1. 短語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的辨析;
2. 英語(yǔ)句子的基本句型結(jié)構(gòu);
3. 初中階段主要句型的用法。
【點(diǎn)睛】
短語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞是中考的重要內(nèi)容之一。在初中階段,我們已經(jīng)學(xué)習(xí)了不少短語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞,把他們加以歸納總結(jié),進(jìn)行重點(diǎn)復(fù)習(xí)是十分必要的。英語(yǔ)中有許多短語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞在意義上是一個(gè)整體,其用法有的相當(dāng)于及物動(dòng)詞,有的相當(dāng)于不及物動(dòng)詞,有的兼有及物動(dòng)詞和不及物動(dòng)詞的特征。
1. 短語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的分類
(1)動(dòng)詞+介詞
常見(jiàn)的有l(wèi)ook for, look after, ask for, laugh at, hear of 等。這類短語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的賓語(yǔ)只能放在介詞后。如:
Don’t laugh at others.
Tom asked his parents for a bike.
(2)動(dòng)詞+副詞
常見(jiàn)的有g(shù)ive up, pick up, think over, find out, hand in,等。這類短語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的賓語(yǔ)如果是名詞,既可放在副詞前邊,又可放在副詞后邊;賓語(yǔ)如果是人稱代詞或反身代詞,則要放在副詞前邊。如:
You’ll hand in your homework tomorrow.
Please don’t forget to hand it in.
(3)動(dòng)詞+副詞+介詞
常見(jiàn)的有 go on with, catch up with等。這類短語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的賓語(yǔ)只能放在介詞后邊。如:
Go on and I’ll catch up with you in five minutes.
After a short rest, he went on with his research work.
(4)動(dòng)詞+名詞+介詞
常見(jiàn)的有take care of, make use of, pay attention to, make fun of 等。這類短語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的賓語(yǔ)只能放在介詞后邊。如:
You should pay attention to your handwriting.
We should make full use of our time.
(5)動(dòng)詞+形容詞
常見(jiàn)的有l(wèi)eave open, set free, cut open等。這類短語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的賓語(yǔ)如果是名詞,則賓語(yǔ)可放在形容詞的前邊,也可放在后邊;賓語(yǔ)如果是人稱代詞或反身代詞,則必須放在形容詞前邊。如:
The prisoners were set free.
He cut it open.
(6)動(dòng)詞+名詞
常見(jiàn)的有take place, make friends等。這類短語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用作不及物動(dòng)詞。如:
This story took place three years ago.
I make friends with a lot of people.
2. 短語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的辨析
(1)be made in(在……生產(chǎn)或制造),be made of(由……組成或構(gòu)成)
(2)come down(下來(lái);落),come along(來(lái);隨同),come to oneself(蘇醒),come true(實(shí)現(xiàn)),come out(花開(kāi);發(fā)芽;出現(xiàn);出來(lái)),come over(過(guò)來(lái);順便來(lái)訪),come in(進(jìn)來(lái)),come on(來(lái)吧;跟著來(lái);趕快), come up with(找到;提出)
(3)do one’s best(盡努力), do well in(在……干得好), do one’s homework(做作業(yè)),do some reading(閱讀)
(4)fall asleep(入睡),fall behind(落在…。.后面),fall off(從……掉下),fall down(到下;跌倒)
(5)get down(下來(lái);落下),get on(上車),get to(到達(dá)),get up(起床),get back(回來(lái);取回),get off(下來(lái)),get on well with(與……相處融洽),get married(結(jié)婚),get together(相聚)
(6)give up(放棄),give…a hand(給與……幫助),give a concert(開(kāi)音樂(lè)會(huì))
(7)go back(回去),go on(繼續(xù)),go home(回家),go to bed(睡覺(jué)),go over(過(guò)一遍;仔細(xì)檢查),go out(外出;到外面),go wrong(走錯(cuò)路),go on doing(繼續(xù)做某事),go shopping(買東西),go boating(去劃船), go fishing(去釣魚),go hiking(去徒步旅行),go skating(去滑冰),go straight along(沿著……一直往前走)
(8)have a look(看一看), have a seat(坐下), have supper(吃晚餐), have a rest(休息), have sports(進(jìn)行體育活動(dòng)), have a cold(感冒), have a cough(咳嗽), have a good time(過(guò)得愉快), have a headache(頭痛),have a try(嘗
試;努力)
(9)look for(尋找),look out(留神; 注意),look over(仔細(xì)檢查),look up(向上看;抬頭看),look after(照顧; 照看),look at(看; 觀看),look like(看起來(lái)像),look the same(看起來(lái)像),
(10)make friends(交朋友),make phone calls(打電話),make money(賺錢),make the bed(整理床鋪),make a noise(吵鬧),make a faces(做鬼臉),make one’s way to(往……走去),make room for(給……騰出地方),make a decision(做出決定),make a mistake(犯錯(cuò)誤),make up one’s mind(下決心)
(11)put on(上演;穿上;戴上),put up(掛起;舉起),put down(把某物放下來(lái)),put away(把某物收起來(lái)), put off(推遲)
(12)take off(脫掉衣服),take photos(照相),take time(花費(fèi)時(shí)間),take out(取出),take a seat(坐下),take an active part in(積極參加),take care of(照顧;照料;注意),take exercise(做運(yùn)動(dòng)),take one’s place(坐某人的位置;代替某人的職務(wù)),take turn(輪流)
(13)talk about(談話;交談),talk with(和……交談)
(14)turn on(打開(kāi)電燈,收音機(jī),煤氣,自來(lái)水等),turn off(關(guān)上電燈,收音機(jī),煤氣,自來(lái)水等),turn down(關(guān)?。徽{(diào)低),turn…over(把…。.翻過(guò)來(lái))
(15)think of(認(rèn)為;想起),think about(考慮)
3.句子的基本句型結(jié)構(gòu)
根據(jù)句子所用動(dòng)詞的不同,句子可歸納為五個(gè)基本句型。
(1)主語(yǔ)+連系動(dòng)詞+表語(yǔ)。例如:
My mother is a doctor.
Her voice sounds nice.
(2)主語(yǔ)+不及物動(dòng)詞。例如:
He runs fast.
We study hard.
(3)主語(yǔ)+及物動(dòng)詞+賓語(yǔ)。例如:
Children often sing this song.
He studies English.
1)常用-ing形式, 而不用不定式作賓語(yǔ)的動(dòng)詞有:enjoy, finish, feel like, consider, practise, keep, suggest, mind等。例如:
She enjoys reading novels and swimming.
I finished reading the book last night.
2)常用不定式,而不用-ing形式作賓語(yǔ)的動(dòng)詞有:wish, hope, agree, plan, decide, refuse等。例如:
Where do wish to sit?
Tom agreed to lend some money.
3)有些及物動(dòng)詞既可用不定式,由可用-ing形式作賓語(yǔ),但意義不同。這類動(dòng)詞常見(jiàn)的有:remember, forget等。例如:
Please remember to post the letter for me.
請(qǐng)記住替我發(fā)了這封信。
I remember posting the letter.
我記得那封信寄過(guò)了。
Stop的用法同上面的詞相仿,不過(guò)stop后面跟不定式不是作賓語(yǔ),而是作狀語(yǔ)。試比較下列句子:
He stopped to smoke. 他停下來(lái)吸煙。
He stopped smoking. 他停止吸煙了。
4)有些及物動(dòng)詞的賓語(yǔ),既可用不定式,又可用-ing形式,意義基本相同。這類動(dòng)詞常見(jiàn)的有:like, love, hate, begin, start, continue等。例如:
I like to swim in summer.
I like swimming in summer.
(4)主語(yǔ)+及物動(dòng)詞+ 間接賓語(yǔ)+直接賓語(yǔ)。例如:
My father bought me a new bike.
He gave me an apple.
1)及物動(dòng)詞之后跟有雙賓語(yǔ),往往一個(gè)指人,一個(gè)指物。指人的為間接賓語(yǔ),
指物的為直接賓語(yǔ)。一般情況下,間接賓語(yǔ)在前,直接賓語(yǔ)在后。如果要
把間接賓語(yǔ)放在直接賓語(yǔ)之后,間接賓語(yǔ)前需加介詞。例如:
Please pass me a cup of tea.= Please pass a cup of tea to me.
Show me your new book, please. =Please show your new book to me.
2)把間接賓語(yǔ)放在直接賓語(yǔ)之后,間接賓前有時(shí)加介詞to, 有時(shí)加介詞for,這主要取決于謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞。一般在動(dòng)詞give, tell, sell, lend, show之后加to。在動(dòng)詞buy, make, get等之后加for。例如:
Would you lend me your dictionary, please? =Would you lend your dictionary to me, please?
Tom’s mother bought him a pair of new shoes. =Tom’s mother bought a pair of new shoes for him.
(5)主語(yǔ)+及物動(dòng)詞+賓語(yǔ)+賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)。例如:
We keep our classroom clean and tidy.
I hear someone singing in the next room.
1)及物動(dòng)詞指后跟有復(fù)合賓語(yǔ),一個(gè)是賓語(yǔ),一個(gè)是賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)。賓語(yǔ)和賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)之間有邏輯上的主謂關(guān)系。例如:
We call him Jack.
Don’t get your hands dirty.
2)在及物動(dòng)詞之后,用不定式作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)和用-ing形式作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)表示
的意思往往不同。用不定式作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)指事情的全過(guò)程;用-ing形式作
賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)指正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作的一部分。例如:
I heard him sing that song. (我聽(tīng)他唱過(guò)那首歌。)
When I came back, I heard him singing in the room.
(我回來(lái)時(shí),聽(tīng)見(jiàn)他正在房間里唱歌。)
3)在感官動(dòng)詞see, hear, feel, watch, listen to, look at使役動(dòng)詞let, make, have等的復(fù)合賓語(yǔ)種,不定式須省去to。但變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)句時(shí),省去的to要加上。例如:
I saw him go into the room.
He was seen to go into the room.