Could the bad old days of economic decline beabout to return? Since OPEC agreed tosupply-cuts in March, the price of crude oil has jumped to almost $26 a barrel,up from less than $10 last December. This near-tripling of oil prices calls upscary memories of the 1973 oil shock, when prices quadrupled, and 1979-80, whenthey also almost tripled. Both previous shocks resulted in double-digitinflation and global economic decline. So where are theheadlines warning of gloom and doom this time?
The oil price was given another push up this week when Iraqsuspended oil exports. Strengthening economic growth, at the same time aswinter grips the northern hemisphere, could push the price higher still in theshort term.
Yet there are good reasons to expect the economic consequences nowto be less severe than in the 1970s. In most countries the cost of crude oilnow accounts for a smaller share of the price of petrol than it did in the1970s. In Europe, taxes account for up to four-fifths of the retail price, so evenquite big changes in the price of crude have a more muted effect on pump pricesthan in the past.
Rich economies are also less dependent on oil than they were, and soless sensitive to swings in the oil price. Energy conservation, a shift toother fuels and a decline in the importance of heavy, energy-intensiveindustries have reduced oil consumption. Software,consultancy and mobile telephones use far less oil than steel or carproduction. For each dollar of GDP (in constant prices) rich economies now usenearly 50% less oil than in 1973. The OECD estimates in its latest EconomicOutlook that, it oil prices averaged $22 a barrel for a full year, comparedwith $13 in 1998, this would increase the oil import bill in rich economies byonly 0.25-0.5% of GDP. That is less than one-quarter of the income loss in 1974or 1980. On the other hand, oil-importing emerging economies—to which heavy industry has shifted—have become more energy-intensive,and so could be more seriously squeezed.
One more reason not to lose sleep over the rise in oil prices isthat, unlike the rises in the 1970s, it has not occurred against the backgroundof general commodity-price inflation and global excess demand. A sizableportion of the world is only just emerging from economic decline. TheEconomist's commodity price index is broadly unchanging from a year ago. In1973 commodity prices jumped by 70%, and in 1979 byalmost 30%.
51. The main reason for the latest rise of oil price is
［A］ global inflation. ［B］ reduction in supply.
［C］ fast growth in economy. ［D］ Iraq's suspension of exports.
52. It can be inferred from the text that the retail price of petrolwill go up dramatically if
［A］ price of crude rises. ［B］ commodity prices rise.
［C］ consumption rises. ［D］ oil taxes rise.
53. The estimates in Economic Outlook show that in rich countries.
［A］ heavy industry becomes more energy-intensive.
［B］ income loss mainly results from fluctuating crude oil prices.
［C］ manufacturing industry has been seriously squeezed.
［D］ oil price changes have no significant impact on GDP.
54. We can draw a conclusion from the text that.
［A］ oil-price shocks are less shocking now.
［B］ inflation seems irrelevant to oil-price shocks.
［C］ energy conservation can keep down the oil prices.
［D］ the price rise of crude leads to the shrinking of heavy industry.
55. From the text we can see that the writer seems
［A］ optimistic. ［B］ sensitive. ［C］ gloomy. ［D］ scared.
一、文章結(jié)構(gòu)分析
文章大意：最近這次石油價(jià)格的大幅上漲的影響不會(huì)像以前那樣嚴(yán)重。
文章第一、二段指出：最近石油價(jià)格大幅上漲，與73年和79至80年油價(jià)暴漲相似，作者提出這次會(huì)不會(huì)像前兩次一樣造成經(jīng)濟(jì)衰退的問題。
文章第三至五段：列舉了這次油價(jià)上漲的影響不會(huì)像以前那樣嚴(yán)重的幾點(diǎn)原因。
二、試題解析
51. B
本題考核的知識(shí)點(diǎn)是：文章細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。
題干要求考生從文章中找出最近一次石油漲價(jià)的主要原因。文章第一段提到，自從三月份石油輸出國組織（OPEC，Organizationof Petroleum Exporting Countries）同意減產(chǎn)，原油的價(jià)格已經(jīng)漲了近三倍。第二段提到，油價(jià)這個(gè)星期因伊拉克停止石油出口又一次被抬升。強(qiáng)勁的經(jīng)濟(jì)增漲勢(shì)頭，再加上冬季籠罩了北半球，可能在短期內(nèi)使油價(jià)漲得更高。從某種意義上講，這些都是油價(jià)上漲的原因，但是主要原因應(yīng)該是B選項(xiàng)“reduction in supply”（石油供應(yīng)量下降）。
從第一段可知A選項(xiàng)“global inflation”（全球性通貨膨脹）是前兩次油價(jià)暴漲造成的后果。C選項(xiàng)“fast growth in economy”（經(jīng)濟(jì)快速增長）和D選項(xiàng)“Iraq’s suspension of exports”（伊拉克停止石油出口）是進(jìn)一步推動(dòng)油價(jià)上漲的原因。D項(xiàng)中“suspension”意為“懸掛、暫停、延緩、停職”，eg. The suspension of a rule, law,etc (規(guī)則、法令的暫停實(shí)施)。
52． D
本題考核的知識(shí)點(diǎn)是：推理題。
題干要求考生從文章的信息中推論出其中的暗示，即“在什么情況下，汽油零售價(jià)格（retail price of petrol）會(huì)大幅上漲”。文章的第三段談到，原油價(jià)格只占汽油零售價(jià)格的一小部分，其大部分(在歐洲高達(dá)五分之四)是稅收，因此原油價(jià)格的變動(dòng)對(duì)汽油價(jià)格（pump prices，這里借用pump的“汽油泵”的含義指代加油站零售的汽油）影響不大，影響汽油價(jià)格的主要因素是稅收。所以汽油價(jià)格的條件是D選項(xiàng)“oil taxes rise”（石油稅上漲）。
A選項(xiàng)“price of cruderises”（原油價(jià)格上漲）影響不大，B選項(xiàng)“commodity prices rise”（商品價(jià)格上漲）和C選項(xiàng)“consumption rises”（消費(fèi)上漲）方面文中未提及。
53．D
本題考核的知識(shí)點(diǎn)是：文章細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。
題干要求考生判斷《經(jīng)濟(jì)展望》中的估計(jì)說明了發(fā)達(dá)國家的什么情況。文章第四段提到，國際經(jīng)合組織(OECD, Organization for Ecomomic Co-operation and Development)在最近一期的《經(jīng)濟(jì)展望》中估計(jì)，如果石油價(jià)格全年保持在平均22美元一桶的水平，那么相對(duì)1998年的13美元一桶，這將使發(fā)達(dá)國家在石油進(jìn)口方面的支出增加僅為國內(nèi)生產(chǎn)總值(GDP，grossdomestic product)的0.25一0.5%。這比1974年或1980年四分之一的收入損失還要小。可見D選項(xiàng)“oil price changes have no significant impact on GDP”（油價(jià)變化對(duì)GDP沒有重大影響）是其中表達(dá)的含義。
B選項(xiàng)“income lossmainly results from fluctuating crude oil prices”（收人的損失主要來自原油價(jià)格的波動(dòng)）和文意相反。A選項(xiàng)“heavy industry becomes more energy-intensive”（重工業(yè)消耗更多能源）和C選項(xiàng)“manufacturing industry has been seriously squeezed”（制造業(yè)受到了嚴(yán)重的沖擊）都不是該處討論的問題。
54． A
本題考核的知識(shí)點(diǎn)是：文章主旨題。
題干要求考生識(shí)別文章的中心思想，即“我們能從文章中得出什么結(jié)論”。文章一開始提出最近石油價(jià)格大幅上漲，會(huì)不會(huì)像前兩次油價(jià)暴漲一樣造成經(jīng)濟(jì)衰退。但接下來它又說這次油價(jià)上漲的影響不會(huì)像以前那樣嚴(yán)重，并說出了幾點(diǎn)原因：（1）原油價(jià)格只占汽油價(jià)格的一小部分，（2）發(fā)達(dá)國家對(duì)石油的依賴性不如從前，（3）并不在商品總價(jià)格上漲和全球需求旺盛這種大環(huán)境中發(fā)生。因此，文章的中心思想是A選項(xiàng)“oil-price shocks are less shocking now”（現(xiàn)在的油價(jià)暴漲并不可怕）。
B選項(xiàng)“inflation seemsirrelevant to oil-price shocks”（通貨膨脹與油價(jià)暴漲無關(guān)）、C選項(xiàng)“energy conservation can keep downthe oil prices”（能源儲(chǔ)備能夠壓抑油價(jià)）和D選項(xiàng)“the price rise of crude leads tothe shrinking of heavy industry”（原油價(jià)格上漲導(dǎo)致重工業(yè)的萎縮）都不是全文重點(diǎn)討論的內(nèi)容。
55． A
本題考核的知識(shí)點(diǎn)是：作者態(tài)度題
題干要求考生判斷文章作者對(duì)“油價(jià)上漲”這個(gè)現(xiàn)象所持的態(tài)度。作者大篇幅地給出理由說明這次油價(jià)上漲的后果不會(huì)很嚴(yán)重。文章第一段談到，“有充足的理由相信這次油價(jià)上漲在經(jīng)濟(jì)上造成的后果不會(huì)像1970年代那樣嚴(yán)重”，最后一段又談到，“大可不必因?yàn)橛蛢r(jià)上漲而失眠”。可見A選項(xiàng)“optimistic”（樂觀）是作者的真正態(tài)度。B選項(xiàng)“sensitive”（敏感）、C選項(xiàng)“gloomy”（悲傷）和D選項(xiàng)“scared”（害怕）都不正確。
三、文章長難句解析
①So where are the headlineswarning of gloom and doom this time? “headline”指“新聞報(bào)紙中的頭版新聞”，一般報(bào)道極其重要的事情?！癵loom”意為“憂郁、失望”，“doom”意為“死亡、毀滅、劫數(shù)、厄運(yùn)”。該句譯為：那么這次警告人們厄運(yùn)來臨的頭版新聞都到那里去了？這里是作者介紹完最近發(fā)生的油價(jià)上漲后提出的問題，其含義是問為什么這次人們好象沒有以前那么擔(dān)心。接下來文章就談到不值得擔(dān)心的原因。
②Strengthening economic growth,at the same time as winter grips the northern hemisphere, could push the pricehigher still in the short term.該句的主干是“economic growth could push the price higher”，“Strengthening”是分詞做形容詞，意味“力量越來越強(qiáng)勁的”， 逗號(hào)之間是插入成分。全句譯為：強(qiáng)勁的經(jīng)濟(jì)增漲勢(shì)頭，加上冬季籠罩了北半球，可能在短期內(nèi)使油價(jià)漲得更高。
③One more reason not to losesleep over the rise in oil prices is that, unlike the rises in the 1970s, ithas not occurred against the background of general commodity-price inflationand global excess demand.該句主干是“reason is that it has notoccurred…”，逗號(hào)間是插入語，全句可譯為：另一個(gè)不要因油價(jià)上漲而失眠的原因是，這次不同干1970年代，油價(jià)上漲并未在商品總價(jià)格上漲和全球需求旺盛這種大環(huán)境中發(fā)生。
2002 Paragraph4
The Supreme Court's decisions on physician-assisted suicide carryimportant implications for how medicine seeks to relieve dying patients of painand suffering.
Although it ruled that there is no constitutional right tophysician-assisted suicide, the Court in effect supported the medical principleof “doubleeffect," a centuries-old moral principle holding that an action having twoeffects—a good onethat is intended and a harmful one that is foreseen—is permissible if the actor intendsonly the good effect.
Doctors have used that principle in recent years to justify usinghigh doses of morphine to control terminally ill patients' pain, even thoughincreasing dosages will eventually kill the patient.
Nancy Dubler, director of Montefiore Medical Center, contends that the principle willshield doctors who “until now have very, very strongly insisted that they could not givepatients sufficient mediation to control their pain if that might hastendeath."
George Annas, chair of the health lawdepartment at Boston University, maintains that, as long as a doctor prescribes a drug for alegitimate medical purpose, the doctor has done nothing illegal even if thepatient uses the drug to hasten death. “It's like surgery," he says. “We don't call those deaths homicides because the doctors didn'tintend to kill their patients, although they risked their death. If you're aphysician, you can risk your patient's suicide as long as you don't intendtheir suicide."
On another level, many in the medical community acknowledge that theassisted-suicide debate has been fueled in part by the despair of patients forwhom modern medicine has prolonged the physical agony of dying.
Just three weeks before the Court's ruling on physician-assistedsuicide, the National Academy of Science (NAS) released a two-volume report,Approaching Death: Improving Care at the End of Life. It identifies the undertreatment of pain and the aggressive use of“ineffectual and forced medical procedures that may prolong and even dishonorthe period of dying’’as the twin problems ofend-of-life care.
The profession is taking steps to require young doctors to train inhospices, to test knowledge of aggressive pain management therapies, to developa Medicare billing code for hospital-based care, and to develop new standardsfor assessing and treating pain at the end of life.
Annas says lawyerscan play a key role in insisting that these well-meaning medical initiativestranslate into better care. “Large numbers of physicians seem unconcerned with the pain theirpatients are needlessly and predictably suffering," to the extent that itconstitutes “systematic patient abuse." He says medical licensing boards “must make it clear…that painful deaths arepresumptively ones that are incompetently managed and should result in licensesuspension."
56. From the first three paragraphs, we learn that.
［A］ doctors used to increase drug dosages to control their patients'pain.
［B］ it is still illegal for doctors to help the dying end their lives.
［C］ the Supreme Court strongly opposes physician-assisted suicide.
［D］ patients have no constitutional right to commit suicide
57. Which of the following statements its true according to the text?
［A］ Doctors will be held guilty if they risk their patients' death.
［B］ Modern medicine has assisted terminally ill patients in painlessrecovery.
［C］ The Court ruled that high-dosage pain-relieving medication can beprescribed.
［D］ A doctor's medication is no longer justified by his intentions.
58. According to the NAS's report, one ofthe problems in end-of-life care is.
［A］ prolonged medical procedures. ［B］ inadequate treatment of pain.
［C］ systematic drug abuse. ［D］ insufficient hospital care.
59. Which of the following best defines the word “aggressive" (line 3, paragraph7)?
［A］ Bold. ［B］ Harmful.
［C］ Careless. ［D］Desperate.
60. George Annas would probably agree thatdoctors should be punished if they
［A］ manage their patients incompetently.
［B］ give patients more medicine than needed.
［C］ reduce drug dosages for their patients.
［D］ prolong theneedless suffering of the patients.
一、文章結(jié)構(gòu)分析
文章大意：醫(yī)生協(xié)助病人自殺問題這個(gè)有爭議性的問題引起了醫(yī)學(xué)、法律和科學(xué)界的關(guān)注，他們普遍認(rèn)為這種“雙重效果”原則是可行的。
文章第一、二、三段指出：法院在醫(yī)生協(xié)助病人自殺問題上作出的判決實(shí)際上對(duì)“雙重效果”的醫(yī)療原則表示了支持，而醫(yī)生則使用這個(gè)原則為他們使用大劑量藥物來控制臨死病人的痛苦進(jìn)行辯護(hù)。
文章第四至九段：引用醫(yī)學(xué)、法律和科學(xué)界的觀點(diǎn)來論證這種“雙重效果”原則是可行的。
二、試題解析
56． B
[分析]
本題考核的知識(shí)點(diǎn)是：文章細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。
題干要求考生從文章前三段中判斷四個(gè)進(jìn)項(xiàng)中哪一個(gè)是正確的表述。四個(gè)選項(xiàng)如下:
A選項(xiàng)“doctors used to increase drug dosages to control their patients’pain”（醫(yī)生曾經(jīng)用增加藥物劑量的方法來控制病人的疼痛）的時(shí)間與原文不符。“used todo”意為“過去常常做…事情（但現(xiàn)在不做了）”。文章第三段提到，近年來，醫(yī)生一直使用這個(gè)原則為他們使用大劑量的嗎啡來控制臨死病人（terminally ill patients）的疼痛進(jìn)行辯護(hù)?？梢?，最近醫(yī)生也這么做。
B選項(xiàng)“it is stillillegal for doctors to help the dying end their lives”（醫(yī)生幫助病人結(jié)束生命仍然是不合法的）就是文章第二段首句的改寫。該句提到，法院在判決中承認(rèn)醫(yī)生協(xié)助病人自殺不是憲法賦予的權(quán)利。選項(xiàng)中的“illegal”對(duì)應(yīng)文中“no constitutional right”，“doctors to help the dying end their lives”對(duì)應(yīng)“physician-assisted suicide”。因此選項(xiàng)Ｂ是正確答案。
C選項(xiàng)“the Supreme Courtstrongly opposes physician-assisted suicide”（法院強(qiáng)烈反對(duì)醫(yī)生協(xié)助病人自殺）與原文意思相反。第二段明確提出，法院實(shí)際上對(duì)“雙重效果”的醫(yī)療原則表示了支持，這里的“雙重效果”就是指“醫(yī)生協(xié)助病人自殺”。
D選項(xiàng)“patients have noconstitutional right to commit suicide”（病人沒有憲法賦予的權(quán)利去自殺）在原文中未提及，文中只談到醫(yī)生沒有憲法賦予的權(quán)利來協(xié)助病人自殺。
57． C
本題考核的知識(shí)點(diǎn)是：文章細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。
題干要求考生從根據(jù)全文判斷哪個(gè)選項(xiàng)是正確的表述。四個(gè)選項(xiàng)如下:
A選項(xiàng)“Doctors will beheld guilty if they risk their patients’death”（如果醫(yī)生冒病人死亡的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)，他將被認(rèn)為有罪）與原文意思相反。第五段首句談到，只要醫(yī)生開的藥物是用于正當(dāng)?shù)尼t(yī)療目的（legitimatemedical purpose），他就沒有做違法的事情，即使病人用這些藥物來加速死亡。選項(xiàng)中“hold sb.(to be) adj./n.”意為“認(rèn)為、相信某人怎樣”，eg. I hold theparents responsible for their children’s behavior. (我認(rèn)為父母應(yīng)對(duì)子女的行為負(fù)責(zé))。
B選項(xiàng)“Modern medicinehas assisted terminally ill patients in painless recovery”（現(xiàn)代醫(yī)學(xué)一直在幫助那些臨死病人進(jìn)行無痛康復(fù)）與原文不符，第六段提到，引起病人絕望的原因是現(xiàn)代醫(yī)學(xué)一直只能延長他們死亡時(shí)的肉體痛苦。
C選項(xiàng)“The Court ruledthat high-dosage pain-relieving medication can be prescribed”（法院判決，醫(yī)生可以開出大劑量的鎮(zhèn)痛藥物）是正確選項(xiàng)，因?yàn)榈诙翁岬剑ㄔ簩?duì)“雙重效果”的醫(yī)療原則表示了支持，而第三段又提到，近年來醫(yī)生一直使用這個(gè)原則為他們使用大劑量嗎啡進(jìn)行辯護(hù)。可見，法院是支持醫(yī)生用大劑量鎮(zhèn)痛藥物的。
D選項(xiàng)“A doctor'smedication is no longer justified by his intentions”（醫(yī)生開的藥物合不合法不再取決于他們的意圖）與原文意思相反，第五段末句提到，如果你是醫(yī)生，你可以冒病人自殺的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)，只要你沒有想要他們自殺。
58． B
本題考核的知識(shí)點(diǎn)是：文章細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。
題干要求考生回答根據(jù)NAS的報(bào)告，臨終關(guān)懷的問題之一是什么。根據(jù)“NAS報(bào)告”和“臨終關(guān)懷”定位第七段。全國科學(xué)院發(fā)布的報(bào)告中明確提到了臨終關(guān)懷的兩個(gè)問題：（1）對(duì)病痛不進(jìn)行足夠的處理；(2)大膽使用“無效和強(qiáng)制的醫(yī)療程序來延長死亡期甚至讓病人死得很沒有尊嚴(yán)”。因此B選項(xiàng)“inadequate treatment of pain”（對(duì)病痛的處理不力）是提到的問題之一。
A選項(xiàng)“prolonged medicalprocedures”（延長的醫(yī)療程序）、C選項(xiàng)“systematic drug abuse”（蓄意的藥物濫用）和D選項(xiàng)“insufficient hospital care”（醫(yī)院護(hù)理不足）都不對(duì)。Ｃ項(xiàng)中的“systematic”意為“planned in advance and donewith malicious thoroughness and exactness”(有預(yù)謀的、蓄意的)。Eg.A systemantic attempt to ruin one’s reputation (蓄意破壞某人的名譽(yù))。
59． B
本題考核的知識(shí)點(diǎn)是：文章細(xì)節(jié)釋義題。
題干要求考生根據(jù)上下文判斷七段中出現(xiàn)的“aggressive”這個(gè)詞的含義。原文談到“…使用‘無效和強(qiáng)制的醫(yī)療程序來延長死亡期甚至讓病人死得很沒有尊嚴(yán)’，后面的形容詞“ineffectual”和“forced”暗示前面的形容詞“aggressive”有“大膽的、鹵莽的”之意，A選項(xiàng)“Bold”用于貶義時(shí)意為“大膽的、冒失的、失慎的”，意義最接近。
B選項(xiàng)“Harmful”（有害的）、C選項(xiàng)“Careless”（粗心的）和D選項(xiàng)“Desperate”（不顧一切的）都不正確。
60． D
本題考核的知識(shí)點(diǎn)是：文章細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。
題干要求考生回答喬治·安納斯認(rèn)為在以下哪一種情況下，醫(yī)生應(yīng)該受到制裁。安納斯所關(guān)注的是病人病痛能否得到有效處理，為解決這個(gè)問題他認(rèn)為醫(yī)生可以采取任何必要的措施和手段。在最后一段，他明確指出，對(duì)病人不必要和可預(yù)見的痛苦漠不關(guān)心的醫(yī)生應(yīng)該受到懲罰。因此D選項(xiàng)“prolong theneedless suffering of the patients”（延長病人不必要的痛苦）是正確答案。
A選項(xiàng)“manage theirpatients incompetently”（不能勝任管理病人的工作）太返，文中具體指的是病人痛苦的死亡可被認(rèn)為是醫(yī)生不能勝任管理的表現(xiàn)。
文章第五段提到，安納斯認(rèn)為只要醫(yī)生開的藥物是用于合法的醫(yī)療目的，就沒有違法，所以B選項(xiàng)“give patients more medicine thanneeded”（給病人的藥物超過所需）和C選項(xiàng)“reduce drug dosages for their patients”（減少給病人的藥物劑量）可排除。
三、文章長難句解析
①TheSupreme Court's decisions on physician-assisted suicide carry importantimplications for how medicine seeks to relieve dying patients of pain and suffering.該句主干是“decisions carry implications”，“decide on/against sth.”意為“決定（不）…”，如：Afterseeing all the candidates we’ve decided on this one. (我們見了所有后選人，決定選這位)。全句可譯為：法院在醫(yī)生協(xié)助病人自殺問題上作出的判決對(duì)于醫(yī)學(xué)如何尋求減輕垂危病人的痛苦方面有重要的含義。
②Althoughit ruled that there is no constitutional right to physician-assisted suicide,the Court in effect supported the medical principle of “double effect," acenturies-old moral principle holding that an action having two effects—a good one that is intended and aharmful one that is foreseen—is permissible if the actor intends only the good effect. 該句的中心結(jié)構(gòu)是“the Court supported theprinciple”，“Although”引導(dǎo)的是分句與后面是轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系，“double effect”做“principle”的定語，再后面的名詞加分詞的結(jié)構(gòu)是對(duì)“double effect”的解釋，其主干是“principle holding that anaction …is permissible”。全句可譯為：雖然法院在判決中承認(rèn)醫(yī)生協(xié)助病人自殺不是憲法賦予的權(quán)利，它實(shí)際上對(duì)“雙重效果”的醫(yī)療原則表示了支持，這個(gè)古老的道德原則相信，一個(gè)具有雙重效果的行為——好的效果是想要的而壞的效果也是可以預(yù)見的——是可以接受的，如果行為人追求的只是好的效果。
③Nancy Dubler,director of Montefiore Medical Center, contends thatthe principle will shield doctors who “until now have very, very strongly insisted that they could not givepatients sufficient mediation to control their pain if that might hastendeath.’’ 該句主干是“Nancycontends that the principle will shield doctors…”，“who”引導(dǎo)的定語從句修飾“doctors”，“”用于虛擬語氣時(shí)，意為“堅(jiān)持或堅(jiān)持要求（某事物）”，從句動(dòng)詞用原形或should+原形，如：I insisted that you take immediate action to put this right. (我堅(jiān)決要求你立刻采取行動(dòng)把事情處理好)；當(dāng)它不用于虛擬語氣時(shí)，意為“堅(jiān)持說，固執(zhí)地聲稱（尤指別人反對(duì)或不信時(shí)）”，如：She insisted that she was innocent. (她堅(jiān)持說她是清白的)。該句是取其第二種意思。全句可譯為：蒙非奧爾醫(yī)療中心主任，南茜認(rèn)為，這個(gè)原則將為這樣一些醫(yī)生提供保護(hù)，“他們直到現(xiàn)在都一直堅(jiān)持說，當(dāng)藥物可能會(huì)加快病人死亡時(shí)，他們就無法使用足夠的藥物來控制病人的疼痛?！?BR> ④The profession is taking stepsto require young doctors to train in hospices, to test knowledge of aggressivepain management therapies, to develop a Medicare billing code forhospital-based care, and to develop new standards for assessing and treatingpain at the end of life. 該句主干是“The profession is taking steps”后面跟著的三個(gè)不定式做“steps”的定語。全句可譯為：醫(yī)療行業(yè)正在采取步驟，要求年輕醫(yī)生到晚期病人醫(yī)院接受訓(xùn)練，參加激進(jìn)的病痛處理醫(yī)療知識(shí)測(cè)試，為醫(yī)院提供的關(guān)懷建立一個(gè)收費(fèi)準(zhǔn)則，并且為評(píng)估和處理臨終病痛建立新的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。
⑤Annas says lawyers can play a key role in insisting that thesewell-meaning medical initiatives translate into better care. “initiatives”意為“為解決困難而采取的行動(dòng)”，全句可譯為：安納斯說，律師在堅(jiān)持將好意的醫(yī)療行為轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)閮?yōu)質(zhì)的關(guān)懷方面將起關(guān)鍵作用。該句的含義是：通過法律的強(qiáng)制作用才能使好意的行動(dòng)落實(shí)到醫(yī)療的各個(gè)方面。
四、佳句賞析
①On another level, many in themedical community acknowledge that the assisted-suicide debate has been fueledin part by the despair of patients for whom modern medicine has prolonged thephysical agony of dying. 全句可譯為：在另一個(gè)層面，醫(yī)學(xué)界的許多人承認(rèn)，關(guān)于協(xié)助性自殺的爭論，部分是由于病人的絕望所引起，現(xiàn)代醫(yī)學(xué)一直只能延長他們死亡以前肉體的痛苦?！癲ebate has been fueled by…”表示“引起某種爭論、爭吵的原因”。Eg. Their altercationhas been fueled most by daily trivialities after marriage. (他們婚后的爭吵多是日?，嵤乱?。
The oil price was given another push up this week when Iraqsuspended oil exports. Strengthening economic growth, at the same time aswinter grips the northern hemisphere, could push the price higher still in theshort term.
Yet there are good reasons to expect the economic consequences nowto be less severe than in the 1970s. In most countries the cost of crude oilnow accounts for a smaller share of the price of petrol than it did in the1970s. In Europe, taxes account for up to four-fifths of the retail price, so evenquite big changes in the price of crude have a more muted effect on pump pricesthan in the past.
Rich economies are also less dependent on oil than they were, and soless sensitive to swings in the oil price. Energy conservation, a shift toother fuels and a decline in the importance of heavy, energy-intensiveindustries have reduced oil consumption. Software,consultancy and mobile telephones use far less oil than steel or carproduction. For each dollar of GDP (in constant prices) rich economies now usenearly 50% less oil than in 1973. The OECD estimates in its latest EconomicOutlook that, it oil prices averaged $22 a barrel for a full year, comparedwith $13 in 1998, this would increase the oil import bill in rich economies byonly 0.25-0.5% of GDP. That is less than one-quarter of the income loss in 1974or 1980. On the other hand, oil-importing emerging economies—to which heavy industry has shifted—have become more energy-intensive,and so could be more seriously squeezed.
One more reason not to lose sleep over the rise in oil prices isthat, unlike the rises in the 1970s, it has not occurred against the backgroundof general commodity-price inflation and global excess demand. A sizableportion of the world is only just emerging from economic decline. TheEconomist's commodity price index is broadly unchanging from a year ago. In1973 commodity prices jumped by 70%, and in 1979 byalmost 30%.
51. The main reason for the latest rise of oil price is
［A］ global inflation. ［B］ reduction in supply.
［C］ fast growth in economy. ［D］ Iraq's suspension of exports.
52. It can be inferred from the text that the retail price of petrolwill go up dramatically if
［A］ price of crude rises. ［B］ commodity prices rise.
［C］ consumption rises. ［D］ oil taxes rise.
53. The estimates in Economic Outlook show that in rich countries.
［A］ heavy industry becomes more energy-intensive.
［B］ income loss mainly results from fluctuating crude oil prices.
［C］ manufacturing industry has been seriously squeezed.
［D］ oil price changes have no significant impact on GDP.
54. We can draw a conclusion from the text that.
［A］ oil-price shocks are less shocking now.
［B］ inflation seems irrelevant to oil-price shocks.
［C］ energy conservation can keep down the oil prices.
［D］ the price rise of crude leads to the shrinking of heavy industry.
55. From the text we can see that the writer seems
［A］ optimistic. ［B］ sensitive. ［C］ gloomy. ［D］ scared.
一、文章結(jié)構(gòu)分析
文章大意：最近這次石油價(jià)格的大幅上漲的影響不會(huì)像以前那樣嚴(yán)重。
文章第一、二段指出：最近石油價(jià)格大幅上漲，與73年和79至80年油價(jià)暴漲相似，作者提出這次會(huì)不會(huì)像前兩次一樣造成經(jīng)濟(jì)衰退的問題。
文章第三至五段：列舉了這次油價(jià)上漲的影響不會(huì)像以前那樣嚴(yán)重的幾點(diǎn)原因。
二、試題解析
51. B
本題考核的知識(shí)點(diǎn)是：文章細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。
題干要求考生從文章中找出最近一次石油漲價(jià)的主要原因。文章第一段提到，自從三月份石油輸出國組織（OPEC，Organizationof Petroleum Exporting Countries）同意減產(chǎn)，原油的價(jià)格已經(jīng)漲了近三倍。第二段提到，油價(jià)這個(gè)星期因伊拉克停止石油出口又一次被抬升。強(qiáng)勁的經(jīng)濟(jì)增漲勢(shì)頭，再加上冬季籠罩了北半球，可能在短期內(nèi)使油價(jià)漲得更高。從某種意義上講，這些都是油價(jià)上漲的原因，但是主要原因應(yīng)該是B選項(xiàng)“reduction in supply”（石油供應(yīng)量下降）。
從第一段可知A選項(xiàng)“global inflation”（全球性通貨膨脹）是前兩次油價(jià)暴漲造成的后果。C選項(xiàng)“fast growth in economy”（經(jīng)濟(jì)快速增長）和D選項(xiàng)“Iraq’s suspension of exports”（伊拉克停止石油出口）是進(jìn)一步推動(dòng)油價(jià)上漲的原因。D項(xiàng)中“suspension”意為“懸掛、暫停、延緩、停職”，eg. The suspension of a rule, law,etc (規(guī)則、法令的暫停實(shí)施)。
52． D
本題考核的知識(shí)點(diǎn)是：推理題。
題干要求考生從文章的信息中推論出其中的暗示，即“在什么情況下，汽油零售價(jià)格（retail price of petrol）會(huì)大幅上漲”。文章的第三段談到，原油價(jià)格只占汽油零售價(jià)格的一小部分，其大部分(在歐洲高達(dá)五分之四)是稅收，因此原油價(jià)格的變動(dòng)對(duì)汽油價(jià)格（pump prices，這里借用pump的“汽油泵”的含義指代加油站零售的汽油）影響不大，影響汽油價(jià)格的主要因素是稅收。所以汽油價(jià)格的條件是D選項(xiàng)“oil taxes rise”（石油稅上漲）。
A選項(xiàng)“price of cruderises”（原油價(jià)格上漲）影響不大，B選項(xiàng)“commodity prices rise”（商品價(jià)格上漲）和C選項(xiàng)“consumption rises”（消費(fèi)上漲）方面文中未提及。
53．D
本題考核的知識(shí)點(diǎn)是：文章細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。
題干要求考生判斷《經(jīng)濟(jì)展望》中的估計(jì)說明了發(fā)達(dá)國家的什么情況。文章第四段提到，國際經(jīng)合組織(OECD, Organization for Ecomomic Co-operation and Development)在最近一期的《經(jīng)濟(jì)展望》中估計(jì)，如果石油價(jià)格全年保持在平均22美元一桶的水平，那么相對(duì)1998年的13美元一桶，這將使發(fā)達(dá)國家在石油進(jìn)口方面的支出增加僅為國內(nèi)生產(chǎn)總值(GDP，grossdomestic product)的0.25一0.5%。這比1974年或1980年四分之一的收入損失還要小。可見D選項(xiàng)“oil price changes have no significant impact on GDP”（油價(jià)變化對(duì)GDP沒有重大影響）是其中表達(dá)的含義。
B選項(xiàng)“income lossmainly results from fluctuating crude oil prices”（收人的損失主要來自原油價(jià)格的波動(dòng)）和文意相反。A選項(xiàng)“heavy industry becomes more energy-intensive”（重工業(yè)消耗更多能源）和C選項(xiàng)“manufacturing industry has been seriously squeezed”（制造業(yè)受到了嚴(yán)重的沖擊）都不是該處討論的問題。
54． A
本題考核的知識(shí)點(diǎn)是：文章主旨題。
題干要求考生識(shí)別文章的中心思想，即“我們能從文章中得出什么結(jié)論”。文章一開始提出最近石油價(jià)格大幅上漲，會(huì)不會(huì)像前兩次油價(jià)暴漲一樣造成經(jīng)濟(jì)衰退。但接下來它又說這次油價(jià)上漲的影響不會(huì)像以前那樣嚴(yán)重，并說出了幾點(diǎn)原因：（1）原油價(jià)格只占汽油價(jià)格的一小部分，（2）發(fā)達(dá)國家對(duì)石油的依賴性不如從前，（3）并不在商品總價(jià)格上漲和全球需求旺盛這種大環(huán)境中發(fā)生。因此，文章的中心思想是A選項(xiàng)“oil-price shocks are less shocking now”（現(xiàn)在的油價(jià)暴漲并不可怕）。
B選項(xiàng)“inflation seemsirrelevant to oil-price shocks”（通貨膨脹與油價(jià)暴漲無關(guān)）、C選項(xiàng)“energy conservation can keep downthe oil prices”（能源儲(chǔ)備能夠壓抑油價(jià)）和D選項(xiàng)“the price rise of crude leads tothe shrinking of heavy industry”（原油價(jià)格上漲導(dǎo)致重工業(yè)的萎縮）都不是全文重點(diǎn)討論的內(nèi)容。
55． A
本題考核的知識(shí)點(diǎn)是：作者態(tài)度題
題干要求考生判斷文章作者對(duì)“油價(jià)上漲”這個(gè)現(xiàn)象所持的態(tài)度。作者大篇幅地給出理由說明這次油價(jià)上漲的后果不會(huì)很嚴(yán)重。文章第一段談到，“有充足的理由相信這次油價(jià)上漲在經(jīng)濟(jì)上造成的后果不會(huì)像1970年代那樣嚴(yán)重”，最后一段又談到，“大可不必因?yàn)橛蛢r(jià)上漲而失眠”。可見A選項(xiàng)“optimistic”（樂觀）是作者的真正態(tài)度。B選項(xiàng)“sensitive”（敏感）、C選項(xiàng)“gloomy”（悲傷）和D選項(xiàng)“scared”（害怕）都不正確。
三、文章長難句解析
①So where are the headlineswarning of gloom and doom this time? “headline”指“新聞報(bào)紙中的頭版新聞”，一般報(bào)道極其重要的事情?！癵loom”意為“憂郁、失望”，“doom”意為“死亡、毀滅、劫數(shù)、厄運(yùn)”。該句譯為：那么這次警告人們厄運(yùn)來臨的頭版新聞都到那里去了？這里是作者介紹完最近發(fā)生的油價(jià)上漲后提出的問題，其含義是問為什么這次人們好象沒有以前那么擔(dān)心。接下來文章就談到不值得擔(dān)心的原因。
②Strengthening economic growth,at the same time as winter grips the northern hemisphere, could push the pricehigher still in the short term.該句的主干是“economic growth could push the price higher”，“Strengthening”是分詞做形容詞，意味“力量越來越強(qiáng)勁的”， 逗號(hào)之間是插入成分。全句譯為：強(qiáng)勁的經(jīng)濟(jì)增漲勢(shì)頭，加上冬季籠罩了北半球，可能在短期內(nèi)使油價(jià)漲得更高。
③One more reason not to losesleep over the rise in oil prices is that, unlike the rises in the 1970s, ithas not occurred against the background of general commodity-price inflationand global excess demand.該句主干是“reason is that it has notoccurred…”，逗號(hào)間是插入語，全句可譯為：另一個(gè)不要因油價(jià)上漲而失眠的原因是，這次不同干1970年代，油價(jià)上漲并未在商品總價(jià)格上漲和全球需求旺盛這種大環(huán)境中發(fā)生。
2002 Paragraph4
The Supreme Court's decisions on physician-assisted suicide carryimportant implications for how medicine seeks to relieve dying patients of painand suffering.
Although it ruled that there is no constitutional right tophysician-assisted suicide, the Court in effect supported the medical principleof “doubleeffect," a centuries-old moral principle holding that an action having twoeffects—a good onethat is intended and a harmful one that is foreseen—is permissible if the actor intendsonly the good effect.
Doctors have used that principle in recent years to justify usinghigh doses of morphine to control terminally ill patients' pain, even thoughincreasing dosages will eventually kill the patient.
Nancy Dubler, director of Montefiore Medical Center, contends that the principle willshield doctors who “until now have very, very strongly insisted that they could not givepatients sufficient mediation to control their pain if that might hastendeath."
George Annas, chair of the health lawdepartment at Boston University, maintains that, as long as a doctor prescribes a drug for alegitimate medical purpose, the doctor has done nothing illegal even if thepatient uses the drug to hasten death. “It's like surgery," he says. “We don't call those deaths homicides because the doctors didn'tintend to kill their patients, although they risked their death. If you're aphysician, you can risk your patient's suicide as long as you don't intendtheir suicide."
On another level, many in the medical community acknowledge that theassisted-suicide debate has been fueled in part by the despair of patients forwhom modern medicine has prolonged the physical agony of dying.
Just three weeks before the Court's ruling on physician-assistedsuicide, the National Academy of Science (NAS) released a two-volume report,Approaching Death: Improving Care at the End of Life. It identifies the undertreatment of pain and the aggressive use of“ineffectual and forced medical procedures that may prolong and even dishonorthe period of dying’’as the twin problems ofend-of-life care.
The profession is taking steps to require young doctors to train inhospices, to test knowledge of aggressive pain management therapies, to developa Medicare billing code for hospital-based care, and to develop new standardsfor assessing and treating pain at the end of life.
Annas says lawyerscan play a key role in insisting that these well-meaning medical initiativestranslate into better care. “Large numbers of physicians seem unconcerned with the pain theirpatients are needlessly and predictably suffering," to the extent that itconstitutes “systematic patient abuse." He says medical licensing boards “must make it clear…that painful deaths arepresumptively ones that are incompetently managed and should result in licensesuspension."
56. From the first three paragraphs, we learn that.
［A］ doctors used to increase drug dosages to control their patients'pain.
［B］ it is still illegal for doctors to help the dying end their lives.
［C］ the Supreme Court strongly opposes physician-assisted suicide.
［D］ patients have no constitutional right to commit suicide
57. Which of the following statements its true according to the text?
［A］ Doctors will be held guilty if they risk their patients' death.
［B］ Modern medicine has assisted terminally ill patients in painlessrecovery.
［C］ The Court ruled that high-dosage pain-relieving medication can beprescribed.
［D］ A doctor's medication is no longer justified by his intentions.
58. According to the NAS's report, one ofthe problems in end-of-life care is.
［A］ prolonged medical procedures. ［B］ inadequate treatment of pain.
［C］ systematic drug abuse. ［D］ insufficient hospital care.
59. Which of the following best defines the word “aggressive" (line 3, paragraph7)?
［A］ Bold. ［B］ Harmful.
［C］ Careless. ［D］Desperate.
60. George Annas would probably agree thatdoctors should be punished if they
［A］ manage their patients incompetently.
［B］ give patients more medicine than needed.
［C］ reduce drug dosages for their patients.
［D］ prolong theneedless suffering of the patients.
一、文章結(jié)構(gòu)分析
文章大意：醫(yī)生協(xié)助病人自殺問題這個(gè)有爭議性的問題引起了醫(yī)學(xué)、法律和科學(xué)界的關(guān)注，他們普遍認(rèn)為這種“雙重效果”原則是可行的。
文章第一、二、三段指出：法院在醫(yī)生協(xié)助病人自殺問題上作出的判決實(shí)際上對(duì)“雙重效果”的醫(yī)療原則表示了支持，而醫(yī)生則使用這個(gè)原則為他們使用大劑量藥物來控制臨死病人的痛苦進(jìn)行辯護(hù)。
文章第四至九段：引用醫(yī)學(xué)、法律和科學(xué)界的觀點(diǎn)來論證這種“雙重效果”原則是可行的。
二、試題解析
56． B
[分析]
本題考核的知識(shí)點(diǎn)是：文章細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。
題干要求考生從文章前三段中判斷四個(gè)進(jìn)項(xiàng)中哪一個(gè)是正確的表述。四個(gè)選項(xiàng)如下:
A選項(xiàng)“doctors used to increase drug dosages to control their patients’pain”（醫(yī)生曾經(jīng)用增加藥物劑量的方法來控制病人的疼痛）的時(shí)間與原文不符。“used todo”意為“過去常常做…事情（但現(xiàn)在不做了）”。文章第三段提到，近年來，醫(yī)生一直使用這個(gè)原則為他們使用大劑量的嗎啡來控制臨死病人（terminally ill patients）的疼痛進(jìn)行辯護(hù)?？梢?，最近醫(yī)生也這么做。
B選項(xiàng)“it is stillillegal for doctors to help the dying end their lives”（醫(yī)生幫助病人結(jié)束生命仍然是不合法的）就是文章第二段首句的改寫。該句提到，法院在判決中承認(rèn)醫(yī)生協(xié)助病人自殺不是憲法賦予的權(quán)利。選項(xiàng)中的“illegal”對(duì)應(yīng)文中“no constitutional right”，“doctors to help the dying end their lives”對(duì)應(yīng)“physician-assisted suicide”。因此選項(xiàng)Ｂ是正確答案。
C選項(xiàng)“the Supreme Courtstrongly opposes physician-assisted suicide”（法院強(qiáng)烈反對(duì)醫(yī)生協(xié)助病人自殺）與原文意思相反。第二段明確提出，法院實(shí)際上對(duì)“雙重效果”的醫(yī)療原則表示了支持，這里的“雙重效果”就是指“醫(yī)生協(xié)助病人自殺”。
D選項(xiàng)“patients have noconstitutional right to commit suicide”（病人沒有憲法賦予的權(quán)利去自殺）在原文中未提及，文中只談到醫(yī)生沒有憲法賦予的權(quán)利來協(xié)助病人自殺。
57． C
本題考核的知識(shí)點(diǎn)是：文章細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。
題干要求考生從根據(jù)全文判斷哪個(gè)選項(xiàng)是正確的表述。四個(gè)選項(xiàng)如下:
A選項(xiàng)“Doctors will beheld guilty if they risk their patients’death”（如果醫(yī)生冒病人死亡的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)，他將被認(rèn)為有罪）與原文意思相反。第五段首句談到，只要醫(yī)生開的藥物是用于正當(dāng)?shù)尼t(yī)療目的（legitimatemedical purpose），他就沒有做違法的事情，即使病人用這些藥物來加速死亡。選項(xiàng)中“hold sb.(to be) adj./n.”意為“認(rèn)為、相信某人怎樣”，eg. I hold theparents responsible for their children’s behavior. (我認(rèn)為父母應(yīng)對(duì)子女的行為負(fù)責(zé))。
B選項(xiàng)“Modern medicinehas assisted terminally ill patients in painless recovery”（現(xiàn)代醫(yī)學(xué)一直在幫助那些臨死病人進(jìn)行無痛康復(fù)）與原文不符，第六段提到，引起病人絕望的原因是現(xiàn)代醫(yī)學(xué)一直只能延長他們死亡時(shí)的肉體痛苦。
C選項(xiàng)“The Court ruledthat high-dosage pain-relieving medication can be prescribed”（法院判決，醫(yī)生可以開出大劑量的鎮(zhèn)痛藥物）是正確選項(xiàng)，因?yàn)榈诙翁岬剑ㄔ簩?duì)“雙重效果”的醫(yī)療原則表示了支持，而第三段又提到，近年來醫(yī)生一直使用這個(gè)原則為他們使用大劑量嗎啡進(jìn)行辯護(hù)。可見，法院是支持醫(yī)生用大劑量鎮(zhèn)痛藥物的。
D選項(xiàng)“A doctor'smedication is no longer justified by his intentions”（醫(yī)生開的藥物合不合法不再取決于他們的意圖）與原文意思相反，第五段末句提到，如果你是醫(yī)生，你可以冒病人自殺的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)，只要你沒有想要他們自殺。
58． B
本題考核的知識(shí)點(diǎn)是：文章細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。
題干要求考生回答根據(jù)NAS的報(bào)告，臨終關(guān)懷的問題之一是什么。根據(jù)“NAS報(bào)告”和“臨終關(guān)懷”定位第七段。全國科學(xué)院發(fā)布的報(bào)告中明確提到了臨終關(guān)懷的兩個(gè)問題：（1）對(duì)病痛不進(jìn)行足夠的處理；(2)大膽使用“無效和強(qiáng)制的醫(yī)療程序來延長死亡期甚至讓病人死得很沒有尊嚴(yán)”。因此B選項(xiàng)“inadequate treatment of pain”（對(duì)病痛的處理不力）是提到的問題之一。
A選項(xiàng)“prolonged medicalprocedures”（延長的醫(yī)療程序）、C選項(xiàng)“systematic drug abuse”（蓄意的藥物濫用）和D選項(xiàng)“insufficient hospital care”（醫(yī)院護(hù)理不足）都不對(duì)。Ｃ項(xiàng)中的“systematic”意為“planned in advance and donewith malicious thoroughness and exactness”(有預(yù)謀的、蓄意的)。Eg.A systemantic attempt to ruin one’s reputation (蓄意破壞某人的名譽(yù))。
59． B
本題考核的知識(shí)點(diǎn)是：文章細(xì)節(jié)釋義題。
題干要求考生根據(jù)上下文判斷七段中出現(xiàn)的“aggressive”這個(gè)詞的含義。原文談到“…使用‘無效和強(qiáng)制的醫(yī)療程序來延長死亡期甚至讓病人死得很沒有尊嚴(yán)’，后面的形容詞“ineffectual”和“forced”暗示前面的形容詞“aggressive”有“大膽的、鹵莽的”之意，A選項(xiàng)“Bold”用于貶義時(shí)意為“大膽的、冒失的、失慎的”，意義最接近。
B選項(xiàng)“Harmful”（有害的）、C選項(xiàng)“Careless”（粗心的）和D選項(xiàng)“Desperate”（不顧一切的）都不正確。
60． D
本題考核的知識(shí)點(diǎn)是：文章細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。
題干要求考生回答喬治·安納斯認(rèn)為在以下哪一種情況下，醫(yī)生應(yīng)該受到制裁。安納斯所關(guān)注的是病人病痛能否得到有效處理，為解決這個(gè)問題他認(rèn)為醫(yī)生可以采取任何必要的措施和手段。在最后一段，他明確指出，對(duì)病人不必要和可預(yù)見的痛苦漠不關(guān)心的醫(yī)生應(yīng)該受到懲罰。因此D選項(xiàng)“prolong theneedless suffering of the patients”（延長病人不必要的痛苦）是正確答案。
A選項(xiàng)“manage theirpatients incompetently”（不能勝任管理病人的工作）太返，文中具體指的是病人痛苦的死亡可被認(rèn)為是醫(yī)生不能勝任管理的表現(xiàn)。
文章第五段提到，安納斯認(rèn)為只要醫(yī)生開的藥物是用于合法的醫(yī)療目的，就沒有違法，所以B選項(xiàng)“give patients more medicine thanneeded”（給病人的藥物超過所需）和C選項(xiàng)“reduce drug dosages for their patients”（減少給病人的藥物劑量）可排除。
三、文章長難句解析
①TheSupreme Court's decisions on physician-assisted suicide carry importantimplications for how medicine seeks to relieve dying patients of pain and suffering.該句主干是“decisions carry implications”，“decide on/against sth.”意為“決定（不）…”，如：Afterseeing all the candidates we’ve decided on this one. (我們見了所有后選人，決定選這位)。全句可譯為：法院在醫(yī)生協(xié)助病人自殺問題上作出的判決對(duì)于醫(yī)學(xué)如何尋求減輕垂危病人的痛苦方面有重要的含義。
②Althoughit ruled that there is no constitutional right to physician-assisted suicide,the Court in effect supported the medical principle of “double effect," acenturies-old moral principle holding that an action having two effects—a good one that is intended and aharmful one that is foreseen—is permissible if the actor intends only the good effect. 該句的中心結(jié)構(gòu)是“the Court supported theprinciple”，“Although”引導(dǎo)的是分句與后面是轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系，“double effect”做“principle”的定語，再后面的名詞加分詞的結(jié)構(gòu)是對(duì)“double effect”的解釋，其主干是“principle holding that anaction …is permissible”。全句可譯為：雖然法院在判決中承認(rèn)醫(yī)生協(xié)助病人自殺不是憲法賦予的權(quán)利，它實(shí)際上對(duì)“雙重效果”的醫(yī)療原則表示了支持，這個(gè)古老的道德原則相信，一個(gè)具有雙重效果的行為——好的效果是想要的而壞的效果也是可以預(yù)見的——是可以接受的，如果行為人追求的只是好的效果。
③Nancy Dubler,director of Montefiore Medical Center, contends thatthe principle will shield doctors who “until now have very, very strongly insisted that they could not givepatients sufficient mediation to control their pain if that might hastendeath.’’ 該句主干是“Nancycontends that the principle will shield doctors…”，“who”引導(dǎo)的定語從句修飾“doctors”，“”用于虛擬語氣時(shí)，意為“堅(jiān)持或堅(jiān)持要求（某事物）”，從句動(dòng)詞用原形或should+原形，如：I insisted that you take immediate action to put this right. (我堅(jiān)決要求你立刻采取行動(dòng)把事情處理好)；當(dāng)它不用于虛擬語氣時(shí)，意為“堅(jiān)持說，固執(zhí)地聲稱（尤指別人反對(duì)或不信時(shí)）”，如：She insisted that she was innocent. (她堅(jiān)持說她是清白的)。該句是取其第二種意思。全句可譯為：蒙非奧爾醫(yī)療中心主任，南茜認(rèn)為，這個(gè)原則將為這樣一些醫(yī)生提供保護(hù)，“他們直到現(xiàn)在都一直堅(jiān)持說，當(dāng)藥物可能會(huì)加快病人死亡時(shí)，他們就無法使用足夠的藥物來控制病人的疼痛?！?BR> ④The profession is taking stepsto require young doctors to train in hospices, to test knowledge of aggressivepain management therapies, to develop a Medicare billing code forhospital-based care, and to develop new standards for assessing and treatingpain at the end of life. 該句主干是“The profession is taking steps”后面跟著的三個(gè)不定式做“steps”的定語。全句可譯為：醫(yī)療行業(yè)正在采取步驟，要求年輕醫(yī)生到晚期病人醫(yī)院接受訓(xùn)練，參加激進(jìn)的病痛處理醫(yī)療知識(shí)測(cè)試，為醫(yī)院提供的關(guān)懷建立一個(gè)收費(fèi)準(zhǔn)則，并且為評(píng)估和處理臨終病痛建立新的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。
⑤Annas says lawyers can play a key role in insisting that thesewell-meaning medical initiatives translate into better care. “initiatives”意為“為解決困難而采取的行動(dòng)”，全句可譯為：安納斯說，律師在堅(jiān)持將好意的醫(yī)療行為轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)閮?yōu)質(zhì)的關(guān)懷方面將起關(guān)鍵作用。該句的含義是：通過法律的強(qiáng)制作用才能使好意的行動(dòng)落實(shí)到醫(yī)療的各個(gè)方面。
四、佳句賞析
①On another level, many in themedical community acknowledge that the assisted-suicide debate has been fueledin part by the despair of patients for whom modern medicine has prolonged thephysical agony of dying. 全句可譯為：在另一個(gè)層面，醫(yī)學(xué)界的許多人承認(rèn)，關(guān)于協(xié)助性自殺的爭論，部分是由于病人的絕望所引起，現(xiàn)代醫(yī)學(xué)一直只能延長他們死亡以前肉體的痛苦?！癲ebate has been fueled by…”表示“引起某種爭論、爭吵的原因”。Eg. Their altercationhas been fueled most by daily trivialities after marriage. (他們婚后的爭吵多是日?，嵤乱?。