虛擬語氣是謂語動(dòng)詞的一種形式,用來表示假設(shè),或用來表示命令、建議以及說話人的主觀愿望,有時(shí)也可以使語氣緩和、委婉。虛擬語氣作為一重點(diǎn)語法,在各類考試中占有相當(dāng)大的分值,所以理解該語法,不管對于考試,還是在日常應(yīng)用中都有相當(dāng)大的作用,本節(jié)將就考試重點(diǎn)作詳細(xì)講解。
一、虛擬語氣的用法
常用于條件句中,表示與現(xiàn)在、將來、過去相反的假設(shè),表示與現(xiàn)在、將來、過去相反假設(shè)時(shí),主句與從句謂語動(dòng)詞的變化形式,現(xiàn)以動(dòng)詞do為例說明。
主句 從句 現(xiàn)在 would/should/could/might + do be→were/do→did 將來 would/should/could/might + do were to + do/should + do (只能用should) 過去 would/should/could/have done had done 注:有些語法書中在“與將來相反假設(shè)”的條件從句中也有do→ did,這樣就和“與現(xiàn)在相反假設(shè)”的主句、從句完全相似,其主要區(qū)別在于各自的時(shí)間狀語上,另外如果在“與將來相反假設(shè)”的條件從句中出現(xiàn)should+ do,那么主句中就避免使用should+do,可以用would/could/might+do。
例句: If you were to examine the birth certificates of every soccer player in 2006s World Cup tournament, you would most likely find a noteworthy quirk.
(選自2007年Text 1)
分析: 該句是復(fù)合句。
譯文: 假如你去調(diào)查2006年世界杯上每位足球運(yùn)動(dòng)員的出生證明,你很可能會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)一個(gè)值得注意的現(xiàn)象。
例句: If that happened, passionate consumers would try to persuade others to boycott products, putting the reputation of the target company at risk. (選自2011年Text 3)
分析: 該句是復(fù)合句,表示與現(xiàn)在相反的假設(shè)。其中,分詞短語putting the reputation of the target company at risk在句中作狀語,表示結(jié)果。
譯文: 這種情況一旦發(fā)生,充滿激情的消費(fèi)者會(huì)盡力說服他人抵制產(chǎn)品,從而使目標(biāo)企業(yè)的聲譽(yù)處于危險(xiǎn)境地。
例句: Everything here would have been destroyed utterly, if his wife hadnt called the fire brigade.
分析: 該句是復(fù)合句。
譯文: 要不是他的妻子給消防隊(duì)打電話,這里的一切就被徹底地破壞了。
二、混合式虛擬語氣
有時(shí)條件從句和主句時(shí)態(tài)不一致,可以根據(jù)主句、從句動(dòng)作發(fā)生的時(shí)間分別運(yùn)用相應(yīng)的虛擬語氣。
例句: He would be studying at the university now if he had passed the entrance examination.
分析: 該句是復(fù)合句,主句表示與現(xiàn)在相反假設(shè),而從句表示與過去相反假設(shè)。
譯文: 如果他考試通過,現(xiàn)在就應(yīng)該在大學(xué)里學(xué)習(xí)了。
三、條件句中連詞if省略
若條件句中的if省略,則把were, had或should置于從句主語之前,形成半倒裝句。
例句: The businesses are risky, but should we succeed(but if we should succeed), we would be rich.
分析: 該句是由but連接的并列句,其中should we succeed是省略if的倒裝句。
譯文: 做生意是冒險(xiǎn)的,但是如果我們成功了,我們就會(huì)很富裕。
例句: The millions of calculations involved, had they been done by hand (if they had been done...),would have lost all practical value by the time they were finished.
分析: 該句是復(fù)合句,had they been done by hand是省略if的倒裝句,by the time引導(dǎo)狀語從句。
譯文: 所涉及的數(shù)百萬次運(yùn)算,如果用手工進(jìn)行,等到完成時(shí),恐怕早就失去所有的實(shí)用價(jià)值了。
四、使用介詞或介詞短語的條件句
條件句中有時(shí)用without(with), but for, but+從句, under...condition, in the absence of (沒有……在場)等介詞或介詞短語,也可通過上下文暗示來表示,而主句將根據(jù)情況運(yùn)用相應(yīng)的形式。
例句: Without us there would have been no response to the invasion of Kuwait, no peace in Bosnia and no deal to halt North Koreas nuclear ambitions.
分析: 該句是簡單句,介詞短語without us相當(dāng)于從句if there had not been us。
譯文: 沒有我們,就沒有人制裁對科威特的入侵,波斯尼亞就沒有和平,也就沒有制止朝鮮的核野心的行動(dòng)。
例句: But for us, any number of nonproliferation, environmental and humanrights standards would be afar cry from what they are today.
分析: 該句是復(fù)合句,介詞短語but for us相當(dāng)于從句if there werent us,what they are today作介詞from的賓語。
譯文: 沒有我們,任何防止核擴(kuò)散、環(huán)保和人權(quán)水準(zhǔn)都將與現(xiàn)在的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)大相徑庭。
一、虛擬語氣的用法
常用于條件句中,表示與現(xiàn)在、將來、過去相反的假設(shè),表示與現(xiàn)在、將來、過去相反假設(shè)時(shí),主句與從句謂語動(dòng)詞的變化形式,現(xiàn)以動(dòng)詞do為例說明。
主句 從句 現(xiàn)在 would/should/could/might + do be→were/do→did 將來 would/should/could/might + do were to + do/should + do (只能用should) 過去 would/should/could/have done had done 注:有些語法書中在“與將來相反假設(shè)”的條件從句中也有do→ did,這樣就和“與現(xiàn)在相反假設(shè)”的主句、從句完全相似,其主要區(qū)別在于各自的時(shí)間狀語上,另外如果在“與將來相反假設(shè)”的條件從句中出現(xiàn)should+ do,那么主句中就避免使用should+do,可以用would/could/might+do。
例句: If you were to examine the birth certificates of every soccer player in 2006s World Cup tournament, you would most likely find a noteworthy quirk.
(選自2007年Text 1)
分析: 該句是復(fù)合句。
譯文: 假如你去調(diào)查2006年世界杯上每位足球運(yùn)動(dòng)員的出生證明,你很可能會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)一個(gè)值得注意的現(xiàn)象。
例句: If that happened, passionate consumers would try to persuade others to boycott products, putting the reputation of the target company at risk. (選自2011年Text 3)
分析: 該句是復(fù)合句,表示與現(xiàn)在相反的假設(shè)。其中,分詞短語putting the reputation of the target company at risk在句中作狀語,表示結(jié)果。
譯文: 這種情況一旦發(fā)生,充滿激情的消費(fèi)者會(huì)盡力說服他人抵制產(chǎn)品,從而使目標(biāo)企業(yè)的聲譽(yù)處于危險(xiǎn)境地。
例句: Everything here would have been destroyed utterly, if his wife hadnt called the fire brigade.
分析: 該句是復(fù)合句。
譯文: 要不是他的妻子給消防隊(duì)打電話,這里的一切就被徹底地破壞了。
二、混合式虛擬語氣
有時(shí)條件從句和主句時(shí)態(tài)不一致,可以根據(jù)主句、從句動(dòng)作發(fā)生的時(shí)間分別運(yùn)用相應(yīng)的虛擬語氣。
例句: He would be studying at the university now if he had passed the entrance examination.
分析: 該句是復(fù)合句,主句表示與現(xiàn)在相反假設(shè),而從句表示與過去相反假設(shè)。
譯文: 如果他考試通過,現(xiàn)在就應(yīng)該在大學(xué)里學(xué)習(xí)了。
三、條件句中連詞if省略
若條件句中的if省略,則把were, had或should置于從句主語之前,形成半倒裝句。
例句: The businesses are risky, but should we succeed(but if we should succeed), we would be rich.
分析: 該句是由but連接的并列句,其中should we succeed是省略if的倒裝句。
譯文: 做生意是冒險(xiǎn)的,但是如果我們成功了,我們就會(huì)很富裕。
例句: The millions of calculations involved, had they been done by hand (if they had been done...),would have lost all practical value by the time they were finished.
分析: 該句是復(fù)合句,had they been done by hand是省略if的倒裝句,by the time引導(dǎo)狀語從句。
譯文: 所涉及的數(shù)百萬次運(yùn)算,如果用手工進(jìn)行,等到完成時(shí),恐怕早就失去所有的實(shí)用價(jià)值了。
四、使用介詞或介詞短語的條件句
條件句中有時(shí)用without(with), but for, but+從句, under...condition, in the absence of (沒有……在場)等介詞或介詞短語,也可通過上下文暗示來表示,而主句將根據(jù)情況運(yùn)用相應(yīng)的形式。
例句: Without us there would have been no response to the invasion of Kuwait, no peace in Bosnia and no deal to halt North Koreas nuclear ambitions.
分析: 該句是簡單句,介詞短語without us相當(dāng)于從句if there had not been us。
譯文: 沒有我們,就沒有人制裁對科威特的入侵,波斯尼亞就沒有和平,也就沒有制止朝鮮的核野心的行動(dòng)。
例句: But for us, any number of nonproliferation, environmental and humanrights standards would be afar cry from what they are today.
分析: 該句是復(fù)合句,介詞短語but for us相當(dāng)于從句if there werent us,what they are today作介詞from的賓語。
譯文: 沒有我們,任何防止核擴(kuò)散、環(huán)保和人權(quán)水準(zhǔn)都將與現(xiàn)在的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)大相徑庭。