一、陳述句(Declarative Sentence)
敘述一項(xiàng)事實(shí)的句子稱之為陳述句,可以是肯定句,也可以是否定句。
例句: The capital intended to broaden the export base and secure efficiency gains from international trade was channeled instead of uneconomic import substitution. (2000年第26題)
分析: 該句是簡(jiǎn)單句,其中分詞短語intended to...and secure...international trade作后置定語修飾the capital,主干部分為the capital was channeled。channel作動(dòng)詞,意為“輸送,引導(dǎo)”。
譯文: 本來用于擴(kuò)大出口基地從而獲得國(guó)際貿(mào)易效益的資金卻用到了非經(jīng)濟(jì)進(jìn)口貿(mào)易中去。
例句: Creating a “European identity” that respects the different cultures and traditions which go to make up the connecting fabric of the Old Continent is no easy task and demands a strategic choice. (2005年第49題)
分析: 該句是復(fù)合句,主句為Creating a “European identity” is no easy task and demands a strategic choice,定語從句that respects the different...修飾European identity,另一定語從句which go to make up...修飾cultures and traditions。
譯文: 不同文化和傳統(tǒng)把歐洲大陸編織成一個(gè)整體,要?jiǎng)?chuàng)造出一種尊重這些不同文化和傳統(tǒng)的“歐洲特色”絕非易事,需要人們做出戰(zhàn)略性選擇。
二、疑問句(Interrogative Sentence) 用來提出疑問的句子稱為疑問句,包括一般疑問句、特殊疑問句、選擇疑問句、反義疑問句。 ?。ㄒ唬┮话阋蓡柧?General Question) 可以用yes或no回答的疑問句稱為一般疑問句,句中的助動(dòng)詞或情態(tài)動(dòng)詞置于主語前,形成倒裝語序。在有些情況下,如想表示猜測(cè)、驚訝、懷疑時(shí),可用正常語序。 例句: According to what you have just said, am I to understand the new post carries no responsibility with it at all? (1998年第29題) 分析: 該句是復(fù)合句,the new post carries no responsibility...在句中作understand的賓語,同時(shí)what you have just said也作介詞短語according to的賓語。 譯文: 根據(jù)你所說,我是不是該理解為做這項(xiàng)新工作根本不需要任何責(zé)任感? 例句: Do you remember all those years when scientists argued that smoking would kill us but the doubters insisted that we didnt know for sure? (選自2005年Text 2) 分析: 該句是復(fù)合句,主句為Do you remember all those years,when引導(dǎo)的定語從句修飾all those years, but在定語從句中連接兩個(gè)并列賓語從句。 譯文: 你還記得科學(xué)家們爭(zhēng)論說吸煙會(huì)致人死亡,而那些懷疑者卻堅(jiān)信我們對(duì)此無法得出定論的那些年月嗎?
(二)特殊疑問句(Special Question) 用特殊疑問詞如who(m),whose,which,what,why,where,when,how就句中某一部分提出疑問的句子稱為特殊疑問句,語序?yàn)橐蓡栐~加一般疑問句。 例句: How much of intelligence can be specified, and how much can we learn about it from neurology, genetics, computer science and other fields? (選自2007年Text 2) 分析: 該句是由and連接的并列句。 譯文: 有多少智力可以量化?我們從神經(jīng)學(xué)、遺傳學(xué)、計(jì)算機(jī)科學(xué)和其他領(lǐng)域中又能學(xué)到多少智力呢? 例句: If you know what the trouble is, why dont you help them to rectify the situation? (1997年第30題) 分析: 該句是復(fù)合句,what the trouble is作從句中謂語動(dòng)詞know的賓語。 譯文: 既然你知道問題所在,那為什么不幫助他們擺脫目前的困境呢? 如果疑問詞作主語或主語的修飾語時(shí),則用陳述語序。如: 例句: When discussing the issue of unemployment, whose argument is based on the fact? 分析: 該句是復(fù)合句,前半部分的完整形式應(yīng)為when we are discussing...。 譯文: 如果討論失業(yè)問題,有誰的觀點(diǎn)是以事實(shí)為依據(jù)的呢?
(三)選擇疑問句(Alternative Question) 提出兩種或兩種以上的情況讓對(duì)方選擇的疑問句稱為選擇疑問句,常用or連接兩個(gè)一般疑問句的形式構(gòu)成,后一問句常用省略式。 例句: Which do you prefer,rose or lilac(紫丁香)? Did her father travel in France or in Italy last summer?
(四)反義疑問句(Tag Question) 置于陳述句之后,對(duì)陳述句所敘述事實(shí)提出相反的疑問,這種疑問句稱為反義疑問句,形式如下: ?、倏隙愂鼍?否定簡(jiǎn)略問句;②否定陳述句+肯定簡(jiǎn)略問句 例句: The local people were joyfully surprised to find the price of vegetable no longer fluctuated according to the weather,were not they? (1998年第38題) 分析: 該句是復(fù)合句,the price of vegetable no longer fluctuated...作find的賓語。 譯文: 當(dāng)?shù)厝耸煮@喜地發(fā)現(xiàn)蔬菜價(jià)格不再隨天氣變化而波動(dòng),是嗎? 例句: He does not qualify as a teacher of English as his pronunciation is terrible, does he? (1996年第24題) 分析: 該句是復(fù)合句,其中后一個(gè)as是連詞,引導(dǎo)原因狀語從句,前一個(gè)as是介詞,意為“作為……”,與qualify 一起構(gòu)成短語意為“有資格做……”。 譯文: 他因?yàn)榘l(fā)音太差而不夠資格當(dāng)英文教師,是嗎?
下面著重講解考試中常出現(xiàn)的或大家在學(xué)習(xí)中難以理解的幾種反義疑問句的構(gòu)成。
1. 陳述句的謂語為am時(shí),簡(jiǎn)略問句否定式用arent I,肯定式為am I。 例句: Im very glad to know that my boss has generously agreed to write off my debt in return for certain services, arent I? (1998年第27題) 分析: 該句是復(fù)合句。 譯文: 我很高興得知老板已慷慨地同意一筆勾銷我的債務(wù)來作為特殊服務(wù)的報(bào)酬,是嗎? 例句: Im not a person who is willing to run the risk to leave his child alone at home, am I? 分析: 該句是復(fù)合句,who引導(dǎo)的定語從句修飾a person。 譯文: 我不是那種愿意冒險(xiǎn)把孩子單獨(dú)留在家里的人,是吧?
2. 陳述句部分有表示否定意義的詞,如hardly,scarcely,barely,rarely,nothing,never, seldom,little時(shí),簡(jiǎn)略問句用肯定形式。 例句: The professor can hardly find sufficient grounds on which to base his argument in favor of the new theory, can he? 分析: 該句是簡(jiǎn)單句,which后的部分修飾grounds,全句相當(dāng)于The professor can hardly find sufficient grounds on which he bases his argument in favor of the new theory, 其中base sth. on grounds意為“使……具有證據(jù)”。 譯文: 那位教授幾乎找不到充分證據(jù)來支持其新理論的論點(diǎn),是吧? 例句: It never rains but it pours,does it? (選自2007年Text 4) 分析: 該句是簡(jiǎn)單句,but前后并列兩個(gè)謂語動(dòng)詞。 譯文: 不鳴則已,一鳴驚人,是吧?
3. 陳述句部分的主語為something,anything, nothing,everything等指物的不定代詞時(shí),簡(jiǎn)略問句主語用it。 例句: Everything that you did is just for my staying here, isnt it? 分析: 該句是復(fù)合句,定語從句that you did修飾everything。 譯文: 你所做的任何事情都只是想讓我留在這里,對(duì)嗎? 又如:Something has gone wrong with my watch, hasn't it?
4. 陳述句部分的主語為anyone, anybody, no one, nobody, everyone, everybody等指人的不定代詞時(shí),簡(jiǎn)略問句主語為they。 例句: Everybody loves a fat pay rise,don't they? (選自2005年Text 1) 分析: 該句是簡(jiǎn)單句。 譯文: 每個(gè)人都喜歡大幅加薪,對(duì)吧? 例句: Nobody can help but be fascinated by the world into which he is taken by the science fiction,can they? 分析: 該句是復(fù)合句,cant help but do sth.意為“禁不住,不得不……”,which引導(dǎo)的定語從句修飾the world,即take him into the world。 譯文: 沒有人不對(duì)科幻小說帶給我們的科幻世界著迷,是不?
5. 情態(tài)動(dòng)詞dare,need作實(shí)義動(dòng)詞時(shí),簡(jiǎn)略問句用助動(dòng)詞do/did/does。 例句: Kids need a range of authentic role models—as opposed to members of their clique, pop stars and vaunted athletes, do they? (選自2007年P(guān)art B) 分析: 該句是簡(jiǎn)單句,破折號(hào)后的內(nèi)容表示對(duì)前面內(nèi)容的解釋,as opposed to... 的完整形式應(yīng)是as they are opposed to...,they指代models,其中be opposed to sth.意為“與……對(duì)照/對(duì)比”。 譯文: 孩子們需要有各式各樣的真正的榜樣——來與他們?nèi)ψ永锏某蓡T對(duì)照,與流行歌星和善于自夸的運(yùn)動(dòng)員對(duì)照,對(duì)嗎? 例句: Standing before me, she dares not to look at me in face, does she? 分析: 該句是簡(jiǎn)單句,分詞短語standing before me在句中作狀語,相當(dāng)于when she is standing...。 譯文: 站在我面前,她不敢直視我,是嗎?
6.陳述句部分為主從復(fù)合句時(shí),簡(jiǎn)略問句的謂語與主句謂語保持一致。 例句: We can not always count on the wind, so new windmills should be so designed that they can also be driven by water, can we? 分析: 該句是復(fù)合句,從句中so...that是目的狀語從句。 譯文: 我們不可能永遠(yuǎn)依賴風(fēng),所以必須設(shè)計(jì)用水也能驅(qū)動(dòng)的新風(fēng)車,是嗎? 例句: Conversation becomes weaker in a society that spends so much time listening and being talked to that it has all but lost the will and the skill to speak for itself, doesnt it? (2001年第9題) 分析: 該句是復(fù)合句,主句部分為conversation becomes weaker in a society,定語從句that spends so much time...修飾a society,在定語從句中又套用一個(gè)so...that...的結(jié)果狀語從句,其中all but為一副詞短語,意為“幾乎”。 譯文: 如果在一個(gè)社會(huì)中,人們花費(fèi)大量時(shí)間聽別人講話或讓別人對(duì)著自己講話,那么他們就會(huì)失去說話的意愿和技能,交談效果就變得越來越差了,是吧?
7. let's表示第一人稱的祈使句,簡(jiǎn)略問句的謂語用shall;let us,let me表示第二人稱祈使,簡(jiǎn)略問句的謂語用will。 例句: Lets go there and ask the way to the Bell Tower together, shall we? Let us go there and ask the way to the Bell Tower together, will you?
二、疑問句(Interrogative Sentence) 用來提出疑問的句子稱為疑問句,包括一般疑問句、特殊疑問句、選擇疑問句、反義疑問句。 ?。ㄒ唬┮话阋蓡柧?General Question) 可以用yes或no回答的疑問句稱為一般疑問句,句中的助動(dòng)詞或情態(tài)動(dòng)詞置于主語前,形成倒裝語序。在有些情況下,如想表示猜測(cè)、驚訝、懷疑時(shí),可用正常語序。 例句: According to what you have just said, am I to understand the new post carries no responsibility with it at all? (1998年第29題) 分析: 該句是復(fù)合句,the new post carries no responsibility...在句中作understand的賓語,同時(shí)what you have just said也作介詞短語according to的賓語。 譯文: 根據(jù)你所說,我是不是該理解為做這項(xiàng)新工作根本不需要任何責(zé)任感? 例句: Do you remember all those years when scientists argued that smoking would kill us but the doubters insisted that we didnt know for sure? (選自2005年Text 2) 分析: 該句是復(fù)合句,主句為Do you remember all those years,when引導(dǎo)的定語從句修飾all those years, but在定語從句中連接兩個(gè)并列賓語從句。 譯文: 你還記得科學(xué)家們爭(zhēng)論說吸煙會(huì)致人死亡,而那些懷疑者卻堅(jiān)信我們對(duì)此無法得出定論的那些年月嗎?
(二)特殊疑問句(Special Question) 用特殊疑問詞如who(m),whose,which,what,why,where,when,how就句中某一部分提出疑問的句子稱為特殊疑問句,語序?yàn)橐蓡栐~加一般疑問句。 例句: How much of intelligence can be specified, and how much can we learn about it from neurology, genetics, computer science and other fields? (選自2007年Text 2) 分析: 該句是由and連接的并列句。 譯文: 有多少智力可以量化?我們從神經(jīng)學(xué)、遺傳學(xué)、計(jì)算機(jī)科學(xué)和其他領(lǐng)域中又能學(xué)到多少智力呢? 例句: If you know what the trouble is, why dont you help them to rectify the situation? (1997年第30題) 分析: 該句是復(fù)合句,what the trouble is作從句中謂語動(dòng)詞know的賓語。 譯文: 既然你知道問題所在,那為什么不幫助他們擺脫目前的困境呢? 如果疑問詞作主語或主語的修飾語時(shí),則用陳述語序。如: 例句: When discussing the issue of unemployment, whose argument is based on the fact? 分析: 該句是復(fù)合句,前半部分的完整形式應(yīng)為when we are discussing...。 譯文: 如果討論失業(yè)問題,有誰的觀點(diǎn)是以事實(shí)為依據(jù)的呢?
(三)選擇疑問句(Alternative Question) 提出兩種或兩種以上的情況讓對(duì)方選擇的疑問句稱為選擇疑問句,常用or連接兩個(gè)一般疑問句的形式構(gòu)成,后一問句常用省略式。 例句: Which do you prefer,rose or lilac(紫丁香)? Did her father travel in France or in Italy last summer?
(四)反義疑問句(Tag Question) 置于陳述句之后,對(duì)陳述句所敘述事實(shí)提出相反的疑問,這種疑問句稱為反義疑問句,形式如下: ?、倏隙愂鼍?否定簡(jiǎn)略問句;②否定陳述句+肯定簡(jiǎn)略問句 例句: The local people were joyfully surprised to find the price of vegetable no longer fluctuated according to the weather,were not they? (1998年第38題) 分析: 該句是復(fù)合句,the price of vegetable no longer fluctuated...作find的賓語。 譯文: 當(dāng)?shù)厝耸煮@喜地發(fā)現(xiàn)蔬菜價(jià)格不再隨天氣變化而波動(dòng),是嗎? 例句: He does not qualify as a teacher of English as his pronunciation is terrible, does he? (1996年第24題) 分析: 該句是復(fù)合句,其中后一個(gè)as是連詞,引導(dǎo)原因狀語從句,前一個(gè)as是介詞,意為“作為……”,與qualify 一起構(gòu)成短語意為“有資格做……”。 譯文: 他因?yàn)榘l(fā)音太差而不夠資格當(dāng)英文教師,是嗎?
下面著重講解考試中常出現(xiàn)的或大家在學(xué)習(xí)中難以理解的幾種反義疑問句的構(gòu)成。
1. 陳述句的謂語為am時(shí),簡(jiǎn)略問句否定式用arent I,肯定式為am I。 例句: Im very glad to know that my boss has generously agreed to write off my debt in return for certain services, arent I? (1998年第27題) 分析: 該句是復(fù)合句。 譯文: 我很高興得知老板已慷慨地同意一筆勾銷我的債務(wù)來作為特殊服務(wù)的報(bào)酬,是嗎? 例句: Im not a person who is willing to run the risk to leave his child alone at home, am I? 分析: 該句是復(fù)合句,who引導(dǎo)的定語從句修飾a person。 譯文: 我不是那種愿意冒險(xiǎn)把孩子單獨(dú)留在家里的人,是吧?
2. 陳述句部分有表示否定意義的詞,如hardly,scarcely,barely,rarely,nothing,never, seldom,little時(shí),簡(jiǎn)略問句用肯定形式。 例句: The professor can hardly find sufficient grounds on which to base his argument in favor of the new theory, can he? 分析: 該句是簡(jiǎn)單句,which后的部分修飾grounds,全句相當(dāng)于The professor can hardly find sufficient grounds on which he bases his argument in favor of the new theory, 其中base sth. on grounds意為“使……具有證據(jù)”。 譯文: 那位教授幾乎找不到充分證據(jù)來支持其新理論的論點(diǎn),是吧? 例句: It never rains but it pours,does it? (選自2007年Text 4) 分析: 該句是簡(jiǎn)單句,but前后并列兩個(gè)謂語動(dòng)詞。 譯文: 不鳴則已,一鳴驚人,是吧?
3. 陳述句部分的主語為something,anything, nothing,everything等指物的不定代詞時(shí),簡(jiǎn)略問句主語用it。 例句: Everything that you did is just for my staying here, isnt it? 分析: 該句是復(fù)合句,定語從句that you did修飾everything。 譯文: 你所做的任何事情都只是想讓我留在這里,對(duì)嗎? 又如:Something has gone wrong with my watch, hasn't it?
4. 陳述句部分的主語為anyone, anybody, no one, nobody, everyone, everybody等指人的不定代詞時(shí),簡(jiǎn)略問句主語為they。 例句: Everybody loves a fat pay rise,don't they? (選自2005年Text 1) 分析: 該句是簡(jiǎn)單句。 譯文: 每個(gè)人都喜歡大幅加薪,對(duì)吧? 例句: Nobody can help but be fascinated by the world into which he is taken by the science fiction,can they? 分析: 該句是復(fù)合句,cant help but do sth.意為“禁不住,不得不……”,which引導(dǎo)的定語從句修飾the world,即take him into the world。 譯文: 沒有人不對(duì)科幻小說帶給我們的科幻世界著迷,是不?
5. 情態(tài)動(dòng)詞dare,need作實(shí)義動(dòng)詞時(shí),簡(jiǎn)略問句用助動(dòng)詞do/did/does。 例句: Kids need a range of authentic role models—as opposed to members of their clique, pop stars and vaunted athletes, do they? (選自2007年P(guān)art B) 分析: 該句是簡(jiǎn)單句,破折號(hào)后的內(nèi)容表示對(duì)前面內(nèi)容的解釋,as opposed to... 的完整形式應(yīng)是as they are opposed to...,they指代models,其中be opposed to sth.意為“與……對(duì)照/對(duì)比”。 譯文: 孩子們需要有各式各樣的真正的榜樣——來與他們?nèi)ψ永锏某蓡T對(duì)照,與流行歌星和善于自夸的運(yùn)動(dòng)員對(duì)照,對(duì)嗎? 例句: Standing before me, she dares not to look at me in face, does she? 分析: 該句是簡(jiǎn)單句,分詞短語standing before me在句中作狀語,相當(dāng)于when she is standing...。 譯文: 站在我面前,她不敢直視我,是嗎?
6.陳述句部分為主從復(fù)合句時(shí),簡(jiǎn)略問句的謂語與主句謂語保持一致。 例句: We can not always count on the wind, so new windmills should be so designed that they can also be driven by water, can we? 分析: 該句是復(fù)合句,從句中so...that是目的狀語從句。 譯文: 我們不可能永遠(yuǎn)依賴風(fēng),所以必須設(shè)計(jì)用水也能驅(qū)動(dòng)的新風(fēng)車,是嗎? 例句: Conversation becomes weaker in a society that spends so much time listening and being talked to that it has all but lost the will and the skill to speak for itself, doesnt it? (2001年第9題) 分析: 該句是復(fù)合句,主句部分為conversation becomes weaker in a society,定語從句that spends so much time...修飾a society,在定語從句中又套用一個(gè)so...that...的結(jié)果狀語從句,其中all but為一副詞短語,意為“幾乎”。 譯文: 如果在一個(gè)社會(huì)中,人們花費(fèi)大量時(shí)間聽別人講話或讓別人對(duì)著自己講話,那么他們就會(huì)失去說話的意愿和技能,交談效果就變得越來越差了,是吧?
7. let's表示第一人稱的祈使句,簡(jiǎn)略問句的謂語用shall;let us,let me表示第二人稱祈使,簡(jiǎn)略問句的謂語用will。 例句: Lets go there and ask the way to the Bell Tower together, shall we? Let us go there and ask the way to the Bell Tower together, will you?