49、［A］claims［B］reports［C］declarations［D］proclamations
（本題分值：1分）
「正確答案」
A
［注釋］本題也是考查一詞多義知識。［A］CLAIM意為“索賠，要求，聲稱”，與上下文的意思相符，故選［A］。全句的意思是：受傷害索賠越少，工人的安全保險率越高。［B］REPORTS（報告）、［C］DECLARATIONS（宣言，聲明）、［D］PROCLAMATION（宣布，聲明）都與上下文的意思不符，所以排除。
［A］claims
［B］reports
［C］declarations
［D］proclamations
50、［A］an advantage［B］a benefit［C］an interest［D］a profit
（本題分值：1分）
「正確答案」
D
［注釋］本題考查考生對英語中的一些常用習語的熟識程度。本句末尾的AT A LOSS是和AT A PROFIT對應的，故應選［D］。
［A］an advantage
［B］a benefit
［C］an interest
［D］a profit
Part Ⅲ Reading Comprehension（每題2分，共40分）Directions：
Each of the passages below is followed by some questions. For each question there are four answers marked［A］,［B］,［C］and［D］. Read the passages carefully and choose the best answer to each of the questions. Then mark your answer on ANSWER SHEETⅠby blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets with a pencil.（40 points）
單項選擇題
Passage1
It's a rough world out there. Step outside and you could break a leg slipping on your doormat. Light up the stove and you could burn down the house. Luckily, if the doormat or stove failed to warn of coming disaster, a successful lawsuit might compensate you for your troubles. Or so the thinking has gone since the early 1980s, when juries began holding more companies liable for their customers' misfortunes.
Feeling threatened, companies responded by writing ever-longer warning labels, trying to anticipate every possible accident. Today, stepladders carry labels several inches long that warn, among other things, that you might—surprise!—fall off. The label on a child's Batman cape cautions that the toy"does not enable user to fly."
While warnings are often appropriate and necessary—the dangers of drug interactions, for example—and many are required by state or federal regualtions, it isn't clear that they actually protect the manufacturers and sellers from liability if a customer is injured. About 50 percent of the companies lose when injured customers take them to court.
Now the tide appears to be turning. As personal injury claims continue as before, some courts are beginning to side with defendants, especially in cases where a warning label probably wouldn't have changed anything. In May, Julie Nimmons, president of Schutt Sports in Illinois, successfully fought a lawsuit involving a football player who are paralyzed in a game while wearing a Schutt helmet."We're really sorry he has become paralyzed, but helmets aren't designed to prevent those kinds of injuries,"says Nimmons. The jury agreed that the nature of the game, not the helmet, was the reason for the athlete's injury. At the same time, the American Law Institute—a group of judges, lawyers, and academics whose recommendations carry substantial weight—issued new guidelines for tort law stating that companies need not warn customers of obvious dangers or bombard them with a lengthy list of possible ones."Important information can get buried in a sea of trivialities,"says a law professor at Cornell Law School who helped draft the new guidelines. If the moderate end of the legal community has its way, the information on products might actually be provided for the benefit of customers and not as protection against legal liability.
51、What were things like in the 1980s when accidents happened?
（本題分值：2分）
「正確答案」
B
［注釋］這是一道細節(jié)題。本題為細節(jié)推斷題，搜索全文，題干中“1980's”僅出現(xiàn)，在第四行?！啊璗HE EARLY 1980'S， WHEN JURIES BEGAN HOLDING MORE COMPANIES LIABLE FOR THEIR CUSTOMERSMISFORTUNE”意為“公司要為顧客的不幸負責”，故答案為B.
［A］Customers might be relieved of their disasters through lawsuits.
［B］Injured customers could expect protection from the legal system.
［C］Companies would avoid being sued by providing new warnings.
［D］Juries tended to find fault with the compensations companies promised.
52、Manufacturers as mentioned in the passage tend to [].
（本題分值：2分）
「正確答案」
C
［注釋］這同樣是一道細節(jié)題。由第六行“FEELING THREATENED， ……POSSIBLE ACCIDENT.”推斷可知答案為［C］。選項［A］易排除，因為公司不是為了“SATIFY”顧客，而是“FEELING THREATENED”，即它是害怕為顧客承擔法律責任。
［A］satisfy customers by writing long warnings on products
［B］become honest in describing the inadequacies of their products
［C］make the best use of labels to avoid legal liability
［D］feel obliged to view customerssafety as their first concern
53、The case of Schutt helmet demonstrated that [].
（本題分值：2分）
「正確答案」
A
［注釋］這是一道邏輯細節(jié)題，問作者在文中援引SCHUTT頭盔案例是何用意？典型的舉例題型，一般來說，例子是為了說明前面的觀點的。本題中“SCHUTT HELMET”案例在原文中的前幾句話是LINE 14-15.觀點是“一些法院開始支持被告即公司”，故答案為［A］。
［A］some injury claims were no longer supported by law
［B］helmets were not designed to prevent injuries
［C］product labels would eventually be discarded
［D］some sports games might lose popularity with athletes
54、The author's attitude towards the issue seems to be [].
（本題分值：2分）
「正確答案」
D
［注釋］這是一道態(tài)度題，詢問作者對這個問題的態(tài)度。作者態(tài)度題。本文作者只是客觀的敘述事情剛開始是怎么樣的，后來又發(fā)生了什么樣的變化，沒有摻入個人的觀點。故為［D］。
譯文解讀外面的世界是危險的。如果你走出去，你有可能滑倒在門口的地墊上，摔傷一條腿。如果你點燃爐灶，你有可能燒毀整幢房子。如果地墊或爐灶上沒有警告字樣告訴你可能發(fā)生的危險，你或許可以幸運地就自己所受的傷害通過法律訴訟，成功地獲得賠償。在20世紀80年代初期之前，陪審團開始認為更多的公司應該對他們的消費者遭受的不幸負責，也許自那時起人們就不再這樣粗略地認為。這是一篇敘述文。
第一段指出80年代初以來，在個人受傷索賠案中，法庭總是傾向于讓公司對其顧客遭受的不幸負責。公司感到（賠償?shù)模┩{，便做出反應，寫出的警告標簽越來越冗長，以預測任何可能出現(xiàn)的事故。結果，現(xiàn)在的梯子上的警告標簽達幾英寸長，除了警告你可能發(fā)生其他的意外之外，還警告你有可能摔下來，這種警告真是莫名其妙；如兒童的蝙蝠俠玩具的斗篷上也警告說：本玩具“并不能使使用者飛行”。
雖然警示語常常是合理的和必要的，如有關藥物的副作用可能產生的危害的警示語，而且許多是州或聯(lián)邦法律要求的。但是，如果消費者受傷，這些警示語能否保護產銷商免于責任呢？這還很難講。因為當受傷的消費者把公司告到法庭上時，大約有50%的公司會輸?shù)艄偎?。第二、三段指出面對這樣的情況，公司寫出冗長的警告標語，避免可能要承擔的法律責任?，F(xiàn)在看來這種趨勢正在有所改變。盡管人們依然還為產品所造成的人身傷害提出索賠，但有些法院已開始站在被告這一邊，特別是處理那些即便是有警示語也無法避免傷害的案例時。五月份（美國）伊利斯州的SCHUTT體育公司被告，一位橄欖球隊員戴了SCHUTT體育公司生產的頭盔踢球時受傷癱瘓。該公司總裁JULIE NIMMMONS先生辯解道，“他癱瘓了我們非常難過，但是這種頭盔設計時并不是用來防止這種傷害的”。陪審團也認為造成球員受傷的不是頭盔，而是橄欖球運動本身（危險性）。公司因此勝訴。同時，美國法學會——該組織由一群舉足輕重的法官、律師和學者組成——宣布的新民事侵害法中的綱要指出：公司沒有必要向消費者警告顯而易見的危險，或者就可能產生的危險向他們提供一個長長的單子?？的螤柎髮W法學院的一位參與新綱要起草的法學教授說，“重要的信息可能被埋沒在浩如煙海的細節(jié)里?！比绻摲山M織的這一不太過分的要求能得以實行，產品上提供的警示信息實際上可能是用來保護消費者利益的，而不僅僅是為了保護公司免除法律責任。第四段指出情況發(fā)生了轉變。一些法庭開始站到被告一邊。
［A］biased
［B］indifferent
［C］puzzling
［D］objective
Passage2
In the first year or so of Web business, most of the action has revolved around efforts to tap the consumer market. More recently, as the Web proved to be more than a fashion, companies have started to buy and sell products and services with one another. Such business-to-business sales make sense because business people typically know what product they're looking for. Nonetheless, many companies still hesitate to use the Web because of doubts about its reliability."Businesses need to feel they can trust the pathway between them and the supplier,"says senior analyst Blane Erwin of Forrester Research. Some companies are limiting the risk by conducting online transactions only with established business partners who are given access to the company's private intranet.
Another major shift in the model for Internet commerce concerns the technology available for marketing. Until recently, Internet marketing activities have focused on strategies to"pull"customers into sites. In the past year, however, software companies have developed tools that allow companies to"push"information directly out to consumers, transmitting marketing messages directly to targeted customers. Most notably, the Pointcast Network uses a screen saver to deliver a continually updated stream of news and advertisements to subscriberscomputer monitors. Subscribers can customize the information they want to receive and proceed directly to a company's Web site. Companies such as Virtual Vineyards are already starting to use similar technologies to push messages to customers about special sales, product offerings, or other events. But push technology has earned the contempt of many Web users. Online culture thinks highly of the notion that the information flowing onto the screen comes there by specific request. Once commercial promotion begins to fill the screen uninvited, the distinction between the Web and television fades. That's a prospect that horrifies Net purists.
But it is hardly inevitable that companies on the Web will need to resort to push strategies to make money. The examples of Virtual Vineyards, Amazon. com, and other pioneers show that a Web site selling the right kind of products with the right mix of interactivity, hospitality, and security will attract online customers. And the cost of computing power continues to free fall, which is a good sign for any enterprise setting up shop in silicon. People looking back 5 or 10 years from now may well wonder why so few companies took the online plunge.
55、We learn from the beginning of the passage that Web business [].
（本題分值：2分）
「正確答案」
A
［注釋］這是一道細節(jié)題。由原文第一句話推知：WEB BUSINESS在盡力的擴大它的市場。［D］選項有迷惑性，仔細研究第二句話可排除。
［A］has been striving to expand its market
［B］intended to follow a fanciful fashion
［C］tried but in vain to control the market
［D］has been booming for one year or so
56、Speaking of the online technology available for marketing, the author implies that [].
（本題分值：2分）
「正確答案」
C
［注釋］這是一道綜合推斷題。原文LINE 9“ANOTHER MAJOR SHIFT……”LINE 11“HOWEVER”揭示“戰(zhàn)略從‘吸引顧客’轉到了‘把信息推向顧客’”。
［A］the technology is popular with many Web users
［B］businesses have faith in the reliability of online transactions
［C］there is a radical change in strategy
［D］it is accessible limitedly to established partners
57、In the view of Net purists，[].
（本題分值：2分）
「正確答案」
D
［注釋］這是一道細節(jié)題，問網(wǎng)絡純凈主義者對“網(wǎng)上強推”持何態(tài)度。第三段后三句話。將“THAT'S A PROSPECT THAT HORRIFIES NET PURISTS”前面的觀點取反可知答案為［D］。
［A］there should be no marketing messages in online culture
［B］money making should be given priority to on the Web
［C］the Web should be able to function as the television set
［D］there should be no online commercial information without requests
58、We learn from the last paragraph that [].
（本題分值：2分）
「正確答案」
B
［注釋］這是一道細節(jié)題。從后一段所舉的例子可推斷知答案?！癟HE EXAMPLE OF …… SHOW THAT……WILL ATTRACT ONLINE CUSTOMERS.”譯文解讀大約在網(wǎng)上交易的第一年中，大部分業(yè)務活動都是圍繞著努力開拓消費者市場而進行的。近，隨著網(wǎng)絡被證明不是一時的時髦后，公司間才開始在網(wǎng)上交易產品和提供服務。公司間的這種交易方式能行得通是因為商人一般都知道自己所需要的產品。這是一篇議論文。
第一段指出商務活動主要是圍繞著努力開拓消費者市場。然而，許多公司由于懷疑網(wǎng)絡的可靠性仍對網(wǎng)絡的使用猶豫不決。FORRESTER研究中心的資深分析家BLANE ERWIN說，“交易雙方需要認識到他們可以信賴銷售商和供應商之間的途徑。”有些公司只向固定交易伙伴提供公司內部的局域網(wǎng)接點，它們通過這種在線交易方式來達到降低風險的目的。第二段指出許多公司仍對網(wǎng)絡的可靠性表示懷疑。網(wǎng)絡商業(yè)模式的另一個重大變化是營銷策略的變化。直到近，互聯(lián)網(wǎng)上的銷售活動主要是把用戶“吸引”到自己的網(wǎng)站上來。然而，就在去年，軟件公司開發(fā)出了新的技術，能讓公司直接向用戶“推銷”信息——將銷售信息直接傳送給特定的用戶。突出的例子是POINTCAST網(wǎng)絡，該網(wǎng)絡使用一種屏幕保護系統(tǒng)，將新的信息和廣告不斷地傳送到用戶的計算機顯示器上。用戶可以定制想要的信息，然后直接進入某個公司的網(wǎng)站。像VIRTUALVINEYARDS這樣的公司已經(jīng)開始使用類似的策略將有關特價商品、產品推銷或其他活動的信息“推”向用戶。但是，推銷策略遭到許多網(wǎng)上用戶的鄙視。網(wǎng)上文化珍視這樣一個概念，即信息應傳送給那些提出需求的用戶。一旦商業(yè)廣告不請自來地充斥了電腦屏幕，網(wǎng)絡與電視就沒多大差別了。這樣的前景令網(wǎng)絡凈化者感到不安。第三段指出網(wǎng)絡商務模式發(fā)生的重大變化是營銷策略從拉顧客進入網(wǎng)站轉到直接推營銷信息到目標消費者，但許多網(wǎng)民反感這種硬塞方式。但是，網(wǎng)上公司完全可以避免使用“推銷”策略來賺錢。VIRTUALVINEYARDS和AMAZON.COM（兩個網(wǎng)站的名稱）以及其他開拓者的例子表明：銷售對路產品的網(wǎng)站，加上相互合作、禮貌周到、安全可靠這幾方面恰到好處地結合起來，將同樣能吸引網(wǎng)上客戶。計算機的運算能力成本不斷下降，這對于企事業(yè)單位在計算機上建立銷售點是個好兆頭。只要回顧一下過去5到10年的歷史人們很可能會感到奇怪：為什么如此少的公司嘗試在線服務呢？第四段指出事實證明不用推的強行策略也可賺錢。
［A］pushing information on the Web is essential to Internet commerce
［B］interactivity, hospitality and security are important to online customers
［C］leading companies began to take the online plunge decades ago
［D］setting up shops in silicon is independent of the cost of computing power
Passage3
An invisible border divides those arguing for computers in the classroom on the behalf of studentscareer prospects and those arguing for computers in the classroom for broader reasons of radical educational reform. Very few writers on the subject have explored this distinction—indeed, contradiction—which goes to the heart of what is wrong with the campaign to put computers in the classroom.
An education that aims at getting a student a certain kind of job is a technical education, justified for reasons redically different from why education is universally required by law. It is not simply to raise everyone's job prospects that all children are legally required to attend school into their teens. Rather, we have a certain conception of the American citizen, a character who is incomplete if he cannot competently assess how his livelihood and happiness are affected by things outside of himself. But this was not always the case; before it was legally required for all children to attend school until a certain age, it was widely accepted that some were just not equipped by nature to pursue this kind of education. With optimism characteristic of all industrialized countries, we came to accept that everyone is fit to be educated. Compntereducation advocates forsake this optimistic notion for a pessimism that betrays their otherwise cheery outlook. Banking on the confusion between educational and vocational reasons for bringing computers into schools, computered advocates often emphasize the job prospects of graduates over their educational achievement.
There are some good arguments for a technical education given the right kind of student. Many European schools introduce the concept of professional training early on in order to make sure children are properly equipped for the professions they want to join. It is, however, presumptuous to insist that there will only be so many jobs for so many scientists, so many businessmen, so many accountants. Besides, this is unlikely to produce the needed number of every kind of professional in a country as large as ours and where the economy is spread over so many states and involves so many international corporations. But, for a small group of students, professional training might be the way to go since well-developed skills, all other factors being equal, can be the difference between having a job and not. Of course, the basics of using any computer these days are very simple. It does not take a lifelong acquaintance to pick up various software programs. If one wanted to become a computer engineer, that is, of course, an entirely different story. Basic computer skills take—at the very longest—a couple of months to learn. In any case, basic computer skills are only complementary to the host of real skills that are necessary to becoming any kind of professional. It should be observed, of course, that no school, vocational or not, is helped by a confusion over its purpose.
59、The author thinks the present rush to put computers in the classroom is [].
（本題分值：2分）
「正確答案」
B
［注釋］這是一道綜合判斷題。從原文1—3行可知有兩派觀點，一種是“為學生的就業(yè)前景考慮”，一種是“教改需要”，所以答案為［B］。
［A］far-reaching
［B］dubiously oriented
［C］self-contradictory
［D］radically reformatory
60、The belief that education is indispensable to all children [].
（本題分值：2分）
「正確答案」
D
［注釋］這是一道細節(jié)題。原文LINE 12—13“WITH OPTIMISM…, EVERY ONE IS FIT TO BE EDUCATED.”
［A］is indicative of a pessimism in disguise
［B］came into being along with the arrival of computers
［C］is deeply rooted in the minds of computered advocates
［D］originated from the optimistic attitude of industrialized countries
61、It could be inferred from the passage that in the author's country the European model of professional training is [].
（本題分值：2分）
「正確答案」
C
［注釋］這是一道推斷題。題干中“EUROPEAN”在原文中易定位，在第三段，注意第三段第三行的“HOWEVER”，可知作者是持否定態(tài)度的，故選［C］。
［A］dependent upon the starting age of candidates
［B］worth trying in various social sections
［C］of little practical value
［D］attractive to every kind of professional
62、According to the author, basic computer skills should be [].
（本題分值：2分）
「正確答案」
A
［注釋］這是一道細節(jié)題。本題考詞匯。原文LINE 29“……BASIC COMPUTER SKILLS ARE ONLY COMPLEMENTARY TO……”。選項［A］中AUXILIARY和COMPLEMENTARY同為“輔助，補充”之意。譯文解讀關于計算機課堂教學，在認識上存在著一條無形的界限，那就是有人提倡以此來增加學生的就業(yè)前景，有人則希望以此達到從根本上改革教育的目的。很少有人撰寫文章來描述這一區(qū)別，或者更確切地說是矛盾，但是這一問題正是主張用計算機課堂教學這一運動的癥結之所在。這是一篇議論文。第一段提出計算機教學是為了職業(yè)教育還是基本教育改革目的這個問題的分界線不明，并且沒有引起足夠的重視。為了使學生獲得一種工作的教育是職業(yè)教育，設立這種教育的目的與法律所要求的人都需要教育的目的截然不同。法律要求所有孩子在十幾歲前接受教育的目的并不是單純的為了增加他們的就業(yè)希望。然而，我們對一個美國公民的素質有一種既定的認識，（他們）認為：如果他不能充分地評價外界因素對其生活和幸福的影響，他的個性是不完整的。但是，情況并不總是如此，在法律規(guī)定所有孩子必須在校學習到某個年齡之前，人們普遍認為有些孩子的本性并不適合接受這種教育的。隨著樂觀思想在所有工業(yè)化國家的不斷深入，人們開始接受每個人都適合受教育這一觀念。主張計算機教育的人放棄了這種樂觀主義認識，取而代之的是一種悲觀的態(tài)度，這種悲觀態(tài)度背離了他們本來應該有的樂觀的觀念。一方面是主張為普通教育而設立計算機課堂教學，另一方面是主張職業(yè)是目的，基于對以上兩種目的的混淆，計算機教育的倡導者常常只強調計算機對就業(yè)前景的影響而忽視了其教育成就。對適當?shù)膶W生進行職業(yè)教育也有某些充足的論據(jù)。為了使孩子們具備將要從事的職業(yè)所需要的技能，很多歐洲學校很早就引進了職業(yè)教育這一概念。然而如果因此就堅持地認為只有這么多的工作在等著同樣多的科學家、商人及會計師來做，就未免太自以為是了。況且，在像我們這樣一個經(jīng)濟發(fā)展遍及很多地區(qū)，同時又有許多跨國公司的大國中，職業(yè)教育不可能培養(yǎng)出每一種職業(yè)所需要的足夠的專業(yè)型人才。第二、三段指出職業(yè)教育不同于義務普及教育。普及教育認為每個人都適于受教育，職業(yè)教育更強調畢業(yè)生的就業(yè)前景，而忽視教育成效，因而歐洲的職業(yè)教育模式不適用于美國。但是，相對于為數(shù)不多的學生來說，職業(yè)培訓有可能是必要的，因為假設其他條件相同，熟練的技能有可能是他們后能否找到工作的決定性因素。目前所有使用的任何計算機的基本技能都是很簡單的，學會使用各種軟件不必花費畢生的時間。當然如果想成為計算機工程師，那完全是另一回事。掌握計算機基本技能多只需要一兩個月。不管怎樣，計算機基本技能只能是一種想要成為專業(yè)型人員所需要的各種職業(yè)技能的補充。當然，應該看到，不管是普通學校還是職業(yè)學校，如混淆其目的，都不會從中受到益處。第四段指出職業(yè)教育中，計算機基礎技能只起到一種補充作用。
［A］included as an auxiliary course in school
［B］highlighted in acquisition of professional qualifications
［C］mastered through a life-long course
［D］equally emphasized by any school, vocational or otherwise
Passage4
When a Scottish research team startled the world by revealing 3 months ago that it had cloned an adult sheep, President Clinton moved swiftly. Declaring that he was opposed to using this unusual animal husbandry technique to clone humans, he ordered that federal funds not be used for such an experiment—although no one had proposed to do so—and asked an independent panel of experts chaired by Princeton President Harold Shapiro to report back to the White House in 90 days with recommendations for a national policy on human cloning. That group—the National Bioethics Advisory Commission （NBAC）—has been working feverishly to put its wisdom on paper, and at a meeting on 17 May, members agreed on a nearfinal draft of their recommendations.
NBAC will ask that Clinton's 90-day ban on federal funds for human cloning be extended indefinitely, and possibly that it be made law. But NBAC members are planning to word the recommendation narrowly to avoid new restrictions on research that involves the cloning of human DNA or cells—routine in molecular biology. The panel has not yet reached agreement on a crucial question, however, whether to recommend legislation that would make it a crime for private funding to be used for human cloning.
In a draft preface to the recommendations, discussed at the 17 May meeting, Shapiro suggested that the panel had found a broad consensus that it would be "morally unacceptable to attempt to create a human child by adult nuclear cloning." Shapiro explained during the meeting that the moral doubt stems mainly from fears about the risk to the health of the child. The panel then informally accepted several general conclusions, although some details have not been settled.
NBAC plans to call for a continued ban on federal government funding for any attempt to clone body cell nuclei to create a child. Because current federal law already forbids the use of federal funds to create embryos (the earliest stage of human offspring before birth) for research or to knowingly endanger an embryo's life, NBAC will remain silent on embryo research. NBAC members also indicated that they will appeal to privately funded researchers and clinics not to try to clone humans by body cell nuclear transfer. But they were divided on whether to go further by calling for a federal law that would impose a complete ban on human cloning. Shapiro and most members favored an appeal for such legislation, but in a phone interview, he said this issue was still "up in the air."
63、We can learn from the first paragraph that [].
（本題分值：2分）
「正確答案」
B
［注釋］這是一道綜合判斷題。原文1—2行，CLINTON得到有關克隆的消息就宣布他反對克隆人，可得到答案［B］。
［A］federal funds have been used in a project to clone humans
［B］the White House responded strongly to the news of cloning
［C］NBAC was authorized to control the misuse of cloning technique
［D］the White House has got the panel's
（本題分值：1分）
「正確答案」
A
［注釋］本題也是考查一詞多義知識。［A］CLAIM意為“索賠，要求，聲稱”，與上下文的意思相符，故選［A］。全句的意思是：受傷害索賠越少，工人的安全保險率越高。［B］REPORTS（報告）、［C］DECLARATIONS（宣言，聲明）、［D］PROCLAMATION（宣布，聲明）都與上下文的意思不符，所以排除。
［A］claims
［B］reports
［C］declarations
［D］proclamations
50、［A］an advantage［B］a benefit［C］an interest［D］a profit
（本題分值：1分）
「正確答案」
D
［注釋］本題考查考生對英語中的一些常用習語的熟識程度。本句末尾的AT A LOSS是和AT A PROFIT對應的，故應選［D］。
［A］an advantage
［B］a benefit
［C］an interest
［D］a profit
Part Ⅲ Reading Comprehension（每題2分，共40分）Directions：
Each of the passages below is followed by some questions. For each question there are four answers marked［A］,［B］,［C］and［D］. Read the passages carefully and choose the best answer to each of the questions. Then mark your answer on ANSWER SHEETⅠby blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets with a pencil.（40 points）
單項選擇題
Passage1
It's a rough world out there. Step outside and you could break a leg slipping on your doormat. Light up the stove and you could burn down the house. Luckily, if the doormat or stove failed to warn of coming disaster, a successful lawsuit might compensate you for your troubles. Or so the thinking has gone since the early 1980s, when juries began holding more companies liable for their customers' misfortunes.
Feeling threatened, companies responded by writing ever-longer warning labels, trying to anticipate every possible accident. Today, stepladders carry labels several inches long that warn, among other things, that you might—surprise!—fall off. The label on a child's Batman cape cautions that the toy"does not enable user to fly."
While warnings are often appropriate and necessary—the dangers of drug interactions, for example—and many are required by state or federal regualtions, it isn't clear that they actually protect the manufacturers and sellers from liability if a customer is injured. About 50 percent of the companies lose when injured customers take them to court.
Now the tide appears to be turning. As personal injury claims continue as before, some courts are beginning to side with defendants, especially in cases where a warning label probably wouldn't have changed anything. In May, Julie Nimmons, president of Schutt Sports in Illinois, successfully fought a lawsuit involving a football player who are paralyzed in a game while wearing a Schutt helmet."We're really sorry he has become paralyzed, but helmets aren't designed to prevent those kinds of injuries,"says Nimmons. The jury agreed that the nature of the game, not the helmet, was the reason for the athlete's injury. At the same time, the American Law Institute—a group of judges, lawyers, and academics whose recommendations carry substantial weight—issued new guidelines for tort law stating that companies need not warn customers of obvious dangers or bombard them with a lengthy list of possible ones."Important information can get buried in a sea of trivialities,"says a law professor at Cornell Law School who helped draft the new guidelines. If the moderate end of the legal community has its way, the information on products might actually be provided for the benefit of customers and not as protection against legal liability.
51、What were things like in the 1980s when accidents happened?
（本題分值：2分）
「正確答案」
B
［注釋］這是一道細節(jié)題。本題為細節(jié)推斷題，搜索全文，題干中“1980's”僅出現(xiàn)，在第四行?！啊璗HE EARLY 1980'S， WHEN JURIES BEGAN HOLDING MORE COMPANIES LIABLE FOR THEIR CUSTOMERSMISFORTUNE”意為“公司要為顧客的不幸負責”，故答案為B.
［A］Customers might be relieved of their disasters through lawsuits.
［B］Injured customers could expect protection from the legal system.
［C］Companies would avoid being sued by providing new warnings.
［D］Juries tended to find fault with the compensations companies promised.
52、Manufacturers as mentioned in the passage tend to [].
（本題分值：2分）
「正確答案」
C
［注釋］這同樣是一道細節(jié)題。由第六行“FEELING THREATENED， ……POSSIBLE ACCIDENT.”推斷可知答案為［C］。選項［A］易排除，因為公司不是為了“SATIFY”顧客，而是“FEELING THREATENED”，即它是害怕為顧客承擔法律責任。
［A］satisfy customers by writing long warnings on products
［B］become honest in describing the inadequacies of their products
［C］make the best use of labels to avoid legal liability
［D］feel obliged to view customerssafety as their first concern
53、The case of Schutt helmet demonstrated that [].
（本題分值：2分）
「正確答案」
A
［注釋］這是一道邏輯細節(jié)題，問作者在文中援引SCHUTT頭盔案例是何用意？典型的舉例題型，一般來說，例子是為了說明前面的觀點的。本題中“SCHUTT HELMET”案例在原文中的前幾句話是LINE 14-15.觀點是“一些法院開始支持被告即公司”，故答案為［A］。
［A］some injury claims were no longer supported by law
［B］helmets were not designed to prevent injuries
［C］product labels would eventually be discarded
［D］some sports games might lose popularity with athletes
54、The author's attitude towards the issue seems to be [].
（本題分值：2分）
「正確答案」
D
［注釋］這是一道態(tài)度題，詢問作者對這個問題的態(tài)度。作者態(tài)度題。本文作者只是客觀的敘述事情剛開始是怎么樣的，后來又發(fā)生了什么樣的變化，沒有摻入個人的觀點。故為［D］。
譯文解讀外面的世界是危險的。如果你走出去，你有可能滑倒在門口的地墊上，摔傷一條腿。如果你點燃爐灶，你有可能燒毀整幢房子。如果地墊或爐灶上沒有警告字樣告訴你可能發(fā)生的危險，你或許可以幸運地就自己所受的傷害通過法律訴訟，成功地獲得賠償。在20世紀80年代初期之前，陪審團開始認為更多的公司應該對他們的消費者遭受的不幸負責，也許自那時起人們就不再這樣粗略地認為。這是一篇敘述文。
第一段指出80年代初以來，在個人受傷索賠案中，法庭總是傾向于讓公司對其顧客遭受的不幸負責。公司感到（賠償?shù)模┩{，便做出反應，寫出的警告標簽越來越冗長，以預測任何可能出現(xiàn)的事故。結果，現(xiàn)在的梯子上的警告標簽達幾英寸長，除了警告你可能發(fā)生其他的意外之外，還警告你有可能摔下來，這種警告真是莫名其妙；如兒童的蝙蝠俠玩具的斗篷上也警告說：本玩具“并不能使使用者飛行”。
雖然警示語常常是合理的和必要的，如有關藥物的副作用可能產生的危害的警示語，而且許多是州或聯(lián)邦法律要求的。但是，如果消費者受傷，這些警示語能否保護產銷商免于責任呢？這還很難講。因為當受傷的消費者把公司告到法庭上時，大約有50%的公司會輸?shù)艄偎?。第二、三段指出面對這樣的情況，公司寫出冗長的警告標語，避免可能要承擔的法律責任?，F(xiàn)在看來這種趨勢正在有所改變。盡管人們依然還為產品所造成的人身傷害提出索賠，但有些法院已開始站在被告這一邊，特別是處理那些即便是有警示語也無法避免傷害的案例時。五月份（美國）伊利斯州的SCHUTT體育公司被告，一位橄欖球隊員戴了SCHUTT體育公司生產的頭盔踢球時受傷癱瘓。該公司總裁JULIE NIMMMONS先生辯解道，“他癱瘓了我們非常難過，但是這種頭盔設計時并不是用來防止這種傷害的”。陪審團也認為造成球員受傷的不是頭盔，而是橄欖球運動本身（危險性）。公司因此勝訴。同時，美國法學會——該組織由一群舉足輕重的法官、律師和學者組成——宣布的新民事侵害法中的綱要指出：公司沒有必要向消費者警告顯而易見的危險，或者就可能產生的危險向他們提供一個長長的單子?？的螤柎髮W法學院的一位參與新綱要起草的法學教授說，“重要的信息可能被埋沒在浩如煙海的細節(jié)里?！比绻摲山M織的這一不太過分的要求能得以實行，產品上提供的警示信息實際上可能是用來保護消費者利益的，而不僅僅是為了保護公司免除法律責任。第四段指出情況發(fā)生了轉變。一些法庭開始站到被告一邊。
［A］biased
［B］indifferent
［C］puzzling
［D］objective
Passage2
In the first year or so of Web business, most of the action has revolved around efforts to tap the consumer market. More recently, as the Web proved to be more than a fashion, companies have started to buy and sell products and services with one another. Such business-to-business sales make sense because business people typically know what product they're looking for. Nonetheless, many companies still hesitate to use the Web because of doubts about its reliability."Businesses need to feel they can trust the pathway between them and the supplier,"says senior analyst Blane Erwin of Forrester Research. Some companies are limiting the risk by conducting online transactions only with established business partners who are given access to the company's private intranet.
Another major shift in the model for Internet commerce concerns the technology available for marketing. Until recently, Internet marketing activities have focused on strategies to"pull"customers into sites. In the past year, however, software companies have developed tools that allow companies to"push"information directly out to consumers, transmitting marketing messages directly to targeted customers. Most notably, the Pointcast Network uses a screen saver to deliver a continually updated stream of news and advertisements to subscriberscomputer monitors. Subscribers can customize the information they want to receive and proceed directly to a company's Web site. Companies such as Virtual Vineyards are already starting to use similar technologies to push messages to customers about special sales, product offerings, or other events. But push technology has earned the contempt of many Web users. Online culture thinks highly of the notion that the information flowing onto the screen comes there by specific request. Once commercial promotion begins to fill the screen uninvited, the distinction between the Web and television fades. That's a prospect that horrifies Net purists.
But it is hardly inevitable that companies on the Web will need to resort to push strategies to make money. The examples of Virtual Vineyards, Amazon. com, and other pioneers show that a Web site selling the right kind of products with the right mix of interactivity, hospitality, and security will attract online customers. And the cost of computing power continues to free fall, which is a good sign for any enterprise setting up shop in silicon. People looking back 5 or 10 years from now may well wonder why so few companies took the online plunge.
55、We learn from the beginning of the passage that Web business [].
（本題分值：2分）
「正確答案」
A
［注釋］這是一道細節(jié)題。由原文第一句話推知：WEB BUSINESS在盡力的擴大它的市場。［D］選項有迷惑性，仔細研究第二句話可排除。
［A］has been striving to expand its market
［B］intended to follow a fanciful fashion
［C］tried but in vain to control the market
［D］has been booming for one year or so
56、Speaking of the online technology available for marketing, the author implies that [].
（本題分值：2分）
「正確答案」
C
［注釋］這是一道綜合推斷題。原文LINE 9“ANOTHER MAJOR SHIFT……”LINE 11“HOWEVER”揭示“戰(zhàn)略從‘吸引顧客’轉到了‘把信息推向顧客’”。
［A］the technology is popular with many Web users
［B］businesses have faith in the reliability of online transactions
［C］there is a radical change in strategy
［D］it is accessible limitedly to established partners
57、In the view of Net purists，[].
（本題分值：2分）
「正確答案」
D
［注釋］這是一道細節(jié)題，問網(wǎng)絡純凈主義者對“網(wǎng)上強推”持何態(tài)度。第三段后三句話。將“THAT'S A PROSPECT THAT HORRIFIES NET PURISTS”前面的觀點取反可知答案為［D］。
［A］there should be no marketing messages in online culture
［B］money making should be given priority to on the Web
［C］the Web should be able to function as the television set
［D］there should be no online commercial information without requests
58、We learn from the last paragraph that [].
（本題分值：2分）
「正確答案」
B
［注釋］這是一道細節(jié)題。從后一段所舉的例子可推斷知答案?！癟HE EXAMPLE OF …… SHOW THAT……WILL ATTRACT ONLINE CUSTOMERS.”譯文解讀大約在網(wǎng)上交易的第一年中，大部分業(yè)務活動都是圍繞著努力開拓消費者市場而進行的。近，隨著網(wǎng)絡被證明不是一時的時髦后，公司間才開始在網(wǎng)上交易產品和提供服務。公司間的這種交易方式能行得通是因為商人一般都知道自己所需要的產品。這是一篇議論文。
第一段指出商務活動主要是圍繞著努力開拓消費者市場。然而，許多公司由于懷疑網(wǎng)絡的可靠性仍對網(wǎng)絡的使用猶豫不決。FORRESTER研究中心的資深分析家BLANE ERWIN說，“交易雙方需要認識到他們可以信賴銷售商和供應商之間的途徑。”有些公司只向固定交易伙伴提供公司內部的局域網(wǎng)接點，它們通過這種在線交易方式來達到降低風險的目的。第二段指出許多公司仍對網(wǎng)絡的可靠性表示懷疑。網(wǎng)絡商業(yè)模式的另一個重大變化是營銷策略的變化。直到近，互聯(lián)網(wǎng)上的銷售活動主要是把用戶“吸引”到自己的網(wǎng)站上來。然而，就在去年，軟件公司開發(fā)出了新的技術，能讓公司直接向用戶“推銷”信息——將銷售信息直接傳送給特定的用戶。突出的例子是POINTCAST網(wǎng)絡，該網(wǎng)絡使用一種屏幕保護系統(tǒng)，將新的信息和廣告不斷地傳送到用戶的計算機顯示器上。用戶可以定制想要的信息，然后直接進入某個公司的網(wǎng)站。像VIRTUALVINEYARDS這樣的公司已經(jīng)開始使用類似的策略將有關特價商品、產品推銷或其他活動的信息“推”向用戶。但是，推銷策略遭到許多網(wǎng)上用戶的鄙視。網(wǎng)上文化珍視這樣一個概念，即信息應傳送給那些提出需求的用戶。一旦商業(yè)廣告不請自來地充斥了電腦屏幕，網(wǎng)絡與電視就沒多大差別了。這樣的前景令網(wǎng)絡凈化者感到不安。第三段指出網(wǎng)絡商務模式發(fā)生的重大變化是營銷策略從拉顧客進入網(wǎng)站轉到直接推營銷信息到目標消費者，但許多網(wǎng)民反感這種硬塞方式。但是，網(wǎng)上公司完全可以避免使用“推銷”策略來賺錢。VIRTUALVINEYARDS和AMAZON.COM（兩個網(wǎng)站的名稱）以及其他開拓者的例子表明：銷售對路產品的網(wǎng)站，加上相互合作、禮貌周到、安全可靠這幾方面恰到好處地結合起來，將同樣能吸引網(wǎng)上客戶。計算機的運算能力成本不斷下降，這對于企事業(yè)單位在計算機上建立銷售點是個好兆頭。只要回顧一下過去5到10年的歷史人們很可能會感到奇怪：為什么如此少的公司嘗試在線服務呢？第四段指出事實證明不用推的強行策略也可賺錢。
［A］pushing information on the Web is essential to Internet commerce
［B］interactivity, hospitality and security are important to online customers
［C］leading companies began to take the online plunge decades ago
［D］setting up shops in silicon is independent of the cost of computing power
Passage3
An invisible border divides those arguing for computers in the classroom on the behalf of studentscareer prospects and those arguing for computers in the classroom for broader reasons of radical educational reform. Very few writers on the subject have explored this distinction—indeed, contradiction—which goes to the heart of what is wrong with the campaign to put computers in the classroom.
An education that aims at getting a student a certain kind of job is a technical education, justified for reasons redically different from why education is universally required by law. It is not simply to raise everyone's job prospects that all children are legally required to attend school into their teens. Rather, we have a certain conception of the American citizen, a character who is incomplete if he cannot competently assess how his livelihood and happiness are affected by things outside of himself. But this was not always the case; before it was legally required for all children to attend school until a certain age, it was widely accepted that some were just not equipped by nature to pursue this kind of education. With optimism characteristic of all industrialized countries, we came to accept that everyone is fit to be educated. Compntereducation advocates forsake this optimistic notion for a pessimism that betrays their otherwise cheery outlook. Banking on the confusion between educational and vocational reasons for bringing computers into schools, computered advocates often emphasize the job prospects of graduates over their educational achievement.
There are some good arguments for a technical education given the right kind of student. Many European schools introduce the concept of professional training early on in order to make sure children are properly equipped for the professions they want to join. It is, however, presumptuous to insist that there will only be so many jobs for so many scientists, so many businessmen, so many accountants. Besides, this is unlikely to produce the needed number of every kind of professional in a country as large as ours and where the economy is spread over so many states and involves so many international corporations. But, for a small group of students, professional training might be the way to go since well-developed skills, all other factors being equal, can be the difference between having a job and not. Of course, the basics of using any computer these days are very simple. It does not take a lifelong acquaintance to pick up various software programs. If one wanted to become a computer engineer, that is, of course, an entirely different story. Basic computer skills take—at the very longest—a couple of months to learn. In any case, basic computer skills are only complementary to the host of real skills that are necessary to becoming any kind of professional. It should be observed, of course, that no school, vocational or not, is helped by a confusion over its purpose.
59、The author thinks the present rush to put computers in the classroom is [].
（本題分值：2分）
「正確答案」
B
［注釋］這是一道綜合判斷題。從原文1—3行可知有兩派觀點，一種是“為學生的就業(yè)前景考慮”，一種是“教改需要”，所以答案為［B］。
［A］far-reaching
［B］dubiously oriented
［C］self-contradictory
［D］radically reformatory
60、The belief that education is indispensable to all children [].
（本題分值：2分）
「正確答案」
D
［注釋］這是一道細節(jié)題。原文LINE 12—13“WITH OPTIMISM…, EVERY ONE IS FIT TO BE EDUCATED.”
［A］is indicative of a pessimism in disguise
［B］came into being along with the arrival of computers
［C］is deeply rooted in the minds of computered advocates
［D］originated from the optimistic attitude of industrialized countries
61、It could be inferred from the passage that in the author's country the European model of professional training is [].
（本題分值：2分）
「正確答案」
C
［注釋］這是一道推斷題。題干中“EUROPEAN”在原文中易定位，在第三段，注意第三段第三行的“HOWEVER”，可知作者是持否定態(tài)度的，故選［C］。
［A］dependent upon the starting age of candidates
［B］worth trying in various social sections
［C］of little practical value
［D］attractive to every kind of professional
62、According to the author, basic computer skills should be [].
（本題分值：2分）
「正確答案」
A
［注釋］這是一道細節(jié)題。本題考詞匯。原文LINE 29“……BASIC COMPUTER SKILLS ARE ONLY COMPLEMENTARY TO……”。選項［A］中AUXILIARY和COMPLEMENTARY同為“輔助，補充”之意。譯文解讀關于計算機課堂教學，在認識上存在著一條無形的界限，那就是有人提倡以此來增加學生的就業(yè)前景，有人則希望以此達到從根本上改革教育的目的。很少有人撰寫文章來描述這一區(qū)別，或者更確切地說是矛盾，但是這一問題正是主張用計算機課堂教學這一運動的癥結之所在。這是一篇議論文。第一段提出計算機教學是為了職業(yè)教育還是基本教育改革目的這個問題的分界線不明，并且沒有引起足夠的重視。為了使學生獲得一種工作的教育是職業(yè)教育，設立這種教育的目的與法律所要求的人都需要教育的目的截然不同。法律要求所有孩子在十幾歲前接受教育的目的并不是單純的為了增加他們的就業(yè)希望。然而，我們對一個美國公民的素質有一種既定的認識，（他們）認為：如果他不能充分地評價外界因素對其生活和幸福的影響，他的個性是不完整的。但是，情況并不總是如此，在法律規(guī)定所有孩子必須在校學習到某個年齡之前，人們普遍認為有些孩子的本性并不適合接受這種教育的。隨著樂觀思想在所有工業(yè)化國家的不斷深入，人們開始接受每個人都適合受教育這一觀念。主張計算機教育的人放棄了這種樂觀主義認識，取而代之的是一種悲觀的態(tài)度，這種悲觀態(tài)度背離了他們本來應該有的樂觀的觀念。一方面是主張為普通教育而設立計算機課堂教學，另一方面是主張職業(yè)是目的，基于對以上兩種目的的混淆，計算機教育的倡導者常常只強調計算機對就業(yè)前景的影響而忽視了其教育成就。對適當?shù)膶W生進行職業(yè)教育也有某些充足的論據(jù)。為了使孩子們具備將要從事的職業(yè)所需要的技能，很多歐洲學校很早就引進了職業(yè)教育這一概念。然而如果因此就堅持地認為只有這么多的工作在等著同樣多的科學家、商人及會計師來做，就未免太自以為是了。況且，在像我們這樣一個經(jīng)濟發(fā)展遍及很多地區(qū)，同時又有許多跨國公司的大國中，職業(yè)教育不可能培養(yǎng)出每一種職業(yè)所需要的足夠的專業(yè)型人才。第二、三段指出職業(yè)教育不同于義務普及教育。普及教育認為每個人都適于受教育，職業(yè)教育更強調畢業(yè)生的就業(yè)前景，而忽視教育成效，因而歐洲的職業(yè)教育模式不適用于美國。但是，相對于為數(shù)不多的學生來說，職業(yè)培訓有可能是必要的，因為假設其他條件相同，熟練的技能有可能是他們后能否找到工作的決定性因素。目前所有使用的任何計算機的基本技能都是很簡單的，學會使用各種軟件不必花費畢生的時間。當然如果想成為計算機工程師，那完全是另一回事。掌握計算機基本技能多只需要一兩個月。不管怎樣，計算機基本技能只能是一種想要成為專業(yè)型人員所需要的各種職業(yè)技能的補充。當然，應該看到，不管是普通學校還是職業(yè)學校，如混淆其目的，都不會從中受到益處。第四段指出職業(yè)教育中，計算機基礎技能只起到一種補充作用。
［A］included as an auxiliary course in school
［B］highlighted in acquisition of professional qualifications
［C］mastered through a life-long course
［D］equally emphasized by any school, vocational or otherwise
Passage4
When a Scottish research team startled the world by revealing 3 months ago that it had cloned an adult sheep, President Clinton moved swiftly. Declaring that he was opposed to using this unusual animal husbandry technique to clone humans, he ordered that federal funds not be used for such an experiment—although no one had proposed to do so—and asked an independent panel of experts chaired by Princeton President Harold Shapiro to report back to the White House in 90 days with recommendations for a national policy on human cloning. That group—the National Bioethics Advisory Commission （NBAC）—has been working feverishly to put its wisdom on paper, and at a meeting on 17 May, members agreed on a nearfinal draft of their recommendations.
NBAC will ask that Clinton's 90-day ban on federal funds for human cloning be extended indefinitely, and possibly that it be made law. But NBAC members are planning to word the recommendation narrowly to avoid new restrictions on research that involves the cloning of human DNA or cells—routine in molecular biology. The panel has not yet reached agreement on a crucial question, however, whether to recommend legislation that would make it a crime for private funding to be used for human cloning.
In a draft preface to the recommendations, discussed at the 17 May meeting, Shapiro suggested that the panel had found a broad consensus that it would be "morally unacceptable to attempt to create a human child by adult nuclear cloning." Shapiro explained during the meeting that the moral doubt stems mainly from fears about the risk to the health of the child. The panel then informally accepted several general conclusions, although some details have not been settled.
NBAC plans to call for a continued ban on federal government funding for any attempt to clone body cell nuclei to create a child. Because current federal law already forbids the use of federal funds to create embryos (the earliest stage of human offspring before birth) for research or to knowingly endanger an embryo's life, NBAC will remain silent on embryo research. NBAC members also indicated that they will appeal to privately funded researchers and clinics not to try to clone humans by body cell nuclear transfer. But they were divided on whether to go further by calling for a federal law that would impose a complete ban on human cloning. Shapiro and most members favored an appeal for such legislation, but in a phone interview, he said this issue was still "up in the air."
63、We can learn from the first paragraph that [].
（本題分值：2分）
「正確答案」
B
［注釋］這是一道綜合判斷題。原文1—2行，CLINTON得到有關克隆的消息就宣布他反對克隆人，可得到答案［B］。
［A］federal funds have been used in a project to clone humans
［B］the White House responded strongly to the news of cloning
［C］NBAC was authorized to control the misuse of cloning technique
［D］the White House has got the panel's