閱讀材料：
In the United States, it had been common practice since the late 1960s not to suppress natural forest fires. The “l(fā)et it burn” policy assumed that forest fires would burn themselves out quickly, without causing much damage. However, in the summer of 1988, forest fires in Yellowstone, the most famous national park in the country, burned for more than two months and spread over a huge area, encompassing more than 800,000 acres. Because of the large scale of the damage, many people called for replacing the “l(fā)et it burn” policy with a policy of extinguishing forest fires as soon as they appeared. Three kinds of damage caused by the “l(fā)et it burn” policy were emphasized by critics of the policy.
在美國，從1960年代末開始就非常普遍地對森林大火采取不撲滅的策略。這種“隨它燃燒”的策略認(rèn)為森林大火可以在不造成太多損失的情況下迅速燃燒完。然后，1988年發(fā)生在美國最出名的黃石國家公園的森林大火卻整整燃燒了兩個月，蔓延了80萬英畝。鑒于這次造成的巨大損失，很多人主張取消“隨它燃燒”的策略，轉(zhuǎn)而開始全力撲滅森林大火的策略。評論家們提供了三個由“隨它燃燒”策略造成的損害來支持自己的觀點。
First, Yellowstone fires cause tremendous damage to the parks trees and other vegetation. When the fires finally died out, nearly one third of Yellowstone’s land had been scorched. Trees were charred and blackened from flames and smoke. Smaller plants were entirely incinerated. What had been a national treasure now seemed like a devastated wasteland.
首先，黃石大火給公園里的樹木以及其他植物造成了巨大的損失。當(dāng)火燃盡的時候，黃石公園接近三分之一的面積已成焦土?；鹧鏌箻淠?，濃煙熏黑樹木。小型植物則被徹底燒成灰燼。當(dāng)看到寶貴的國家財富成為一片荒地的時候，會是何種感覺？
Second, the park wildlife was affected as well. Large animals like deer and elk were seen fleeing the fire. Many smaller species were probably unable to escape. There was also concern than the destruction of habitats and the disruption of food chains would make it impossible for the animals that survived the fire to return.
第二，公園的野生動物也遭到了傷害。像鹿或者麋鹿這些大型動物在火災(zāi)中都逃脫了，但是很多小型動物卻不能逃脫。同時，大火還破壞了動物的棲息地并打亂了食物鏈，這使得當(dāng)或在結(jié)束之后，逃離的動物也無法回來棲息于此。
Third, the fires compromised the value of the park as a tourist attraction, which in turn had negative consequences for the local economy. With several thousand acres of the park engulfed in flames, the tourist season was cut short, and a large number of visitors decided to stay away. Of course, local businesses that depended on park visitors suffered as a result.
第三，火災(zāi)會降低公園對游客的吸引力，進而對當(dāng)?shù)氐慕?jīng)濟造成不良的影響。由于數(shù)千英畝的土地被火焰吞沒，旅游旺季縮短了，而很多游客都會選擇放棄游覽黃石公園。當(dāng)?shù)氐慕?jīng)濟對于旅游業(yè)依賴很大，自然會受到負(fù)面影響。
閱讀部分需要提取的觀點是：
- Main point: 專家主張廢除“隨它燃燒”的策略
- Sub point 1: 會對國家公園的植物造成傷害
- Sub point 2: 會對國家公園的動物造成傷害
- Sub point 3: 火災(zāi)會降低公園對游客的吸引力
聽力材料：
Actually, fires are natural part of ecological cycle and their role is not just destructive but also creative. That is why the “l(fā)et it burn” policy is fundamentally a good one, even if it sometimes causes fires of the 1988 Yellowstone fire. Let’s look at what happened after 1988 fire.
事實上，森林大火是生態(tài)系統(tǒng)的組成部分，而且大火的角色不僅僅是破壞性的，同時也是建設(shè)性的。這就是為什么“隨它燃燒”政策基本上是正確的，盡管它導(dǎo)致了1988年黃石大火。讓我們看看1988大火之后發(fā)生了什么。
First, vegetation. As you might imagine, scorched areas were in time colonized by new plants. As a matter of fact, the plants in Yellowstone became more diverse because the fire created an opportunity for certain plants that could not grow otherwise. For example, areas where the trees have been destroyed by the fire could now be taken over by smaller plants that needed open and shaded space to grow. And another example, seeds of certain plants species won’t germinate unless they’re exposed to very high levels of heat. So, those plants started appearing after the fire as well
In the United States, it had been common practice since the late 1960s not to suppress natural forest fires. The “l(fā)et it burn” policy assumed that forest fires would burn themselves out quickly, without causing much damage. However, in the summer of 1988, forest fires in Yellowstone, the most famous national park in the country, burned for more than two months and spread over a huge area, encompassing more than 800,000 acres. Because of the large scale of the damage, many people called for replacing the “l(fā)et it burn” policy with a policy of extinguishing forest fires as soon as they appeared. Three kinds of damage caused by the “l(fā)et it burn” policy were emphasized by critics of the policy.
在美國，從1960年代末開始就非常普遍地對森林大火采取不撲滅的策略。這種“隨它燃燒”的策略認(rèn)為森林大火可以在不造成太多損失的情況下迅速燃燒完。然后，1988年發(fā)生在美國最出名的黃石國家公園的森林大火卻整整燃燒了兩個月，蔓延了80萬英畝。鑒于這次造成的巨大損失，很多人主張取消“隨它燃燒”的策略，轉(zhuǎn)而開始全力撲滅森林大火的策略。評論家們提供了三個由“隨它燃燒”策略造成的損害來支持自己的觀點。
First, Yellowstone fires cause tremendous damage to the parks trees and other vegetation. When the fires finally died out, nearly one third of Yellowstone’s land had been scorched. Trees were charred and blackened from flames and smoke. Smaller plants were entirely incinerated. What had been a national treasure now seemed like a devastated wasteland.
首先，黃石大火給公園里的樹木以及其他植物造成了巨大的損失。當(dāng)火燃盡的時候，黃石公園接近三分之一的面積已成焦土?；鹧鏌箻淠?，濃煙熏黑樹木。小型植物則被徹底燒成灰燼。當(dāng)看到寶貴的國家財富成為一片荒地的時候，會是何種感覺？
Second, the park wildlife was affected as well. Large animals like deer and elk were seen fleeing the fire. Many smaller species were probably unable to escape. There was also concern than the destruction of habitats and the disruption of food chains would make it impossible for the animals that survived the fire to return.
第二，公園的野生動物也遭到了傷害。像鹿或者麋鹿這些大型動物在火災(zāi)中都逃脫了，但是很多小型動物卻不能逃脫。同時，大火還破壞了動物的棲息地并打亂了食物鏈，這使得當(dāng)或在結(jié)束之后，逃離的動物也無法回來棲息于此。
Third, the fires compromised the value of the park as a tourist attraction, which in turn had negative consequences for the local economy. With several thousand acres of the park engulfed in flames, the tourist season was cut short, and a large number of visitors decided to stay away. Of course, local businesses that depended on park visitors suffered as a result.
第三，火災(zāi)會降低公園對游客的吸引力，進而對當(dāng)?shù)氐慕?jīng)濟造成不良的影響。由于數(shù)千英畝的土地被火焰吞沒，旅游旺季縮短了，而很多游客都會選擇放棄游覽黃石公園。當(dāng)?shù)氐慕?jīng)濟對于旅游業(yè)依賴很大，自然會受到負(fù)面影響。
閱讀部分需要提取的觀點是：
- Main point: 專家主張廢除“隨它燃燒”的策略
- Sub point 1: 會對國家公園的植物造成傷害
- Sub point 2: 會對國家公園的動物造成傷害
- Sub point 3: 火災(zāi)會降低公園對游客的吸引力
聽力材料：
Actually, fires are natural part of ecological cycle and their role is not just destructive but also creative. That is why the “l(fā)et it burn” policy is fundamentally a good one, even if it sometimes causes fires of the 1988 Yellowstone fire. Let’s look at what happened after 1988 fire.
事實上，森林大火是生態(tài)系統(tǒng)的組成部分，而且大火的角色不僅僅是破壞性的，同時也是建設(shè)性的。這就是為什么“隨它燃燒”政策基本上是正確的，盡管它導(dǎo)致了1988年黃石大火。讓我們看看1988大火之后發(fā)生了什么。
First, vegetation. As you might imagine, scorched areas were in time colonized by new plants. As a matter of fact, the plants in Yellowstone became more diverse because the fire created an opportunity for certain plants that could not grow otherwise. For example, areas where the trees have been destroyed by the fire could now be taken over by smaller plants that needed open and shaded space to grow. And another example, seeds of certain plants species won’t germinate unless they’re exposed to very high levels of heat. So, those plants started appearing after the fire as well