托福考試輔導:語法講解(31)

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考點二 過去分詞
    1. 過去分詞作定語
    與現在分詞類似,過去分詞作定語??珊投ㄕZ從句替換, 通常表示被動的含義.
    如:a theory derived from rich experience
    = a theory that has been derived from rich experience
    a gas composed of four chemical elements
    = a gas that is composed of four chemical elements
    單個分詞可放在被修飾詞之前,如:distinguished guests, unexpected trouble
    改錯題中常考現在分詞和過去分詞的混用,關鍵看被修飾詞和分詞代表的動作是主動還是被動關系。
    例如: boiling water (沸騰的水,表示正在沸騰); boiled water(開水, 表示已經燒開)
    2. 同源現在分詞和過去分詞做定語的區(qū)別
    有時一個動詞詞尾分別加上-ing和-ed就構成了一組同源現在分詞和過去分詞, 這樣的例子在英語里很多, 如: interesting/interested, exciting/excited, disappointing/disappointed等, 這些由動詞變化而來的分詞已經被人們視為形容詞了. 但是, 同源現在分詞和過去分詞做定語時有什么區(qū)別呢?
    現在分詞通常表示某個事物的特性, 通常用來修飾某事或某物, 含有“使人(令人)感到…”的意思, 如: an interesting novel, a confusing question等;
    過去分詞通常表示人的感受或狀態(tài), 意思是“…的…”, 如: a worried look (焦慮的神情)
    試比較: an interesting boy (一個有趣的男孩 - 讓人覺得很有趣)
    an interested boy (一個產生了興趣的男孩
    同樣, 當同源現在分詞和過去分詞做表語時, 在意思上也存在同樣的區(qū)別, 如:
    The results are very disappointing. (結果很讓人失望)
    We are very disappointed at the results. (我們對這樣的結果很失望)
    例題:
    (1)
    The University of Georgia, ----in 1785, was the first state supported university in the United States.
    (A) chartered
    (B) was chartered
    (C) it was chartered
    (D) to be chartered
    答案:A
    解釋:本句主謂結構完整, 缺少的是主語的修飾成分, A構成過去分詞短語作定語;B C 的動詞結構與原句謂語沖突; D 不定式一般表示即將發(fā)生的動作, 與in 1785不符
    (2)
    A patent gives inventors exclusive rights to their inventions for a fix period of time.
    應改為:fixed
    解釋:fix是動詞,不能修飾名詞period, 依句意改為分詞fixed, “一段固定時間”
    (3)
    Closed plane figures like the square or the equilateral triangle can be grouped into a class ----polygons.
    (A) called
    (B) to call
    (C) is called
    (D) call as
    答案:A
    解釋:此句主謂完整, 句中又無連詞, 需填的只可能是非謂語成分, A 是過去分詞短語作定語, 等效于which is called, 符合題意. C D 屬謂語結構, 與原句謂語沖突; B 不定式表用途或目的, 意思不通
    3. 過去分詞作狀語
    過去分詞也可放在句首、句中、句尾作句子的狀語,常表示事件發(fā)生的背景或原因,
    如:Seen from far away, the islands look like a chain of pearls in the midst of the lake.
    Defeated in the final, the team gathered to analyze its technical disadvantages.
    特別注意:分詞狀語的邏輯主語和句子的主語要保持一致. 選擇題中, 經常要求考生在分詞狀語部分填入合適的過去分詞或現在分詞. 到底選擇哪種分詞, 考生可以采取這樣的作題方法: 首先根據“分詞狀語的邏輯主語和句子的主語要保持一致”的原則確定狀語部分的主語, 再判斷這個主語和分詞是什么關系, 若是主動關系則應該用現在分詞, 若是被動關系則要用過去分詞.
    例題:
    (1)
    ---- in 1635, the Boston Latin School is the oldest public school in the United States.
    (A) Founded
    (B) Founding
    (C) To found
    (D) Having founded
    答案:A
    解釋:分詞部分的邏輯主語也應當是the Boston Latin School, 它和found之間是被動關系, 所以空格處應填入過去分詞
    (2)
    Almost destroy by fire in 1814, the White House was rebuilt and enlarged over the next three year.
    應改為:Almost destroyed
    解釋:by是被動式的標志詞, 動詞destroy應用過去分詞destroyed, 這樣既表被動又構成句子的狀語