考研英語語法重難點(diǎn)精解 不定式

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動詞不定式是一種非謂語動詞,在句中不能單獨(dú)作謂語。
    一、不定式的時態(tài)(Tense)
    以動詞do為例:
    語態(tài) 時態(tài) 主動 被動 一般式 to do to be done 完成式 to have done to have been done 進(jìn)行式 to be doing 在上述表格中:
    (1) 不定式的一般式表示的動作與謂語動詞表示的動作或狀態(tài)同時發(fā)生,前后緊接發(fā)生或在謂語動詞的動作或狀態(tài)之后。
    例句: Nobody saw him to come into the office, for three of us were all busy with our own affairs.(saw和came into兩動作同時發(fā)生)
    分析: 該句是復(fù)合句。從句用for引導(dǎo)表原因。
    譯文: 沒有人看見他走進(jìn)辦公室,因?yàn)槲覀內(nèi)齻€人都在各自忙碌著自己的瑣事。
    例句: The Smiths have invited me to go to their family party next Sunday, but I am afraid that I will be busy by then.(to go to...明顯在謂語動詞have invited之后)
    分析: 該句是并列句。
    譯文: 斯密斯一家人已經(jīng)邀請我下周日參加他們的家庭聚會,但是我擔(dān)心到時脫不開身。
    (2) 不定式的完成式表示的動作發(fā)生在謂語動詞表示的動作之前,可以用下述句型加以說明,在句型It is said/believed/reported/thought/that sth. /sb....中,可以用不定式的完成式來相互轉(zhuǎn)換,即sb. /sth. is said/believed/reported/thought to be/to be done/to have done/to have been done。
    例句: The local health organization is reported to have been set up twentyfive years ago when Dr. Audon became its first president.(to have been set up發(fā)生在be reported 之前)
    分析: 該句是復(fù)合句。when Dr. Audon became its first president是修飾twentyfive years ago的定語從句。
    譯文: 據(jù)報(bào)道,這個地方衛(wèi)生組織25年前就成立了,那時Audon博士就擔(dān)任了首任主席。
    例句: The Bunsen bumer is so named because it is thought to have been invented by Robert Bunsen, who was German by birth.(to have been invented發(fā)生在be thought之前)
    分析: 該句是復(fù)合句。because引導(dǎo)一原因狀語從句,定語從句who was German by birth 修飾Robert Bunsen。
    譯文: 本生燈的得名是因?yàn)槿藗冋J(rèn)為它是由羅伯特·本生發(fā)明的,羅伯特·本生生于德國。
    (3) 不定式進(jìn)行式表示動作正在進(jìn)行,與謂語動詞的動作同時發(fā)生。
    例句: They are said to be building another bridge across the river in that country. (to be building所表示動作與are said同時發(fā)生)
    分析: 該句是簡單句。
    譯文: 據(jù)說,他們正在那個國家架設(shè)另一座大橋。
    二、不定式的用法
    (一)充當(dāng)主語
    例句: It is naive to expect that any society can resolve all the social problems it is faced with once for all. (2001年第16題)
    分析: 該句是復(fù)合句。it是形式主語,真正的主語是to expect that any society...,it is faced with是修飾problems的定語從句,其前省略了作賓語的關(guān)系詞。
    譯文: 期盼任何一個社會能夠一勞永逸地解決它所面臨的各種社會問題的想法太天真了。
    例句: It would be a shame to raise prices too much because it would drive away the young people who are Stratford’s most attractive clientele.(選自2006年Text 2)
    分析: 該句是復(fù)合句。其中it是形式主語,真正主語為to raise prices too much,because 后引導(dǎo)一狀語從句,定語從句who are Stratford’s most attractive clientele修飾people。
    譯文: 把票價抬得太高是不合理的,因?yàn)檫@會趕跑斯特福特鎮(zhèn)最能吸引住的客源——年輕人。