131According to information recently reported in the Eliottown Gazette, the number of people who travel to Eliottown has increased significantly over the past several years. So far this year over 100,000 people have arrived on flights to Eliottown's airport, compared with only 80,000 last year and 40,000 the year before. Eliottown's train station has received more than 50,000 passengers this year, compared with less than 40,000 last year and 20,000 the year before. Clearly tourism in Eliottown has been increasing, thanks to the new Central Park and Museum of Modern Art that opened last year. Therefore, the funding for the park and museum should be increased significantly.
132The following appeared in the editorial section of a newsmagazine.
"Some states are creating new laws that restrict the use of handheld cell phones by drivers of automobiles. Such legislation, however, is sheer folly. Although some people with cell phones undoubtedly cause problems on the road, including serious accidents, the majority do not. Besides, problems are also caused by drivers who are distracted by any number of other activities, from listening to the radio to disciplining children. Since there is no need to pass legislation restricting these and other such activities, it follows that there is no need to restrict people's freedom to use a device that they find convenient — or helpful in emergencies."
133Until recently, people in Hiparia did most of their shopping by driving to shopping malls. They are beginning, however, to do more of their shopping by ordering merchandise from mail-order catalogs and the Internet. These purchases are delivered to them by mail or by a delivery service. For many purchases, Hiparians no longer need to drive to and from shopping malls; there will therefore be a resulting reduction in the consumption of vehicle fuel in Hiparia.
134The following report appeared in an archaeology journal.
"The discovery of distinctively shaped ceramic pots at various prehistoric sites scattered over a wide area has led archaeologists to ask how the pots were spread. Some believe the pot makers migrated to the various sites and carried the pots along with them; others believe the pots were spread by trade and their makers remained in one place. Now, analysis of the bones of prehistoric human skeletons can settle the debate: high levels of a certain metallic element contained in various foods are strongly associated with people who migrated to a new place after childhood. Many of the bones found near the pots at a few sites showed high levels of the metallic element. Therefore, it must be that the pots were spread by migration, not trade."
135Milk and dairy products are rich in vitamin D and calcium, substances essential for building and maintaining bones. Many people therefore believe that a diet rich in dairy products can help prevent osteoporosis, a disease in which the bones weaken significantly with age and that is linked to both environmental and genetic factors. But a long-term study of a large number of people has found that those who have consistently consumed dairy products throughout the years of the study have a higher rate of bone fractures than any other participants in the study. Since bone fractures are a symptom of osteoporosis, this study result shows that a diet rich in dairy products may actually increase, rather than decrease, the risk of osteoporosis.
136The following appeared in the summary of a study on headaches suffered by the residents of Mentia.
"Salicylates are members of the same chemical family as aspirin, a medicine used to treat headaches. Although many foods are naturally rich in salicylates, for the past several decades food-processing companies have also been adding salicylates to foods as preservatives. This rise in the commercial use of salicylates has been found to correlate with a steady decline in the average number of headaches reported by participants in our twenty-year study. Recently, food-processing companies have found that salicylates can also be used as flavor additives for foods. With this new use for salicylates, we can expect a continued steady decline in the number of headaches suffered by the average citizen of Mentia."
137The following appeared in an article written by Dr. Karp, an anthropologist.
"Twenty years ago Dr. Field, a noted anthropologist, visited the island of Tertia and concluded from his observations that children in Tertia were reared by an entire village rather than by their own biological parents. However, my recent interviews with children living in the group of islands that includes Tertia show that these children spend much more time talking about their biological parents than about other adults in the village. This research proves that Dr. Field's conclusion about Tertian village culture is false, and thus that the observation-centered approach to studying cultures is invalid. Because they are using the interview-centered method, my team of graduate students working in Tertia will establish a much more accurate understanding of child-rearing traditions there and in other island cultures."
138Woven baskets characterized by a particular distinctive pattern have previously been found only in the immediate vicinity of the prehistoric village of Palea and therefore were believed to have been unique to the Palean people. Recently, however, archaeologists discovered such a 'Palean' basket in Lithos, an ancient village across the BrimRiver from Palea. The BrimRiver is very deep and broad, and so the ancient Paleans could only have crossed it by boat, but there is no evidence that the Paleans had boats. And boats capable of carrying groups of people and cargo were not developed until thousands of years after the Palean people disappeared. Moreover, Paleans would have had no need to cross the river — the woods around Palea are full of nuts, berries, and small game. It follows that the so-called Palean baskets were not unique to Palea.
139The following memo appeared in the newsletter of the West Meria Public Health Council.
"An innovative treatment has come to our attention that promises to significantly reduce absenteeism in our schools and workplaces. A study reports that in nearby East Meria, where fish consumption is very high, people visit the doctor only once or twice per year for the treatment of colds. Clearly, eating a substantial amount of fish can prevent colds. Since colds are the reason most frequently given for absences from school and work, we recommend the daily use of Ichthaid, a nutritional supplement derived from fish oil, as a good way to prevent colds and lower absenteeism."
140The following appeared in a memorandum from the president of Humana College.
"Last year the number of students who enrolled in long-distance degree programs at OmniU niversity increased by 50%. During the same year, Omni showed a significant decrease from prior years in expenditures for dormitory and classroom space, most likely because instruction in the long-distance programs takes place via interactive video computer connections. In contrast, over the past three years, enrollment at Humana College has diminished and costs of maintaining buildings have risen. Thus, to increase enrollment and solve the problem of budget deficits at Humana College, we should initiate and actively promote long-distance degree programs like those at Omni."
131根據(jù)Eliottown Gazette近報道的信息，到Eliottown旅游的人數(shù)在過去幾年中顯著增加。今年到現(xiàn)在為止，乘飛機(jī)抵達(dá)Eliottown機(jī)場的人數(shù)已經(jīng)超過了100000人，而去年和前年則分別只有80000和40000人。Eliottown的火車站今年接待了超過50000名乘客，而去年和前年則分別為不到40000和20000。顯然Eliottown的游客數(shù)量增加了，這要感謝去年開放的新的Central Park和Museum of Modern Art。因此，撥給這個公園和博物館的基金應(yīng)該大幅增加。
132一些州正在制定新法律來禁止汽車駕駛員使用移動電話。然而這種立法是很愚蠢的。盡管有些擁有移動電話的人無疑將會在路上引發(fā)一些問題，包括嚴(yán)重事故，但大多數(shù)人并不會。而且，事故也同樣由于因其他行為而分心的駕駛員引發(fā)，比如聽收音機(jī)和管教兒童。由于沒有必要通過立法來限制這些行為，因而也沒有必要限制人們使用他們認(rèn)為方便或在緊急時有幫助的設(shè)備。
133直到近，Hiparia的居民都開車到商場購物。然而，他們現(xiàn)在開始更多地通過郵寄訂貨目錄和互聯(lián)網(wǎng)定購商品。這些商品通過郵寄或快遞服務(wù)遞送到他們手中。對很多商品來說，Hiparia居民不再需要開車往來于商場；因而將會導(dǎo)致Hiparia汽車燃油消費(fèi)量的下降。
134在廣泛區(qū)域分散分布的很多史前遺跡發(fā)現(xiàn)的形狀獨(dú)特的陶壺導(dǎo)致考古學(xué)家提出疑問：這些壺是如何流傳的？有些人相信壺的制造者遷移到別的地區(qū)并把壺隨之帶來；另一些人相信壺是通過貿(mào)易流傳的，而它們的制造者仍然留在一個地方。現(xiàn)在，對于史前人類骨骼的分析可以解決這個爭論：在多種食物中都含有的某種金屬元素的高含量與那些成年后移居到新地方的人有很高的關(guān)聯(lián)性。在一些遺跡的壺附近發(fā)現(xiàn)的很多骨頭都顯示出這種金屬元素的高含量。因此，這些壺肯定是通過遷移而不是貿(mào)易來流傳的。
135牛奶和奶制品富含維生素D和鈣，這是骨骼生長和維持所必須的物質(zhì)。因此很多人相信多吃奶制品的飲食可以幫助預(yù)防骨質(zhì)疏松癥，這是一種骨骼隨年齡而顯著弱化而且與環(huán)境和基因因素相關(guān)聯(lián)的疾病。但是一項對大量人群的長期研究發(fā)現(xiàn)那些在研究期間經(jīng)常食用奶制品的人骨折發(fā)病率比其他參加研究的人要高。由于骨折是骨質(zhì)疏松癥的癥狀之一，這一研究結(jié)果表明富含奶制品的飲食實際上會增加而不是減少患骨質(zhì)疏松癥的危險。
136水楊酸酯和用來治療頭痛的藥物--阿司匹林是同一類化合物。盡管很多食品天然富含水楊酸酯，過去幾十年中食品加工公司仍然在食品中加入它來作為防腐劑。這種水楊酸酯在商業(yè)上的使用被發(fā)現(xiàn)與我們?yōu)槠?0年研究的參加者所報告的頭痛發(fā)病的平均數(shù)量下降是相關(guān)的。近，食品加工公司發(fā)現(xiàn)水楊酸酯也可以被用作食品香料。根據(jù)這種水楊酸酯的新用途，我們可以預(yù)期Mentia居民患頭痛癥的數(shù)量將會持續(xù)穩(wěn)步下降。
137 20年前人類學(xué)家Field博士訪問了Tertia島，并從他的觀察得出結(jié)論：Tertia的兒童是由整個村莊的人撫養(yǎng)長大的而不是由他們的雙親。然而，我近對包含Tertia的一組島嶼上生活的兒童的采訪顯示，這些兒童的談話中談到他們雙親的時間要遠(yuǎn)多于談到村莊中其他成年人的時間。這個研究證實了Field博士關(guān)于Tertia村莊文化的結(jié)論是錯誤的，因而這種以觀察為中心的研究文化的方法是無效的。由于我在Tertia工作的研究生們所用的是以采訪為中心的方式，他們將對那里以及其他島嶼文化的兒童撫養(yǎng)傳統(tǒng)建立精確的多的了解。
138一種具有獨(dú)特花紋的編織籃子以前只在史前村莊Palea的臨近地區(qū)發(fā)現(xiàn)過，因而被認(rèn)為是Palea居民所獨(dú)有的。然而近，考古學(xué)家在一個與Palea隔著一條叫做Brim河的村莊Lithos發(fā)現(xiàn)了一個這樣的Palea籃子。Brim河很深很寬，所以古代Palea人只能坐船穿過它，但沒有證據(jù)表明Palea人擁有船只。而且能夠運(yùn)載大量人和貨物的船只直到Palea人消失幾千年后才出現(xiàn)。而且，Palea人應(yīng)該沒有必要穿過這條河流--Palea周圍的林地有豐富的果實和小動物。這表明那種所謂的Palea籃子并不是那里所獨(dú)有的。
139我們注意到一種保證可以顯著減少學(xué)校和工作崗位的缺席的革新療法。一項研究報告說在附近的East Meria，魚的消費(fèi)量很高，那里的人們每年因為治感冒而去看醫(yī)生的次數(shù)只有一或兩次。顯然，吃較大量的魚可以預(yù)防感冒。由于感冒是學(xué)校和單位缺席的常見原因，我們建議每天服用Ichthaid，一種從魚油中提煉的營養(yǎng)物質(zhì)，作為預(yù)防感冒和減少缺席率的有效措施。
140去年報名參加Omni大學(xué)遠(yuǎn)程教學(xué)系統(tǒng)的學(xué)生人數(shù)上升了50%。同年，Omni用于宿舍和教室的開支比前一年顯著下降，很可能是因為遠(yuǎn)程教學(xué)通過互動電腦錄像授課。比較而言，在過去三年中，Humana學(xué)院的報名人數(shù)下降了，而且用于房屋維護(hù)的費(fèi)用上升。因此，為增加報名數(shù)量并解決Humana學(xué)院財政赤字問題，我們也應(yīng)該開展并積極推廣與Omni一樣的遠(yuǎn)程教學(xué)系統(tǒng)。
132The following appeared in the editorial section of a newsmagazine.
"Some states are creating new laws that restrict the use of handheld cell phones by drivers of automobiles. Such legislation, however, is sheer folly. Although some people with cell phones undoubtedly cause problems on the road, including serious accidents, the majority do not. Besides, problems are also caused by drivers who are distracted by any number of other activities, from listening to the radio to disciplining children. Since there is no need to pass legislation restricting these and other such activities, it follows that there is no need to restrict people's freedom to use a device that they find convenient — or helpful in emergencies."
133Until recently, people in Hiparia did most of their shopping by driving to shopping malls. They are beginning, however, to do more of their shopping by ordering merchandise from mail-order catalogs and the Internet. These purchases are delivered to them by mail or by a delivery service. For many purchases, Hiparians no longer need to drive to and from shopping malls; there will therefore be a resulting reduction in the consumption of vehicle fuel in Hiparia.
134The following report appeared in an archaeology journal.
"The discovery of distinctively shaped ceramic pots at various prehistoric sites scattered over a wide area has led archaeologists to ask how the pots were spread. Some believe the pot makers migrated to the various sites and carried the pots along with them; others believe the pots were spread by trade and their makers remained in one place. Now, analysis of the bones of prehistoric human skeletons can settle the debate: high levels of a certain metallic element contained in various foods are strongly associated with people who migrated to a new place after childhood. Many of the bones found near the pots at a few sites showed high levels of the metallic element. Therefore, it must be that the pots were spread by migration, not trade."
135Milk and dairy products are rich in vitamin D and calcium, substances essential for building and maintaining bones. Many people therefore believe that a diet rich in dairy products can help prevent osteoporosis, a disease in which the bones weaken significantly with age and that is linked to both environmental and genetic factors. But a long-term study of a large number of people has found that those who have consistently consumed dairy products throughout the years of the study have a higher rate of bone fractures than any other participants in the study. Since bone fractures are a symptom of osteoporosis, this study result shows that a diet rich in dairy products may actually increase, rather than decrease, the risk of osteoporosis.
136The following appeared in the summary of a study on headaches suffered by the residents of Mentia.
"Salicylates are members of the same chemical family as aspirin, a medicine used to treat headaches. Although many foods are naturally rich in salicylates, for the past several decades food-processing companies have also been adding salicylates to foods as preservatives. This rise in the commercial use of salicylates has been found to correlate with a steady decline in the average number of headaches reported by participants in our twenty-year study. Recently, food-processing companies have found that salicylates can also be used as flavor additives for foods. With this new use for salicylates, we can expect a continued steady decline in the number of headaches suffered by the average citizen of Mentia."
137The following appeared in an article written by Dr. Karp, an anthropologist.
"Twenty years ago Dr. Field, a noted anthropologist, visited the island of Tertia and concluded from his observations that children in Tertia were reared by an entire village rather than by their own biological parents. However, my recent interviews with children living in the group of islands that includes Tertia show that these children spend much more time talking about their biological parents than about other adults in the village. This research proves that Dr. Field's conclusion about Tertian village culture is false, and thus that the observation-centered approach to studying cultures is invalid. Because they are using the interview-centered method, my team of graduate students working in Tertia will establish a much more accurate understanding of child-rearing traditions there and in other island cultures."
138Woven baskets characterized by a particular distinctive pattern have previously been found only in the immediate vicinity of the prehistoric village of Palea and therefore were believed to have been unique to the Palean people. Recently, however, archaeologists discovered such a 'Palean' basket in Lithos, an ancient village across the BrimRiver from Palea. The BrimRiver is very deep and broad, and so the ancient Paleans could only have crossed it by boat, but there is no evidence that the Paleans had boats. And boats capable of carrying groups of people and cargo were not developed until thousands of years after the Palean people disappeared. Moreover, Paleans would have had no need to cross the river — the woods around Palea are full of nuts, berries, and small game. It follows that the so-called Palean baskets were not unique to Palea.
139The following memo appeared in the newsletter of the West Meria Public Health Council.
"An innovative treatment has come to our attention that promises to significantly reduce absenteeism in our schools and workplaces. A study reports that in nearby East Meria, where fish consumption is very high, people visit the doctor only once or twice per year for the treatment of colds. Clearly, eating a substantial amount of fish can prevent colds. Since colds are the reason most frequently given for absences from school and work, we recommend the daily use of Ichthaid, a nutritional supplement derived from fish oil, as a good way to prevent colds and lower absenteeism."
140The following appeared in a memorandum from the president of Humana College.
"Last year the number of students who enrolled in long-distance degree programs at OmniU niversity increased by 50%. During the same year, Omni showed a significant decrease from prior years in expenditures for dormitory and classroom space, most likely because instruction in the long-distance programs takes place via interactive video computer connections. In contrast, over the past three years, enrollment at Humana College has diminished and costs of maintaining buildings have risen. Thus, to increase enrollment and solve the problem of budget deficits at Humana College, we should initiate and actively promote long-distance degree programs like those at Omni."
131根據(jù)Eliottown Gazette近報道的信息，到Eliottown旅游的人數(shù)在過去幾年中顯著增加。今年到現(xiàn)在為止，乘飛機(jī)抵達(dá)Eliottown機(jī)場的人數(shù)已經(jīng)超過了100000人，而去年和前年則分別只有80000和40000人。Eliottown的火車站今年接待了超過50000名乘客，而去年和前年則分別為不到40000和20000。顯然Eliottown的游客數(shù)量增加了，這要感謝去年開放的新的Central Park和Museum of Modern Art。因此，撥給這個公園和博物館的基金應(yīng)該大幅增加。
132一些州正在制定新法律來禁止汽車駕駛員使用移動電話。然而這種立法是很愚蠢的。盡管有些擁有移動電話的人無疑將會在路上引發(fā)一些問題，包括嚴(yán)重事故，但大多數(shù)人并不會。而且，事故也同樣由于因其他行為而分心的駕駛員引發(fā)，比如聽收音機(jī)和管教兒童。由于沒有必要通過立法來限制這些行為，因而也沒有必要限制人們使用他們認(rèn)為方便或在緊急時有幫助的設(shè)備。
133直到近，Hiparia的居民都開車到商場購物。然而，他們現(xiàn)在開始更多地通過郵寄訂貨目錄和互聯(lián)網(wǎng)定購商品。這些商品通過郵寄或快遞服務(wù)遞送到他們手中。對很多商品來說，Hiparia居民不再需要開車往來于商場；因而將會導(dǎo)致Hiparia汽車燃油消費(fèi)量的下降。
134在廣泛區(qū)域分散分布的很多史前遺跡發(fā)現(xiàn)的形狀獨(dú)特的陶壺導(dǎo)致考古學(xué)家提出疑問：這些壺是如何流傳的？有些人相信壺的制造者遷移到別的地區(qū)并把壺隨之帶來；另一些人相信壺是通過貿(mào)易流傳的，而它們的制造者仍然留在一個地方。現(xiàn)在，對于史前人類骨骼的分析可以解決這個爭論：在多種食物中都含有的某種金屬元素的高含量與那些成年后移居到新地方的人有很高的關(guān)聯(lián)性。在一些遺跡的壺附近發(fā)現(xiàn)的很多骨頭都顯示出這種金屬元素的高含量。因此，這些壺肯定是通過遷移而不是貿(mào)易來流傳的。
135牛奶和奶制品富含維生素D和鈣，這是骨骼生長和維持所必須的物質(zhì)。因此很多人相信多吃奶制品的飲食可以幫助預(yù)防骨質(zhì)疏松癥，這是一種骨骼隨年齡而顯著弱化而且與環(huán)境和基因因素相關(guān)聯(lián)的疾病。但是一項對大量人群的長期研究發(fā)現(xiàn)那些在研究期間經(jīng)常食用奶制品的人骨折發(fā)病率比其他參加研究的人要高。由于骨折是骨質(zhì)疏松癥的癥狀之一，這一研究結(jié)果表明富含奶制品的飲食實際上會增加而不是減少患骨質(zhì)疏松癥的危險。
136水楊酸酯和用來治療頭痛的藥物--阿司匹林是同一類化合物。盡管很多食品天然富含水楊酸酯，過去幾十年中食品加工公司仍然在食品中加入它來作為防腐劑。這種水楊酸酯在商業(yè)上的使用被發(fā)現(xiàn)與我們?yōu)槠?0年研究的參加者所報告的頭痛發(fā)病的平均數(shù)量下降是相關(guān)的。近，食品加工公司發(fā)現(xiàn)水楊酸酯也可以被用作食品香料。根據(jù)這種水楊酸酯的新用途，我們可以預(yù)期Mentia居民患頭痛癥的數(shù)量將會持續(xù)穩(wěn)步下降。
137 20年前人類學(xué)家Field博士訪問了Tertia島，并從他的觀察得出結(jié)論：Tertia的兒童是由整個村莊的人撫養(yǎng)長大的而不是由他們的雙親。然而，我近對包含Tertia的一組島嶼上生活的兒童的采訪顯示，這些兒童的談話中談到他們雙親的時間要遠(yuǎn)多于談到村莊中其他成年人的時間。這個研究證實了Field博士關(guān)于Tertia村莊文化的結(jié)論是錯誤的，因而這種以觀察為中心的研究文化的方法是無效的。由于我在Tertia工作的研究生們所用的是以采訪為中心的方式，他們將對那里以及其他島嶼文化的兒童撫養(yǎng)傳統(tǒng)建立精確的多的了解。
138一種具有獨(dú)特花紋的編織籃子以前只在史前村莊Palea的臨近地區(qū)發(fā)現(xiàn)過，因而被認(rèn)為是Palea居民所獨(dú)有的。然而近，考古學(xué)家在一個與Palea隔著一條叫做Brim河的村莊Lithos發(fā)現(xiàn)了一個這樣的Palea籃子。Brim河很深很寬，所以古代Palea人只能坐船穿過它，但沒有證據(jù)表明Palea人擁有船只。而且能夠運(yùn)載大量人和貨物的船只直到Palea人消失幾千年后才出現(xiàn)。而且，Palea人應(yīng)該沒有必要穿過這條河流--Palea周圍的林地有豐富的果實和小動物。這表明那種所謂的Palea籃子并不是那里所獨(dú)有的。
139我們注意到一種保證可以顯著減少學(xué)校和工作崗位的缺席的革新療法。一項研究報告說在附近的East Meria，魚的消費(fèi)量很高，那里的人們每年因為治感冒而去看醫(yī)生的次數(shù)只有一或兩次。顯然，吃較大量的魚可以預(yù)防感冒。由于感冒是學(xué)校和單位缺席的常見原因，我們建議每天服用Ichthaid，一種從魚油中提煉的營養(yǎng)物質(zhì)，作為預(yù)防感冒和減少缺席率的有效措施。
140去年報名參加Omni大學(xué)遠(yuǎn)程教學(xué)系統(tǒng)的學(xué)生人數(shù)上升了50%。同年，Omni用于宿舍和教室的開支比前一年顯著下降，很可能是因為遠(yuǎn)程教學(xué)通過互動電腦錄像授課。比較而言，在過去三年中，Humana學(xué)院的報名人數(shù)下降了，而且用于房屋維護(hù)的費(fèi)用上升。因此，為增加報名數(shù)量并解決Humana學(xué)院財政赤字問題，我們也應(yīng)該開展并積極推廣與Omni一樣的遠(yuǎn)程教學(xué)系統(tǒng)。