英文寫作翻譯頻道為大家整理的最新在線英語翻譯：不動產(chǎn)的種類，供大家參考:)
Real estate is supposed to be put to its “highest and best use.” It comes in several varieties : residential , commercial , and industrial. Among residential properties , there are houses , apartment buildings and other special-use properties such as time shares . Most areas are zoned for residential , commercial , industrial , or other forms of real estate . But sometimes you can upgrade real estate by building a more remunerative type as permitted , or by going to city hall to get the land rezoned for a higher type of use . Thus , an investor might be able to upgrade residential property for commercial use . If it were mixed residential and commercial , one might be able to convert it to all of one or the other , depending on which was the more profitable use in this area . A person might buy a building and adjoining land , and either erect another building on the spare land or sell the land for a profit . Industrial properties are the trickiest to deal with because they tend to consist of “ single-use ” buildings such as a factory , which are hard to convert to other uses if the business closes down .
Real estate can be owned in several ways . The most common way is as a stand-alone building , usually a house . A unit in an apartment can also be owned as a condominium . In such a situation , people own individual apartments within the building , while the manager of the building owns the lobby and other areas open to all that are known as common areas . Apartment owners pay a fee to the manager for the use of these common areas known as maintenance . If the building goes bankrupt , the lender will foreclose on the ownership of the common area , but individual apartment owners will not be affected . A less safe arrangement is a cooperative , or co-op for short . Here , a corporation owns an apartment building , and individual apartment owners buy shares in the building corresponding to the value of their apartment . The apartment itself is occupied under a proprietary lease . Here , if the building is mortgaged and defaults , the lender to the building can foreclose on the whole corporation , which is to say that individual apartment owners lose their shares in their apartments , and thus , the ownership of the units themselves .
Co-ops are much harder to finance than condos .In the case of a condo , the owner has title to the unit , which the bank can repossess in the event of a default . The unit can then be liquidated fairly easily , as in the case of a detached building such as a house . In the case of a co-op , the bank can repossess only the shares corresponding to the apartment , not the unit itself . This is a much weaker form of security because the co-op loans . The ones that do are mainly in large cities like New York City , where such arrangements are fairly common , and they typically require an assessment of the building’s financial condition , as well as the individual’s finances . Many co-ops require buyers to either pay cash or , if the purchase is financed , to use consumer , mortgage , credit , wherein the interest is not deductible for tax purposes , in order to screen out buyers . A most illustrative case was in the novel Bonfire of the vanities , in which the hero , Sherman McCoy , needed $420,000 of pretax income in order to pay annual interest of $252,000 on his $2.6 million apartment . He was “going broke on one million dollars a year .”
Another arrangement is known as a time share . This applies mainly to vacation and resort homes , where a number of people purchase and own the right use the home exclusively for a specified period of time , usually measured in weeks and months . The more desirable time slots ( the ‘ season ’ ) cost more , because what you’re really purchasing is not the home itself ., but the right to use it at a particular time .
Commercial real estate commands higher rents per square foot than residential , but it is quite a bit riskier . Except for the highest and lowest-cost properties residential real estate will seldom be priced out of the market , because there will be always be someone “ trading up “ or “ trading down ,“ even if the original target market disappears . However commercial properties such as stores , factories or motels are basically “ single-use “holdings that will have a tough time finding alternative users to its originally intended market . A private investor would do well to gain some experience with residential at first , before moving up to commercial . Office buildings are the riskiest . They are overbuilt in many parts of the country , which means high vacancy rates and soft rents .
房地產(chǎn)應(yīng)該得到完全充分地利用。根據(jù)用途，其可分為以下幾類：居民用房、商業(yè)用房、以及工業(yè)用房。其中居民用房包括民宅、公寓以及其他特殊用途的房產(chǎn)（例如分時共用房產(chǎn)）。雖然大部分區(qū)域被規(guī)劃為居民區(qū)，工業(yè)區(qū)，或其他房地產(chǎn)區(qū)，但偶爾你也可以通過獲批（或市政廳重新規(guī)劃）建造更多的其它形式的有償?shù)禺a(chǎn)。因此，投資者可以通過將居民用房變?yōu)樯虡I(yè)用房來提高房地產(chǎn)的利用價值。如果該種物業(yè)類型混合了居住型和商業(yè)型的特色，使用者可以根據(jù)在當(dāng)?shù)胤课莸挠闆r選擇將其變?yōu)榫幼⌒突蛏虡I(yè)型房產(chǎn)，亦或居住商業(yè)混合型的。某人買房的同時可以買下與其相連的空地，也可以在空地上建造另一棟樓房，當(dāng)然也可以賣掉這塊地。工業(yè)房產(chǎn)是最難處理的房產(chǎn)，因為它是由單一用途的建筑組成（例如工廠），而當(dāng)企業(yè)破產(chǎn)后的房產(chǎn)是相當(dāng)難轉(zhuǎn)化為其他用途的。
房地產(chǎn)有以下幾種擁有形式：最常見的方式是單一樓房，比如住宅。公寓的一個單位的產(chǎn)權(quán)可以歸居住者自有。在次種情況之下，個人擁有該房屋建筑里面的某個人單元，而房屋建筑經(jīng)營者擁有大堂或者其他公共區(qū)域。公寓所有人為該部分公用區(qū)域給公寓管理者付的費用稱為物業(yè)管理費。如果該棟建筑物房產(chǎn)破產(chǎn)，貸方會取消公共區(qū)域的贖回權(quán)，但個人部分不受影響。合作經(jīng)營（或者短期消費合作）是指一家公司擁有一個公寓型建筑，而擁有公寓所有權(quán)的個人根據(jù)公寓價值買該公寓的股份，這棟公寓本身就存在房產(chǎn)租賃契約，在這種情況下，如果該公寓是作為抵押借款或是為了拖欠債務(wù)，該房屋的貸方能取消整個公司的贖回權(quán)，也就是說公寓所有權(quán)的個人失去了他們對該建筑物的房產(chǎn)份額，當(dāng)然，他們對房屋單元的所有權(quán)也會相應(yīng)失去。所以，這種管理模式不太保險。
合作性消費房產(chǎn)比分戶出售公寓大廈還更難融資。在分戶出售公寓大廈的情況下，原權(quán)利屬于公寓單位所有人的公寓單位在拖欠債務(wù)的情況下，銀行有權(quán)收回。在分離建筑住房的情況下，這樣的單元結(jié)算相對簡單。在合作性消費房產(chǎn)的情況下，銀行只能收回公寓相應(yīng)的份額，不是公寓單元本身，因為是消費性合作貸款，所以不是很保險。這種形式主要是在像紐約這樣的大城市中能夠行得通。在那里，該管理形式相當(dāng)普遍，建筑物房產(chǎn)和個人經(jīng)濟狀況的評估受到關(guān)注。許多合作性消費性房產(chǎn)要求買主或者付現(xiàn)金，或者消費，抵押，信用，等融資形式來支付。其中，為了甄選買家，利息是不因為稅收而扣除的，最有說服力的例子是小說《虛無的篝火》，當(dāng)中的主角Sherman McCoy需要420，000美元的稅前收入為了付年利息為252，000美元的價值2.6百萬的公寓。每年1百萬美元使得他就要破產(chǎn)了。
另外一種形式是分時共有房產(chǎn)。這種房產(chǎn)的形式主要應(yīng)用在度假村或旅游景點。在那里，一些人購買并且獲得房子的某段特定時期的使用權(quán)，通常以星期或月份來計算。需求越旺盛的季節(jié)，房屋的價錢很高，因為你所購買的不是房屋本身，而是該房產(chǎn)的某個特定時間段的使用權(quán)。
商業(yè)房產(chǎn)比居住房產(chǎn)要求更高的租金，但其風(fēng)險也更高。除了高租金，低成本以外，居住房產(chǎn)很少在市場上定價，因為盡管原有的目標(biāo)市場消失了，可總有人“炒”房或“拋”房。然而，商業(yè)房產(chǎn)，像商店、工廠、旅館等其基本用途都很單一，并且在原來目標(biāo)市場上很難找到可代替的使用者。個體投資者可以用居民住房的這種形式積累一定的資本，然后再轉(zhuǎn)移到商業(yè)用途上。寫字樓的風(fēng)險是的，全國各地建了過多的寫字樓，這意味著房產(chǎn)閑置率高，租金便宜。
Real estate can be owned in several ways . The most common way is as a stand-alone building , usually a house . A unit in an apartment can also be owned as a condominium . In such a situation , people own individual apartments within the building , while the manager of the building owns the lobby and other areas open to all that are known as common areas . Apartment owners pay a fee to the manager for the use of these common areas known as maintenance . If the building goes bankrupt , the lender will foreclose on the ownership of the common area , but individual apartment owners will not be affected . A less safe arrangement is a cooperative , or co-op for short . Here , a corporation owns an apartment building , and individual apartment owners buy shares in the building corresponding to the value of their apartment . The apartment itself is occupied under a proprietary lease . Here , if the building is mortgaged and defaults , the lender to the building can foreclose on the whole corporation , which is to say that individual apartment owners lose their shares in their apartments , and thus , the ownership of the units themselves .
Co-ops are much harder to finance than condos .In the case of a condo , the owner has title to the unit , which the bank can repossess in the event of a default . The unit can then be liquidated fairly easily , as in the case of a detached building such as a house . In the case of a co-op , the bank can repossess only the shares corresponding to the apartment , not the unit itself . This is a much weaker form of security because the co-op loans . The ones that do are mainly in large cities like New York City , where such arrangements are fairly common , and they typically require an assessment of the building’s financial condition , as well as the individual’s finances . Many co-ops require buyers to either pay cash or , if the purchase is financed , to use consumer , mortgage , credit , wherein the interest is not deductible for tax purposes , in order to screen out buyers . A most illustrative case was in the novel Bonfire of the vanities , in which the hero , Sherman McCoy , needed $420,000 of pretax income in order to pay annual interest of $252,000 on his $2.6 million apartment . He was “going broke on one million dollars a year .”
Another arrangement is known as a time share . This applies mainly to vacation and resort homes , where a number of people purchase and own the right use the home exclusively for a specified period of time , usually measured in weeks and months . The more desirable time slots ( the ‘ season ’ ) cost more , because what you’re really purchasing is not the home itself ., but the right to use it at a particular time .
Commercial real estate commands higher rents per square foot than residential , but it is quite a bit riskier . Except for the highest and lowest-cost properties residential real estate will seldom be priced out of the market , because there will be always be someone “ trading up “ or “ trading down ,“ even if the original target market disappears . However commercial properties such as stores , factories or motels are basically “ single-use “holdings that will have a tough time finding alternative users to its originally intended market . A private investor would do well to gain some experience with residential at first , before moving up to commercial . Office buildings are the riskiest . They are overbuilt in many parts of the country , which means high vacancy rates and soft rents .
房地產(chǎn)應(yīng)該得到完全充分地利用。根據(jù)用途，其可分為以下幾類：居民用房、商業(yè)用房、以及工業(yè)用房。其中居民用房包括民宅、公寓以及其他特殊用途的房產(chǎn)（例如分時共用房產(chǎn)）。雖然大部分區(qū)域被規(guī)劃為居民區(qū)，工業(yè)區(qū)，或其他房地產(chǎn)區(qū)，但偶爾你也可以通過獲批（或市政廳重新規(guī)劃）建造更多的其它形式的有償?shù)禺a(chǎn)。因此，投資者可以通過將居民用房變?yōu)樯虡I(yè)用房來提高房地產(chǎn)的利用價值。如果該種物業(yè)類型混合了居住型和商業(yè)型的特色，使用者可以根據(jù)在當(dāng)?shù)胤课莸挠闆r選擇將其變?yōu)榫幼⌒突蛏虡I(yè)型房產(chǎn)，亦或居住商業(yè)混合型的。某人買房的同時可以買下與其相連的空地，也可以在空地上建造另一棟樓房，當(dāng)然也可以賣掉這塊地。工業(yè)房產(chǎn)是最難處理的房產(chǎn)，因為它是由單一用途的建筑組成（例如工廠），而當(dāng)企業(yè)破產(chǎn)后的房產(chǎn)是相當(dāng)難轉(zhuǎn)化為其他用途的。
房地產(chǎn)有以下幾種擁有形式：最常見的方式是單一樓房，比如住宅。公寓的一個單位的產(chǎn)權(quán)可以歸居住者自有。在次種情況之下，個人擁有該房屋建筑里面的某個人單元，而房屋建筑經(jīng)營者擁有大堂或者其他公共區(qū)域。公寓所有人為該部分公用區(qū)域給公寓管理者付的費用稱為物業(yè)管理費。如果該棟建筑物房產(chǎn)破產(chǎn)，貸方會取消公共區(qū)域的贖回權(quán)，但個人部分不受影響。合作經(jīng)營（或者短期消費合作）是指一家公司擁有一個公寓型建筑，而擁有公寓所有權(quán)的個人根據(jù)公寓價值買該公寓的股份，這棟公寓本身就存在房產(chǎn)租賃契約，在這種情況下，如果該公寓是作為抵押借款或是為了拖欠債務(wù)，該房屋的貸方能取消整個公司的贖回權(quán)，也就是說公寓所有權(quán)的個人失去了他們對該建筑物的房產(chǎn)份額，當(dāng)然，他們對房屋單元的所有權(quán)也會相應(yīng)失去。所以，這種管理模式不太保險。
合作性消費房產(chǎn)比分戶出售公寓大廈還更難融資。在分戶出售公寓大廈的情況下，原權(quán)利屬于公寓單位所有人的公寓單位在拖欠債務(wù)的情況下，銀行有權(quán)收回。在分離建筑住房的情況下，這樣的單元結(jié)算相對簡單。在合作性消費房產(chǎn)的情況下，銀行只能收回公寓相應(yīng)的份額，不是公寓單元本身，因為是消費性合作貸款，所以不是很保險。這種形式主要是在像紐約這樣的大城市中能夠行得通。在那里，該管理形式相當(dāng)普遍，建筑物房產(chǎn)和個人經(jīng)濟狀況的評估受到關(guān)注。許多合作性消費性房產(chǎn)要求買主或者付現(xiàn)金，或者消費，抵押，信用，等融資形式來支付。其中，為了甄選買家，利息是不因為稅收而扣除的，最有說服力的例子是小說《虛無的篝火》，當(dāng)中的主角Sherman McCoy需要420，000美元的稅前收入為了付年利息為252，000美元的價值2.6百萬的公寓。每年1百萬美元使得他就要破產(chǎn)了。
另外一種形式是分時共有房產(chǎn)。這種房產(chǎn)的形式主要應(yīng)用在度假村或旅游景點。在那里，一些人購買并且獲得房子的某段特定時期的使用權(quán)，通常以星期或月份來計算。需求越旺盛的季節(jié)，房屋的價錢很高，因為你所購買的不是房屋本身，而是該房產(chǎn)的某個特定時間段的使用權(quán)。
商業(yè)房產(chǎn)比居住房產(chǎn)要求更高的租金，但其風(fēng)險也更高。除了高租金，低成本以外，居住房產(chǎn)很少在市場上定價，因為盡管原有的目標(biāo)市場消失了，可總有人“炒”房或“拋”房。然而，商業(yè)房產(chǎn)，像商店、工廠、旅館等其基本用途都很單一，并且在原來目標(biāo)市場上很難找到可代替的使用者。個體投資者可以用居民住房的這種形式積累一定的資本，然后再轉(zhuǎn)移到商業(yè)用途上。寫字樓的風(fēng)險是的，全國各地建了過多的寫字樓，這意味著房產(chǎn)閑置率高，租金便宜。