Ohour按語(yǔ): 這里寫(xiě)的一切,僅是個(gè)人對(duì)寫(xiě)作的一點(diǎn)淺見(jiàn),不當(dāng)之處,希望高手批評(píng)指正;同時(shí)也希望對(duì)考友有所啟示。因?yàn)闀r(shí)間很緊,文中有些打字錯(cuò)誤,請(qǐng)?jiān)彙?BR> 另外,對(duì)于處于寫(xiě)作初級(jí)階段的朋友,ohou有幾篇對(duì)一些朋文章的分析評(píng)論在《真正的作文水平提高!請(qǐng)你找錯(cuò)兒!05真題作文自己寫(xiě)(網(wǎng)友寫(xiě)真題作文匯總討論貼)》板塊中,朋友們可以參考。
下面以《真正的作文水平提高!請(qǐng)你找錯(cuò)兒!05真題作文自己寫(xiě)(網(wǎng)友寫(xiě)真題作文匯總討論貼)》板塊中willingking 在39樓 “TO 37 樓 rurutangdou”的那篇A computer addiction為例來(lái)說(shuō)明,也作為對(duì)willingking邀請(qǐng)回答的致謝。
下面以willingking的第一段來(lái)剖析得失。
willingking的第一段析評(píng):
As is shown by the above picture, we can see a hand which is putting on a computer mouse. The mouse is linked to the computer closely by an iron chain. Studying further, we will obtain more meanings. First and foremost, the iron chain stands for the addiction to the computer. Besides, the hand presents people who nearly have a habit/strong interest in using/use computers.
總體評(píng)語(yǔ):
總得來(lái)說(shuō),第一段如果作為應(yīng)試的文章還可以將就。但是如果從寫(xiě)作的角度上說(shuō),就顯得很平淡了,只是簡(jiǎn)單地描述了一下圖畫(huà),指出了其中的喻義而已。這樣來(lái)寫(xiě)來(lái),文章的價(jià)值就顯得不夠。就這樣一件事真的值得寫(xiě)一篇文章來(lái)討論嗎?讀者或許會(huì)這樣發(fā)問(wèn)的。
如果想要把文章寫(xiě)活,對(duì)于這一幅畫(huà)就應(yīng)當(dāng)“小題大做”。第一段中似乎應(yīng)當(dāng)造成某種沖突。我們甚至不必想象就知道,電腦原本是應(yīng)方便、快捷之運(yùn)而產(chǎn)生的。而圖畫(huà)中則變成了一種耗費(fèi)時(shí)間與精力的事物了——它的功能在某種意義上走向了反面。
另外,這一部分中還缺少了控制全篇的主題陳述。這樣一來(lái),這一段讀完,讀者仍然不知道作者究竟有什么樣的觀點(diǎn),看法。這是一個(gè)比較嚴(yán)重的失誤。
技巧評(píng)語(yǔ):
從第三句開(kāi)始的寫(xiě)法還是可以的。首先指出了圖畫(huà)有多重意義。后面兩句具體敘述意義體現(xiàn)在什么地方。語(yǔ)句之間還有過(guò)渡詞語(yǔ),兩重意義體現(xiàn)得較為清晰。
語(yǔ)言評(píng)價(jià):
第一句有點(diǎn)羅嗦,而表現(xiàn)力不夠。其實(shí)為了突出人受電腦的控制,完全可以這樣來(lái)寫(xiě) As is shown in the picture, a hand is glued tightly/firmly to the mouse。這一句中的其他不足在于As…picture中,介詞應(yīng)當(dāng)用in; we…mouse至少可以更簡(jiǎn)潔:we can see a hand on a computer mouse.
第二句中的will用得不好,語(yǔ)氣有點(diǎn)生硬,不如用may顯得柔和。另外,meaning也不準(zhǔn)確,似應(yīng)當(dāng)用implications。
第四句表達(dá)欠準(zhǔn)確,我的意思是指該句沒(méi)有能夠充分體現(xiàn)電腦對(duì)人的控制。另外,該句中的過(guò)渡詞語(yǔ)first and foremost中的and foremost是沒(méi)有用的。事實(shí)上,第四、五句之間看不出哪個(gè)比哪個(gè)重要。這里用了foremost人為加強(qiáng)第一層含義,顯得沒(méi)有道理。提醒作者們注意,過(guò)渡詞語(yǔ)只能表現(xiàn)被描述事物之間的關(guān)系,而不能夠創(chuàng)造它們之間的關(guān)系。或許willingking是背模板套用的,但這樣的只套用而不活用顯然對(duì)作寫(xiě)是不利的,讓人覺(jué)得這個(gè)過(guò)渡詞語(yǔ)是陳詞濫腔。
關(guān)于引入部分的寫(xiě)作
很多朋友對(duì)這一分部寫(xiě)作的功能不太清楚。我們可以問(wèn)這樣一個(gè)問(wèn)題:為什么考研作文要考生對(duì)圖畫(huà)進(jìn)行描述?難道是僅僅為了考察考生的語(yǔ)言描述能力?以不才愚見(jiàn),這個(gè)回答是站不住的。因?yàn)?,如果是僅僅為了考察考生的語(yǔ)言描述能力,考生在作文中其他地方表現(xiàn)出來(lái)的語(yǔ)言能力就足可以讓人判斷出考生的語(yǔ)言水平如何了。其實(shí),引入段的有其在成文過(guò)程中的功能。
第一是引入話題;
第二是為整篇文章墊定價(jià)值意義,也就是這個(gè)話題為什么值得寫(xiě)這篇文章;
第三是作者對(duì)話題中涉及的事物提出自己明確、個(gè)體的看法,亦即陳述統(tǒng)攝全篇的主題思想。這一點(diǎn)很重要;英語(yǔ)寫(xiě)作(說(shuō)明文與議論文)一般是不需要也不應(yīng)當(dāng)讓讀者去歸納主題思想的,作者應(yīng)當(dāng)將自己的看法、觀點(diǎn)明確的告訴讀者。
(這里需要指出的是,在這個(gè)論壇中,很多作文練習(xí)缺乏主題陳述,以致造成文章中后面的擴(kuò)展段落部分常常走題。讓人讀了覺(jué)得“言雖多而不要其中”??梢?jiàn)在引入部分不寫(xiě)主題陳述不僅對(duì)讀者造成不便,也容易使作者——尤其是初級(jí)英語(yǔ)寫(xiě)作者——難以控制自己的思路。)
而這上面三點(diǎn)中第三、第二點(diǎn)比第一點(diǎn)更重要。因?yàn)榈谌c(diǎn)控制著全文,第二點(diǎn)決定了第一點(diǎn)的寫(xiě)法。所以有時(shí)候作者會(huì)在第一段的一開(kāi)始就提出看法、觀點(diǎn),然后再去描述現(xiàn)象或事件;而有時(shí)候作者會(huì)在引入部分先進(jìn)行描述,然后才提出看法、觀點(diǎn)。兩種寫(xiě)法的差異無(wú)法歸納而條理化——至少在下沒(méi)有這種能力,抱歉了;所以請(qǐng)大家在平時(shí)的閱讀中自己體會(huì)。一般情況下,作者的觀點(diǎn)是不會(huì)出現(xiàn)在描述過(guò)程中的;也就是說(shuō),大家要么將主題陳述放在引入部分的開(kāi)始,要么放在這一部分的最后。但無(wú)論如何,陳述主題必需的。
也正是因?yàn)橐陨先c(diǎn)在引入部分的重要性的不同,對(duì)于事件的描述,有的時(shí)候是可以放入一個(gè)從句中去而成為一種背景信息,而不必非將它作為獨(dú)立的部分寫(xiě)出不可(這一點(diǎn)請(qǐng)不熟悉作文模板的考友勿試,試不好會(huì)畫(huà)虎不成反類(lèi)犬的,請(qǐng)謹(jǐn)慎)。
就willingking的第一段試改如下,以供參考。
As is shown in the picture above, a hand is tightly glued to a computer mouse linked to a personal computer by an iron chain. Clearly, the iron chain stands for the control of the computer over the person who indulges himself in the cyberspace. An implication from the picture can be figured out that the personal computer, a high-tech device originally created for saving time and energy so as to benefit humankind, ironically turns out to be a gadget murdering the time and energy of quite some people.
willingking的第二段析評(píng):
Obviously, it goes without saying that the drawing aims at revealing a common and serious problem: today, more and more people indulge themselves in playing computers . Due to lack of self-control, people indulge in computer deeply. What's more, this addiction does more harm to humankind than good. For instance, when a student gets lost in games, he should loses his interest in study. Similarly, when an adult indulges in on-line games, he may totally lacks concern about other stuffs. By indulging in games, they may get lost when they are dropping into the fictitious characters and fabricated stories and may not care for the reality.
總體評(píng)語(yǔ):
這一段寫(xiě)得甚至還不如第一段。首先,第一句中more and more people indulge …computers這里的語(yǔ)義已與第一段中的addiction有簡(jiǎn)單復(fù)重之嫌。而第二句則更是如此,直截了當(dāng)?shù)刂貜?fù)第一句中的indulge。以不才愚見(jiàn),這兩句如果要保留其中一句,那也應(yīng)當(dāng)將這一句放到上面一段中去,直接將這作為一個(gè)問(wèn)題(problem)接在對(duì)圖畫(huà)的描述之后,或放在對(duì)圖畫(huà)的描述之前,作為引入句。
這一段還有一個(gè)毛病,讀起來(lái)讓人覺(jué)得是為了說(shuō)問(wèn)題而說(shuō)問(wèn)題。不太像是第一段合乎邏輯的發(fā)展。在下猜測(cè),可能是作者寫(xiě)到這里不知怎樣下筆才出了如此下策。
技巧評(píng)語(yǔ):
從第三句開(kāi)始的寫(xiě)作意識(shí)還算不錯(cuò)。第三句可以算作一個(gè)比較淺顯的觀點(diǎn),第四、五句可以看作是對(duì)第三句的舉例說(shuō)明。然而第六句呢,在下看不出這一句的具體功用:它似乎應(yīng)當(dāng)是一個(gè)與第三句平行或深入的一個(gè)觀點(diǎn),卻無(wú)下文加以擴(kuò)展,說(shuō)明;又像是對(duì)前兩個(gè)事例的總體評(píng)說(shuō),如果真是這樣,那么作者就并沒(méi)有明確地表現(xiàn)這一點(diǎn)。第六句的寫(xiě)作是犯了寫(xiě)作的大忌,語(yǔ)句功能不清。
語(yǔ)言評(píng)語(yǔ):
第一句,套用寫(xiě)作模板,機(jī)械的歷害。…it goes without saying that可以直接刪除,aims也可以去掉,common太過(guò)分,不如用wide spread。另外,what’s more這個(gè)過(guò)渡詞無(wú)法使得下文與前面兩句銜接起來(lái),起不到承上啟下的作用。第四、五句中分別有很不應(yīng)該犯的語(yǔ)法失誤:he should loses; he may…lacks處的兩個(gè)動(dòng)詞都應(yīng)當(dāng)用原形。
關(guān)于擴(kuò)展部分的寫(xiě)作。
關(guān)于擴(kuò)展部分的寫(xiě)作,很多寫(xiě)作教材從寫(xiě)技巧的方面有說(shuō)明,什么舉例啦,比較啦,討論因果啦,……等等。當(dāng)然這些技巧是有用的。問(wèn)題是什么時(shí)候來(lái)用,沒(méi)有一本教材告訴大家。這是做不到的。這樣一來(lái),既使大家知道了這些技巧的說(shuō)法,卻仍然不能寫(xiě)出像樣的文章。其中有兩個(gè)可能重要原因,第一,引入段落中沒(méi)有主題陳述,造成擴(kuò)展部分沒(méi)有依托,不知從哪里下筆;第二,有了一些想法,但卻不知道這些想法中哪里需要擴(kuò)展。(這只是我讀論壇中作文練習(xí)作的推測(cè),如果大家在寫(xiě)擴(kuò)展部分其他原因[語(yǔ)言表達(dá)除外]請(qǐng)寫(xiě)貼回復(fù),供我思考,幫我進(jìn)步,先謝過(guò)了。)
其實(shí),擴(kuò)展部分的功能就是對(duì)引入部分中主題陳述的解釋說(shuō)明。也就是將主題陳述中最關(guān)鍵的那一點(diǎn)寫(xiě)清楚。如果那一點(diǎn)可以分為多個(gè)方面來(lái)說(shuō),那一般情況下擴(kuò)展部就應(yīng)當(dāng)有相應(yīng)的幾個(gè)段落。如果要將這幾個(gè)方面放入一個(gè)段落來(lái)寫(xiě),那得有相當(dāng)高的語(yǔ)言、結(jié)構(gòu)能力才行;否則容易寫(xiě)亂。
對(duì)于擴(kuò)展部分的寫(xiě)作,首先要將主題陳述分方面/分小點(diǎn),每一個(gè)小點(diǎn)應(yīng)是一個(gè)分觀點(diǎn)。然后對(duì)于這個(gè)分觀點(diǎn)中那一部分是關(guān)鍵詞語(yǔ)(當(dāng)然有時(shí)候整個(gè)語(yǔ)句都重要),后續(xù)的句子就可是說(shuō)明、釋義、突出意義等等策略使用,以寫(xiě)作中舉例、因果、過(guò)程描述……技巧來(lái)體現(xiàn)。
舉我上面對(duì)willingking第一段修改后的最后一句為起點(diǎn)(那一句是控制全篇的主題陳述)來(lái)說(shuō)明。
這一句是主題陳述。其中主要信息是the personal computer turns out to be a gadget murdering the time and energy of quite some people。而這一句中關(guān)鍵詞語(yǔ)是murdering time and energy而已。因此下文只須擴(kuò)展這兩點(diǎn)即可,也就是讓讀者看,電腦如今是如何糟蹋相當(dāng)一部人的時(shí)間和精力的。
那么文章的第二個(gè)自然段就應(yīng)當(dāng)圍繞第一個(gè)方面:murdering time來(lái)擴(kuò)展;第三個(gè)自然段圍繞murdering energy來(lái)擴(kuò)展。在考研中可以將這兩個(gè)自然段合而為一,不過(guò)要很好地使用過(guò)渡詞語(yǔ),以表明這兩點(diǎn)之間的關(guān)系。
當(dāng)然第二段的寫(xiě)作,一般不會(huì)直接說(shuō)the personal computer murders the time of those who indulge in it. 這里須要將murder換成consume,因?yàn)橹黝}陳述中的murder原本就一個(gè)比喻的用法,這里還原本義。但是還原本義之后,卻不能體現(xiàn)作者的態(tài)度了,解決辦法是添加副詞來(lái)修飾,以表明作者的態(tài)度。順便說(shuō)一句,形容詞、副詞不是隨便用的。用它們是為了準(zhǔn)確表達(dá),增強(qiáng)文章的表現(xiàn)力。這里可很簡(jiǎn)單地加上worthlessly, 或uselessly,insignificantly……,但不能用meaninglessly。這樣第二段的開(kāi)始句(主題句)便可輕易地寫(xiě)出來(lái)了。The personal computer worthlessly consumes the time of those addicted to it./Those addicted to the personal computer always spend worthlessly their time on it.
有了主題句,后面就該圍繞這一主題句中consume worthlessly/spend worthlessly進(jìn)行擴(kuò)展,這個(gè)語(yǔ)詞可稱作這一段落的支配觀點(diǎn)。如何擴(kuò)展呢?先來(lái)分析一下這個(gè)短語(yǔ)中到底含有什么,第一,consume/spend,耗費(fèi)時(shí)間;第二,worthless,毫無(wú)價(jià)值,甚至有害。
關(guān)于consume/spend的擴(kuò)展現(xiàn)在已經(jīng)變化的很清晰了,只要寫(xiě)出電腦耗了那些人大量的時(shí)間就可以了。至于怎樣表現(xiàn)大量間不須我再說(shuō)了,舉例就行了。
然后擴(kuò)展worthless,這里也很晰了,只須寫(xiě)出這些時(shí)間毫無(wú)回報(bào),甚會(huì)遺害。也是舉例就可以了。見(jiàn)下文。
As is shown in the picture above, a hand is tightly glued to a computer mouse linked to a personal computer by an iron chain. Clearly, the iron chain stands for the control of the computer over the person who indulges himself in the cyberspace. An implication from the picture can be figured out that the personal computer, a high-tech device originally created for saving time and energy so as to benefit humankind, ironically turns out to be a gadget murdering the time and energy of quite some people.
The personal computer worthlessly consumes the time of those addicted to it. A survey shows the average time spent on it of those addicted amounts to 16 hours a day. And the minimum continuous time spent on thel computer is 12 hours, while the maximum soars surprisingly to 168 hours—a whole week! Needlessly to say, the computer has eaten up their time for work, for sports and, worse still, their precious time for rest—a natural activity for refreshment to keep the body functioning normally.
The personal computer has also depleted their vigor. In the survey, almost all those computer freaks feel sluggish in their jobs. They have lost their interests in outdoor activities. Some even become so feeble that they sweat when standing for a short while. It seems that they are being burned out by the high-tech monster.
willingking的第三段析評(píng):
What should be done to cope with this severe phenomenon? In the first place, we must advertise more on this subject by mass media, in order to keep folks informed of the harm of abusing computers. In the second place, an education campaign must be launched, particularly among the get-use-to-computers young people. In the third place, the government should pass through relevant laws to limit on-line games. All in all, the whole society should try their best to solve this problem.
總體評(píng)語(yǔ)
第三段willinging總體上寫(xiě)得不錯(cuò),提出了具體的解決辦法,呼應(yīng)了文章的一開(kāi)始,沒(méi)有走題,不錯(cuò)。問(wèn)題在于辦法雖多,卻基本上沒(méi)有寫(xiě)清楚為什么可以用這些辦法的理由。這樣一來(lái),辦法的可信度、意義就大打折扣了。
技巧評(píng)語(yǔ)
還可以。但還是顯得欠靈活。其實(shí),只需提出一種辦法,說(shuō)清楚它的好處就可以了。另外,第一句像是湊字?jǐn)?shù);這一問(wèn)是不必要的。另外最后一句并沒(méi)有能夠圍繞這一段中的前面三個(gè)辦法來(lái)總述,顯得大而無(wú)當(dāng)。這似乎也是很多初學(xué)英語(yǔ)寫(xiě)作者的通病,喜歡大發(fā)感慨。
語(yǔ)言評(píng)語(yǔ)
羅嗦。第一句當(dāng)刪除。第二in the first place,可改為firstly; 后面的至少可改為we must inform them the harms from abusing computers by the mass media; 所以第一句可以改成,To solve the problem, we must inform them the harms of abusing computers。 后面的類(lèi)似,不再贅言。總的來(lái)說(shuō),語(yǔ)言過(guò)于追求復(fù)雜,使得要點(diǎn)淹沒(méi)于眼花繚亂的詞語(yǔ)和句式之中。
關(guān)于結(jié)尾
結(jié)尾部分的主要功能再于呼應(yīng)主題,使得文章有完整性。至于結(jié)尾的方法,多數(shù)寫(xiě)作教材都有說(shuō)明。這里不再多說(shuō)。但有一點(diǎn)還可提醒大家,結(jié)尾中該說(shuō)清楚的地方還是要說(shuō)清楚的。比如willingking的結(jié)尾沒(méi)有提出每種辦法的回報(bào)會(huì)體現(xiàn)在什么地方,因而結(jié)尾在細(xì)節(jié)方面不太成功。
As is shown in the picture above, a hand is tightly glued to a computer mouse linked to a personal computer by an iron chain. Clearly, the iron chain stands for the control of the computer over the person who indulges himself in the cyberspace. An implication from the picture can be figured out that the personal computer, a high-tech device originally created for saving time and energy so as to benefit humankind, ironically turns out to be a gadget murdering the time and energy of quite some people.
The personal computer worthlessly consumes the time of those addicted to it. A survey shows the average time spent on it of those addicted amounts to 16 hours a day. And the minimum continuous time spent on the personal computer is 12 hours, while the maximum soars surprisingly to 168 hour—a whole week! Needlessly to say, the computer has eaten up their time for work, for sports and, worse still, their precious time for rest—an natural activity for refreshment to keep the body functioning normally.
The personal computer has also depleted their vigor. They survey finds almost all those computer freaks feel sluggish in their jobs as a result of staying too long before the computer. They also have lost their enthusiasms for outdoor activities. Some even become so feeble that they sweat when standing for a short while. It seems that they are being burned out by the high-tech monster.
The sole way for the addicts to restore the proper use of the computer relies on themselves. Only when they have a sound recognition that the computer is but a tool to facilitate their life instead of their master can they develop their self-control. If they can limit their time on using the computer within 6 hours a day, their life will be freed from the trap of the computer and will return to its track.
當(dāng)然,這篇文章這樣寫(xiě)還是有“小兒科”之嫌。只不過(guò)是將一篇短文寫(xiě)得有點(diǎn)像而已。如果真要寫(xiě)有關(guān)這一話題的文章,肯定是不會(huì)這樣寫(xiě)的。比如,不才會(huì)去探討人們耽溺于電腦空間的心理原因了。然而如果那樣來(lái)寫(xiě),恐怕會(huì)寫(xiě)得很復(fù)雜,不是一篇入門(mén)短文的能容納的。
下面以《真正的作文水平提高!請(qǐng)你找錯(cuò)兒!05真題作文自己寫(xiě)(網(wǎng)友寫(xiě)真題作文匯總討論貼)》板塊中willingking 在39樓 “TO 37 樓 rurutangdou”的那篇A computer addiction為例來(lái)說(shuō)明,也作為對(duì)willingking邀請(qǐng)回答的致謝。
下面以willingking的第一段來(lái)剖析得失。
willingking的第一段析評(píng):
As is shown by the above picture, we can see a hand which is putting on a computer mouse. The mouse is linked to the computer closely by an iron chain. Studying further, we will obtain more meanings. First and foremost, the iron chain stands for the addiction to the computer. Besides, the hand presents people who nearly have a habit/strong interest in using/use computers.
總體評(píng)語(yǔ):
總得來(lái)說(shuō),第一段如果作為應(yīng)試的文章還可以將就。但是如果從寫(xiě)作的角度上說(shuō),就顯得很平淡了,只是簡(jiǎn)單地描述了一下圖畫(huà),指出了其中的喻義而已。這樣來(lái)寫(xiě)來(lái),文章的價(jià)值就顯得不夠。就這樣一件事真的值得寫(xiě)一篇文章來(lái)討論嗎?讀者或許會(huì)這樣發(fā)問(wèn)的。
如果想要把文章寫(xiě)活,對(duì)于這一幅畫(huà)就應(yīng)當(dāng)“小題大做”。第一段中似乎應(yīng)當(dāng)造成某種沖突。我們甚至不必想象就知道,電腦原本是應(yīng)方便、快捷之運(yùn)而產(chǎn)生的。而圖畫(huà)中則變成了一種耗費(fèi)時(shí)間與精力的事物了——它的功能在某種意義上走向了反面。
另外,這一部分中還缺少了控制全篇的主題陳述。這樣一來(lái),這一段讀完,讀者仍然不知道作者究竟有什么樣的觀點(diǎn),看法。這是一個(gè)比較嚴(yán)重的失誤。
技巧評(píng)語(yǔ):
從第三句開(kāi)始的寫(xiě)法還是可以的。首先指出了圖畫(huà)有多重意義。后面兩句具體敘述意義體現(xiàn)在什么地方。語(yǔ)句之間還有過(guò)渡詞語(yǔ),兩重意義體現(xiàn)得較為清晰。
語(yǔ)言評(píng)價(jià):
第一句有點(diǎn)羅嗦,而表現(xiàn)力不夠。其實(shí)為了突出人受電腦的控制,完全可以這樣來(lái)寫(xiě) As is shown in the picture, a hand is glued tightly/firmly to the mouse。這一句中的其他不足在于As…picture中,介詞應(yīng)當(dāng)用in; we…mouse至少可以更簡(jiǎn)潔:we can see a hand on a computer mouse.
第二句中的will用得不好,語(yǔ)氣有點(diǎn)生硬,不如用may顯得柔和。另外,meaning也不準(zhǔn)確,似應(yīng)當(dāng)用implications。
第四句表達(dá)欠準(zhǔn)確,我的意思是指該句沒(méi)有能夠充分體現(xiàn)電腦對(duì)人的控制。另外,該句中的過(guò)渡詞語(yǔ)first and foremost中的and foremost是沒(méi)有用的。事實(shí)上,第四、五句之間看不出哪個(gè)比哪個(gè)重要。這里用了foremost人為加強(qiáng)第一層含義,顯得沒(méi)有道理。提醒作者們注意,過(guò)渡詞語(yǔ)只能表現(xiàn)被描述事物之間的關(guān)系,而不能夠創(chuàng)造它們之間的關(guān)系。或許willingking是背模板套用的,但這樣的只套用而不活用顯然對(duì)作寫(xiě)是不利的,讓人覺(jué)得這個(gè)過(guò)渡詞語(yǔ)是陳詞濫腔。
關(guān)于引入部分的寫(xiě)作
很多朋友對(duì)這一分部寫(xiě)作的功能不太清楚。我們可以問(wèn)這樣一個(gè)問(wèn)題:為什么考研作文要考生對(duì)圖畫(huà)進(jìn)行描述?難道是僅僅為了考察考生的語(yǔ)言描述能力?以不才愚見(jiàn),這個(gè)回答是站不住的。因?yàn)?,如果是僅僅為了考察考生的語(yǔ)言描述能力,考生在作文中其他地方表現(xiàn)出來(lái)的語(yǔ)言能力就足可以讓人判斷出考生的語(yǔ)言水平如何了。其實(shí),引入段的有其在成文過(guò)程中的功能。
第一是引入話題;
第二是為整篇文章墊定價(jià)值意義,也就是這個(gè)話題為什么值得寫(xiě)這篇文章;
第三是作者對(duì)話題中涉及的事物提出自己明確、個(gè)體的看法,亦即陳述統(tǒng)攝全篇的主題思想。這一點(diǎn)很重要;英語(yǔ)寫(xiě)作(說(shuō)明文與議論文)一般是不需要也不應(yīng)當(dāng)讓讀者去歸納主題思想的,作者應(yīng)當(dāng)將自己的看法、觀點(diǎn)明確的告訴讀者。
(這里需要指出的是,在這個(gè)論壇中,很多作文練習(xí)缺乏主題陳述,以致造成文章中后面的擴(kuò)展段落部分常常走題。讓人讀了覺(jué)得“言雖多而不要其中”??梢?jiàn)在引入部分不寫(xiě)主題陳述不僅對(duì)讀者造成不便,也容易使作者——尤其是初級(jí)英語(yǔ)寫(xiě)作者——難以控制自己的思路。)
而這上面三點(diǎn)中第三、第二點(diǎn)比第一點(diǎn)更重要。因?yàn)榈谌c(diǎn)控制著全文,第二點(diǎn)決定了第一點(diǎn)的寫(xiě)法。所以有時(shí)候作者會(huì)在第一段的一開(kāi)始就提出看法、觀點(diǎn),然后再去描述現(xiàn)象或事件;而有時(shí)候作者會(huì)在引入部分先進(jìn)行描述,然后才提出看法、觀點(diǎn)。兩種寫(xiě)法的差異無(wú)法歸納而條理化——至少在下沒(méi)有這種能力,抱歉了;所以請(qǐng)大家在平時(shí)的閱讀中自己體會(huì)。一般情況下,作者的觀點(diǎn)是不會(huì)出現(xiàn)在描述過(guò)程中的;也就是說(shuō),大家要么將主題陳述放在引入部分的開(kāi)始,要么放在這一部分的最后。但無(wú)論如何,陳述主題必需的。
也正是因?yàn)橐陨先c(diǎn)在引入部分的重要性的不同,對(duì)于事件的描述,有的時(shí)候是可以放入一個(gè)從句中去而成為一種背景信息,而不必非將它作為獨(dú)立的部分寫(xiě)出不可(這一點(diǎn)請(qǐng)不熟悉作文模板的考友勿試,試不好會(huì)畫(huà)虎不成反類(lèi)犬的,請(qǐng)謹(jǐn)慎)。
就willingking的第一段試改如下,以供參考。
As is shown in the picture above, a hand is tightly glued to a computer mouse linked to a personal computer by an iron chain. Clearly, the iron chain stands for the control of the computer over the person who indulges himself in the cyberspace. An implication from the picture can be figured out that the personal computer, a high-tech device originally created for saving time and energy so as to benefit humankind, ironically turns out to be a gadget murdering the time and energy of quite some people.
willingking的第二段析評(píng):
Obviously, it goes without saying that the drawing aims at revealing a common and serious problem: today, more and more people indulge themselves in playing computers . Due to lack of self-control, people indulge in computer deeply. What's more, this addiction does more harm to humankind than good. For instance, when a student gets lost in games, he should loses his interest in study. Similarly, when an adult indulges in on-line games, he may totally lacks concern about other stuffs. By indulging in games, they may get lost when they are dropping into the fictitious characters and fabricated stories and may not care for the reality.
總體評(píng)語(yǔ):
這一段寫(xiě)得甚至還不如第一段。首先,第一句中more and more people indulge …computers這里的語(yǔ)義已與第一段中的addiction有簡(jiǎn)單復(fù)重之嫌。而第二句則更是如此,直截了當(dāng)?shù)刂貜?fù)第一句中的indulge。以不才愚見(jiàn),這兩句如果要保留其中一句,那也應(yīng)當(dāng)將這一句放到上面一段中去,直接將這作為一個(gè)問(wèn)題(problem)接在對(duì)圖畫(huà)的描述之后,或放在對(duì)圖畫(huà)的描述之前,作為引入句。
這一段還有一個(gè)毛病,讀起來(lái)讓人覺(jué)得是為了說(shuō)問(wèn)題而說(shuō)問(wèn)題。不太像是第一段合乎邏輯的發(fā)展。在下猜測(cè),可能是作者寫(xiě)到這里不知怎樣下筆才出了如此下策。
技巧評(píng)語(yǔ):
從第三句開(kāi)始的寫(xiě)作意識(shí)還算不錯(cuò)。第三句可以算作一個(gè)比較淺顯的觀點(diǎn),第四、五句可以看作是對(duì)第三句的舉例說(shuō)明。然而第六句呢,在下看不出這一句的具體功用:它似乎應(yīng)當(dāng)是一個(gè)與第三句平行或深入的一個(gè)觀點(diǎn),卻無(wú)下文加以擴(kuò)展,說(shuō)明;又像是對(duì)前兩個(gè)事例的總體評(píng)說(shuō),如果真是這樣,那么作者就并沒(méi)有明確地表現(xiàn)這一點(diǎn)。第六句的寫(xiě)作是犯了寫(xiě)作的大忌,語(yǔ)句功能不清。
語(yǔ)言評(píng)語(yǔ):
第一句,套用寫(xiě)作模板,機(jī)械的歷害。…it goes without saying that可以直接刪除,aims也可以去掉,common太過(guò)分,不如用wide spread。另外,what’s more這個(gè)過(guò)渡詞無(wú)法使得下文與前面兩句銜接起來(lái),起不到承上啟下的作用。第四、五句中分別有很不應(yīng)該犯的語(yǔ)法失誤:he should loses; he may…lacks處的兩個(gè)動(dòng)詞都應(yīng)當(dāng)用原形。
關(guān)于擴(kuò)展部分的寫(xiě)作。
關(guān)于擴(kuò)展部分的寫(xiě)作,很多寫(xiě)作教材從寫(xiě)技巧的方面有說(shuō)明,什么舉例啦,比較啦,討論因果啦,……等等。當(dāng)然這些技巧是有用的。問(wèn)題是什么時(shí)候來(lái)用,沒(méi)有一本教材告訴大家。這是做不到的。這樣一來(lái),既使大家知道了這些技巧的說(shuō)法,卻仍然不能寫(xiě)出像樣的文章。其中有兩個(gè)可能重要原因,第一,引入段落中沒(méi)有主題陳述,造成擴(kuò)展部分沒(méi)有依托,不知從哪里下筆;第二,有了一些想法,但卻不知道這些想法中哪里需要擴(kuò)展。(這只是我讀論壇中作文練習(xí)作的推測(cè),如果大家在寫(xiě)擴(kuò)展部分其他原因[語(yǔ)言表達(dá)除外]請(qǐng)寫(xiě)貼回復(fù),供我思考,幫我進(jìn)步,先謝過(guò)了。)
其實(shí),擴(kuò)展部分的功能就是對(duì)引入部分中主題陳述的解釋說(shuō)明。也就是將主題陳述中最關(guān)鍵的那一點(diǎn)寫(xiě)清楚。如果那一點(diǎn)可以分為多個(gè)方面來(lái)說(shuō),那一般情況下擴(kuò)展部就應(yīng)當(dāng)有相應(yīng)的幾個(gè)段落。如果要將這幾個(gè)方面放入一個(gè)段落來(lái)寫(xiě),那得有相當(dāng)高的語(yǔ)言、結(jié)構(gòu)能力才行;否則容易寫(xiě)亂。
對(duì)于擴(kuò)展部分的寫(xiě)作,首先要將主題陳述分方面/分小點(diǎn),每一個(gè)小點(diǎn)應(yīng)是一個(gè)分觀點(diǎn)。然后對(duì)于這個(gè)分觀點(diǎn)中那一部分是關(guān)鍵詞語(yǔ)(當(dāng)然有時(shí)候整個(gè)語(yǔ)句都重要),后續(xù)的句子就可是說(shuō)明、釋義、突出意義等等策略使用,以寫(xiě)作中舉例、因果、過(guò)程描述……技巧來(lái)體現(xiàn)。
舉我上面對(duì)willingking第一段修改后的最后一句為起點(diǎn)(那一句是控制全篇的主題陳述)來(lái)說(shuō)明。
這一句是主題陳述。其中主要信息是the personal computer turns out to be a gadget murdering the time and energy of quite some people。而這一句中關(guān)鍵詞語(yǔ)是murdering time and energy而已。因此下文只須擴(kuò)展這兩點(diǎn)即可,也就是讓讀者看,電腦如今是如何糟蹋相當(dāng)一部人的時(shí)間和精力的。
那么文章的第二個(gè)自然段就應(yīng)當(dāng)圍繞第一個(gè)方面:murdering time來(lái)擴(kuò)展;第三個(gè)自然段圍繞murdering energy來(lái)擴(kuò)展。在考研中可以將這兩個(gè)自然段合而為一,不過(guò)要很好地使用過(guò)渡詞語(yǔ),以表明這兩點(diǎn)之間的關(guān)系。
當(dāng)然第二段的寫(xiě)作,一般不會(huì)直接說(shuō)the personal computer murders the time of those who indulge in it. 這里須要將murder換成consume,因?yàn)橹黝}陳述中的murder原本就一個(gè)比喻的用法,這里還原本義。但是還原本義之后,卻不能體現(xiàn)作者的態(tài)度了,解決辦法是添加副詞來(lái)修飾,以表明作者的態(tài)度。順便說(shuō)一句,形容詞、副詞不是隨便用的。用它們是為了準(zhǔn)確表達(dá),增強(qiáng)文章的表現(xiàn)力。這里可很簡(jiǎn)單地加上worthlessly, 或uselessly,insignificantly……,但不能用meaninglessly。這樣第二段的開(kāi)始句(主題句)便可輕易地寫(xiě)出來(lái)了。The personal computer worthlessly consumes the time of those addicted to it./Those addicted to the personal computer always spend worthlessly their time on it.
有了主題句,后面就該圍繞這一主題句中consume worthlessly/spend worthlessly進(jìn)行擴(kuò)展,這個(gè)語(yǔ)詞可稱作這一段落的支配觀點(diǎn)。如何擴(kuò)展呢?先來(lái)分析一下這個(gè)短語(yǔ)中到底含有什么,第一,consume/spend,耗費(fèi)時(shí)間;第二,worthless,毫無(wú)價(jià)值,甚至有害。
關(guān)于consume/spend的擴(kuò)展現(xiàn)在已經(jīng)變化的很清晰了,只要寫(xiě)出電腦耗了那些人大量的時(shí)間就可以了。至于怎樣表現(xiàn)大量間不須我再說(shuō)了,舉例就行了。
然后擴(kuò)展worthless,這里也很晰了,只須寫(xiě)出這些時(shí)間毫無(wú)回報(bào),甚會(huì)遺害。也是舉例就可以了。見(jiàn)下文。
As is shown in the picture above, a hand is tightly glued to a computer mouse linked to a personal computer by an iron chain. Clearly, the iron chain stands for the control of the computer over the person who indulges himself in the cyberspace. An implication from the picture can be figured out that the personal computer, a high-tech device originally created for saving time and energy so as to benefit humankind, ironically turns out to be a gadget murdering the time and energy of quite some people.
The personal computer worthlessly consumes the time of those addicted to it. A survey shows the average time spent on it of those addicted amounts to 16 hours a day. And the minimum continuous time spent on thel computer is 12 hours, while the maximum soars surprisingly to 168 hours—a whole week! Needlessly to say, the computer has eaten up their time for work, for sports and, worse still, their precious time for rest—a natural activity for refreshment to keep the body functioning normally.
The personal computer has also depleted their vigor. In the survey, almost all those computer freaks feel sluggish in their jobs. They have lost their interests in outdoor activities. Some even become so feeble that they sweat when standing for a short while. It seems that they are being burned out by the high-tech monster.
willingking的第三段析評(píng):
What should be done to cope with this severe phenomenon? In the first place, we must advertise more on this subject by mass media, in order to keep folks informed of the harm of abusing computers. In the second place, an education campaign must be launched, particularly among the get-use-to-computers young people. In the third place, the government should pass through relevant laws to limit on-line games. All in all, the whole society should try their best to solve this problem.
總體評(píng)語(yǔ)
第三段willinging總體上寫(xiě)得不錯(cuò),提出了具體的解決辦法,呼應(yīng)了文章的一開(kāi)始,沒(méi)有走題,不錯(cuò)。問(wèn)題在于辦法雖多,卻基本上沒(méi)有寫(xiě)清楚為什么可以用這些辦法的理由。這樣一來(lái),辦法的可信度、意義就大打折扣了。
技巧評(píng)語(yǔ)
還可以。但還是顯得欠靈活。其實(shí),只需提出一種辦法,說(shuō)清楚它的好處就可以了。另外,第一句像是湊字?jǐn)?shù);這一問(wèn)是不必要的。另外最后一句并沒(méi)有能夠圍繞這一段中的前面三個(gè)辦法來(lái)總述,顯得大而無(wú)當(dāng)。這似乎也是很多初學(xué)英語(yǔ)寫(xiě)作者的通病,喜歡大發(fā)感慨。
語(yǔ)言評(píng)語(yǔ)
羅嗦。第一句當(dāng)刪除。第二in the first place,可改為firstly; 后面的至少可改為we must inform them the harms from abusing computers by the mass media; 所以第一句可以改成,To solve the problem, we must inform them the harms of abusing computers。 后面的類(lèi)似,不再贅言。總的來(lái)說(shuō),語(yǔ)言過(guò)于追求復(fù)雜,使得要點(diǎn)淹沒(méi)于眼花繚亂的詞語(yǔ)和句式之中。
關(guān)于結(jié)尾
結(jié)尾部分的主要功能再于呼應(yīng)主題,使得文章有完整性。至于結(jié)尾的方法,多數(shù)寫(xiě)作教材都有說(shuō)明。這里不再多說(shuō)。但有一點(diǎn)還可提醒大家,結(jié)尾中該說(shuō)清楚的地方還是要說(shuō)清楚的。比如willingking的結(jié)尾沒(méi)有提出每種辦法的回報(bào)會(huì)體現(xiàn)在什么地方,因而結(jié)尾在細(xì)節(jié)方面不太成功。
As is shown in the picture above, a hand is tightly glued to a computer mouse linked to a personal computer by an iron chain. Clearly, the iron chain stands for the control of the computer over the person who indulges himself in the cyberspace. An implication from the picture can be figured out that the personal computer, a high-tech device originally created for saving time and energy so as to benefit humankind, ironically turns out to be a gadget murdering the time and energy of quite some people.
The personal computer worthlessly consumes the time of those addicted to it. A survey shows the average time spent on it of those addicted amounts to 16 hours a day. And the minimum continuous time spent on the personal computer is 12 hours, while the maximum soars surprisingly to 168 hour—a whole week! Needlessly to say, the computer has eaten up their time for work, for sports and, worse still, their precious time for rest—an natural activity for refreshment to keep the body functioning normally.
The personal computer has also depleted their vigor. They survey finds almost all those computer freaks feel sluggish in their jobs as a result of staying too long before the computer. They also have lost their enthusiasms for outdoor activities. Some even become so feeble that they sweat when standing for a short while. It seems that they are being burned out by the high-tech monster.
The sole way for the addicts to restore the proper use of the computer relies on themselves. Only when they have a sound recognition that the computer is but a tool to facilitate their life instead of their master can they develop their self-control. If they can limit their time on using the computer within 6 hours a day, their life will be freed from the trap of the computer and will return to its track.
當(dāng)然,這篇文章這樣寫(xiě)還是有“小兒科”之嫌。只不過(guò)是將一篇短文寫(xiě)得有點(diǎn)像而已。如果真要寫(xiě)有關(guān)這一話題的文章,肯定是不會(huì)這樣寫(xiě)的。比如,不才會(huì)去探討人們耽溺于電腦空間的心理原因了。然而如果那樣來(lái)寫(xiě),恐怕會(huì)寫(xiě)得很復(fù)雜,不是一篇入門(mén)短文的能容納的。