2013年考研英語翻譯例句點(diǎn)評

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翻譯例句點(diǎn)評
    注:謂語動詞用紅筆標(biāo)出。藍(lán)筆為應(yīng)當(dāng)重點(diǎn)關(guān)注的短語。
    ★(94-74) Galileo' s greatest glory was //that in 1609 he was the first person to turn the newly invented telescope on the heavens to prove //that the planets revolve around the sun rather than around the Earth. 伽利略最偉大的成就是,1609年,他第一個把新發(fā)明的望遠(yuǎn)鏡對準(zhǔn)太空,以證明行星圍繞太陽轉(zhuǎn),而不是圍繞地球轉(zhuǎn)。
    【分析:】兩個由that引導(dǎo)的名詞性從句,第一個充當(dāng)本句表語,第二個充當(dāng)賓語。
    Glory一詞要根據(jù)語境選擇詞義。此處,解釋為“光榮,榮譽(yù)”明顯不合適,應(yīng)理解為“貢獻(xiàn),成就”。Invented一詞為過去分詞充當(dāng)前置定語。Turn ...on把...對準(zhǔn).rather than而非(重點(diǎn)關(guān)注的短語)
    ★(95-71 )The target is wrong, for in attacking the tests, critics divert attention form the fault //that lies with ill-informed or incompetent users. 【參考譯文】把標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化測試作為抨擊目標(biāo)是錯誤的,因?yàn)樵谂険暨@些測試的過程當(dāng)中,批評者們忽略了由于使用者所獲信息不全或能力有限所造成的錯誤。
    【分析:】that 引導(dǎo)定于從句,表示因果關(guān)系,由于ill-informed, in compentent所以出現(xiàn)了fault.
    the target指的是上文的the standardized educational or psychological tests that are widely used ... have been the target of recent attacks...所以翻譯時可將其指代內(nèi)容具體化出來。
    Attack一詞根據(jù)語境選擇詞義翻譯為“抨擊”。Divert attention from 把注意力從...轉(zhuǎn)移開來,沒有注意到。Ill-informed與well-informed 相反。根據(jù)本文第二句話how well the predications will be validated by later performance depends upon the amount, reliability, and appropriateness of the information used, 可見信息在標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化測試中占有很重要的地位,ill-informed恰恰說明作為評價基礎(chǔ)的信息出了問題,翻譯為“信息不全”。(來源:考研教育網(wǎng))
    ★(95-73) [Whether to use tests. other kinds of information, or both in a particular situation] //depends, therefore, upon the evidence from experience concerning comparative validity ///and upon such factors as cost and availability.因此,究竟是使用測試,其他種類的信息,還是在特定情況下兩者都使用,不但取決于關(guān)于相對效度的感性證據(jù),而且還取決于諸如成本和可獲得性這樣的因素。
    ★(96-73)This seems mostly effectively done // by supporting a certain amount of research [not related to immediate goals /but of possible consequence in the future]. [參考譯文] 給某些與當(dāng)前目標(biāo)無關(guān)但將來可能產(chǎn)生影響的科研以支持,看來通常能有效地解決這一問題。
    【分析:】本句中的seems相當(dāng)于is, 構(gòu)成了被動語態(tài),因?yàn)槌霈F(xiàn)了by, 采用“主語轉(zhuǎn)換法”翻譯。后置定語related部分可以前置也可加詞留在原地翻譯。另外一種譯文 – 在大多數(shù)情況下,通過支持一定數(shù)量的研究似乎可以有效地結(jié)局這一問題。這些研究與直接目標(biāo)無關(guān),但在未來可能產(chǎn)生影響。
    Mostly一詞注意相當(dāng)于 in most cases. 不能理解為most effectively。
    ★(98-71) But even more important, it was the farthest// that scientists had been able to look into the past, //for [what they were seeing] //were the patterns and structures //that existed 15 billion years ago. 但是,更為重要的是,這是科學(xué)家們所能觀測到的最遙遠(yuǎn)的未來,因?yàn)樗麄兯吹降氖谴嬖谟?50億光年前的天體結(jié)構(gòu)。
    【分析:】這句話的難點(diǎn)在于句式的理解,很多人將it was the farthest that 中間that引導(dǎo)的句子理解為定語從句,其實(shí)這里是強(qiáng)調(diào)句型。判斷這兩個句型的區(qū)別在于-- that在從句中是否充當(dāng)成分。另外,在強(qiáng)調(diào)句型中the farthest可以還原回從句中構(gòu)成 -- scientists had been able to look into the farthest past 這樣的句子。反之,通過對其中the farthest用it was ... that這樣的強(qiáng)調(diào)句型進(jìn)行強(qiáng)調(diào),就構(gòu)成了試題中的句子。
    從語義上理解,也說得通,這句話先對farthest進(jìn)行強(qiáng)調(diào),后一句解釋原因,-- 為什么說是最遙遠(yuǎn)的未來呢,因?yàn)槟鞘谴嬖谟?50億光年前的結(jié)構(gòu)嘛。
    本句子中定語從句短小,前置即可。
    ★(98-72) The existence of the giant clouds was virtually required for the Big Bang,[first put forward in the 1920s,] to maintain its reign as the dominant explanation of the cosmos.宇宙大爆炸理論,首創(chuàng)于20世紀(jì)20年代,要想維護(hù)其主流宇宙起源論的支配地位,巨大云團(tuán)的存在實(shí)際上是必不可少的。 (來源:考研教育網(wǎng))
    【分析:】##is required for sth to do sth的特殊句式不是很好翻譯。如:Food is required for man to be alive.翻譯時從for 后面的邏輯主語起翻 “人要想生存必須有食物”,套用這個格式,上面的句子就不攻自破了。
    至于[]號中的put 部分,為過去分詞作后置定語,翻譯時可以前置翻譯為“首創(chuàng)于20世紀(jì)20年代的宇宙大爆炸理論,”或保留原位置不動。
    Explanation翻譯為“解釋”明顯不好,于是根據(jù)前后搭配翻譯為“論,說”。
    virtually實(shí)際上。
    ★(98-75) Odd though it sounds, //cosmic inflation is a scientifically plausible consequence of some respected ideas in elementary particle physics, //and many astrophysicists have been convinced for the better part of a decade //that it is true.雖然聽起來很奇特,宇宙膨脹說是基本粒子物理學(xué)當(dāng)中一些公認(rèn)的理論在科學(xué)上看似可信的推論,而許多天體物理學(xué)家七八年來一直對此深信不疑。
    【分析:】odd though it sounds是倒裝結(jié)構(gòu),正常語序?yàn)椤猼hough it sounds odd, 類似的句子如fat as she is, she is quite charming!
    Inflation,consequence, respected ideas, 都需要根據(jù)上下文選擇恰當(dāng)?shù)谋磉_(dá)方式,分別譯為 – 宇宙膨脹論/說/學(xué)說, 推論, 公認(rèn)理論,不可譯為“結(jié)果,受人尊敬的觀點(diǎn)”等。 (來源:考研教育網(wǎng))
    For the better part of a decade中文中沒有這個表達(dá)方式,“大半個十年”自然只好翻譯為“七八年”了。
    ★(2000-71)Under modern conditions, this requires varying measures of centralized control and hence the help of specialized scientists such as economists and operational research experts[參考譯文]在現(xiàn)代條件下,這需要采取不同的中央控制措施,從而就需要獲得諸如經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)和運(yùn)籌學(xué)等領(lǐng)域?qū)<业膮f(xié)助。
    【分析:】this 主語,require謂語, measures和the help共同充當(dāng)賓語。
    Operational research experts為術(shù)語,因此,即使不翻譯成標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的“運(yùn)籌學(xué)專家”,字對字直接翻譯未“操作研究專家”也不會扣分。
    (2001-72) Children will play with dolls equipped with personality chips, //computers with in-built personalities will be regarded as workmates rather than tools, //relaxation will be in front of smell-television, //and digital age will have arrived. [參考譯文]兒童將與裝有個性化芯片的玩具娃娃玩耍,具有個性內(nèi)置的計算機(jī)將被視為工作伙伴而不是工具,人們將在氣味電視機(jī)前休閑,屆時數(shù)字化時代就來到了。
    【分析:】這個句式很有漢語特點(diǎn),幾個簡單句用逗號連接并列出現(xiàn),實(shí)在少見。
    Equipped一詞為過去分詞作后置定語,翻譯時可以前置。In-built personalities翻譯為根據(jù)上下文,加詞翻譯為“內(nèi)置個性芯片”,因?yàn)椤靶愿瘛?(來源:考研教育網(wǎng))
    沒有辦法內(nèi)置。
    本句翻譯還應(yīng)該注意事態(tài)的問題,尤其will have arrived, 表示前三個將來狀態(tài)發(fā)生時,第四個狀態(tài)已經(jīng)發(fā)生,“屆時,數(shù)字化的時代將已經(jīng)到來了”。
    ★(2002-61) One difficulty is // that almost all of [what is called behavioral science ]continues to trace behavior to states of mind, feelings, traits of character, human nature, and so on. 難題之一在于所謂的行為科學(xué)幾乎全都依然從心態(tài)、情感、性格特征、人性等方面去尋找行為的根源。
    【分析:】that引導(dǎo)表語從句,名詞從句翻譯原則為留在原地不動。本句話的難點(diǎn)在于幾個術(shù)語詞定名表達(dá),state of mind心態(tài), traits of character性格特征等。Trace...to追本求源,追溯。
    ★(2002-62) The behavioral sciences have been slow to change //partly because the explanatory items often seem to be directly observed // and partly because other kinds of explanations have been hard to find. 行為科學(xué)之所以發(fā)展緩慢,部分原因是用來解釋行為的依據(jù)似乎往往是直接觀察到的,部分原因是其他的解釋方式一直難以找到。
    【分析:】兩個原因狀語從句并列出現(xiàn)。難點(diǎn)在于explanatory items, explanations需要根據(jù)上下文翻譯為 -- 解釋依據(jù), 解釋方式。這個主要需要根據(jù)動賓搭配來推斷,observed到的用來explain的當(dāng)然是“解釋依據(jù)”。
    2003翻譯題未講部分
    (61)Furthermore, humans have the ability to modify the environment // in which they live, thus subjecting all other life forms to their own peculiar ideas and fancies.
    [分析]劃線部分為主句,in which引導(dǎo)定語從句修飾先行詞the environment, subjecting…為分詞作結(jié)果狀語。
    Furthermore翻譯為遞進(jìn)關(guān)系都算對,modify改進(jìn),定從前置,subject…to…使…服從于
    [翻譯]再者,人類有能力改進(jìn)自己的生存環(huán)境,從而使其他的生命形式臣服于自己獨(dú)特的想法和想象。
    (62)Social science is that branch of intellectual enquiry/ which seeks to study humans and their endeavors in the same reasoned, orderly, systematic, and dispassioned manner/ that natural scientists use for the study of natural phenomena.
    [分析]動詞為紅筆部分,按照藍(lán)色的標(biāo)志詞切分。Which引導(dǎo)的是大定從,內(nèi)套了that引導(dǎo)的小定從。Which指代intellectual enquiry, 用“它”替代.
    這句話中的抽象詞翻譯為難點(diǎn)。intellectual enquiry其中enquiry 為“探索”不能翻譯為“詢問”,endeavor為“行為”不能為“努力”,dispassioned為褒義詞,“冷靜的”
    [翻譯]社會科學(xué)是知識探索的一個分支,它尋求用理性、有序、系統(tǒng)、冷靜的方式來研究人類及其行為,自然科學(xué)家用同樣的方式研究自然現(xiàn)象。 (來源:考研教育網(wǎng))
    (64)Tylor defined culture as “…that complex whole // which includes belief, art, morals, law, custom, and any other capabilities and habits acquired by man as a member of society.”
    [分析]劃線部分為過去分詞作后置定語表示被動語態(tài),放在belief或any other capabilities前翻譯都算對。Which引導(dǎo)定語從句,修飾complex whole.
    [翻譯]泰勒將文化定義為一個復(fù)合體,它包含人作為社會成員所獲得的信仰、藝術(shù)、道德、法律、習(xí)俗,以及其他各種能力和習(xí)慣。
    (65)Thus, the anthropological concept of “culture,” like the concept of “set”in mathematics, is an abstract concept/ which makes possible immense amounts of concrete research and understanding.
    [分析] make sth possible是正常順序,文中immense amounts of concrete research and understanding倒裝了,正常應(yīng)該說makes immense amounts of concrete research and understanding possible.
    [翻譯] 因此,人類學(xué)中“文化”的感念,如同數(shù)學(xué)中“集合”的概念一樣,是一個抽象概念,它使得無數(shù)的具體研究和認(rèn)知成為可能。 (來源:考研教育網(wǎng))
    2004 題目詳解
    (61) The Greeks assumed that the structure of language had some connection with the process of thought, which took root in Europe long before people realized how diverse language could be.
    assumed 假定;認(rèn)為;以為 the process of thought思想的過程;思維過程
    took root生根;扎根;
    long before 早在…之前;不要與before long(不久,不久以后)相混淆
    how diverse 多么的不同;多么的千差萬別could be 可能會是(can 過去式)
    【譯文】希臘人認(rèn)為,語言結(jié)構(gòu)與思維的過程之間存在著某種聯(lián)系。這種觀點(diǎn),早在人們意識到語言會有多么千差萬別/多樣性之前,在歐洲就已經(jīng)根深蒂固了。
    (62) We are obliged to them because some of these languages have since vanished, as the peoples who spoke them died out or became assimilated and lost their native languages.
    be obliged to感激某人
    have since vanished從那以后就消失了,不復(fù)存在了;
    此處的since 表示 “從此以后”之意;
    die out 滅絕,完全的滅亡(cease living completely; become extinct);不宜譯作 “死亡,消失”。
    【譯文】我們之所以感激他們(兩位先驅(qū)),是因?yàn)樵诖酥?,這些(土著)語言中有一些已經(jīng)不復(fù)存在了,原因是使用這些語言的民族要么滅絕,要么被同化,從而喪失了自己的本族語。
    (63) The newly described languages were often so strikingly different from the well studied languages of Europe and Southeast Asia that some scholars even accused Boas and Sapir of fabricating their data.
    so ... that …(如此…以至于)結(jié)構(gòu);
    措詞注意accused sb. of sth. (指責(zé)/譴責(zé)某人作了某事),
    fabricating(捏造, 偽造, 虛構(gòu)),
    the newly described (這些新近被描述的),
    strikingly different(顯著的不同)the well studied languages(經(jīng)過充分研究的各種語言)。
    【譯文】新近描述出來的各種語言往往與經(jīng)過深入研究的歐洲、東南亞語言截然不同,以至于一些學(xué)者甚至指責(zé)鮑厄斯和薩丕爾捏造事實(shí)
    (64) Being interested in the relationship of language and thought, Whorf developed the idea that the structure of language determines the structure of habitual thought in a society.
    being interested in …應(yīng)譯作一個句子,即 “Whorf對語思維的關(guān)系很感興趣”,
    develop與idea搭配,不宜照字面譯作 “發(fā)展”,而是“形成觀點(diǎn),創(chuàng)立理論”,否則不合漢語的表達(dá)習(xí)慣;habitual thought 應(yīng)譯作 “習(xí)慣(性)思維”,而不宜譯作 “思考、思想”。同位語結(jié)構(gòu)可考慮用冒號提示性方法來處理。
    【譯文】沃爾夫?qū)φZ言與思維的關(guān)系很感興趣,逐漸形成了這樣的觀點(diǎn),認(rèn)為在人類社會中,語言結(jié)構(gòu)決定慣性思維結(jié)構(gòu)。
    (65) Whorf came to believe in a sort of linguistic determinism which, in its strongest form, states that language imprisons the mind, and that the grammatical patterns in a language can produce far-reaching consequences for the culture of a society.
    此句是5個試題中最難的一句。一是結(jié)構(gòu)復(fù)雜,句中有句,一環(huán)套一環(huán);
    二是一些詞語不宜直譯,如:come to believe 開始相信;in its strongest form在其烈的形式下;imprison把……關(guān)在監(jiān)獄中,囚禁;far-reaching伸得很遠(yuǎn)的;
    【譯文】Whorf逐漸接受了某種語言決定論的觀點(diǎn);這種觀點(diǎn)的極端說法是:語言禁錮了思想,語言的語法結(jié)構(gòu)可以對一個社會文化產(chǎn)生深遠(yuǎn)的影響。
    2005考研翻譯題
    46. Television is one of the means // by which these feelings are created and conveyed --// and perhaps never before has it served so much to connect different peoples and nations as in the recent events in Europe.
    【要點(diǎn):】定語從句,被動語態(tài),倒裝句式
    本句出現(xiàn)了4個動詞,大致切分為三句,其中by which 引導(dǎo)定語從句修飾means, 括折號后用and連接并列句。convey 傳遞/傳播。 feelings感覺/情緒。Events事件。
    首先考慮定語從句的位置問題,one of the means與by which在意義上聯(lián)系緊密,故而從句前置。被動語態(tài)不宜直譯,應(yīng)該轉(zhuǎn)為被動語態(tài)。倒裝句式的翻譯技巧為還原,于是得到perhaps it has never served so much to connect different peoples and nations as in the recent events in Europe. 直譯:電視也許還從來沒有起過如此重大的作用,去聯(lián)系不同的民族和國家,就像在最近的歐洲事件中那樣。然后根據(jù)漢語表達(dá)習(xí)慣適當(dāng)調(diào)整。
    【參考譯文:】電視是創(chuàng)造和傳遞這些情感的方式之一。在歐洲近期發(fā)生的事件中,電視在加強(qiáng)不同民族和國家之間的聯(lián)系方面,也許起到了前所未有的作用
    47. In Europe, as elsewhere, multi-media groups have been increasingly successful; groups //which bring together television, radio, newspapers, magazines and publishing house //that work in relation to one another.
    【翻譯要點(diǎn):】同位語,定語從句
    本句考察了兩句定語從句,這種一長一短兩個定語從句套用的情況在2003(62),2001(73)題中都出現(xiàn)過,一般是一句獨(dú)立成句,一句譯為前置定語。請注意根據(jù)動詞work 為復(fù)數(shù)形式,that work in relation to one another修飾前面五個并列名詞。increasingly successful直譯“越來越成功”。
    【參考譯文:】同其他地區(qū)一樣,在歐洲,多媒體集團(tuán)蒸蒸日上,這些集團(tuán)將相互聯(lián)系的電視、廣播、報紙、雜志以及出版社等媒體聯(lián)合起來。
    48. This alone demonstrates //that the television business is not an easy world to survive in, //a fact underlined by statistics that show // that out of eighty European television networks, no less than 50% took a loss in 1989.
    【翻譯要點(diǎn)】:賓語從句,定語從句,同位語,過去分詞作后置定語
    本句重點(diǎn)表現(xiàn)了考研長難句式的特點(diǎn),多重復(fù)合句層層嵌套。難點(diǎn)在于要判別a fact后接的underlined為過去分詞充當(dāng)后置定語,而不是謂語動詞。這可以從其后接by來判斷。本句的結(jié)構(gòu)為“That the television business is not an easy world to survive in”是賓語從句, “a fact underlined … 1989”為同位語修飾說明前一句話,印證not easy. “that show that out of eighty European television networks, no less than 50% took a loss in 1989”為定語從句, 修飾statistics. 而其中“that out of eighty European television networks, no less than 50% took a loss in 1989”為show的賓語從句。
    詞匯層面上out of 和no less than是不少同學(xué)容易搞錯的地方。Out of后接數(shù)字,不表示“超出”或“出來”,相當(dāng)于among,表示“從…中”:比如:Out of the six members, four are men.(六名成員中四名為男性)。 No less than表示“多達(dá),有…之多”
    【參考譯文:】僅這一點(diǎn)就足以表明要在電視界生存絕非易事,統(tǒng)計數(shù)字更強(qiáng)調(diào)了這一事實(shí): 1989年,在80家歐洲電視網(wǎng)中,一半以上出現(xiàn)虧損。
    49.Creating an “European identity”//that respect different cultures and traditions //which go to make up the connecting fabric of the old continent// is no easy task and demands a strategic choice
    【翻譯要點(diǎn):】選詞角度注意European identity, connecting fabric.考點(diǎn)依然是定語從句套用。which go to make up the connecting fabric of the old continent修飾cultures and traditions。
    【參考譯文:】創(chuàng)造一個尊重不同文化傳統(tǒng)的“歐洲統(tǒng)一體”并非易事,需要做出戰(zhàn)略性選擇。正是這些文化傳統(tǒng)的紐帶將這個歷史悠久的大洲聯(lián)為一體。
    50. In dealing with a challenge on such a scale, it is no exaggeration to say, "United we stand, divided we fall".
    【翻譯要點(diǎn):】英文習(xí)語(團(tuán)結(jié)就是力量)可以根據(jù)上下文適當(dāng)調(diào)整,此處united呼應(yīng)前文的multi-media group, bring together.
    【參考譯文:】可以毫不夸張地說,要應(yīng)付如此大規(guī)模的挑戰(zhàn),“合則存,分必亡?!?