section ii use of english
directions： read the following text. choose the best word（s） for each numbered blank and mark a， b， c or d on answer sheet 1. （10 points）
many theories concerning the causes of juvenile delinquency （crimes committed by young people） focus either on the individual or on society as the major contributing influence. theories （21） ____ on the individual suggest that children engage in criminal behavior （22） ____ they were not sufficiently penalized for previous misdeeds or that they have learned criminal behavior through （23） ____ with others. theories focusing on the role of society that children commit crimes in （24） ____ to their failure to rise above their socioeconomic status （25） ____ as a rejection of middle-class values.
most theories of juvenile delinquency have focused on children from disadvantaged families， （26） ____ the fact that children from wealthy homes also commit crimes. the latter may commit crimes （27） ____ lack of adequate parental control. all theories， however， are tentative and are （28） ____ to criticism.
changes in the social structure may indirectly （29） ____ juvenile crime rates. for example， changes in the economy that （30） ____ to fewer job opportunities for youth and rising unemployment （31） ____ make gainful employment increasingly difficult to obtain. the resulting discontent may in （32） ____ lead more youths into criminal behavior.
families have also （33） ____ changes these years. more families consist of one parent households or two working parents； （34） ____， children are likely to have less supervision at home （35） ____ was common in the traditional family （36） ____. this lack of parental supervision is thought to be an influence on juvenile crime rates.
other （37） ____ causes of offensive acts include frustration or failure in school， the increased （38） ____ of drugs and alcohol， and the growing （39） ____ of child abuse and child neglect. all these conditions tend to increase the probability of a child committing a criminal act， （40） ____ a direct causal relationship has not yet been established.
21. [a] acting [b] relying [c] centering [d] cementing
22. [a] before [b] unless [c] until [d] because
23. [a] interactions [b] assimilation [c] cooperation [d] consultation
24. [a] return [b] reply [c] reference [d] response
25. [a] or [b] but rather [c] but [d] or else
26. [a] considering [b] ignoring [c] highlighting [d] discarding
27. [a] on [b] in [c] for [d] with
28. [a] immune [b] resistant [c] sensitive [d] subject
29. [a] affect [b] reduce [c] chock [d] reflect
30. [a] point [b] lead [c] come [d] amount
31. [a] in general [b] on average [c] by contrast [d] at length
32. [a] case [b] short [c] turn [d] essence
33. [a] survived [b] noticed [c] undertaken [d] experienced
34. [a] contrarily [b] consequently [c] similarly [d] simultaneously
35. [a] than [b] that [c] which [d] as
36. [a] system [b] structure [c] concept [d] heritage
37. [a] assessable [b] identifiable [c] negligible [d] incredible
38. [a] expense [b] restriction [c] allocation [d] availability
39. [a] incidence [b] awareness [c] exposure [d] popularity
40. [a] provided [b] since [c] although [d] supposing
21.c / centering（著重于、突出、強(qiáng)調(diào)）。本題的答案線索是本文第一段第1句的謂語動詞focus on（強(qiáng)調(diào)、著重、把中心置于……、聚焦于……）。本題選項a、b、d和介詞on搭配使用后的含義分別是作用于……、依賴于和評論、評述。
22.d / because （由于，因為）。本題的答案線索是本文第一段第1句中的causes（原因）一詞，該詞提示考生本文探討有關(guān)青少年犯罪（juvenile delinquency / criminal behavior）原因的理論學(xué)說。由于22題前的內(nèi)容是青少年從事犯罪行為，22題就應(yīng)選用表達(dá)原因之類的詞語。本題a、b、c選項的含義分別是在……之前、除非、直到。
23.a / interaction （交往、互動）。俗話說：近墨者黑。23題空白處之前的內(nèi)容是青少年沾染上了犯罪行為，空白處的內(nèi)容是與其他的人，故答案線索明確暗示：與其他人的來往 / 交往。本題b、c、d選項的含義分別是同化，吸收、合作、咨詢。
24.d / response （反應(yīng)）。本題答案線索仍然是本文第一段第1句中causes（原因）一詞。全文涉及青少年犯罪原因的理論，這是全文的中心靈魂，也是解題的根本點。24題空白處前面的內(nèi)容是青少年犯罪，空白處后面的內(nèi)容是他們失敗了，空白前后又是一對因果關(guān)系，故選項d（in） response （to） …（對……的行為反應(yīng)）是正確選項。本文a、b、c選項的含義分別是歸還；回報、回答，回復(fù)、參考。
25.a / or（或者）。本題的答案線索有兩條。其一是上一句話中構(gòu)成兩個that賓語從句平行的連詞or。其二是本句中25題空白前后的兩個介詞短語in …和as…。or使這兩個介詞短語形成了介詞短語的平行結(jié)構(gòu)。本題b、c、d選項的含義分別是然而、但是、否則；要不然。
26.b / ignoring （忽略，忽視）。選項b是現(xiàn)在分詞形式，在本句中充當(dāng)伴隨狀語，修飾其前主語中的謂語動詞focused on（強(qiáng)調(diào)，突出，聚焦于……）。本題的答案線索：26題空白處前的含義是把目光 / 注意力放在貧困家庭青少年的犯罪，空白處后的含義是來自富裕家庭青少年的犯罪，貧困和富裕本身就是鮮明的對立，十分注意（focused）前者的時候就不可避免地忽略（ignoring）后者。故選項b是正確選項。本題a、c、d選項的含義分別是考慮、強(qiáng)調(diào)，突出、扔掉，拋棄。
27.c / for （因為，由于）。本題的答案線索再次回到第一段第1句的causes（原因）一詞。27題空白處前的含義是青少年犯罪，空白處后的含義是缺乏父母的管教，顯而易見，這又是一對因果關(guān)系，又是本題靈魂的再現(xiàn)，故選項c是正確選項。本題on， in， with選項均不能和本題空白處的lack搭配使用，尤其值得一提的是雖然選項c中的with有因為的含義，但在此處無法和lack一詞搭配使用。
28.d / subject （易遭受到……）。本題答案線索有兩條。其一是選項中截然相反的或?qū)α⒌囊粚x項中大概有一個選項是正確的。本題中選項a（immune）和選項d（subject）正是如此的一對。第二條線索是本句中的連詞and，這個and在本句中構(gòu)成了其前后兩個詞的因果關(guān)系。由于所有理論都是嘗試性的，沒有定論的（tentative），故所有理論通常會遭受到批評和質(zhì)疑（subject to criticism）。本題a、b、c選項的含義是免于……、抵抗……、敏感的。
29.a / affect （影響）。本題答案線索又一次返回到本文第一段第1句的causes一詞。全文談?wù)撚嘘P(guān)青少年犯罪原因的理論。故追本求源是本文解題時永恒的主線。29題空白處前的社會結(jié)構(gòu)的變化與空白處后的青少年犯罪率又是一對因果關(guān)系，故選項a（affect / 影響）是正確選項。本題b、c、d選項的含義分別是減少、抑制、反映。
30.b / lead （導(dǎo)致）。本題答案線索與上一題相同。30題空白處前的經(jīng)濟(jì)變化與空白處后的日益減少的就業(yè)機(jī)會又是一對causes（因）和effect（果）關(guān)系。故選項b（lead to 導(dǎo)致）是正確答案。本題的a、c、d選項的含義分別是指向、到來、總數(shù)達(dá)……。
31.a / in general （一般，通常）。31題空白處前的上升的失業(yè)率與空白處后的使好工作日益難尋，在邏輯上再形成了因果關(guān)系。由于本段第1句和尾句均運用了情態(tài)動詞may，故31題的空白處使用一個與這兩個may相呼應(yīng)的語氣詞，以構(gòu)成本段語氣上的連貫。在四個選項a（in general 一般地，大體上），b（on average 平均，通常），c（by contrast 相比而言）和d（at length 最后；詳盡地；長久地）中，只有a中的in general和may的語氣較為接近。
32.c / （in） turn 反過來。本題答案線索是：社會經(jīng)濟(jì)變化→青年失業(yè)或難找工作→青年的不滿情緒→青年的犯罪。這是一個因果關(guān)系的鏈條。所以最后選定（in） turn（反過來）是由于本段主題句中修飾謂語動詞lead to（導(dǎo)致）一詞的副詞indirectly（間接地）。只有選項c才能準(zhǔn)確表達(dá)主題句中副詞indirectly這一因果層次關(guān)系。本題a、b、d的選項分別是假使；免得，以防（萬一）、簡言之、在本質(zhì)上。
33.d / experienced （經(jīng)歷）。本題答案線索是本段第2句更多的家庭是單親家庭……意味著傳統(tǒng)的家庭模式發(fā)生了變化。故在33題空白處前的families（家庭）與空白處后的changes（變化）之間應(yīng)該填入足以體現(xiàn)已經(jīng)歷經(jīng)家庭變化的謂語動詞。在本題四個選項a（survived / 存活），b（noticed / 注意到），c（undertaken / 承擔(dān)；從事）和d（experienced / 經(jīng)歷）中，只有選項d最符合原文的含義。
34.b / consequently（結(jié)果）。本題答案線索是：34題空白處前后的兩句話客觀上是前因后果關(guān)系，故選用b.本題a、c、d選項的含義分別是相反、類似、同時地。
35.a / than （比）。本題答案線索是35題空白處前的less一詞。這是比較級less … than結(jié)構(gòu)。
36.b / structure （結(jié)構(gòu)）。本題答案線索：本段談?wù)摷彝ニ?jīng)歷的變化，本段第2句的動詞consist of …（構(gòu)成，組成）暗示考生本段具體涉及家庭結(jié)構(gòu)（structure ）變化對青少年的影響。36題空白前的traditional（傳統(tǒng)的）一詞再一次暗示考生答案應(yīng)該是舊的（traditional）家庭結(jié)構(gòu)（structure）。故選項b是正確答案。本題a、c、d選項的含義分別是系統(tǒng)，體系、概念、遺產(chǎn)。
37.b / identifiable （可辨認(rèn)的；可看作是相同的）。這是本次英語知識運用考題中較難的一題。37題空白后的causes（原因）一詞將考生的答案線索，再一次引回到了本文第一段的第1句，該句是全文的靈魂句，其含義是有關(guān)青少年過失（年輕人犯罪）原因的許多理論或者聚焦（focus on）于個體或者聚焦（focus on …）于社會……。也就是說：不同的理論將不同的方面視為其有關(guān)犯罪解釋的原因，各種理論都尋找出了原因，只是focus（視點）不一致，但畢竟都是各種理論的倡導(dǎo)者用眼和心發(fā)現(xiàn)并關(guān)注的原因。故37題空白處應(yīng)該是一個與focus on在含義上相近的詞，表示發(fā)現(xiàn)，關(guān)注之含義。37題空白處之前的other一詞暗示本句是一個總結(jié)句，意思是人們所關(guān)注或注意到（focus on）的其它原因還有……。故在本題四個選項a（assessable / 可評價或評估的），b（identifiable /可辨認(rèn)的；可看作是相同的），c（negligible / 可以忽略的，不予重視的）和d（incredible / 難以置信的）中，只有選項b在中心主題連貫和中心思想表達(dá)上與focus on（關(guān)注，聚焦）這一視覺動詞相互連貫和呼應(yīng)。
38.d / availability （可獲得性、可得到性）。本題答案線索有兩條。其一是38題所在之句具體闡述青少年犯罪的三個其他原因。其二是句中連詞and所構(gòu)成的名詞平行結(jié)構(gòu)，這一結(jié)構(gòu)要求處于此平行結(jié)構(gòu)中的名詞應(yīng)該在所表達(dá)的語義上屬于同類，由于本句皆在闡述青少年犯罪的三個其他原因，所以這個名詞平行結(jié)構(gòu)中的三個名詞都應(yīng)該是不良社會現(xiàn)象或行為。38題具體涉及毒品和酒品。眾所周知，毒品和酒品的泛濫與青少年犯罪的增加直接有關(guān)。故選項d（availability / 可獲得性，可得到性）是正確選項。本題的a、b、c選項的含義分別是開支，費用、限制，局限、分配。
39.a / incidence （發(fā)生，影響）。本題答案線索有兩條。這兩條線索與38題的兩條線索相同。39題具體涉及虐待兒童（child abuse）。根據(jù)因果關(guān)系和平行關(guān)系的答題思路，考生應(yīng)該選擇選項a（incidence / 發(fā)生，影響）。注意選項d（普及；受歡迎）不對，因為我們生活的社會中，虐待兒童（child abuse）并不是普遍現(xiàn)象和社會的主流。選用d就太夸張了。選項b和c的含義分別是意識，認(rèn)識和揭露，暴露；接觸。
40.c / although （雖然，盡管）。本題答題線索是40題空白處前后的含義在語義上所形成的轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系。故選項c是正確答案。本題a、b、d選項的含義分別是以……為條件，假如、因為、假如，如果。
when i decided to quit my full time employment it never occurred to me that i might become a part of a new international trend. a lateral move that hurt my pride and blocked my professional progress prompted me to abandon my relatively high profile career although， in the manner of a disgraced government minister， i covered my exit by claiming i wanted to spend more time with my family。
curiously， some two-and-a-half years and two novels later， my experiment in what the americans term downshifting has turned my tired excuse into an absolute reality. i have been transformed from a passionate advocate of the philosophy of have it all， preached by linda kelsey for the past seven years in the pages of she magazine， into a woman who is happy to settle for a bit of everything.
i have discovered， as perhaps kelsey will after her much-publicized resignation from the editorship of she after a build-up of stress， that abandoning the doctrine of juggling your life， and making the alternative move into downshifting brings with it far greater rewards than financial success and social status. nothing could persuade me to return to the kind of life kelsey used to advocate and i once enjoyed： 12-hour working days， pressured deadlines， the fearful strain of office politics and the limitations of being a parent on quality time。
in america， the move away from juggling to a simpler， less materialistic lifestyle is a well-established trend. downshifting—also known in america as voluntary simplicity—has， ironically， even bred a new area of what might be termed anti-consumerism. there are a number of bestselling downshifting self-help books for people who want to simplify their lives； there are newsletters， such as the tightwad gazette， that give hundreds of thousands of americans useful tips on anything from recycling their cling-film to making their own soap； there are even support groups for those who want to achieve the mid-‘90s equivalent of dropping out.
while in america the trend started as a reaction to the economic decline—after the mass redundancies caused by downsizing in the late ‘80s—and is still linked to the politics of thrift， in britain， at least among the middle class downshifters of my acquaintance， we have different reasons for seeking to simplify our lives.
for the women of my generation who were urged to keep juggling through the ‘80s， downshifting in the mid-’90s is not so much a search for the mythical good life—growing your own organic vegetables， and risking turning into one—as a personal recognition of your limitations.
67. which of the following is true according to paragraph 1？
[a] full-time employment is a new international trend.
[b] the writer was compelled by circumstances to leave her job.
[c] a lateral move means stepping out of full-time employment.
[d] the writer was only too eager to spend more time with her family.
68. the writer‘s experiment shows that downshifting ________.
[a] enables her to realize her dream
[b] helps her mold a new philosophy of life
[c] prompts her to abandon her high social status
[d] leads her to accept the doctrine of she magazine
69. juggling one‘s life probably means living a life characterized by ________.
[a] non-materialistic lifestyle
[b] a bit of everything
[c] extreme stress
[d] anti-consumerism
70. according to the passage， downshifting emerged in the us as a result of ________.
[a] the quick pace of modern life
[b] man‘s adventurous spirit
[c] man‘s search for mythical experiences
[d] the economic situation
directions： read the following text. choose the best word（s） for each numbered blank and mark a， b， c or d on answer sheet 1. （10 points）
many theories concerning the causes of juvenile delinquency （crimes committed by young people） focus either on the individual or on society as the major contributing influence. theories （21） ____ on the individual suggest that children engage in criminal behavior （22） ____ they were not sufficiently penalized for previous misdeeds or that they have learned criminal behavior through （23） ____ with others. theories focusing on the role of society that children commit crimes in （24） ____ to their failure to rise above their socioeconomic status （25） ____ as a rejection of middle-class values.
most theories of juvenile delinquency have focused on children from disadvantaged families， （26） ____ the fact that children from wealthy homes also commit crimes. the latter may commit crimes （27） ____ lack of adequate parental control. all theories， however， are tentative and are （28） ____ to criticism.
changes in the social structure may indirectly （29） ____ juvenile crime rates. for example， changes in the economy that （30） ____ to fewer job opportunities for youth and rising unemployment （31） ____ make gainful employment increasingly difficult to obtain. the resulting discontent may in （32） ____ lead more youths into criminal behavior.
families have also （33） ____ changes these years. more families consist of one parent households or two working parents； （34） ____， children are likely to have less supervision at home （35） ____ was common in the traditional family （36） ____. this lack of parental supervision is thought to be an influence on juvenile crime rates.
other （37） ____ causes of offensive acts include frustration or failure in school， the increased （38） ____ of drugs and alcohol， and the growing （39） ____ of child abuse and child neglect. all these conditions tend to increase the probability of a child committing a criminal act， （40） ____ a direct causal relationship has not yet been established.
21. [a] acting [b] relying [c] centering [d] cementing
22. [a] before [b] unless [c] until [d] because
23. [a] interactions [b] assimilation [c] cooperation [d] consultation
24. [a] return [b] reply [c] reference [d] response
25. [a] or [b] but rather [c] but [d] or else
26. [a] considering [b] ignoring [c] highlighting [d] discarding
27. [a] on [b] in [c] for [d] with
28. [a] immune [b] resistant [c] sensitive [d] subject
29. [a] affect [b] reduce [c] chock [d] reflect
30. [a] point [b] lead [c] come [d] amount
31. [a] in general [b] on average [c] by contrast [d] at length
32. [a] case [b] short [c] turn [d] essence
33. [a] survived [b] noticed [c] undertaken [d] experienced
34. [a] contrarily [b] consequently [c] similarly [d] simultaneously
35. [a] than [b] that [c] which [d] as
36. [a] system [b] structure [c] concept [d] heritage
37. [a] assessable [b] identifiable [c] negligible [d] incredible
38. [a] expense [b] restriction [c] allocation [d] availability
39. [a] incidence [b] awareness [c] exposure [d] popularity
40. [a] provided [b] since [c] although [d] supposing
21.c / centering（著重于、突出、強(qiáng)調(diào)）。本題的答案線索是本文第一段第1句的謂語動詞focus on（強(qiáng)調(diào)、著重、把中心置于……、聚焦于……）。本題選項a、b、d和介詞on搭配使用后的含義分別是作用于……、依賴于和評論、評述。
22.d / because （由于，因為）。本題的答案線索是本文第一段第1句中的causes（原因）一詞，該詞提示考生本文探討有關(guān)青少年犯罪（juvenile delinquency / criminal behavior）原因的理論學(xué)說。由于22題前的內(nèi)容是青少年從事犯罪行為，22題就應(yīng)選用表達(dá)原因之類的詞語。本題a、b、c選項的含義分別是在……之前、除非、直到。
23.a / interaction （交往、互動）。俗話說：近墨者黑。23題空白處之前的內(nèi)容是青少年沾染上了犯罪行為，空白處的內(nèi)容是與其他的人，故答案線索明確暗示：與其他人的來往 / 交往。本題b、c、d選項的含義分別是同化，吸收、合作、咨詢。
24.d / response （反應(yīng)）。本題答案線索仍然是本文第一段第1句中causes（原因）一詞。全文涉及青少年犯罪原因的理論，這是全文的中心靈魂，也是解題的根本點。24題空白處前面的內(nèi)容是青少年犯罪，空白處后面的內(nèi)容是他們失敗了，空白前后又是一對因果關(guān)系，故選項d（in） response （to） …（對……的行為反應(yīng)）是正確選項。本文a、b、c選項的含義分別是歸還；回報、回答，回復(fù)、參考。
25.a / or（或者）。本題的答案線索有兩條。其一是上一句話中構(gòu)成兩個that賓語從句平行的連詞or。其二是本句中25題空白前后的兩個介詞短語in …和as…。or使這兩個介詞短語形成了介詞短語的平行結(jié)構(gòu)。本題b、c、d選項的含義分別是然而、但是、否則；要不然。
26.b / ignoring （忽略，忽視）。選項b是現(xiàn)在分詞形式，在本句中充當(dāng)伴隨狀語，修飾其前主語中的謂語動詞focused on（強(qiáng)調(diào)，突出，聚焦于……）。本題的答案線索：26題空白處前的含義是把目光 / 注意力放在貧困家庭青少年的犯罪，空白處后的含義是來自富裕家庭青少年的犯罪，貧困和富裕本身就是鮮明的對立，十分注意（focused）前者的時候就不可避免地忽略（ignoring）后者。故選項b是正確選項。本題a、c、d選項的含義分別是考慮、強(qiáng)調(diào)，突出、扔掉，拋棄。
27.c / for （因為，由于）。本題的答案線索再次回到第一段第1句的causes（原因）一詞。27題空白處前的含義是青少年犯罪，空白處后的含義是缺乏父母的管教，顯而易見，這又是一對因果關(guān)系，又是本題靈魂的再現(xiàn)，故選項c是正確選項。本題on， in， with選項均不能和本題空白處的lack搭配使用，尤其值得一提的是雖然選項c中的with有因為的含義，但在此處無法和lack一詞搭配使用。
28.d / subject （易遭受到……）。本題答案線索有兩條。其一是選項中截然相反的或?qū)α⒌囊粚x項中大概有一個選項是正確的。本題中選項a（immune）和選項d（subject）正是如此的一對。第二條線索是本句中的連詞and，這個and在本句中構(gòu)成了其前后兩個詞的因果關(guān)系。由于所有理論都是嘗試性的，沒有定論的（tentative），故所有理論通常會遭受到批評和質(zhì)疑（subject to criticism）。本題a、b、c選項的含義是免于……、抵抗……、敏感的。
29.a / affect （影響）。本題答案線索又一次返回到本文第一段第1句的causes一詞。全文談?wù)撚嘘P(guān)青少年犯罪原因的理論。故追本求源是本文解題時永恒的主線。29題空白處前的社會結(jié)構(gòu)的變化與空白處后的青少年犯罪率又是一對因果關(guān)系，故選項a（affect / 影響）是正確選項。本題b、c、d選項的含義分別是減少、抑制、反映。
30.b / lead （導(dǎo)致）。本題答案線索與上一題相同。30題空白處前的經(jīng)濟(jì)變化與空白處后的日益減少的就業(yè)機(jī)會又是一對causes（因）和effect（果）關(guān)系。故選項b（lead to 導(dǎo)致）是正確答案。本題的a、c、d選項的含義分別是指向、到來、總數(shù)達(dá)……。
31.a / in general （一般，通常）。31題空白處前的上升的失業(yè)率與空白處后的使好工作日益難尋，在邏輯上再形成了因果關(guān)系。由于本段第1句和尾句均運用了情態(tài)動詞may，故31題的空白處使用一個與這兩個may相呼應(yīng)的語氣詞，以構(gòu)成本段語氣上的連貫。在四個選項a（in general 一般地，大體上），b（on average 平均，通常），c（by contrast 相比而言）和d（at length 最后；詳盡地；長久地）中，只有a中的in general和may的語氣較為接近。
32.c / （in） turn 反過來。本題答案線索是：社會經(jīng)濟(jì)變化→青年失業(yè)或難找工作→青年的不滿情緒→青年的犯罪。這是一個因果關(guān)系的鏈條。所以最后選定（in） turn（反過來）是由于本段主題句中修飾謂語動詞lead to（導(dǎo)致）一詞的副詞indirectly（間接地）。只有選項c才能準(zhǔn)確表達(dá)主題句中副詞indirectly這一因果層次關(guān)系。本題a、b、d的選項分別是假使；免得，以防（萬一）、簡言之、在本質(zhì)上。
33.d / experienced （經(jīng)歷）。本題答案線索是本段第2句更多的家庭是單親家庭……意味著傳統(tǒng)的家庭模式發(fā)生了變化。故在33題空白處前的families（家庭）與空白處后的changes（變化）之間應(yīng)該填入足以體現(xiàn)已經(jīng)歷經(jīng)家庭變化的謂語動詞。在本題四個選項a（survived / 存活），b（noticed / 注意到），c（undertaken / 承擔(dān)；從事）和d（experienced / 經(jīng)歷）中，只有選項d最符合原文的含義。
34.b / consequently（結(jié)果）。本題答案線索是：34題空白處前后的兩句話客觀上是前因后果關(guān)系，故選用b.本題a、c、d選項的含義分別是相反、類似、同時地。
35.a / than （比）。本題答案線索是35題空白處前的less一詞。這是比較級less … than結(jié)構(gòu)。
36.b / structure （結(jié)構(gòu)）。本題答案線索：本段談?wù)摷彝ニ?jīng)歷的變化，本段第2句的動詞consist of …（構(gòu)成，組成）暗示考生本段具體涉及家庭結(jié)構(gòu)（structure ）變化對青少年的影響。36題空白前的traditional（傳統(tǒng)的）一詞再一次暗示考生答案應(yīng)該是舊的（traditional）家庭結(jié)構(gòu)（structure）。故選項b是正確答案。本題a、c、d選項的含義分別是系統(tǒng)，體系、概念、遺產(chǎn)。
37.b / identifiable （可辨認(rèn)的；可看作是相同的）。這是本次英語知識運用考題中較難的一題。37題空白后的causes（原因）一詞將考生的答案線索，再一次引回到了本文第一段的第1句，該句是全文的靈魂句，其含義是有關(guān)青少年過失（年輕人犯罪）原因的許多理論或者聚焦（focus on）于個體或者聚焦（focus on …）于社會……。也就是說：不同的理論將不同的方面視為其有關(guān)犯罪解釋的原因，各種理論都尋找出了原因，只是focus（視點）不一致，但畢竟都是各種理論的倡導(dǎo)者用眼和心發(fā)現(xiàn)并關(guān)注的原因。故37題空白處應(yīng)該是一個與focus on在含義上相近的詞，表示發(fā)現(xiàn)，關(guān)注之含義。37題空白處之前的other一詞暗示本句是一個總結(jié)句，意思是人們所關(guān)注或注意到（focus on）的其它原因還有……。故在本題四個選項a（assessable / 可評價或評估的），b（identifiable /可辨認(rèn)的；可看作是相同的），c（negligible / 可以忽略的，不予重視的）和d（incredible / 難以置信的）中，只有選項b在中心主題連貫和中心思想表達(dá)上與focus on（關(guān)注，聚焦）這一視覺動詞相互連貫和呼應(yīng)。
38.d / availability （可獲得性、可得到性）。本題答案線索有兩條。其一是38題所在之句具體闡述青少年犯罪的三個其他原因。其二是句中連詞and所構(gòu)成的名詞平行結(jié)構(gòu)，這一結(jié)構(gòu)要求處于此平行結(jié)構(gòu)中的名詞應(yīng)該在所表達(dá)的語義上屬于同類，由于本句皆在闡述青少年犯罪的三個其他原因，所以這個名詞平行結(jié)構(gòu)中的三個名詞都應(yīng)該是不良社會現(xiàn)象或行為。38題具體涉及毒品和酒品。眾所周知，毒品和酒品的泛濫與青少年犯罪的增加直接有關(guān)。故選項d（availability / 可獲得性，可得到性）是正確選項。本題的a、b、c選項的含義分別是開支，費用、限制，局限、分配。
39.a / incidence （發(fā)生，影響）。本題答案線索有兩條。這兩條線索與38題的兩條線索相同。39題具體涉及虐待兒童（child abuse）。根據(jù)因果關(guān)系和平行關(guān)系的答題思路，考生應(yīng)該選擇選項a（incidence / 發(fā)生，影響）。注意選項d（普及；受歡迎）不對，因為我們生活的社會中，虐待兒童（child abuse）并不是普遍現(xiàn)象和社會的主流。選用d就太夸張了。選項b和c的含義分別是意識，認(rèn)識和揭露，暴露；接觸。
40.c / although （雖然，盡管）。本題答題線索是40題空白處前后的含義在語義上所形成的轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系。故選項c是正確答案。本題a、b、d選項的含義分別是以……為條件，假如、因為、假如，如果。
when i decided to quit my full time employment it never occurred to me that i might become a part of a new international trend. a lateral move that hurt my pride and blocked my professional progress prompted me to abandon my relatively high profile career although， in the manner of a disgraced government minister， i covered my exit by claiming i wanted to spend more time with my family。
curiously， some two-and-a-half years and two novels later， my experiment in what the americans term downshifting has turned my tired excuse into an absolute reality. i have been transformed from a passionate advocate of the philosophy of have it all， preached by linda kelsey for the past seven years in the pages of she magazine， into a woman who is happy to settle for a bit of everything.
i have discovered， as perhaps kelsey will after her much-publicized resignation from the editorship of she after a build-up of stress， that abandoning the doctrine of juggling your life， and making the alternative move into downshifting brings with it far greater rewards than financial success and social status. nothing could persuade me to return to the kind of life kelsey used to advocate and i once enjoyed： 12-hour working days， pressured deadlines， the fearful strain of office politics and the limitations of being a parent on quality time。
in america， the move away from juggling to a simpler， less materialistic lifestyle is a well-established trend. downshifting—also known in america as voluntary simplicity—has， ironically， even bred a new area of what might be termed anti-consumerism. there are a number of bestselling downshifting self-help books for people who want to simplify their lives； there are newsletters， such as the tightwad gazette， that give hundreds of thousands of americans useful tips on anything from recycling their cling-film to making their own soap； there are even support groups for those who want to achieve the mid-‘90s equivalent of dropping out.
while in america the trend started as a reaction to the economic decline—after the mass redundancies caused by downsizing in the late ‘80s—and is still linked to the politics of thrift， in britain， at least among the middle class downshifters of my acquaintance， we have different reasons for seeking to simplify our lives.
for the women of my generation who were urged to keep juggling through the ‘80s， downshifting in the mid-’90s is not so much a search for the mythical good life—growing your own organic vegetables， and risking turning into one—as a personal recognition of your limitations.
67. which of the following is true according to paragraph 1？
[a] full-time employment is a new international trend.
[b] the writer was compelled by circumstances to leave her job.
[c] a lateral move means stepping out of full-time employment.
[d] the writer was only too eager to spend more time with her family.
68. the writer‘s experiment shows that downshifting ________.
[a] enables her to realize her dream
[b] helps her mold a new philosophy of life
[c] prompts her to abandon her high social status
[d] leads her to accept the doctrine of she magazine
69. juggling one‘s life probably means living a life characterized by ________.
[a] non-materialistic lifestyle
[b] a bit of everything
[c] extreme stress
[d] anti-consumerism
70. according to the passage， downshifting emerged in the us as a result of ________.
[a] the quick pace of modern life
[b] man‘s adventurous spirit
[c] man‘s search for mythical experiences
[d] the economic situation