8.1997年英譯漢試題及參考譯文
Do animals have rights?This is how the question is usually put.It sounds like a useful，ground-clearing way to start.（71）Actually，it isnt，because it assumes that there is an agreed account of human rights，which is something the world does not have.
On one view of rights，to be sure，it necessarily follows that animals have none.72）Some philosophers argue that rights exist only within a social contract，as part of an exchange of duties and entitlements.Therefore，animals cannot have rights.The idea of punishing a tiger that kills somebody is absurd，for exactly the same reason，so is the idea that tigers have ringhts.However，this is only one account，and by no means an uncontested one.It denies rights not only to animals but also to some people—for instance，to infants，the mentally incapable and future generations.In addition，it is unclear what force a contract can have for people who never consented to it:how do you reply to somebody who saysI dont like this contract?
The point is this without agreement on the rights of people，arguing about the rights of animals is fruitless.（73）It leads the discussion to extremes at the outset:it invites you to think that animals should be treated either with the consideration humans extend to other humans，or with no consideration at all.This is a false choice.Better to start with another，more fundamental question:is the way we treat animals a moral issue at all?
Many deny it.（74）Arguing from the view that humans are different from animals in every relevant respect，extremists of this kind think that animals lie outside the area of moral choice.Any regard for the suffering of animals is seen as a mistake—a sentimental displacement of feeling that should properly be directed to other humans.
This view，which holds that torturing a monkey is morally equivalent to chopping wood，may seem bravelylogical.In fact it is simply shallow:the ethical equivalent of learning to crawl—is to weigh others interests against one s own.This in turn requires sympathy and imagination:without which there is no capacity for moral thought.To see an animal in pain is enough，for most，to engage sympathy.（75）When that happens，it is not a mistake:it is mankinds instinct for moral reasoning in action，an instinct that should be encouraged rather than laughed at.
1997年英譯漢試題參考譯文
動物有權(quán)力嗎?問題通常就是這樣提出的。這種提法聽起來似乎有助于把問題講清楚。（71）事實并非如此，因為這種問法是以人們對人的權(quán)利有一種共識為基礎(chǔ)的，而這種共識并不存在。
誠然，根據(jù)對權(quán)利的一種看法，必然認為，這只是一種認識，而且是一種有爭議的認識。這種認識不僅剝奪了動物的權(quán)利，而且也剝奪了某些人的權(quán)利，例如嬰兒，他們是不會用腦力來思考問題的未來一代人。此外，誰也不清楚，對于從來就不同意契約的人來說，這項契約又有多少約束力，因為有人要是說我不喜歡這項契約，那你又如何作答呢?
問題的癥結(jié)是，如果人們對人的權(quán)利沒有一致的看法，那么爭論動物的權(quán)利是徒勞無益的?（73）這種說法從一開始就將討論引向兩個極端，它使人們認為應這樣對待動物:要么像對人類自身一樣關(guān)切體諒，要么完全冷漠無情。這是一處錯誤的選擇。換一種更為根本性的提法:我們對待動物的同情感用到關(guān)心動物的身上。
許多人否認這種提法。（74）這類人持極端看法，認為人與動物在各相關(guān)方面都不相同，對待動物無須考慮道德問題。任何關(guān)心動物疾苦的想法都是錯誤的，因為它把應該用來關(guān)心其他人的同情感用到關(guān)心動物的身上。
這種觀點認為，折磨猴子從道義上講無異于劈柴。這種看法似乎是大膽的邏輯推理。實際上，這種看法是非常膚淺的，因為它邏輯混亂，所以應該摒棄。道德推理的最初級形式，和學習爬行的論理一樣，是針對自身利益去權(quán)衡他人利益。這就需要同情心和將心比心的想像力，沒有這兩點就無法用道德觀念來進行思考?？吹絼游锸芸嘧阋允勾蠖鄶?shù)人產(chǎn)生同情感。（75）這種反應并不錯，這是人類用道德觀念進行推理的本能在起作用。這種本能應該得到鼓勵，而不應遭到嘲笑。
9.1998年英譯漢試題及參考譯文
They were by far，the largest and most distant objects that scientists had ever detected:a strip of enormous cosmic clouds some 15 billion lightyears from earth.
?。?1）But even more important，it was the farthest that scientists had been able to look into the past，for what they were seeing were the patterns and structures that existed 15 billion yeays ago.That was just about the moment that the universe was born.What the researchers found was at once both amazing and expected:the US National Aeronautics and Space Administrations Cosmic Background Explorer satellite—Cobe—had discovered landmark evidence that the universe did in fact begin with the primeval explosion that has become known as the Big Bang（the theory that the universe originated in an explosion from a single mass of energy）.
?。?2）The existence of the giant clouds was virtually required for the Big Bang，first put forward in the 1920s，to maintain its reign as the dominant explanation of the cosmos.According to the theory，the universe burst into being as a submicroscopic，unimaginably dense knot of pure energy that flew outward in all directions，emitting radiation as it went，condensing into particles and then into atoms of gas.Over billions of years，the gas was compressed by gravity into galaxies，stars，plants and eventually，even humans.
Cobe is designed to see just the biggest structures，but astronomers would like to see much smaller hot spots as well，the seeds of local objects like clusters and superclusters of galaxies.They shouldnt have long to wait.（73）Astrophysicists working with groundbased detectors at the South Pole and balloonborne instruments are closing in on such structures，and may report their findings soon.
?。?4）If the small hot spots look as expected，that will be a triumph for yet another scientific idea，a refinement of the Big Bang called the inflationary universe theory.Inflation says that very early on，the universe expanded in size by more than a trillion trillion trillion trillionfold in much less than a second，propelled by a sort of antigravity.（75）Odd though it sounds，cosmic inflation is a scientifically plausible consequence of some respected ideas in elementaryparticle physics，and many astrophysicists have been convinced for the better part of a decade that it is true.
1998年英譯漢試題參考譯文
離地球大約150億光年的一塊狹長的巨大宇宙云系是科學家在此以前所發(fā)現(xiàn)的、最遙遠的物體。（71）但更為重要的是，這是科學家所能觀測到的最遙遠的過去的景象，因為他們看到的是150億年前宇宙云的形狀和結(jié)構(gòu)。那大約就是宇宙形成的時候。研究人員發(fā)現(xiàn)的宇宙云既令人驚訝，又是人們所期待的，因為美國國家航空航天局的宇宙背景探測者Cobe號衛(wèi)星已經(jīng)發(fā)現(xiàn)了劃時代的證據(jù)，證明宇宙確實起源于最早的一次爆炸，即人們一直所稱的大爆炸（此理論認為宇宙起源于一大塊能量）。
（72）巨大的宇宙云的存在，實際上是使本世紀二十年代首次提出的大爆炸論是以保持其宇宙起源論的主導地位所必不可少的。根據(jù)這一理論，宇宙的形成是由一團亞微觀的、極其稠密的純能量團朝四面八方向外發(fā)散，隨著放出輻射線，濃縮成粒子，然后形成氣體原子。數(shù)十億年來，這種氣體受引力的壓縮形成星系、恒星、行星，并最終甚至產(chǎn)生人類。
Cobe衛(wèi)星設(shè)計的目的就是觀察這些的物體結(jié)構(gòu)，但宇航員還想看到更為微小的熱點，即像星紗中的星團和超星團這樣一些局部物體的粒子?？磥硭麄儾槐亻L期等待。（73）天體物理學家使用南極陸基探測器及球工儀器，正越來越近地觀測這些云系，也許不久會報告他們的觀測結(jié)果。
（74）假如這些小熱點看上去同預計的一致，那就意味著又一科學論說的勝利，這種論說即更完美的大爆炸論，亦稱宇宙膨脹說。膨脹說告訴我們，早在很久以前，宇宙的體積在不到一秒鐘內(nèi)被一種反引力驅(qū)動而發(fā)生了無數(shù)倍的膨脹。（75）宇宙膨脹說雖然聽似奇特，但它是基本粒子的物理學中一些公認的理論在科學上看來似乎可信的推論。許多天體物理學家七八年來一直確信這一論說是正確的。
注:1.第4句中的at once意為既，又，如:The story is at once amusing and instructive.（這個故事既有趣又有教育意義。）
2.第1段最后一句中的a mass of意為一大塊（團，堆）。
3.第3段最后一句中的close in on原意是從四面八方緊壓過來。例如:She had a queer feeling that the room was closing in on
her.（她有一種奇特的感覺，仿佛那房間從四面八方把她緊緊圍住了。）4.第3段第2句中的should表示推測的意思。
5.（71）題中的look（=see）意為:看見，作及物動詞用，其賓語是關(guān)系代詞that。into the past意為對過去。可見…it was the
farthest that scientists had been able to look into the past…直譯為:…它是科學家對過去所能看到的最遙遠的東西…。
10.1999年英譯漢試題及參考譯文
?。?1）While there are almost as many definitions of history as there are historians，modern practice most closely conforms to one that sees history as the attempt to recreate and explain the significant events of the past.Caught in the web of its own time and place，each generation of historians determines anew what is significant for it in the past.In this search the evidence found is always incomplete and scattered;it is also frequently partial or partisan.The irony of the historians craft is that its practitioners always know that their efforts are but contributions to an unending process.
?。?2）Interest in historical methods has arisen less through external challenge to the validity of history as an intellectual discipline and more from internal quarrels among historians themselves.While history once revered its affinity to literature and philosophy，the emerging social sciences seemed to afford greater opportunities for asking new questions and providing rewarding approaches to an understanding of the past.Social science methodologies had to be adapted to a discipline governed by the primacy of historical sources rather than the imperatives of the contemporary world.
（73）During this transfer，traditional historical methods were augmented by additional methodologies designed to interpret the new forms of evidence in the historical study.
Methodology is a term that remains inherently ambiguous in the historical profession.
?。?4）There is no agreement whether methodology refers to the concepts peculiar to historical work in general or to the research techniques appropriate to the various branches of historical inquiry.Historians，especially those so blinded by their research interests that they have been accused oftunnel method，frequently fall victim to thetechnicist fallacy.Also common in the natural sciences，the technicist fallacy mistakenly identifies the discipline as a whole with certain parts of its technical implementation.
?。?5）It applies equally to traditional historians who view history as only the external and internal criticism of sources.And to social science historians who equate their activity with specific techniques.
1999年英譯漢試題參考譯文
?。?1）幾乎每個歷史學家對史學都有自己的界定，但現(xiàn)代史學家的實踐最趨于認為歷史學是試圖重現(xiàn)過去的重大史實并對其做出解釋。由于受時間和地點的限制，每一代史學家都要重新判斷過去哪些史料對其有重要價值。在這種探索中所發(fā)現(xiàn)的證據(jù)總是不完整的、零碎的，而且常常是有偏見的或帶有派別意識的。實際從事歷史研究的人總是知道，他們的努力只不過是為永無止境的探索過程添磚加瓦，這就使其工作頗具諷刺意味。
（72）人們之所以關(guān)注歷史研究的方法論，主要是因為史學界內(nèi)部意見不一，其次是因為外界并不認為歷史是一門學問。盡管歷史學曾經(jīng)崇尚它與文學和哲學的相似性，但新興的社會科學似乎為人們提出新問題和提供了解過去的有效途徑開辟了更為廣闊的天地。社會科學研究的方法必須改變以適應這樣一條指導，即以史料為基礎(chǔ)，而不是為當代社會之需。（73）在這種轉(zhuǎn)變中，歷史學家研究歷史時，那些解釋新史料的新方法充實了傳統(tǒng)的歷史研究方法。
在歷史學界，方法論這個詞從來都是模棱兩可的。（74）所謂方法論究竟是指一般的歷史研究研究中的特有概念，還是指歷史探究中各個具體領(lǐng)域適用的研究手段，人們對此意見不一。史學家，尤其是那些局限于他們的研究興趣，以致被指責為單方同研究法的史學家，常常成了單純技術(shù)方法論的犧牲品。這種謬論在自然科學領(lǐng)域里也是屢見不鮮的，它錯誤地把整個學科與學科研究的某些操作方法等同起來。（75）這種謬論同樣存在于歷史傳統(tǒng)派和歷史社科派;前者認為歷史就是史學界內(nèi)部和外部人士對各種史料來源的評論;后者認為歷史的研究是具體方法的研究。
11.2000年英譯漢試題及參考譯文
Governments throughout the world act on the assumption that the welfare of their people depends largely on the economic strength and wealth of the community.（71）Under modern conditions，this requires varying measures of centralized control and hence the help of specialized scientists such as economists and operational research experts. （72）Furthermore，it is obvious that the strength of a countrys economy is directly bound up with the efficiency of its agriculture and industry，and that this in turn rests upon the efforts of scientists and technologists of all kinds. It also means that governments are increasingly compelled to interfere in these sectors in order to step up production and ensure that it is utilized to the best advantage.For example，they may encourage research in various ways，including the setting up of their own research centers;they may alter the structure of education，or interfere in order to reduce the wastage of natural resources or tap resources hitherto unexploited;or they may cooperate directly in the growing number of international projects related to science，economics any industry，In any case，all such interventions are heavily dependent on scientific advice and also scientific and technological manpower of all kinds.
?。?3）Owing to the remarkable development in masscommunications，people everywhere are feeling new wants and are being exposed to new customs and ideas，while governments are often forced to introduce still further innovations for the reasons given above. At the same time，the normal rate of social change throughout the world is taking place at a vastly accelerated speed compared with the past.For example，（74）in the early in industrialized countries of Europe the process of industrialization—with all the farreaching changes in social patterns that followed—was spread over nearly a century，whereas nowadays a developing nation may undergo the same process in a decade or so. All this has the effect of building up unusual pressures and tensions within the community and consequently presents serious problems for the governments concerned.（75）Additional social stresses may also occur because of the population explosion or problems arising from mass migration movements—themselves made relatively easy nowadays by modern means of transport. As a result of all these factors，governments are becoming increasingly dependent on biologists and social scientists for planning the appropriate programs and putting them into effect.
2000年英譯漢試題參考譯文
世界各國政府都認為，人民的幸福主要依賴于社會的經(jīng)濟實力和財富。（71）在現(xiàn)代條件下，這需要程度不同的中央控制，從而就需要獲得諸如經(jīng)濟學和運籌學等領(lǐng)域?qū)＜业膮f(xié)助。（72）再者，顯而易見的是一個國家的經(jīng)濟實力與其工農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)效率密切相關(guān)，而效率的提高又有賴于各種科技人員的努力。這就意味著，各國政府得越來越多地干預這些部門以便提高產(chǎn)量并確保產(chǎn)品會得到的利用。例如，政府可以用各種方法來鼓勵研究，其中包括建立自己的研究中心;政府可以改革教育結(jié)構(gòu)，或以政府干預來減少自然資源的消費量、開發(fā)迄今未被利用的資源;或者政府可以在日益增加的與科學、經(jīng)濟學和工業(yè)有關(guān)的項目中直接進行協(xié)作。無論如何，所有這些政府干預主要有賴于科學方面的咨詢和各種類型的科技人才。
?。?3）大眾通訊的顯著發(fā)展使各地的人們不斷感到有新的需求，不斷接觸到新的習俗和思想，由于上述原因，政府常常得推出更多的革新。而同時，全世界的正常的社會變革速度與過去相比大大加快了。（74）在先期實現(xiàn)工業(yè)化的歐洲國家中，其工業(yè)化進程以及隨之而來的各種深刻的社會結(jié)構(gòu)變革，持續(xù)了大約一世紀之久，而如今一個發(fā)展中國家在10年左右就可能完成這個過程。（75）由于人口的猛增或大量人口流動（現(xiàn)代交通工具使這種流動相對容易）造成的種種問題也會對社會造成新的壓力。由于這些因素的結(jié)果，政府正越來越多地依靠生物學家和社會科學家來安排適當?shù)囊?guī)劃，并付諸實施。
12.2001年英譯漢試題及參考譯文
In less than30years time the Star Trek holodeck will be a reality.Direct links between the brains nervous system and a computer will also create full sensory virtual environments，allowing virtual vacations like those in the film Total Recall.
?。?1）There will be television chat shows hosted by robots，and cars with pollution monitors that will disable them when they offend.（72）Children will play with dolls equipped with personality chips.computers with in-built personalities will be regarded as workmates rather than tools，relaxation will be in front of smell-television，and digital age will have arrived.
According to BT s futurologist，Ian Pearson，these are among the developments scheduled for the first few decades of the new millennium（a period of 1000years），when supercomputers will dramatically accelerate progress in all areas of life.
?。?3）Pearson has pieced together the work of hundreds of researchers around the world to produce a unique millennium technology calendar that gives the latest dates when we can expect hundreds or key breakthroughs and discoveries to take place.Some of the biggest developments will be in medicine，including an extended life expectancy and dozens of artificial organs coming into use between now and 2040.
Pearson also predicts a breakthrough in computer-human links.By linking directly to our nervous system，computers could pick up what we feel and，hopefully，simulate feeling too so that we can start to develop full sensory environments，rather like the holidays in Total Recall or the Star Trek holodeck，he says.（74）But that，Pearson points out，is only the start of man-machine integration:It will be the beginning of the long process of integration that will ultimately lead to a fully electronic human before the end of the next century.
Through his research，Pearson is able to put dates to most of the breakthroughs that can be predicted.However，there are still no forecasts for when faster-that-light travel will be available，or when human cloning will be perfected，or when time travel will be possible.But he does expect social problems as a result of technological advances.A boom in neighborhood surveillance cameras will，for example，cause problems in2010，while the arrival of synthetic lifelike robots will mean people may not be able to distinguish between their human friends and the droids.（75）And home appliances will also become so smart that controlling and operating them will result in the breakout of a new psychological disorder—kitchen rage.
2001年英譯漢試題參考譯文
再過不到30年星球旅行太空平臺將成為現(xiàn)實。大腦神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)與計算機的直接連接也將創(chuàng)造出完全傳感的實際環(huán)境，使得實際的度假和電影全面回顧中的度假一模一樣。
?。?1）屆時，將出現(xiàn)由機器人主持的電視談話節(jié)目以及裝有污染監(jiān)控器的汽車，一旦這些汽車排污超標（違規(guī)），監(jiān)控器就會使其停駛。（72）兒童將與裝有個性化芯片的玩具娃娃玩耍，具有個性內(nèi)置的計算機將被視為工作伙伴而不是工具，人們將在氣味電視前休閑，這時數(shù)字時代就來到了。
根據(jù)英國電訊公司的未來學家伊恩·皮爾遜的看法，上述種種科研成就均屬新千年的最初幾十年內(nèi)的開發(fā)項目之列，屆時超級計算機將大大加快人類生活各個領(lǐng)域里的進步。
（73）皮爾遜匯集世界各地數(shù)百位研究人員的成果，編制了一個獨特的新技術(shù)千年歷，它列出了人們有望看到達數(shù)百項重大突破和發(fā)現(xiàn)的最晚日期。一些最重大的開發(fā)將會發(fā)生在醫(yī)學中，其中包括延長人的估計壽命和從現(xiàn)在到2040年間將投入使用的幾十種人造器官。
皮爾遜遜預言了電腦與人各種連接的突破。通過直接與我們的神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)相連接，電腦能夠了解到我們的感情并且有望激發(fā)我們的情感，這樣我們就能著手開發(fā)完全傳感的環(huán)境，更類似于電影全面回顧或星球旅行太空平臺中的度假。（74）但皮爾遜指出，這個突破僅僅是人機一體化的開始:它是人機一體化漫長之路的第一步，最終會使人們在下世紀末之前就研制出完全電子化的仿真人。
經(jīng)過研究，皮爾邇確定可以預測到的大多數(shù)突破的日期。然而，仍然不能預報快于光速的旅行何時到來，或何時將完成克隆人，或何時可以實現(xiàn)遨游過去或?qū)淼臅r間旅行。但皮爾遜確實預料到技術(shù)進步所引起的社會問題。例如，鄰里電子監(jiān)控攝像機的飛速推廣將在2010年引起許多社會問題，而栩栩如生的人造機器人的問世將意味著人們可能無法把他們的真人朋友和這類機器人區(qū)別開來。（75）家用電器將會變得如此智能化，以至于控制和操作它們會引發(fā)一種新的心理疾病———廚房狂躁。