quán)的結(jié)合，從高房價中獲得了超額利潤。
Finally, real estate developers, they combined with the right of government, from the high prices in the gain excess profit.
從學(xué)理上看，在中國，劃分利益集團(tuán)的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)至少應(yīng)該涉及與權(quán)力的結(jié)合程度、占有資源的程度、代言人、規(guī)模與影響力、訴求及隔閡與差異等因素。因此，筆者提出判斷既得利益者的三個標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。
From a theoretical point of view, in China, dividing the interest group standard should at least degree of binding, relates to and power resource extent, spokesperson, scale and influence, appeal and misunderstandings and differences and other factors. Therefore, the author puts forward three standards to judge the vested interest.
一是他們攫取了來自改革開放的大部分收益，并且將繼續(xù)從改革開放中攫取更多收益;二是進(jìn)一步的社會改革尤其是政治改革會損害其利益，因而他們對限權(quán)的政治改革持消極態(tài)度;
One of them grabbed most from the reform and opening up earnings, and will continue to get more benefits from the reform and opening up; two is to further social reform especially the political reform will damage their interests, so they hold negative attitude to the political reform;
三是他們也有很大的能量阻擾改革的進(jìn)行，或者將改革從有形化為無形，或者將改革帶來的危機(jī)和不利轉(zhuǎn)嫁出去。假如一個集團(tuán)如果同時符合這三條標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，可以稱之既得利益者。
Three are they also have the energy block reform big, or will the reform from tangible to intangible, or will go out of the crisis and the adverse shift reform. If a group if you meet these three criteria, can be called the vested interest.
以此衡量，大致可把中國的既得利益者劃分為七大類：
By that measure, can be roughly put China's vested interest is divided into seven categories:
第一類：強(qiáng)力政府部門及其官員;第二類：地方政府及其相關(guān)官員;第三類：國有壟斷企業(yè)特別是央企和地方重要國企及其高管;第四類：跨國資本及其國內(nèi)代理人，即俗稱的“洋買辦”;第五類是房地產(chǎn)開發(fā)商;第六類：大的民營企業(yè)和民營資本，包括民營房產(chǎn)商、煤老板等實(shí)業(yè)資本家和金融資本家;第七類：依附于上述各類利益集團(tuán)之上的部分專家學(xué)者和專業(yè)人士。
The first class: strong government departments and officials; second categories: local government and its officials; third categories: state-owned monopoly enterprises especially the state-owned enterprises and local enterprises and their important executive; Fourth: transnational capital and domestic agents, commonly known as "foreign comprador"; fifth is the real estate developers; Sixth categories: Large private enterprises and private capital, including private real estate companies, coal bosses and other industrial capitalists and financial capitalists; seventh categories: attached to the above all kinds of interest group of experts and scholars and professionals.
上述七類利益集團(tuán)還可進(jìn)一步把他們歸類，分為權(quán)貴資本利益集團(tuán)，包括前述的一、二、三類，其組成人員是政府官員和國企高官。
The above seven kinds of interest groups can be further classify them, divided into crony capital interest groups, including the one or two, three, its members are government officials and officials of state-owned enterprises.
金融資本利益集團(tuán)，包括前述的第四類和第六類一部分，其組成人員是“洋買辦”、民營金融資本家;實(shí)業(yè)資本利益集團(tuán)，包括前述的第五類一部分和第六類一部分，其組成人員是從事實(shí)業(yè)的民營企業(yè)家;知識資本利益集團(tuán)，包括前述的第七類，其組成人員是專家學(xué)者和專業(yè)人士。他們基本囊括了中國的既得利益者，是中國改革的受益者。
Financial capital interest group, including a part of the fourth class and sixth class, its members are "foreign comprador", private financial capitalists; industrial capital interest group, a part of the fifth part and the sixth class, its members are engaged in the industry of private entrepreneur; knowledge capital interest group, including the seventh class, its members are experts and scholars and professionals. They include China's vested interest, is the biggest beneficiaries of Chinese reform.
那么，利益集團(tuán)是如何形成的?正如一些學(xué)者所說，有些既得利益集團(tuán)是計劃經(jīng)濟(jì)時期遺留下來的變種;有些新的既得利益集團(tuán)是在改革開放過程中形成的過渡體制中產(chǎn)生的;有些私人部門，包括部分外企，也是一種既得利益集團(tuán);有些投機(jī)主體則利用不健全的過渡體制形成了自己的既得利益。
Then, interest group is how to form? As some scholars said, some vested interest group is the legacy of the planned economy period variants; some new vested interest group is the transition system formed in the process of reform and opening up in the private sector; some, including some foreign companies, but also a vested interest group; some speculation subjects the transition system is not sound formed their own vested interest.
利益集團(tuán)形成后，其最基本的維護(hù)利益的方式，是通過集體行動的力量，借助制度安排，來影響或左右政府決策，從而達(dá)到所追求的目標(biāo)。但和一般的以權(quán)謀私不同，既得利益集團(tuán)謀取利益和好處，雖然形式隱秘，卻是通過合法的途徑，其理由是上得了臺面的。
After the formation of interest groups, the most basic safeguard the interests of the way, through the power of collective action, by means of institutional arrangements, to affect or influence government policy, so as to achieve the goal of. But unlike the general power, vested interest group interests and benefits, although the form of the secret, it is through the legal channels, the reason is got on the table.
因此，即使事后被察覺其意圖，然因是合法的制度安排，無論是具體制定政策的官員還是背后的主張者，都可以不承擔(dān)責(zé)任，沒有政治風(fēng)險。這是既得利益集團(tuán)同貪污受賄的不同。
Therefore, even after being aware of their intentions, because the system arrangement is legitimate, whether specific policy officials or behind the advocate, can not bear the responsibility, no political risk. This is vested interest group with the biggest difference of corruption and bribery.
以央企和地方政府為例，央企擁有的各方面特權(quán)對民眾生產(chǎn)的經(jīng)濟(jì)價值進(jìn)行有利于自身的收入再分配，它是通過三種作用方式實(shí)現(xiàn)的：一是免費(fèi)或低成本使用國有資源，如土地、礦產(chǎn)等;二是利用行政權(quán)力阻礙非國有經(jīng)濟(jì)的競爭，形成事實(shí)的壟斷，制定壟斷產(chǎn)品價格，獲取壟斷租金;三是以行政權(quán)力保證低成本的融資，如國有銀行體制和對利率的管制保證央企能以低成本獲取銀行貸款，央企的資本市場特權(quán)能夠保證其低成本的直接融資能力。
The central enterprises and local government as an example, is conducive to the redistribution of income in its economic value in all aspects of the central enterprises have privileges to people in production, it is realized through three ways: one is free or low cost use of state-owned resources, such as land, mineral and so on; two is the use of administrative power to block the non state-owned economy competition, formed the monopoly, monopoly price formulation, getting monopoly rent; three is the administrative authority to ensure low-cost financing, such as the state-owned banking system and control of interest rate that the central enterprises to obtain bank loans at low cost, the central enterprises to capital market privileges can ensure the low cost of direct financing ability.
地方政府則以中國的快速城市化進(jìn)程為契機(jī)，利用其相當(dāng)程度的地方經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展自主權(quán)和國有土地制度，通過土地財政模式獲取收益。
The local government to rapid city the process in China as an opportunity, to use its considerable local economic development of autonomy and the system of state-owned land, to obtain income through land financial model.
它的具體作用方式又有兩種：一是掌控城市化進(jìn)程中的土地供應(yīng)，收取高額土地出讓金和各類型房地產(chǎn)開發(fā)稅收，進(jìn)行城市基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施建設(shè)，刺激地方經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展，獲得政治升遷，獲取政治收益;二是在政府掌控的房地產(chǎn)開發(fā)和基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施建設(shè)中，通過合法或者非法的方式獲取經(jīng)濟(jì)利益，從而實(shí)現(xiàn)有利于其自身的收入再分配活動。這就是既得利益者的作用機(jī)理。
Methods the specific role it has two kinds: one is the control in the process of city land supply, charge high land leasing and various types of real estate tax, the city infrastructure construction, stimulating local economic development, political promotion, obtain political benefits; two is under government control of real estate development and foundation infrastructure, access to economic benefits through legal or illegal means, in order to achieve favorable for their own income redistribution activities. This action mechanism is vested interest person.