四、省略結(jié)構(gòu)
在英語(yǔ)的行文中,大家常常被其中的詞的省略造成的麻煩所困擾。其實(shí)這種困擾主要出自我們對(duì)其英文行文表達(dá)習(xí)慣和修辭手法的不了解。一般說來,英語(yǔ)文中的省略需遵守兩個(gè)原則:一是這個(gè)詞可有可無(wú),或者是多余的,總之就是少了它之后不會(huì)改變?cè)牡囊馑迹鞘÷缘脑~義已經(jīng)在上下文中得到了充分的體現(xiàn)。這里舉個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單的例子讓大家,先吃個(gè)開胃餐:
Someone traveling alone, if hungry, injured, or ill, often had nowhere to turn except to the nearest cabin or settlement.這句話的中文意思是獨(dú)自旅行的人,要是餓了、受傷了或者生病了,除了近的小木屋或居民點(diǎn),常常無(wú)處求援。這個(gè)句子在if后面省略了he is,這是因?yàn)樵跁r(shí)間,地點(diǎn),條件,讓步,方式狀語(yǔ)從句中,如果從句的主語(yǔ)與主句的主語(yǔ)相同(或?yàn)閕t),而從句的謂語(yǔ)又含有be(包括聯(lián)系動(dòng)詞be和助動(dòng)詞be),則可把“主語(yǔ)+be”省略掉。但要注意有一類句子和省略句有相似的地方,如:You must get out of the city, and that quickly.(你得出城,而且得快.)這樣的句子并不是省略句,因?yàn)楹笠痪渲杏衪hat代表了要表示的意思。
He believes, although perhaps he does not know he believe it, that the more extensive verifications are, that the more frequently experiments have been made and results of the same kind arrived at, that the more varied the conditions under which the same results have been attained, the more certain is the ultimate conclusion, and he disputes the question no further.
句子解析:在這句子由and連接的兩部分構(gòu)成,第一部分中although引導(dǎo)的其讓步作用的狀語(yǔ)從句將believes與其賓語(yǔ)部分分割開來,believe后面的賓語(yǔ)部分包括三個(gè)that引導(dǎo)的從句,和后面and前的部分,需要注意的是這里用了the more…the more…的結(jié)構(gòu),其中第二個(gè)the more子句中,arrived at省略了have been,而第三個(gè)the more子句中包含了一個(gè)由which引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句。
句子翻譯:他相信,盡管他或許不知道自己相信,驗(yàn)證范圍越廣泛,試驗(yàn)做得越多且得出的結(jié)果相同,而且得出同一結(jié)果的條件越是多樣化,則終的結(jié)論就越肯定無(wú)疑,他再也不對(duì)這個(gè)問題提出質(zhì)疑了。
What is questioned is whether a country like Britain has a chance, assuming it has the will, to succeed where so many have failed, and even assuming that it has, should make the tremendous effort and take substantial financial risk of trying to leap-frog into leadership in entirely new technology, or whether it should take the softer option of merely catching up with the rest of the industrialized world.
句子解析:這是一個(gè)主系表結(jié)構(gòu)。What is questioned是主語(yǔ)從句。表語(yǔ)是兩個(gè)以whether引導(dǎo)的從句。第一個(gè)whether從句的主干結(jié)構(gòu)是a country has a chance to succeed and should make the tremendous effort and take substantial financial risk of trying to leap-frog into leadership in entirely new technology,而兩個(gè)assuming引導(dǎo)的從句用來表示假設(shè),此外where引導(dǎo)的狀語(yǔ)從句是為了做一對(duì)比,并且在第二個(gè)assuming從句的it has后面省略了the chance;第二個(gè)whether從句結(jié)構(gòu)比較簡(jiǎn)單不再仔細(xì)討論。
句子翻譯:現(xiàn)在提出的問題是,像英國(guó)這樣的國(guó)家,假如愿意的話,是否有可能在很多國(guó)家已經(jīng)失敗的方面獲得成功。假如有這種可能,英國(guó)是否應(yīng)盡大的努力,冒大的財(cái)政風(fēng)險(xiǎn),一步進(jìn)入全新技術(shù)的前列,或者應(yīng)該采取比較穩(wěn)妥地選擇,只是趕上其他工業(yè)國(guó)的步伐。
五、并列平行結(jié)構(gòu)
英語(yǔ)常用并列連詞來連接兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上的同等成分,而這種結(jié)構(gòu)我們稱之為并列平行結(jié)構(gòu),而比較常用的連詞有:and, but, so, yet, for, nor, or , not only…but also, either…or,以及neither…nor等等。一般說來連接的同等成分可以是兩個(gè)或幾個(gè)動(dòng)詞,兩個(gè)或幾個(gè)動(dòng)詞的賓語(yǔ),兩個(gè)或幾個(gè)名詞的定語(yǔ),兩個(gè)或幾個(gè)介詞短語(yǔ)等。如果并列連詞連接的是兩個(gè)或幾個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單句,就構(gòu)成了一個(gè)并列句。這里舉幾個(gè)小的例子:
In fact, privatization has not only rescued individual industries and a whole economy headed for disaster, but has also raised the level of performance in every area.這句話的中文意思是:事實(shí)上,私有化不僅挽救了個(gè)別企業(yè)和走向毀滅的整個(gè)經(jīng)濟(jì),而且還提高了各行業(yè)的運(yùn)作水平。在這個(gè)句子中,用and連接了individual industries和a whole economy這兩個(gè)作為動(dòng)詞rescued的賓語(yǔ),并且還使用了not only…but also連接了rescued和raised這兩個(gè)動(dòng)詞引導(dǎo)的平行的謂語(yǔ)成分。
但是需要注意的是并不是每個(gè)and簡(jiǎn)單的認(rèn)為它只有連接作用,其實(shí)它的用法在英語(yǔ)中十分豐富,它在句子中可以表示許多不同的目的。例如:We were singing and dancing.我們又唱又跳。The old lady fell down in the street and broke her leg.老婦人跌倒在街上,腿都摔斷了(表示結(jié)果)。Fix the bicycle and I’ll pay you $6.修理這輛自行車,我就付給你6美元(表示條件)。He finished his homework and made for the dining room.他作完家庭作業(yè)后去了食堂(表示連續(xù))。The girl grows up and still knows nothing about her family.這女孩長(zhǎng)大了,對(duì)家里的事還是一無(wú)所知(表示對(duì)比)。
此外其他的并列連詞都各表示不同的意義:but,yet表示對(duì)比;either…or…, neither…nor…表示選擇;so表示結(jié)果;for表示原因等等。
But since the consequences of poverty are related to powerlessness, not to the absolute supply of money available to the poor, and since the amount of power purchasable with a given supply of money decreases as a society acquires a larger supply of goods and services, the solution of raising the incomes of the poor is likely, unless accompanied by other measures, to be ineffective in a wealthy society.
句子解析:這個(gè)句子的兩個(gè)since引導(dǎo)的處于并列關(guān)系的原因狀語(yǔ)從句,在主句中unless accompanied by other measures作為插入語(yǔ)表示讓步分割了謂語(yǔ)部分。
句子翻譯:但是,既然貧窮與窮人可得到的貨幣絕對(duì)供應(yīng)量無(wú)關(guān),而是無(wú)權(quán)利所造成的,既然用一定量的貨幣所能購(gòu)買的權(quán)力量隨著一個(gè)社會(huì)獲得的商品和服務(wù)量的增加而下降,那么提高窮人收入的解決辦法在一個(gè)富裕社會(huì)很可能不會(huì)奏效,除非同時(shí)采取其他的措施。
The time has long since arrived to recognize commercial representation as a profession per se, the successful exercise of which is positively correlated with careful initial selection of commercial representatives, the level and content of their formal education and specialized training, the length and variety of their pertinent experience, and the quality of support they receive from the trade promotion or ministry at home.
句子解析:這句話的主干部分十分短小:The time has long. Since引導(dǎo)的狀語(yǔ)從句部分都是為了說明駐外商務(wù)代表成為專門的業(yè)務(wù)時(shí)其相關(guān)的一些情況,在exercise of后面的which代表的是commercial representation,后面有幾個(gè)用and連接的與選擇好駐外商務(wù)代表相關(guān)的要考慮的東西: the level and content of their formal education and specialized training; the length and variety of their pertinent experience和the quality of support。
句子翻譯:駐外商務(wù)代表的工作實(shí)際上是一種專門的業(yè)務(wù)---早就應(yīng)該這樣看待這個(gè)問題。要把這項(xiàng)工作做好,首先是要選擇好駐外商務(wù)代表。要考慮他們所受的正規(guī)教育和專門培訓(xùn)的程度和內(nèi)容,他們過去有哪些和有多少相關(guān)的經(jīng)驗(yàn),以及他們能夠從國(guó)內(nèi)的貿(mào)易促進(jìn)機(jī)構(gòu)和貿(mào)易部得到什么樣的支持。
在英語(yǔ)的行文中,大家常常被其中的詞的省略造成的麻煩所困擾。其實(shí)這種困擾主要出自我們對(duì)其英文行文表達(dá)習(xí)慣和修辭手法的不了解。一般說來,英語(yǔ)文中的省略需遵守兩個(gè)原則:一是這個(gè)詞可有可無(wú),或者是多余的,總之就是少了它之后不會(huì)改變?cè)牡囊馑迹鞘÷缘脑~義已經(jīng)在上下文中得到了充分的體現(xiàn)。這里舉個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單的例子讓大家,先吃個(gè)開胃餐:
Someone traveling alone, if hungry, injured, or ill, often had nowhere to turn except to the nearest cabin or settlement.這句話的中文意思是獨(dú)自旅行的人,要是餓了、受傷了或者生病了,除了近的小木屋或居民點(diǎn),常常無(wú)處求援。這個(gè)句子在if后面省略了he is,這是因?yàn)樵跁r(shí)間,地點(diǎn),條件,讓步,方式狀語(yǔ)從句中,如果從句的主語(yǔ)與主句的主語(yǔ)相同(或?yàn)閕t),而從句的謂語(yǔ)又含有be(包括聯(lián)系動(dòng)詞be和助動(dòng)詞be),則可把“主語(yǔ)+be”省略掉。但要注意有一類句子和省略句有相似的地方,如:You must get out of the city, and that quickly.(你得出城,而且得快.)這樣的句子并不是省略句,因?yàn)楹笠痪渲杏衪hat代表了要表示的意思。
He believes, although perhaps he does not know he believe it, that the more extensive verifications are, that the more frequently experiments have been made and results of the same kind arrived at, that the more varied the conditions under which the same results have been attained, the more certain is the ultimate conclusion, and he disputes the question no further.
句子解析:在這句子由and連接的兩部分構(gòu)成,第一部分中although引導(dǎo)的其讓步作用的狀語(yǔ)從句將believes與其賓語(yǔ)部分分割開來,believe后面的賓語(yǔ)部分包括三個(gè)that引導(dǎo)的從句,和后面and前的部分,需要注意的是這里用了the more…the more…的結(jié)構(gòu),其中第二個(gè)the more子句中,arrived at省略了have been,而第三個(gè)the more子句中包含了一個(gè)由which引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句。
句子翻譯:他相信,盡管他或許不知道自己相信,驗(yàn)證范圍越廣泛,試驗(yàn)做得越多且得出的結(jié)果相同,而且得出同一結(jié)果的條件越是多樣化,則終的結(jié)論就越肯定無(wú)疑,他再也不對(duì)這個(gè)問題提出質(zhì)疑了。
What is questioned is whether a country like Britain has a chance, assuming it has the will, to succeed where so many have failed, and even assuming that it has, should make the tremendous effort and take substantial financial risk of trying to leap-frog into leadership in entirely new technology, or whether it should take the softer option of merely catching up with the rest of the industrialized world.
句子解析:這是一個(gè)主系表結(jié)構(gòu)。What is questioned是主語(yǔ)從句。表語(yǔ)是兩個(gè)以whether引導(dǎo)的從句。第一個(gè)whether從句的主干結(jié)構(gòu)是a country has a chance to succeed and should make the tremendous effort and take substantial financial risk of trying to leap-frog into leadership in entirely new technology,而兩個(gè)assuming引導(dǎo)的從句用來表示假設(shè),此外where引導(dǎo)的狀語(yǔ)從句是為了做一對(duì)比,并且在第二個(gè)assuming從句的it has后面省略了the chance;第二個(gè)whether從句結(jié)構(gòu)比較簡(jiǎn)單不再仔細(xì)討論。
句子翻譯:現(xiàn)在提出的問題是,像英國(guó)這樣的國(guó)家,假如愿意的話,是否有可能在很多國(guó)家已經(jīng)失敗的方面獲得成功。假如有這種可能,英國(guó)是否應(yīng)盡大的努力,冒大的財(cái)政風(fēng)險(xiǎn),一步進(jìn)入全新技術(shù)的前列,或者應(yīng)該采取比較穩(wěn)妥地選擇,只是趕上其他工業(yè)國(guó)的步伐。
五、并列平行結(jié)構(gòu)
英語(yǔ)常用并列連詞來連接兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上的同等成分,而這種結(jié)構(gòu)我們稱之為并列平行結(jié)構(gòu),而比較常用的連詞有:and, but, so, yet, for, nor, or , not only…but also, either…or,以及neither…nor等等。一般說來連接的同等成分可以是兩個(gè)或幾個(gè)動(dòng)詞,兩個(gè)或幾個(gè)動(dòng)詞的賓語(yǔ),兩個(gè)或幾個(gè)名詞的定語(yǔ),兩個(gè)或幾個(gè)介詞短語(yǔ)等。如果并列連詞連接的是兩個(gè)或幾個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單句,就構(gòu)成了一個(gè)并列句。這里舉幾個(gè)小的例子:
In fact, privatization has not only rescued individual industries and a whole economy headed for disaster, but has also raised the level of performance in every area.這句話的中文意思是:事實(shí)上,私有化不僅挽救了個(gè)別企業(yè)和走向毀滅的整個(gè)經(jīng)濟(jì),而且還提高了各行業(yè)的運(yùn)作水平。在這個(gè)句子中,用and連接了individual industries和a whole economy這兩個(gè)作為動(dòng)詞rescued的賓語(yǔ),并且還使用了not only…but also連接了rescued和raised這兩個(gè)動(dòng)詞引導(dǎo)的平行的謂語(yǔ)成分。
但是需要注意的是并不是每個(gè)and簡(jiǎn)單的認(rèn)為它只有連接作用,其實(shí)它的用法在英語(yǔ)中十分豐富,它在句子中可以表示許多不同的目的。例如:We were singing and dancing.我們又唱又跳。The old lady fell down in the street and broke her leg.老婦人跌倒在街上,腿都摔斷了(表示結(jié)果)。Fix the bicycle and I’ll pay you $6.修理這輛自行車,我就付給你6美元(表示條件)。He finished his homework and made for the dining room.他作完家庭作業(yè)后去了食堂(表示連續(xù))。The girl grows up and still knows nothing about her family.這女孩長(zhǎng)大了,對(duì)家里的事還是一無(wú)所知(表示對(duì)比)。
此外其他的并列連詞都各表示不同的意義:but,yet表示對(duì)比;either…or…, neither…nor…表示選擇;so表示結(jié)果;for表示原因等等。
But since the consequences of poverty are related to powerlessness, not to the absolute supply of money available to the poor, and since the amount of power purchasable with a given supply of money decreases as a society acquires a larger supply of goods and services, the solution of raising the incomes of the poor is likely, unless accompanied by other measures, to be ineffective in a wealthy society.
句子解析:這個(gè)句子的兩個(gè)since引導(dǎo)的處于并列關(guān)系的原因狀語(yǔ)從句,在主句中unless accompanied by other measures作為插入語(yǔ)表示讓步分割了謂語(yǔ)部分。
句子翻譯:但是,既然貧窮與窮人可得到的貨幣絕對(duì)供應(yīng)量無(wú)關(guān),而是無(wú)權(quán)利所造成的,既然用一定量的貨幣所能購(gòu)買的權(quán)力量隨著一個(gè)社會(huì)獲得的商品和服務(wù)量的增加而下降,那么提高窮人收入的解決辦法在一個(gè)富裕社會(huì)很可能不會(huì)奏效,除非同時(shí)采取其他的措施。
The time has long since arrived to recognize commercial representation as a profession per se, the successful exercise of which is positively correlated with careful initial selection of commercial representatives, the level and content of their formal education and specialized training, the length and variety of their pertinent experience, and the quality of support they receive from the trade promotion or ministry at home.
句子解析:這句話的主干部分十分短小:The time has long. Since引導(dǎo)的狀語(yǔ)從句部分都是為了說明駐外商務(wù)代表成為專門的業(yè)務(wù)時(shí)其相關(guān)的一些情況,在exercise of后面的which代表的是commercial representation,后面有幾個(gè)用and連接的與選擇好駐外商務(wù)代表相關(guān)的要考慮的東西: the level and content of their formal education and specialized training; the length and variety of their pertinent experience和the quality of support。
句子翻譯:駐外商務(wù)代表的工作實(shí)際上是一種專門的業(yè)務(wù)---早就應(yīng)該這樣看待這個(gè)問題。要把這項(xiàng)工作做好,首先是要選擇好駐外商務(wù)代表。要考慮他們所受的正規(guī)教育和專門培訓(xùn)的程度和內(nèi)容,他們過去有哪些和有多少相關(guān)的經(jīng)驗(yàn),以及他們能夠從國(guó)內(nèi)的貿(mào)易促進(jìn)機(jī)構(gòu)和貿(mào)易部得到什么樣的支持。

