這篇關(guān)于2012年上半年英語四級考試，是特地為大家整理的，希望對大家有所幫助！
Section B
Passage One
Questions 57 to 61 are based on the following passage.
It is pretty much a one-way street. While it may be common for university researchers to try their luck in the commercial world, there is very little traffic in the opposite direction. Pay has always been the biggest deterrent, as people with families often feel they cannot afford the drop in salary when moving to a university job. For some industrial scientists, however, the attractions of academia (學(xué)術(shù)界) outweigh any financial considerations.
Helen Lee took a 70% cut in salary when she moved from a senior post in Abbott Laboratories to a medical department at the University of Cambridge. Her main reason for returning to academia mid-career was to take advantage of the greater freedom to choose research questions. Some areas of inquiry have few prospects of a commercial return, and Lee’s is one of them.
The impact of a salary cut is probably less severe for a scientist in the early stages of a career. Guy Grant, now a research associate at the Unilever Centre for Molecular Informatics at the University of Cambridge, spent two years working for a pharmaceutical (制藥的) company before returning to university as a post-doctoral researcher. He took a 30% salary cut but felt it worthwhile for the greater intellectual opportunities.
Higher up the ladder, where a pay cut is usually more significant, the demand for scientists with a wealth of experience in industry is forcing universities to make the transition (轉(zhuǎn)換) to academia more attractive, according to Lee. Industrial scientists tend to receive training that academics do not, such as how to build a multidisciplinary team, manage budgets and negotiate contracts. They are also well placed to bring something extra to the teaching side of an academic role that will help students get a job when they graduate, says Lee, perhaps experience in manufacturing practice or product development. “Only a small number of undergraduates will continue in an academic career. So someone leaving university who already has the skills needed to work in an industrial lab has far more potential in the job market than someone who has spent all their time on a narrow research project.”
57. By “a one-way street” (Line 1, Para. 1), the author means ________.
［A］ university researchers know little about the commercial world
［B］ there is little exchange between industry and academia
［C］ few industrial scientists would quit to work in a university
［D］ few university professors are willing to do industrial research
58. The word “deterrent” (Line 2, Para. 1) most probably refers to something that ________.
［A］ keeps someone from taking action ［C］ attracts people’s attention
［B］ helps to move the traffic ［D］ brings someone a financial burden
59. What was Helen Lee’s major consideration when she changed her job in the middle of her career?
［A］ Flexible work hours. ［C］ Her preference for the lifestyle on campus.
［B］ Her research interests. ［D］ Prospects of academic accomplishments.
60. Guy Grant chose to work as a researcher at Cambridge in order to ________.
［A］ do financially more rewarding work
［B］ raise his status in the academic world
［C］ enrich his experience in medical research
［D］ exploit better intellectual opportunities
61. What contribution can industrial scientists make when they come to teach in a university?
［A］ Increase its graduates’ competitiveness in the job market
［B］ Develop its students’ potential in research.
［C］ Help it to obtain financial support from industry.
［D］ Gear its research towards practical applications.
Passage Two
Questions 62 to 66 are based on the following passage.
Being sociable looks like a good way to add years to your life. Relationships with family, friends, neighbours, even pets, will all do the trick, but the biggest longevity (長壽) boost seems to come from marriage or an equivalent relationship. The effect was first noted in 1858 by William Farr, who wrote that widows and widowers (鰥夫) were at a much higher risk of dying than their married peers. Studies since then suggest that marriage could add as much as seven years to a man’s life and two to a woman’s. The effect holds for all causes of death, whether illness, accident or self-harm.
Even if the odds are stacked against you, marriage can more than compensate. Linda Waite of the University of Chicago has found that a married older man with heart disease can expect to live nearly four years longer than an unmarried man with a healthy heart. Likewise, a married man who smokes more than a pack a day is likely to live as long as a divorced man who doesn’t smoke. There’s a flip side, however, as partners are more likely to become ill or die in the couple of years following their spouse’s death, and caring for a spouse with mental disorder can leave you with some of the same severe problems. Even so, the odds favour marriage. In a 30-year study of more than 10,000 people, Nicholas Christakis of Harvard Medical School describes how all kinds of social networks have similar effects.
So how does it work? The effects are complex, affected by socio-economic factors, health-service provision, emotional support and other more physiological (生理的) mechanisms. For example, social contact can boost development of the brain and immune system, leading to better health and less chance of depression later in life. People in supportive relationships may handle stress better. Then there are the psychological benefits of a supportive partner.
A life partner, children and good friends are all recommended if you aim to live to 100. The ultimate social network is still being mapped out, but Christakis says: “People are interconnected, so their health is interconnected.”
62. William Farr’s study and other studies show that _________.
［A］ social life provides an effective cure for illness
［B］ being sociable helps improve one’s quality of life
［C］ women benefit more than men from marriage
［D］ marriage contributes a great deal to longevity
63. Linda Waite’s studies support the idea that _________.
［A］ older men should quit smoking to stay healthy
［B］ marriage can help make up for ill health
［C］ the married are happier than the unmarried
［D］ unmarried people are likely to suffer in later life
64. It can be inferred from the context that the “flip side” (Line 4, Para. 2) refers to _________.
［A］ the disadvantages of being married
［B］ the emotional problems arising from marriage
［C］ the responsibility of taking care of one’s family
［D］ the consequence of a broken marriage
65. What does the author say about social networks?
［A］ They have effects similar to those of a marriage.
［B］ They help develop people’s community spirit.
［C］ They provide timely support for those in need.
［D］ They help relieve people of their life’s burdens.
66. What can be inferred from the last paragraph?
［A］ It’s important that we develop a social network when young.
［B］ To stay healthy, one should have a proper social network.
［C］ Getting a divorce means risking a reduced life span.
［D］ We should share our social networks with each other.
Part Ⅴ Cloze (15 minutes)
Over half the world’s people now live in cities. The latest “Global Report on Human Settlements” says a significant change took place last year. The report 67 this week from U.N. Habitat, a United Nations agency.
A century ago, 68 than five percent of all people lived in cities. 69 the middle of this century it could be seventy percent, or 70 six and a half billion people.
Already three-fourths of people in 71 countries live in cities. Now most urban population 72 is in the developing world.
Urbanization can 73 to social and economic progress, but also put 74 on cities to provide housing and 75 . The new report says almost two hundred thousand people move 76 cities and towns each day. It says worsening inequalities, 77 by social divisions and differences in 78 , could result in violence and crime 79 cities plan better.
Another issue is urban sprawl (無序擴展的城區(qū)). This is where cities 80 quickly into rural areas, sometimes 81 a much faster rate than urban population growth.
Sprawl is 82 in the United States. Americans move a lot. In a recent study, Art Hall at the University of Kansas found that people are moving away from the 83 cities to smaller ones. He sees a 84 toward “de-urbanization” across the nation.
85 urban economies still provide many 86 that rural areas do not.
67. ［A］ came on ［B］ came off ［C］ came over ［D］ came out
68. ［A］ more ［B］ other ［C］ less ［D］ rather
69. ［A］ By ［B］ Through ［C］ Along ［D］ To
70. ［A］ really ［B］ barely ［C］ ever ［D］ almost
71. ［A］ flourishing ［B］ developed ［C］ thriving ［D］ fertile
72. ［A］ extension ［B］ addition ［C］ raise ［D］ growth
73. ［A］ keep ［B］ turn ［C］ lead ［D］ refer
74. ［A］ pressure ［B］ load ［C］ restraint ［D］ weight
75. ［A］ surroundings ［B］ communities ［C］ concerns ［D］ services
76. ［A］ onto ［B］ into ［C］ around ［D］ upon
77. ［A］ pulled ［B］ driven ［C］ drawn ［D］ pressed
78. ［A］ situation ［B］ wealt ［C］ treasure ［D］ category
79. ［A］ when ［B］ if ［C］ unless ［D］ whereas
80. ［A］ expand ［B］ split ［C］ invade ［D］ enlarge
81. ［A］ in ［B］ beyond ［C］ with ［D］ at
82. ［A］ common ［B］ conventio ［C］ ordinary ［D］ frequent
83. ［A］ essential ［B］ prior ［C］ primitive ［D］ major
84. ［A］ trend ［B］ style ［C］ direction ［D］ path
85. ［A］ Then ［B］ But ［C］ For ［D］ While
86. ［A］ abilities ［B］ qualities ［C］ possibilities ［D］ realities
Part VI Translation (5 minutes)
Directions: Complete the sentences by translating into English the Chinese given in brackets. Please write your translation on Answer Sheet 2.
注意： 此部分試題請在答題卡2上作答，只需寫出譯文部分。
87. _________________________(為了確保他參加會議), I called him up in advance.
88. The magnificent museum ______________(據(jù)說建成于) about a hundred years ago.
89. There would be no life on earth _____________(沒有地球獨特的環(huán)境).
90. __________(給游客印象最深的) was the friendliness and warmth of the local people.
91. They requested that ___________________(我借的書還回圖書館) by next Friday.
Section B
Passage One
Questions 57 to 61 are based on the following passage.
It is pretty much a one-way street. While it may be common for university researchers to try their luck in the commercial world, there is very little traffic in the opposite direction. Pay has always been the biggest deterrent, as people with families often feel they cannot afford the drop in salary when moving to a university job. For some industrial scientists, however, the attractions of academia (學(xué)術(shù)界) outweigh any financial considerations.
Helen Lee took a 70% cut in salary when she moved from a senior post in Abbott Laboratories to a medical department at the University of Cambridge. Her main reason for returning to academia mid-career was to take advantage of the greater freedom to choose research questions. Some areas of inquiry have few prospects of a commercial return, and Lee’s is one of them.
The impact of a salary cut is probably less severe for a scientist in the early stages of a career. Guy Grant, now a research associate at the Unilever Centre for Molecular Informatics at the University of Cambridge, spent two years working for a pharmaceutical (制藥的) company before returning to university as a post-doctoral researcher. He took a 30% salary cut but felt it worthwhile for the greater intellectual opportunities.
Higher up the ladder, where a pay cut is usually more significant, the demand for scientists with a wealth of experience in industry is forcing universities to make the transition (轉(zhuǎn)換) to academia more attractive, according to Lee. Industrial scientists tend to receive training that academics do not, such as how to build a multidisciplinary team, manage budgets and negotiate contracts. They are also well placed to bring something extra to the teaching side of an academic role that will help students get a job when they graduate, says Lee, perhaps experience in manufacturing practice or product development. “Only a small number of undergraduates will continue in an academic career. So someone leaving university who already has the skills needed to work in an industrial lab has far more potential in the job market than someone who has spent all their time on a narrow research project.”
57. By “a one-way street” (Line 1, Para. 1), the author means ________.
［A］ university researchers know little about the commercial world
［B］ there is little exchange between industry and academia
［C］ few industrial scientists would quit to work in a university
［D］ few university professors are willing to do industrial research
58. The word “deterrent” (Line 2, Para. 1) most probably refers to something that ________.
［A］ keeps someone from taking action ［C］ attracts people’s attention
［B］ helps to move the traffic ［D］ brings someone a financial burden
59. What was Helen Lee’s major consideration when she changed her job in the middle of her career?
［A］ Flexible work hours. ［C］ Her preference for the lifestyle on campus.
［B］ Her research interests. ［D］ Prospects of academic accomplishments.
60. Guy Grant chose to work as a researcher at Cambridge in order to ________.
［A］ do financially more rewarding work
［B］ raise his status in the academic world
［C］ enrich his experience in medical research
［D］ exploit better intellectual opportunities
61. What contribution can industrial scientists make when they come to teach in a university?
［A］ Increase its graduates’ competitiveness in the job market
［B］ Develop its students’ potential in research.
［C］ Help it to obtain financial support from industry.
［D］ Gear its research towards practical applications.
Passage Two
Questions 62 to 66 are based on the following passage.
Being sociable looks like a good way to add years to your life. Relationships with family, friends, neighbours, even pets, will all do the trick, but the biggest longevity (長壽) boost seems to come from marriage or an equivalent relationship. The effect was first noted in 1858 by William Farr, who wrote that widows and widowers (鰥夫) were at a much higher risk of dying than their married peers. Studies since then suggest that marriage could add as much as seven years to a man’s life and two to a woman’s. The effect holds for all causes of death, whether illness, accident or self-harm.
Even if the odds are stacked against you, marriage can more than compensate. Linda Waite of the University of Chicago has found that a married older man with heart disease can expect to live nearly four years longer than an unmarried man with a healthy heart. Likewise, a married man who smokes more than a pack a day is likely to live as long as a divorced man who doesn’t smoke. There’s a flip side, however, as partners are more likely to become ill or die in the couple of years following their spouse’s death, and caring for a spouse with mental disorder can leave you with some of the same severe problems. Even so, the odds favour marriage. In a 30-year study of more than 10,000 people, Nicholas Christakis of Harvard Medical School describes how all kinds of social networks have similar effects.
So how does it work? The effects are complex, affected by socio-economic factors, health-service provision, emotional support and other more physiological (生理的) mechanisms. For example, social contact can boost development of the brain and immune system, leading to better health and less chance of depression later in life. People in supportive relationships may handle stress better. Then there are the psychological benefits of a supportive partner.
A life partner, children and good friends are all recommended if you aim to live to 100. The ultimate social network is still being mapped out, but Christakis says: “People are interconnected, so their health is interconnected.”
62. William Farr’s study and other studies show that _________.
［A］ social life provides an effective cure for illness
［B］ being sociable helps improve one’s quality of life
［C］ women benefit more than men from marriage
［D］ marriage contributes a great deal to longevity
63. Linda Waite’s studies support the idea that _________.
［A］ older men should quit smoking to stay healthy
［B］ marriage can help make up for ill health
［C］ the married are happier than the unmarried
［D］ unmarried people are likely to suffer in later life
64. It can be inferred from the context that the “flip side” (Line 4, Para. 2) refers to _________.
［A］ the disadvantages of being married
［B］ the emotional problems arising from marriage
［C］ the responsibility of taking care of one’s family
［D］ the consequence of a broken marriage
65. What does the author say about social networks?
［A］ They have effects similar to those of a marriage.
［B］ They help develop people’s community spirit.
［C］ They provide timely support for those in need.
［D］ They help relieve people of their life’s burdens.
66. What can be inferred from the last paragraph?
［A］ It’s important that we develop a social network when young.
［B］ To stay healthy, one should have a proper social network.
［C］ Getting a divorce means risking a reduced life span.
［D］ We should share our social networks with each other.
Part Ⅴ Cloze (15 minutes)
Over half the world’s people now live in cities. The latest “Global Report on Human Settlements” says a significant change took place last year. The report 67 this week from U.N. Habitat, a United Nations agency.
A century ago, 68 than five percent of all people lived in cities. 69 the middle of this century it could be seventy percent, or 70 six and a half billion people.
Already three-fourths of people in 71 countries live in cities. Now most urban population 72 is in the developing world.
Urbanization can 73 to social and economic progress, but also put 74 on cities to provide housing and 75 . The new report says almost two hundred thousand people move 76 cities and towns each day. It says worsening inequalities, 77 by social divisions and differences in 78 , could result in violence and crime 79 cities plan better.
Another issue is urban sprawl (無序擴展的城區(qū)). This is where cities 80 quickly into rural areas, sometimes 81 a much faster rate than urban population growth.
Sprawl is 82 in the United States. Americans move a lot. In a recent study, Art Hall at the University of Kansas found that people are moving away from the 83 cities to smaller ones. He sees a 84 toward “de-urbanization” across the nation.
85 urban economies still provide many 86 that rural areas do not.
67. ［A］ came on ［B］ came off ［C］ came over ［D］ came out
68. ［A］ more ［B］ other ［C］ less ［D］ rather
69. ［A］ By ［B］ Through ［C］ Along ［D］ To
70. ［A］ really ［B］ barely ［C］ ever ［D］ almost
71. ［A］ flourishing ［B］ developed ［C］ thriving ［D］ fertile
72. ［A］ extension ［B］ addition ［C］ raise ［D］ growth
73. ［A］ keep ［B］ turn ［C］ lead ［D］ refer
74. ［A］ pressure ［B］ load ［C］ restraint ［D］ weight
75. ［A］ surroundings ［B］ communities ［C］ concerns ［D］ services
76. ［A］ onto ［B］ into ［C］ around ［D］ upon
77. ［A］ pulled ［B］ driven ［C］ drawn ［D］ pressed
78. ［A］ situation ［B］ wealt ［C］ treasure ［D］ category
79. ［A］ when ［B］ if ［C］ unless ［D］ whereas
80. ［A］ expand ［B］ split ［C］ invade ［D］ enlarge
81. ［A］ in ［B］ beyond ［C］ with ［D］ at
82. ［A］ common ［B］ conventio ［C］ ordinary ［D］ frequent
83. ［A］ essential ［B］ prior ［C］ primitive ［D］ major
84. ［A］ trend ［B］ style ［C］ direction ［D］ path
85. ［A］ Then ［B］ But ［C］ For ［D］ While
86. ［A］ abilities ［B］ qualities ［C］ possibilities ［D］ realities
Part VI Translation (5 minutes)
Directions: Complete the sentences by translating into English the Chinese given in brackets. Please write your translation on Answer Sheet 2.
注意： 此部分試題請在答題卡2上作答，只需寫出譯文部分。
87. _________________________(為了確保他參加會議), I called him up in advance.
88. The magnificent museum ______________(據(jù)說建成于) about a hundred years ago.
89. There would be no life on earth _____________(沒有地球獨特的環(huán)境).
90. __________(給游客印象最深的) was the friendliness and warmth of the local people.
91. They requested that ___________________(我借的書還回圖書館) by next Friday.