1.1990年英譯漢試題及參考譯文
People have wondered for a long time how their personalities，and behaviors are formed.It is not easy to explain why oneperson is intelligent and another is not，or why one is cooperative and another is competitive.
Social scientists are，of course，extremely interested in these types of questions.（61）They want to explain why we possess certain characteristics and exhibit certain behaviors.There are no clear answers yet，but two distinct schools of thought on the matter have developed.As one might expect，the two approaches are very different from each other.The controversy is often conveniently referred to asnature vs.nurture.
（62）Those who support thenatureside of the conflict believe that our personalities and behavior patterns are largely determined by biological factors.（63）That our environment has little，if anything，to do with our abilities，characteristics and behavior is central to this theory.Taken to an extreme，this theory maintains that our behavior is predetermined to such a great degree that we are almost completely governed by our instincts.
Those who support thenurturetheory，that is，they advocate education，are often called behaviorists.They claim that our environment is more important than our biologically based instincts in determining how we will act.A behaviorist，B.F.Skinner，sees humans as beings whose behavior is almost completely shaped by their surroundings.（64）The behaviorists maintain that，like machines，humans respond to environmental stimuli as the basis of their behavior.
Let us examine the different explanations about one human characteristic，intelligence，offered by the two theories.（65）Supporters of thenaturetheory insist that we are born with a certain capacity for learning that is biologically determined.Needless to say，they don’t believe that factors in the environment have much influence on what is basically a predetermined characteristic.On the other hand，behaviorists argue that our intelligence levels are the product of our experiences.（66）Behaviorists suggest that the child who is raised in an environment where there are many stimuli whichdevelop his or her capacity for appropriate responses will experience greater intellectual development.
The social and political implications of these two theories are profound.（67）In the United States，blacks often score below whites on standardized intelligence tests.This leads somenatureproponents to conclude that blacks are biologically inferior to whites.（68）Behaviorists，in contrast，say that differences in scores are due to the fact that blacks are often deprived of many of the educational and other environmental advantages that whites enjoy.
Most people think neither of these theories can yet fully explain human behavior.
1990年英譯漢試題參考譯文
長(zhǎng)期以來(lái)人們完全不知道他們的性格特征和行為模式是怎樣形成的。人們很難解釋一個(gè)聰明而另一個(gè)人愚蠢的原因，或者也很難解釋一個(gè)人有協(xié)作精神，而另一個(gè)人有競(jìng)爭(zhēng)意識(shí)的原因。
當(dāng)然，社會(huì)科學(xué)家對(duì)這類問(wèn)題極為關(guān)注。（61）他們想要說(shuō)明，為什么我們具有某些性格特征并表現(xiàn)出某些行為。然而，這些問(wèn)題尚無(wú)明確的答案。但是在這方面已經(jīng)形成了兩個(gè)截然不相同的學(xué)派。人們可以預(yù)料，這兩家的看法大不相同。為方便起見(jiàn)，這種爭(zhēng)論通常被稱為天性論與環(huán)境因素論之爭(zhēng)。
?。?2）在這場(chǎng)爭(zhēng)論中，贊成天性一方的那些人認(rèn)為，我們的性格特征和行為模式大多是由生物因素所決定的。（63）這種理論的核心是，我們的環(huán)境同我們的才能、性格特征和行為即使有什么關(guān)系的話，也是微不足道的。這種理論甚至極端地堅(jiān)持認(rèn)為，我們的行為模式在很大程度上是先天決定的;因此，我們幾乎完全受我們的本能所支配。
贊成環(huán)境因素論的那些人，即提倡培養(yǎng)教育的人，通常被稱為行為主義者。他們聲稱，在決定我們的行為方式時(shí)，環(huán)境比以生理為基礎(chǔ)的本能更為重要。一位名叫B.F.史基納的行為主義者認(rèn)為，人的行為模式完全是由周圍環(huán)境塑造的。（64）行為主義者堅(jiān)信，人像機(jī)器一樣，對(duì)環(huán)境的刺激作出反應(yīng)，這是他們行為的基礎(chǔ)。
咱們來(lái)考察一下這兩種理論對(duì)人的一種性格特征———智力———的不同解釋。（65）支持天性論的人堅(jiān)持說(shuō)，我們生來(lái)就具有一定的學(xué)習(xí)才能，這是由生物因素決定的。勿庸說(shuō)，他們認(rèn)為，周圍環(huán)境的各種因素并不嚴(yán)重影響基本上是先天的性格特征。而行為主義者卻爭(zhēng)辯說(shuō)，我們的智力水平是我們各種經(jīng)歷相結(jié)合的產(chǎn)物。（66）行為主義者的看法是，如果一個(gè)兒童在有許多刺激物的環(huán)境里成長(zhǎng)，而這些刺激物能夠發(fā)展其作出適當(dāng)反應(yīng)的能力，那么，這個(gè)兒童將會(huì)有更高的智力發(fā)展。
這兩種理論所包含的社會(huì)和政治內(nèi)涵是意味深長(zhǎng)的。（67）在美國(guó)，黑人在標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化智力測(cè)試中的成績(jī)常常低于白人。這就使一些天性論的擁護(hù)者得出結(jié)論，黑人在生理上比白人略低一籌。（68）相反，行為主義者認(rèn)為，成績(jī)的差異是由于黑人往往被剝奪了白人在教育及其它環(huán)境方面所享有的許多有利條件。
2.1991年英譯漢試題及參考譯文
The fact is that the energy crisis，which has suddenly been officially announced，has been with us for a long time now，and will be with us for an even longer time.Whether Arab oil flows freely or not，it is clear to everyone that world industry cannot be allowed to depend on so fragile a base.（71）The supply of oil can be shut off unexpectedly at any time，and in any case，the oil wells will all run dry in thirty years or so at the present rate of use.
?。?2）New sources of energy must be found，and this will take time，but it is not likely to result in any situation that will ever restore that sense of cheap and plentiful energy we have had in the times past.For an indefinite period from here on，mankind is going to advance cautiously，and consider itself lucky that it can advance at all.
To make the situation worse，there is as yet no sign that any slowing of the world’s population is in sight.Although the birthrate has dropped in some nations，including the United States，the population of the world seems sure to pass six billion and perhaps even seven billion as the twentyfirst century opens.
?。?3）The food supply will not increase nearly enough to match this，which means that we are heading into a crisis in the matter of producing and marketing food.
Taking all this into account，what might we reasonably estimate supermarkets to be like in the year2001?
To begin with，the world food supply is going to become steadily tighter over the next thirty years—even here in the United States.By2001，the population of the United States will be at least two hundred fifty million and possibly two hundred seventy million，and the nation will find it difficult to expand food production to fill the additional mouths.（74）This will be particularly true since energy pinch will make it difficult to continue agriculture in the highenergy American fashion that makes it possible to combine few farmers with high yields.
It seems almost certain that by2001the United States will no longer be a great foodexporting nation and that，if necessity forces exports，it will be at the price of belttightening at home.
In fact，as food items will end to decline in quality and decrease in variety，there is very likely to be incresing use of flavouring additives.（75）Until such time as mankind has the sense to lower its population to the point where the planet can provide a comfortable support for all，people will have to accept moreunnatural food.
1991年英譯漢試題參考譯文
事實(shí)是，雖然官方是突然宣布能源危機(jī)的存在，然而長(zhǎng)期以來(lái)我們一直面臨著能源危機(jī)，而且這種情況今后將會(huì)持續(xù)更長(zhǎng)的時(shí)間。不管阿拉伯的石油能否源源不斷地外流，人人都清楚，再也不能讓世界工業(yè)依賴于如此脆弱的能源基礎(chǔ)。（71）石油供應(yīng)可能隨時(shí)會(huì)被切斷;不管怎樣，以目前這種消費(fèi)速度，只需30年左右，所有的油井都會(huì)枯竭。
?。?2）必須找到新的能源，這需要時(shí)間;而過(guò)去我們感覺(jué)到的那種能源廉價(jià)而充足的情況將不大可能再出現(xiàn)了。在今后的漫長(zhǎng)的時(shí)間內(nèi)，人類將謹(jǐn)慎前進(jìn)，而它感到幸運(yùn)的是它確實(shí)能夠前進(jìn)。
使目前狀況糟糕的是，至今尚無(wú)跡象表明，世界人口的增長(zhǎng)在近期內(nèi)會(huì)減慢。雖然包括美國(guó)在內(nèi)的一些國(guó)家的出生率已經(jīng)下降，但是在21世紀(jì)初世界人口似乎肯定會(huì)超過(guò)60億，或許甚至超過(guò)70億。
?。?3）食品供應(yīng)的增加將遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)趕不上人口的增長(zhǎng)，這就意味著我們?cè)诩Z食的生產(chǎn)和購(gòu)銷方面已陷入危機(jī)。
考慮到所有這些因素，我們可以適當(dāng)?shù)毓烙?jì)一下2001年的超級(jí)市場(chǎng)將會(huì)是什么樣子呢?首先，今后的30年內(nèi)，世界的食品供應(yīng)日益緊張，甚至美國(guó)這里也不例外。到2001年美國(guó)人口將至少達(dá)到2億5千萬(wàn)，也可能是2億7千萬(wàn)。那時(shí)，美國(guó)將很難擴(kuò)大食品生產(chǎn)來(lái)滿足人口增長(zhǎng)的需要。（74）這種困境將是確定無(wú)疑的，因?yàn)槟茉吹膮T乏使農(nóng)業(yè)無(wú)法以高能消費(fèi)這種美國(guó)耕作方式繼續(xù)下去了，而這種耕作方式可以投入少數(shù)農(nóng)民就獲得高產(chǎn)。
幾乎可以肯定，到2001年美國(guó)將再也不是一個(gè)食品輸出國(guó);如果必須出口的話，那么其代價(jià)就是美國(guó)國(guó)內(nèi)人民將勒緊褲帶。
實(shí)際上，由于各種食品往往會(huì)質(zhì)量下降、品種減少，這就有可能更多地使用調(diào)味添加物。（75）除非人類終于意識(shí)到要把人口減少到這樣的程度，使地球能為所有人提供足夠的飲食，否則人們將不得不接受更多的人造食品。
3.1992年英譯漢試題及參考譯文
Intellingenceat best is an assumptive construct—the meaning of the word has never been clear.（71）There is more agreement on the kinds of behavior referred to by the term than there is on how to interpret or classify them.But it is generally agreed that a person of high intelligence is one who can grasp ideas readily，make distinctions，reason logically，and make ue of verbal and mathematical symbols in solving problems.An intelligence test is a rough measure of a child’s capacity for learning the kinds of things required in school.It does not measure character，social adjustment，physical endurance，manual skills，or artistic abilities.It is not supposed to—it was not designed for such purposes.（72）To criticise it for such failure is roughly comparable to criticising a thermometer for not measuring wind velocity.
The other thing we have to notice is that the assessment of the intelligence of any subject is essentially a comparative affair.
?。?3）Now since the assessment of intelligence is a comparative matter we must be sure that the scale with which we are comparing our subjects provides avalidorfaircomparison.It is here that some of the difficulties which interest us begin.Any test performed involves at least three factors:the intention to do one’s best，the knowledge required for understanding what you have to do，and the intellectual ability to do it.（74）The first two must be equal for all who are being compared，if any comparison in terms of intelligence is to be made.In school populations in our culture these assumptions can be made fair and reasonable，and the value of intelligence testing has been proved thoroughly.Its value lies，of course，in its providing a satisfactory basis for prediction.No one is in the least interested in the marks a little child gets on his test;what we are interested in is whether we can conclude from his mark on the test that the child will do better or worse than other children of his age at tasks which we think requiregeneral intelligence.（75）On the whole such a conclusion can be drawn with a certain degree of confidence，but only if the child can be assumed to have had the same attitude towards the test as the others with whom he is being compared，and only if he was not punished by lack of relevant information which they possessed.
1992年英譯漢試題參考譯文
智力充其量只是一個(gè)假設(shè)性的概念，因?yàn)橹橇Φ暮x從來(lái)就是模糊的。（71）人們對(duì)智力所指的不同表現(xiàn)，比對(duì)這些表現(xiàn)如何進(jìn)行解釋或分類，看法更為一致。但是一般認(rèn)為，智力好的人是能夠迅速領(lǐng)會(huì)思想、區(qū)分事物、進(jìn)行邏輯推理并運(yùn)用文字和數(shù)字符號(hào)來(lái)解決問(wèn)題的人。智力測(cè)驗(yàn)只是粗略衡量一個(gè)兒童學(xué)習(xí)學(xué)校所要求的不同知識(shí)的能力。智力測(cè)驗(yàn)并不測(cè)定人的品格、社會(huì)適應(yīng)能力、身體耐力、手工技能或藝術(shù)才能。智力測(cè)試沒(méi)有這樣的任務(wù)，因?yàn)樗⒉皇菫檫@樣的用途而設(shè)計(jì)的。（72）批評(píng)智力測(cè)試不反映上述情況，就猶如批評(píng)溫度計(jì)不測(cè)風(fēng)速一樣。
我們要注意的另一件事是，對(duì)任何測(cè)試對(duì)象的智力評(píng)估基本上是比較而言的事。
（73）既然對(duì)智力的評(píng)估是比較而言的事，那么我們必須確保，在對(duì)我們的對(duì)象進(jìn)行比較時(shí)，我們所使用的尺度能提供有效的或公平的比較。由此而產(chǎn)生一些引起我們關(guān)注的問(wèn)題。進(jìn)行任何測(cè)試至少要包含三個(gè)因素:盡力考好測(cè)試的意向，了解要參加考試所需要的知識(shí)，以及做這件事情的智能。（74）如果要從智力方面進(jìn)行任何比較的話，那么對(duì)所有比較對(duì)象來(lái)說(shuō)，前兩個(gè)因素必須是一樣的。在我們培養(yǎng)的學(xué)生中，上述設(shè)想可以公平合理。這就完全證明了智力測(cè)試的價(jià)值。它的價(jià)值當(dāng)然就在它對(duì)預(yù)測(cè)提供了滿意的依據(jù)。沒(méi)有人絲毫?xí)?duì)一個(gè)兒童在測(cè)試中所取得的分?jǐn)?shù)感興趣。我們感興趣的是，我們能否從他測(cè)試的成績(jī)中得出結(jié)論:這個(gè)兒童和與他年齡相同的其他兒童相比，在完成我們認(rèn)為需要一般智力的任務(wù)時(shí)，他會(huì)做得更好還是更差。（75）總的來(lái)說(shuō)，得出這種結(jié)論是有一定程度把握的，但是必須具備兩個(gè)條件:能夠假定這個(gè)孩子對(duì)測(cè)試的態(tài)度和與他比較的另一些孩子的態(tài)度相同;他也沒(méi)有因?yàn)槿狈e的孩子已掌握的有關(guān)知識(shí)而被扣分。
4.1993年英譯漢試題及參考譯文
?。?1）The method of scientific investigation is nothing but the expression of the necessary mode of working of the human mind;it is simply the mode by which all phenomena are reasoned about and given precise and exact explanation.There is no more difference，but there is just the same kind of difference，between the mental operations of a man of science and those of an ordinary person，as there is between the operations and methods of a baker or of a butcher weighing out his goods in common scales，and the operations of a chemist in performing a difficult and complex analysis by means of his balance and finely graded weights.（72）It is not that the scales in the one case，and the balance in the other，differ in the principles of their construction or manner of working;but that the latter is much finer apparatus and of course much more accurate in its measurement than the former.
You will understand this better，perhaps，if I give you some familiar examples.（73）You have all heard it repeated that men of science work by means of induction（歸納法）and deduction，that by the help of these operations，they，in a sort of sense，manage to extract from Nature certain natural laws，and that out of these，by some special skill of their own，they build up their theories.（74）And it is imagined by many that the operations of the common mind can be by no means compared with these processes，and that they have to be acquired by a sort of special training.To hear all these large words，you would think that the mind of a man of science must be constituted differently from that of his fellow men;but if you will not be frightened by terms，you will discover that you are quite wrong，and that all these terrible apparatus are being used by yourselves every day and every hour of your lives.
There is a wellknown incident in one of Moliere’s plays，where the author makes the hero express unbounded delight on being told that he had been talking prose（散文）during the whole of his life.In the same way，I trust that you will take comfort，and be delighted with yourselves，on the discovery that you have been acting on the principles of inductive and deductive philosophy during the same period.（75）Probably there is not one here who has not in the course of the day had occasion to set in motion a complex train of reasoning，of the very same kind，though differing in degree，as that which a scientific man goes through in tracing the causes of natural phenomena.
1993年英譯漢試題參考譯文
?。?1）科學(xué)研究的方法不過(guò)是人類思維活動(dòng)的必要表達(dá)方式，也就是對(duì)一切現(xiàn)象進(jìn)行思索并給以精確而嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)解釋的表達(dá)方式。科學(xué)家的思維活動(dòng)與普通人的思維活動(dòng)之間的區(qū)別和面包商或賣肉者用普通磅秤稱貨的操作方法與化學(xué)家在進(jìn)行艱難而復(fù)雜的分析時(shí)用天平和精密刻度的砝碼的操作方法之間的區(qū)別是完全相同的，此外就沒(méi)有別的區(qū)別了。（72）這并不是說(shuō)面包師或賣肉者所用的磅秤和化學(xué)家所用的天平在構(gòu)造原理和工作方式上存在差別，而是說(shuō)與前者相比，后者是一種更精密得多的裝置，因而在計(jì)量上必然更準(zhǔn)確得多。
要是我給你舉幾個(gè)熟悉的例子，或許你會(huì)更清楚地理解這一點(diǎn)。（73）你們多次聽(tīng)說(shuō)過(guò)，科學(xué)家是用歸納法和演繹法工作的，他們用這些方法，在某種意義上說(shuō)，力求從自然界找出某些自然規(guī)律，然后他們根據(jù)這些規(guī)律，用自己的某種非同一般的本領(lǐng)，建立起他們的理論。（74）許多人以為，普通人的思維活動(dòng)根本無(wú)法與科學(xué)家的思維過(guò)程相比，認(rèn)為這些思維過(guò)程必須經(jīng)過(guò)某種專門(mén)訓(xùn)練才能掌握。聽(tīng)了上面的夸張言詞后，你會(huì)以為，科學(xué)家的思維結(jié)構(gòu)與普通人的思維結(jié)構(gòu)大不相同;但是假如你沒(méi)有被這些言詞所嚇倒，你會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)，你是完全錯(cuò)了;你還會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)，所有這些令人望而生畏的說(shuō)法你自己每時(shí)每刻也在使用。
在莫里哀的一個(gè)劇本中有這樣一個(gè)的插曲:作者讓主人公得知他在整個(gè)一生中一直在說(shuō)散文后，表現(xiàn)出無(wú)限的喜悅。同樣，我認(rèn)為，當(dāng)你一旦發(fā)現(xiàn)你在一生中一直在按歸納法和演繹法的哲理辦事時(shí)，你也會(huì)感到欣慰和陶醉。（75）大概這里不會(huì)有人一整天都沒(méi)有機(jī)會(huì)進(jìn)行一連串復(fù)雜的思考活動(dòng)，這些思考活動(dòng)與科學(xué)家在探索自然現(xiàn)象原因時(shí)所經(jīng)歷的思考活動(dòng)，盡管復(fù)雜程度不同，但在類型上是完全一樣的。
5.1994年英譯漢試題及參考譯文
According to the new school of scientists，technology is an overlooked force in expanding the horizons of scientific knowledge.（71）Science moves forward，they say，not so much through the insights of great men of genius as because of more ordinary things like improved techniques and tools.（72）In short，a leader of the new school contends，the scientific revolution，as we call it，was largely the improvement and invention and use of a series of instruments that expanded the reach of science in innumerable directions.
（73）Over the years，tools and technology themselves as a source of fundamental innovation have largely been ignored by historians and philosophers of science.The modern school that hails technology argues that such masters as Galileo，Newton，Maxwell，Einstein，and inventors such as Edison attached great importance to，and derived great benefit from，craft information and technological devices of different kinds that were usable in scientific experiments.
The centerpiece of the argument of a technologyyes，geniusno advocate was an analysis of Galileo’s role at the start of the scientific revolution.The wisdom of the day was derived from Ptolemy，an astronomer of the second century，whose elaborate system of the sky put Earth at the center of all heavenly motions.（74）Galileo’s greatest glory was that in 1609 he was the first person to turn the newly invented telescope on the heavens to prove that the planets revolve around the sun rather than around the Earth.But the real hero of the story，according to the new school of scientists，was the long evolution in the improvement of machinery for making eyeglasses.
Federal policy is necessarily involved in the technology vs.genius dispute.（75）Whether the Government should increase the financing of pure science at the expense of technology or vice versa（反之）often depends on the issue of which is seen as the driving force.
1994年英譯漢試題參考譯文
新學(xué)派的科學(xué)家認(rèn)為，技術(shù)是擴(kuò)大科學(xué)知識(shí)的范圍中被忽視的力量。（71）他們說(shuō)，科學(xué)的發(fā)展與其說(shuō)源于天才偉人的真知灼識(shí)，不如說(shuō)源于改進(jìn)了的技術(shù)和工具等等更為普通的東西。（72）新學(xué)派的一位領(lǐng)袖人物堅(jiān)持說(shuō):簡(jiǎn)言之，我們所稱謂的科學(xué)革命，主要是指一系列器具的改進(jìn)、發(fā)明和使用，這些改進(jìn)、發(fā)明和使用使科學(xué)發(fā)展的范圍無(wú)所不及。
?。?3）工具和技術(shù)本身作為根本性創(chuàng)新的源泉多年來(lái)在很大程度上被科學(xué)史學(xué)家和科學(xué)思想家們忽視了。為技術(shù)而歡呼的現(xiàn)代學(xué)派爭(zhēng)辯說(shuō)，像伽利略、牛頓、麥克斯威爾、愛(ài)因斯坦這樣的科學(xué)大師和像愛(ài)迪生這樣的發(fā)明家十分重視科學(xué)實(shí)驗(yàn)中能使用的各種不同的工藝信息和技術(shù)裝置并從中受益匪淺。
鼓吹技術(shù)第一、天才第二的論據(jù)的核心是分析了科學(xué)革命初期伽利略的作用。那時(shí)的聰明才智取自第二世紀(jì)的天文學(xué)家托勒密;了精心創(chuàng)立的太空體系把地球置于所有天體運(yùn)動(dòng)的中心。（74）伽利略的光輝的業(yè)績(jī)?cè)谟谒?609年第一個(gè)把新發(fā)明的望遠(yuǎn)鏡對(duì)準(zhǔn)天空，以證實(shí)行星是圍繞太陽(yáng)旋轉(zhuǎn)，而不是圍繞地球。但是，在新學(xué)派科學(xué)家看來(lái)，這件事中真正重要的因素是制造鏡片的機(jī)械長(zhǎng)期以來(lái)不斷的改進(jìn)和發(fā)展。
聯(lián)邦政府的政策必然要卷入到技術(shù)與天才之爭(zhēng)中去。（75）政府究竟是以減少對(duì)技術(shù)的經(jīng)費(fèi)投入來(lái)增加對(duì)純理論科學(xué)的經(jīng)費(fèi)投入，還是相反，這往往取決于把哪一方看作是驅(qū)動(dòng)力量。
6.1995年英譯漢試題及參考譯文
The standardized educational or psychological tests that are widely used to aid in selecting，classifying，assigning，or promoting students，employees，and military personnel have been the target of recent attacks in books，magazines，the daily press，and even in Congress.（71）The target is wrong，for in attacking the tests，critics divert attention from the fault that lies with illinformed or incompetent users.The tests themselves are merely tools，with characteristics that can be measured with reasonable precision under specified conditions.Whether the results will be valuable，meaningless，or even misleading depends partly upon the tool itself but largely upon the user.
All informed predicitions of future performance are based upon some knowledge of relevant past performance:school grades，research productivity，sales records，or whatever is appropriate.（72）How well the predictions will be validated by later performance depends upon the amount，reliability，and appropriateness of the information used and on the skill and wisdom with which it is interpreted.Anyone who keeps careful score knows that the information available is always incomplete and that the predictions are always subject to error.
Standardized tests should be considered in this context.They provide a quick objective method of getting some kinds of information about what a person learned，the skills he has developed，or the kind of person he is.The information so obtained has，qualitatively，the same advantages and shortcomings as other kinds of information.（73）Whether to use tests，other kinds of information，or both in a particular situation depends，therefore，upon the evidence from experience concerning comparative validity and upon such factors as cost and availability.
（74）In general，the tests work most effectively when the qualities to be measured can be most precisely defined and least effectively when what is to be measured or predicated can not be well defined.Properly used，they provide a rapid means of getting comparable information about many people.Sometimes they identify students whose high potential has not been previously recognized，but there are many things they do not do.（75）For example，they do not compensate for gross social inequality，and thus do not tell how able an underprivileged youngster might have been had he grown up under more favorable circumstances.
1995年英譯漢試題參考譯文
標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化教育測(cè)試或心理同在廣泛應(yīng)用于協(xié)助選拔、委派或提拔學(xué)生、雇員和軍事人員;這些測(cè)試一直是某些人近年來(lái)在書(shū)本、雜志、日?qǐng)?bào)，甚至國(guó)會(huì)中進(jìn)行抨擊的目標(biāo)。（71）把標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化測(cè)試作為抨擊目標(biāo)是錯(cuò)誤的，因?yàn)樵谂険暨@類測(cè)試時(shí)，批評(píng)者沒(méi)有注意到其弊病來(lái)自測(cè)試使用者對(duì)測(cè)試不解或使用不當(dāng)。這些測(cè)試本身只是一種工具。它的各種特性可以在規(guī)定條件下用適當(dāng)?shù)木葋?lái)測(cè)定。測(cè)試的結(jié)果是在有價(jià)值的、無(wú)意義的、還是誤導(dǎo)的，部分取決于這種工具本身，但主要取決于測(cè)試使用者。
所有對(duì)未來(lái)表現(xiàn)的有見(jiàn)識(shí)地的預(yù)測(cè)都是以在某種程度上了解有關(guān)過(guò)去的表現(xiàn)為基礎(chǔ)的:學(xué)校學(xué)習(xí)成績(jī)、研究效益、銷售記錄或任何符合需要的信息。（72）這些預(yù)測(cè)在多大程度上為的后來(lái)的表現(xiàn)所證實(shí)，這取決于所采用信息的數(shù)量、可靠性和適宜性，以及解釋這些信息的技能和才智。任何仔細(xì)記分的人都知道，所得到的信息總是不完全的，而且這些預(yù)測(cè)也總是會(huì)有錯(cuò)誤的。
應(yīng)該根據(jù)這種觀點(diǎn)去考察標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化測(cè)試。標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化測(cè)試提供了快速、客觀地得到某些信息的方法，這些信息是有關(guān)一個(gè)人所學(xué)到的知識(shí)、他所獲得的技能，或者他是屬于哪一類型的人。這樣得到的信息，從性質(zhì)上講，與其它種類的信息一樣具有優(yōu)點(diǎn)或缺點(diǎn)。（73）因此，在某一特定情況下，究竟是采用測(cè)試還是其他種類的信息，或是兩者兼用，須憑有關(guān)相對(duì)效度的經(jīng)驗(yàn)依據(jù)而定，也取決于諸如費(fèi)用和有無(wú)來(lái)源等因素。
?。?4）一般來(lái)說(shuō)，當(dāng)所要測(cè)定的特征能很精確界定時(shí)，測(cè)試為有效;而當(dāng)所要測(cè)定或預(yù)測(cè)的東西不能明確地界定時(shí)，測(cè)試的效果則差。這些測(cè)試如能恰當(dāng)使用，就能提供一種快速的方法來(lái)獲得有關(guān)許多人的可比性信息。有時(shí)這些測(cè)試能鑒別出一些學(xué)生，他們很高的潛在能力過(guò)去一直沒(méi)有被承認(rèn)。但是也有入場(chǎng)多事情這些測(cè)試是不能勝任的。（75）例如，測(cè)試并不彌補(bǔ)明顯的社會(huì)不公;因此，它們不能說(shuō)明一個(gè)物質(zhì)條件差的年輕人，如果在較好的環(huán)境下成長(zhǎng)的話，會(huì)有多大才干。
7.1996年英譯漢試題及參考譯文
The differences in relative growth of various areas of scientific research have several causes.（71）Some of these causes are completely reasonable results of social needs.Others are reasonable consequences of particular advances in science being to some extent self-accelerating.Some，however，are less reasonable processes of different growth in which preconceptions of the form scientific theory ought to take，by persons in authority，act to alter the growth pattern of different areas.This is a new problem probably not yet unavoidable;but it is a frightening trend.（72）This trend began during the Second World War，when several governments came to the conclusion that the specific demands that a government wants to make of its scientific establishment cannot generally be foreseen in detail.It can be predicted，however，that from time to time，questions will arise which will require specific scientific answers.It is therefore generally valuable to treat the scientific establishment as a resource or machine to be kept in functional order.（73）This seems mostly effectively done by supporting a certain amount of research not related to immediate goals but of possible consequence in the future.
This kind of support，like all government support，requires decisions about the appropriate recipients of funds.Decisions based on utility as opposed to lack of utility are straight forward.But a decision among projects none of which has immediate utility is more difficult.The goal of the supporting agencies is the praisable one of supportinggoodas opposed tobadscience，but a valid determination is difficult to make.Generally，the idea of good science tends to become confused with the capacity of the field in question to generate an elegant theory.（74）However，the world is so made that elegant systems are in principle unable to deal with some of the worlds more fascinating and delightful aspects.（75）New forms of thought as well as new subjects for thought must arise in the future as they have in the past，giving rise to new standards of elegance.
1996年英譯漢試題參考譯文
科學(xué)研究的各種領(lǐng)域的相關(guān)發(fā)展，存在若干原因。（71）在這些原因中，有些完全是自然而然地來(lái)自社會(huì)需求。另一些則是由于科學(xué)在一定程度上自我加速而產(chǎn)生某些特定發(fā)展的必然結(jié)果。然而，有些發(fā)展速度的差異其原因就不盡合理，這是因?yàn)槟承?quán)威人干對(duì)科學(xué)理論研究應(yīng)采取何種形式有先入為主的想法，這些想法起了改變不同科學(xué)領(lǐng)域的發(fā)展模式的作用。這是一個(gè)新問(wèn)題，也許并非是不可避免的問(wèn)題，但其趨勢(shì)卻令人擔(dān)憂。（72）這種趨勢(shì)始于第二次世界大戰(zhàn)期間，當(dāng)時(shí)一些國(guó)家的政府得出結(jié)論:政府要向科研機(jī)構(gòu)提出的具體要求通常是無(wú)法詳盡預(yù)見(jiàn)的。然而，人們可以預(yù)見(jiàn)，往往會(huì)出現(xiàn)一些問(wèn)題要求科學(xué)做出具體的回答。因此，將科研機(jī)構(gòu)視為一種資源或一臺(tái)機(jī)器，應(yīng)維持其良好的運(yùn)行狀態(tài)。這樣做通常是很有價(jià)值的。（73）給某些與當(dāng)前目標(biāo)無(wú)關(guān)但將來(lái)可能產(chǎn)生影響的科研以支持，看來(lái)通常能有效地解決這個(gè)問(wèn)題。
此種資助也與所有政府資助一樣，需要決定合適的投資對(duì)象。根據(jù)某一項(xiàng)目是否有效來(lái)做出決策是明確無(wú)誤的。但是在幾個(gè)都沒(méi)有直接效用的項(xiàng)目中，要做出抉擇就特別困難。資助機(jī)構(gòu)的目標(biāo)是支持好的科學(xué)，而不資助壞的科學(xué)，那是值得贊揚(yáng)的。然而要做出正確的抉擇卻是困難的。人們往往將好科學(xué)與該科學(xué)是否有能力提出一套完美的理論混淆起來(lái)。（74）然而，世界就是如此，完美的體系一般是無(wú)法解決世上某些更加引人入勝的課題的。（75）同過(guò)去一樣，將來(lái)必然會(huì)出現(xiàn)新的思維方式和新的思維對(duì)象，給完美以新的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。