一、文章一般來(lái)源
1、西方報(bào)刊雜志
2、西方中學(xué)或大學(xué)教科書(shū)
3、中國(guó)的英語(yǔ)報(bào)刊雜志
四篇文章全部選自英語(yǔ)國(guó)家文獻(xiàn)資料，而且主要是報(bào)刊雜志，所以這些文章較有時(shí)效性，如兩三年前的雜志文章常被選做考試文章。這類雜志包括Economist， Newsweek，Time和 US News and World Report等，其中Economist為重點(diǎn)雜志。以2005年的文章為例，其中第一篇選自Economist，第三篇選自Newsweek，第四篇選自Economist。第三個(gè)來(lái)源派生于前兩個(gè)來(lái)源，即原文來(lái)自前兩種，但是中國(guó)的英語(yǔ)雜志，如《英語(yǔ)文摘》、《英語(yǔ)世界》等刊出了原文的英漢對(duì)照版本。例如，2006年考研英語(yǔ)閱讀部分的第四篇文章 The Art of Unhappiness發(fā)表于《時(shí)代》（2005年1月17日），但 《英語(yǔ)文摘》05年第7期上刊出了此文英漢對(duì)照的版本。由此可知，如果無(wú)時(shí)間讀原文刊物，讀一些相關(guān)文章的英漢對(duì)照版本也可以。
二、近年文章來(lái)源匯總
2006
Text 2 Inside Meaning. Michael Swan. Cambridge University Press. The Observer.（《觀察家報(bào)》）
Text 3 Ocean’s eleventh hour. Economist. （《經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)人》，2003年5月15日）
Text 4 The Art of Unhappiness. Time. （《時(shí)代》，2005年1月17日）
2005
Text 1 Fair and Square. Economist. （《經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)人》，2003年9月18日）
Text 2 Washington Post.（《華盛頓郵報(bào)》時(shí)事評(píng)論）
Text 3 Taking Control. Newsweek. （《新聞周刊》，2002年7月15日）
Text 4 Talking Down. Economist.（《經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)人》，2004年1月29日）
2004
Text 1 Putting the Net to Work. US News & World Report.（《美國(guó)新聞與世界報(bào)道》，1997年10月27日）
Text 2 As easy as ZYX. Economist. （《經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)人》，2001年8月30日）
Text 3 What’s a Shopper to Do? Newsweek. （《新聞周刊》，2000年12月18日美國(guó)版）
Text 4 Nurturing the Life of the Mind. ASBJ（2001年1月美國(guó)學(xué)校董事會(huì)雜志）
2003
Text 1 Spies Like Us. Time. （《時(shí)代》，1999年1月25日）
Text 2 Scientist. （《科學(xué)家》，1998年11月20日）
Text 4 The Best Health Care Goes Only So Far. Newsweek（《新聞周刊》，2001年8月27日）
2002
Text 3 Oil’s Pleasant Surprise. Economist.（《經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)人》，1999年11月27日）
Text 4 High Point Enterprise.（1999年9月13日）
由上可知，Economist、Newsweek和Time等是比較重要的雜志，因?yàn)樗鼈兂３蔀榭佳虚喿x文章的來(lái)源。
三、題材偏重
四篇文章的內(nèi)容涉及社會(huì)科學(xué)、自然科學(xué)和人文科目各個(gè)領(lǐng)域的知識(shí)，其中社會(huì)科學(xué)所占比重較大，自然科學(xué)所占比重不大，人文科學(xué)近來(lái)有增加的趨勢(shì)。社會(huì)科學(xué)常涉及的領(lǐng)域有經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)、心理學(xué)、社會(huì)學(xué)、教育學(xué)、傳播學(xué)等，但政治科學(xué)、國(guó)際政治一般不涉及。自然科學(xué)主要涉及醫(yī)學(xué)、生物學(xué)、工程和科學(xué)史等。人文科學(xué)主要涉及文學(xué)評(píng)論、語(yǔ)言、雜文和散文等。
四、06閱讀文章特點(diǎn)
1．時(shí)效性強(qiáng)。06年所選文章距離考試的時(shí)間比前幾年的文章更新。所以要多關(guān)注上述雜志上近兩三年以及考前一年的時(shí)文。
2．結(jié)構(gòu)清晰。由于結(jié)構(gòu)清晰，問(wèn)題的數(shù)量和順序與原文對(duì)應(yīng)較好。
3．具體內(nèi)容。06年閱讀理解文章的內(nèi)容和結(jié)構(gòu)如下：
Text 1社會(huì)科學(xué)。文章結(jié)構(gòu)：一枝獨(dú)秀型。本文主要論述了美國(guó)文化的同化（homogenizing/assimilation）力。
Text 2 社會(huì)科學(xué)（經(jīng)濟(jì)類）。 文章結(jié)構(gòu)：花開(kāi)兩朵型。本文主要論述了莎士比亞故居當(dāng)?shù)鼐用衽c皇家莎士比亞公司（RSC）之間在經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展和地方產(chǎn)業(yè)方面的矛盾。
Text 3 自然科學(xué)（科技類）。文章結(jié)構(gòu)：一枝獨(dú)秀型。本文主要論述海洋魚(yú)類的過(guò)度捕撈使得大型魚(yú)類銳減這一問(wèn)題。
Text 4 人文科學(xué)。文章結(jié)構(gòu)：花開(kāi)兩朵型。文中對(duì)比了過(guò)去和現(xiàn)在人們的處境以及對(duì)快樂(lè)的感覺(jué)。
注：本文撰寫(xiě)時(shí)參考了李傳偉編著的《2007年考研英語(yǔ)閱讀真題全方位突破》（中國(guó)廣播電視出版社出版）。
Fair and square
Some monkeys seem to have a highly developed sense of fairness
EVERYBODY loves a fat pay rise. Yet pleasure at your own can vanish if you learn that a colleague has been given a bigger one. Indeed, if he has a reputation for slacking, you might even be outraged. Such behaviour is regarded as “all too human”, with the underlying assumption that other animals would not be capable of this finely developed sense of grievance. But a study by Sarah Brosnan and Frans de Waal of Emory University in Atlanta, Georgia, which has just been published in Nature, suggests that it is all too monkey, as well.
The researchers studied the behaviour of female brown capuchin monkeys, which have all the necessary ingredients to capture the public imagination. They look cute. They are good-natured, co-operative creatures, and they share their food readily. Above all, like their finicky female human counterparts, they tend to pay much closer attention to the value of “goods and services” than males (although why this is so remains a mystery).
Such characteristics make them perfect candidates for Dr Brosnan's and Dr de Waal's study. The researchers spent two years teaching their monkeys to exchange tokens for food. Normally, the monkeys were happy enough to swap pieces of rock for slices of cucumber. However, when two monkeys were placed in separate but adjoining chambers, so that each could observe what the other was getting in return for its rock, their behaviour became markedly different.
In the world of capuchins, grapes are luxury goods (and much preferable to cucumbers). So when one monkey was handed a grape in exchange for her token, the second was reluctant to hand hers over for a mere piece of cucumber. And if one received a grape without having to provide her token in exchange at all, the other either tossed her own token at the researcher or out of the chamber, or refused to accept the slice of cucumber. Indeed, the mere presence of a grape in the other chamber (in the absence of an actual monkey able to eat it) was enough to induce sullen behaviour in a female capuchin.
Dr Brosnan and Dr de Waal report that such behaviour is unusual in their trained monkeys. During two years of bartering prior to these experiments, failure to exchange tokens for food occurred in fewer than 5% of trials. And what made the behaviour even more extraordinary was that these monkeys forfeited food that they could see—and which they would have readily accepted in almost any other set of circumstances.
The researchers suggest that capuchin monkeys, like humans, are guided by social emotions. In the wild, they are a co-operative, group-living species. Such co-operation is likely to be stable only when each animal feels it is not being cheated. Feelings of righteous indignation, it seems, are not the preserve of people alone. Refusing a lesser reward completely makes these feelings abundantly clear to other members of the group. However, whether such a sense of fairness evolved independently in capuchins and humans, or whether it stems from the common ancestor that the species had 35m years ago, is, as yet, an unanswered question.
總體介紹
這是2003年9月18日刊登在《經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家》（The Economist）雜志上的一篇科技類文章。文中主要論述猴子的公平感---像人一樣，對(duì)不公平待遇有怨恨。從文章的題材上講，科技類的文章是考研英語(yǔ)閱讀的四大題材之一(另外三類是經(jīng)濟(jì)評(píng)論、文化教育和社會(huì)生活)，而且這篇文章談?wù)摰氖禽^新的科學(xué)研究成果（《自然》雜志剛發(fā)表的文章），以簡(jiǎn)介的形式出現(xiàn)于《經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家》雜志，自然很適合做考研英語(yǔ)閱讀的出題文章。從體裁上看，這是一篇典型的說(shuō)明文，屬于考研英語(yǔ)閱讀的常見(jiàn)體裁之一。這篇文章共有6段，520詞，如果用作考研英語(yǔ)閱讀理解的一篇，則段落和字?jǐn)?shù)都有些偏多。因?yàn)樵摬糠值奈恼乱话阋髮⒆謹(jǐn)?shù)控制在400詞左右；文章段落數(shù)一般為4-5段，便于出題。
這篇文章被用于2005年的考研英語(yǔ)閱讀理解部分第一篇，距發(fā)表時(shí)間僅一年多，試題序號(hào)為21-25。文中加下劃線的部分是被刪除的內(nèi)容。改編后的文章共5段，426詞。
原文改編
命題人主要對(duì)原文進(jìn)行以下幾方面的改編：
一、刪去文章標(biāo)題。文章標(biāo)題概括文章的主題，如果出現(xiàn)，文章大意就未睹先知。為了測(cè)試對(duì)文章主題和其他內(nèi)容的理解，閱讀理解原文的標(biāo)題都要?jiǎng)h去，讓考生根據(jù)文章的內(nèi)容去總結(jié)和把握。如這篇文章的副標(biāo)題Some monkeys seem to have a highly developed sense of fairness在考題中就未出現(xiàn)。
二、壓縮文章字?jǐn)?shù)。為了把文章字?jǐn)?shù)控制在要求的范圍內(nèi)，可有可無(wú)的細(xì)節(jié)、不影響文章總體結(jié)構(gòu)的細(xì)節(jié)內(nèi)容都要?jiǎng)h除。這篇文章第二段的劃線部分和第五段全段被刪去的原因就是如此。
三、替換超綱詞匯。為了將超綱詞匯控制在要求的范圍內(nèi)（全文的3%），也為了便于考生真正發(fā)揮閱讀水平，有些超綱詞匯被替換。如這篇文章第四段末句中的sullen behaviour（sullen為超綱詞匯）在考題中被替換為綱內(nèi)詞匯resentment。
四、改編其他方面。有時(shí)，為了使文章語(yǔ)言更加精煉，結(jié)構(gòu)更加嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)，在刪去部分內(nèi)容后，相鄰段落被合并。為了使上下文連貫起來(lái)，有時(shí)也改寫(xiě)原文。
改編后的文章不僅沒(méi)有破壞原文的結(jié)構(gòu)和內(nèi)容，反而顯得更加精煉：結(jié)構(gòu)嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)，層次清晰。第一段以人為類比---人對(duì)于不公平待遇的反應(yīng)是非常憤怒，接著指出研究者最近通過(guò)對(duì)僧帽猴的分組實(shí)驗(yàn)證明這不僅僅是人類的特性，也是猴子的特性。這是研究結(jié)論。后面是對(duì)有關(guān)實(shí)驗(yàn)的各個(gè)方面的敘述：如第二段的實(shí)驗(yàn)對(duì)象的選定，第三段和第四段的實(shí)驗(yàn)的具體內(nèi)容。末段與第一段相呼應(yīng)，并指出僧帽猴的公平感在進(jìn)化上的起源還無(wú)法確定。
試題設(shè)計(jì)
命題人是這樣設(shè)計(jì)試題的：
21.In the opening paragraph, the author introduces his topic by
[A] posing a contrast.
[B] justifying an assumption.
[C] making a comparison.
[D] explaining a phenomenon.
[剖析] 這是一道主旨題，難度很大。難度系數(shù)為0.246(即只有24.6%的考生答對(duì)此題)。問(wèn)題是“作者一段引出主題的方式”是什么，這等于問(wèn)一段的寫(xiě)作方法和文章結(jié)構(gòu)。一段先給出一個(gè)現(xiàn)象：一個(gè)人了解到懶散的（slack）同事比自己得到的加薪更多時(shí)，會(huì)大發(fā)雷霆（outraged），而且一般人認(rèn)為只有人對(duì)于這種不公平待遇有怨恨感（sense of grievance）。作者接著指出一個(gè)研究表明猴子也有這種心理（it is all too monkey, as well）。由此可見(jiàn)作者通過(guò)人和猴子的類比引出文章的主題。C“比較（人和猴子）二者的相似之處”符合此意，為正確答案。A“提出一個(gè)對(duì)比”與作者的寫(xiě)作方法相反。B“證明一個(gè)假設(shè)合理”和D“解釋一個(gè)現(xiàn)象”都與作者在一段運(yùn)用的寫(xiě)作方法不符，所以都是干擾選項(xiàng)。
22.The statement “it is all too monkey” (Last line, Paragraph 1) implies that
[A] monkeys are also outraged by slack rivals.
[B] resenting unfairness is also monkeys’ nature.
[C] monkeys, like humans, tend to be jealous of each other.
[D] no animals other than monkeys can develop such emotions.
[剖析] 這是一道句子理解題。問(wèn)題對(duì)應(yīng)一段末句：但是一個(gè)研究…表明這種情感（指上文所說(shuō)的sense of grievance---不平感）也是“猴之常情”（it is all too monkey）。作者在文章開(kāi)始指出人對(duì)不公平待遇有委屈感，接著指出猴子也具有這種感覺(jué)。B“怨恨不公平也是猴子的本性”符合此意，為正確答案。A“猴子對(duì)于懶散的對(duì)手也會(huì)狂怒”只是說(shuō)到了表面現(xiàn)象，并未指出與人的類比所揭示的更深的道理---這也是猴子的本性。C“猴子像人一樣，也常常相互嫉妒”與原文不符，因?yàn)樵恼f(shuō)的是委屈感，而不是嫉妒這種心理。D選項(xiàng)與原文相矛盾，因?yàn)槿艘灿羞@種感覺(jué)。本題較難，難度系數(shù)為0.368。
23.Female capuchin monkeys were chosen for the research most probably because they are
[A] more inclined to weigh what they get.
[B] attentive to researchers’ instructions.
[C] nice in both appearance and temperament.
[D] more generous than their male companions.
[剖析] 這是一道事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題。問(wèn)題是“選用female capuchin monkeys做研究，最有可能是因?yàn)樗鼈兙哂惺裁刺攸c(diǎn)”。根據(jù)問(wèn)題中的關(guān)鍵詞female capuchin monkeys定位原文二段，二段描述了female capuchin monkeys適合于做研究的特點(diǎn)，其中二段末句指出了它們最重要的特點(diǎn)：最重要的是，它們像人類的雌性一樣，比雄性更仔細(xì)地關(guān)注“產(chǎn)品和服務(wù)”的價(jià)值。A“更傾向于權(quán)衡它們所獲得的東西”符合此意，為正確答案。注意：A選項(xiàng)中的more inclined對(duì)應(yīng)二段末句中的tend to，weigh對(duì)應(yīng)原文中的pay attention to，what they get 對(duì)應(yīng)原文中的goods and services。C“外表和脾氣都很好”在二段中提過(guò)，但不是female capuchin monkeys的主要特點(diǎn)，與題意不符，所以是干擾選項(xiàng)。本題難度也較大，難度系數(shù)為0.383。
24.Dr. Brosnan and Dr. de Waal have eventually found in their study that the monkeys
[A] prefer grapes to cucumbers.
[B] can be taught to exchange things.
[C] will not be co-operative if feeling cheated.
[D] are unhappy when separated from others.
[剖析] 這是一道事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題。問(wèn)題是“Dr. Brosnan和Dr. De Waal最終在研究中發(fā)現(xiàn)了猴子的什么特點(diǎn)”。eventually（最終）這個(gè)詞提示這道題實(shí)際上是問(wèn)該研究的結(jié)論。本文三段和四段論述研究的具體內(nèi)容，末段總結(jié)了研究結(jié)論。C“猴子如果感覺(jué)被騙就不再合作”對(duì)應(yīng)末段第三句“只有當(dāng)每只猴子感覺(jué)沒(méi)有被騙時(shí)，這類合作才有可能保持穩(wěn)定”，為正確答案。A選項(xiàng)和B選項(xiàng)都不是研究人員的發(fā)現(xiàn)，而是作者在四段陳述的事實(shí)。D選項(xiàng)在原文沒(méi)有明確提到，更不是研究人員的發(fā)現(xiàn)。本題難度較小，難度系數(shù)為0.805（即有80.5%的考生答對(duì)此題）。
25.What can we infer from the last paragraph?
[A] Monkeys can be trained to develop social emotions.
[B] Human indignation evolved from an uncertain source.
[C] Animals usually show their feelings openly as humans do.
[D] Cooperation among monkeys remains stable only in the wild.
[剖析] 這是一道推理題。問(wèn)題對(duì)應(yīng)末段。針對(duì)文章一段提出的猴子也有公平感（sense of fairness）這一點(diǎn)，作者在中間三段以實(shí)驗(yàn)加以證明，末段指出這種公平感是進(jìn)化而來(lái)的。末段最后一句指出這種公平感的進(jìn)化過(guò)程尚未確定（an unanswered question）。B“人類的義憤感（indignation）的進(jìn)化來(lái)源不確定”符合此意，為正確答案。注意：B選項(xiàng)中的indignation（義憤感）對(duì)應(yīng)末句中的sense of fairness（公平感），uncertain source對(duì)應(yīng)末句中的unanswered question。A“可以訓(xùn)練猴子培養(yǎng)社會(huì)情感”與原文不符，因?yàn)樵哪┒沃赋龊镒拥纳鐣?huì)情感是進(jìn)化而來(lái)的。C選項(xiàng)在原文沒(méi)有提到。D“猴子之間的合作只有在野外時(shí)才保持穩(wěn)定”與原文不符，因?yàn)槟┒蔚谌涿鞔_指出猴子之間的合作只有在感覺(jué)受到公平對(duì)待時(shí)才保持穩(wěn)定。本題難度一般，難度系數(shù)為0.584。
注：本文撰寫(xiě)時(shí)參考了李傳偉編著的《2007年考研英語(yǔ)閱讀真題全方位突破》（中國(guó)廣播電視出版社出版）。
詞匯的理解對(duì)考研閱讀的意義不言而喻。但個(gè)別詞不認(rèn)識(shí)并不妨礙理解，有時(shí)遇到生詞還要學(xué)會(huì)跳過(guò)去。除了其他*詞義的方法外，根據(jù)上下文的線索尋找等價(jià)或反義結(jié)構(gòu)是一個(gè)很有效的方法。所謂等價(jià)結(jié)構(gòu)，就是意義相同的結(jié)構(gòu)。而反義結(jié)構(gòu)就是意義相反的結(jié)構(gòu)。對(duì)文章中的一個(gè)部分不理解時(shí)，可以根據(jù)這一部分的上下文判斷意義。上下文有時(shí)和不理解的部分構(gòu)成同義關(guān)系，不理解部分的意義就是上下文的意義。反之，上下文有時(shí)和不理解部分構(gòu)成反義關(guān)系，那么，不理解部分的意義就是上下文意義的反面。等價(jià)結(jié)構(gòu)包含多種，本文主要介紹并列結(jié)構(gòu)。一般而言，并列結(jié)構(gòu)常表示并列的兩部分意義相同。本文討論的反義結(jié)構(gòu)主要是包含連詞如but, while等的結(jié)構(gòu)，它們常表示兩部分意義相反。下面以2005年考研閱讀的文章為例說(shuō)明如何根據(jù)等價(jià)結(jié)構(gòu)或反義結(jié)構(gòu)把握句子意義。
一、等價(jià)結(jié)構(gòu)
Text 1(2005)
Everybody loves a fat pay rise. Yet pleasure at your own can vanish if you learn that a colleague has been given a bigger one. Indeed, if he has a reputation for slacking, you might even be outraged. Such behavior is regarded as “all too human”, with the underlying assumption that other animals would not be capable of this finely developed sense of grievance.
[分析] 等價(jià)結(jié)構(gòu)一：fat 呼應(yīng)bigger
等價(jià)結(jié)構(gòu)二：outraged=grievance（兩句之間是遞進(jìn)結(jié)構(gòu)）。
等價(jià)結(jié)構(gòu)三：“all too human”=other animals would not be capable of this finely developed sense of grievance（逗號(hào)之后為解釋）
And if one received a grape without having to provide her token in exchange at all, the other either tossed her own token at the researcher or out of the chamber, or refused to accept the slice of cucumber. Indeed, the mere presence of a grape in the other chamber (without an actual monkey to eat it) was enough to induce resentment in a female capuchin.
[分析] 等價(jià)結(jié)構(gòu)：resentment=Indeed之前句子所表達(dá)的意思，因?yàn)镮ndeed表示遞進(jìn)。
Feelings of righteous indignation, it seems, are not the preserve of people alone.
[分析] 等價(jià)結(jié)構(gòu)：preserve= alone（由not…alone結(jié)構(gòu)可知）。
However, whether such a sense of fairness evolved independently in capuchins and humans, or whether it stems from the common ancestor that the species had 35 million years ago, is, as yet, an unanswered question.
[分析] 等價(jià)結(jié)構(gòu)：stems from=evolved（or連接并列結(jié)構(gòu)）。
Text 3(2005)
And one leading authority says that these intensely powerful mental events can be not only harnessed but actually brought under conscious control, to help us sleep and feel better.
[分析] 等價(jià)結(jié)構(gòu)：harnessed=brought under conscious control（not only…but連接遞進(jìn)結(jié)構(gòu)）。
Text 4(2005)
Mr. McWhorter’s academic specialty is language history and change, and he sees the gradual disappearance of “whom”, for example, to be natural and no more regrettable than the loss of the case-endings of Old English.
[分析] 等價(jià)結(jié)構(gòu)：no more regrettable=natural （and連接并列結(jié)構(gòu)）
Equally, in poetry, the highly personal, performative genre is the only form that could claim real liveliness.
[分析] 等價(jià)結(jié)構(gòu)：genre=form（表語(yǔ)結(jié)構(gòu)提示意義相同；實(shí)際上，genre與form之間是種屬關(guān)系，genre是一種form）
he is really grieving over the loss of something beautiful more than useful
[分析] 等價(jià)結(jié)構(gòu)：grieving=loss of something beautiful（對(duì)美麗事物的消失，一般應(yīng)該感到惋惜，由此可知grieving的意思就是“惋惜”）。
二、反義結(jié)構(gòu)
Text 1(2005)
when two monkeys were placed in separate but adjoining chambers
[分析] 反義結(jié)構(gòu)：separate 與adjoining意思相反（二者由but連接）
Text 4(2005)
While even the modestly educated sought an elevated tone when they put pen to paper before the 1960s
[分析] 反義結(jié)構(gòu)：elevated 與modestly意思相反（句首的while even提示相反意義）。
In both oral and written English, talking is triumphing over speaking, spontaneity over craft.
[分析] 反義結(jié)構(gòu)：spontaneity 與craft意思相反（over連接兩個(gè)相對(duì)或相反的方面）。
注：本文撰寫(xiě)時(shí)參考了李傳偉編著的《2007年考研英語(yǔ)閱讀真題全方位突破》（中國(guó)廣播電視出版社出版）。
一、復(fù)合句
1.When a new movement in art attains a certain fashion, it is advisable to find out what its advocates are aiming at, for, however farfetched and unreasonable their principles may seem today, it is possible that in years to come they may be regarded as normal.（2000年第三篇）
2.What has happened is that people cannot confess fully to their dreams, as easily and openly as once they could, lest they be thought pushing, acquisitive and vulgar.（2000年第五篇）
二、并列句
While talking to you, your could-be employer is deciding whether your education, your experience, and other qualifications will pay him to employ you and your “wares” and abilities must be displayed in an orderly and reasonably connected manner.（1996年第一篇）
三、定語(yǔ)從句
1.The American economic system is organized around a basically private-enterprise, market-oriented economy in which consumers largely determine what shall be produced by spending their money in the marketplace for those goods and services that they want most.（1994年第一篇）
2.The change met the technical requirements of the new age by engaging a large professional element and prevented the decline in efficiency that so commonly spoiled the fortunes of family firms in the second and third generation after the energetic founders. （1996年第三篇）
四、名詞性從句
1.That experiences influence subsequent behavior is evidence of an obvious but nevertheless remarkable activity called remembering. （1995年第五篇）
2.What is harder to establish is whether the productivity revolution that businessmen assume they are presiding over is for real. （1998年第二篇）
3.Online culture thinks highly of the notion that the information flowing onto the screen comes there by specific request. （1999年第二篇）
4.Replies show that compared with other Americans, journalists are more likely to live in upscale neighborhoods, have maids, own Mercedeses, and trade stocks, and they’re less likely to go to church, do volunteer work, or put down roots in a community. （2001年第三篇）
五、狀語(yǔ)從句
Consumers seem only concerned, not panicked, and many say they remain optimistic about the economy’s long-term prospects, even as they do some modest belt tightening. （2004年第三篇）
六、特殊結(jié)構(gòu)
1. While the leading actor on the stage captures our attention, we are aware of the importance of the supporting players and the scenery of the play itself. （1994年第三篇）
2.Discoveries in sciences and technology are thought by “untaught minds” to come in blinding flashes or as the result of dramatic accidents. （1994年第五篇）
3. How we see ourselves as we try a new way of being is essential to our ability to grow. （1995年第二篇）
4. On the dust jacket of this fine book, Stephen Jay Gould says: “This book stands for reason itself.” And so it does—and all would be well were reason the only judge in the creationism/evolution debate. （1996年第五篇）
5. Perhaps it is humankind’s long suffering at the mercy of flood and drought that makes the ideal of forcing the waters to do our bidding so fascinating. （1998年第一篇）
6. Nowhere do 1980 census statistics dramatize more the American search for spacious living than in the Far West. （1998年第四篇）
7. But, for a small group of students, professional training might be the way to go since well-developed skills, all other factors being equal, can be the difference between having a job and not. （1999年第三篇）
8. Summer homes, European travel, BMWs—the locations, place names and name brands may change, but such items do not seem less in demand today than a decade or two years ago. （2000年第五篇）
七、分隔結(jié)構(gòu)
1.Sir Alexander Fleming did not, as legend would have it, look at the mold on a piece of cheese and get the idea for penicillin there and then. （1994年第五篇）
2. With regard to Futurist poetry, however, the case is rather difficult, for whatever Futurist poetry may be—even admitting that the theory on which it is based may be right—it can hardly be classed as Literature. （2000年第三篇）
3. Here is an example, which I heard at a nurses’ convention, of a story which works well because the audience all shared the same view of doctors. （2002年第一篇）
八、關(guān)聯(lián)結(jié)構(gòu)
1.A survey of news stories in 1996 reveals that the antiscience tag has been attached to many other groups as well, from authorities who advocated the elimination of the last remaining stocks of smallpox virus to Republicans who advocated decreased funding for basic research. （1998年第三篇）
2.The astonishing distrust of the news media isn’t rooted in inaccuracy or poor reportorial skills but in the daily clash of world views between reporters and their readers. （2001年第三篇）
九、難詞與詞組
1.Money spent on advertising is money spent as well as any I know of. （1995年第一篇）
2.The merits of competition by examination are somewhat questionable, but competition in the certain knowledge of failure is positively harmful. （1995年第四篇）
3. Mr. McWhorter’s academic specialty is language history and change, and he sees the gradual disappearance of “whom”, for example, to be natural and no more regrettable than the loss of the case-endings of Old English. （2005年第四篇）
十、指代
“The term ‘a(chǎn)ntiscience’ can lump together too many, quite different things,” notes Harvard University philosopher Gerald Holton in his 1993 work Science and Anti-Science, “They have in common only one thing that they tend to annoy or threaten those who regard themselves as more enlightened.” （1998年第三篇）
注：本文撰寫(xiě)時(shí)參考了李傳偉編著的《2007年考研英語(yǔ)真題長(zhǎng)難句突破》（中國(guó)廣播電視出版社出版）和《2007年考研英語(yǔ)閱讀真題全方位突破》（中國(guó)廣播電視出版社出版）。
1、西方報(bào)刊雜志
2、西方中學(xué)或大學(xué)教科書(shū)
3、中國(guó)的英語(yǔ)報(bào)刊雜志
四篇文章全部選自英語(yǔ)國(guó)家文獻(xiàn)資料，而且主要是報(bào)刊雜志，所以這些文章較有時(shí)效性，如兩三年前的雜志文章常被選做考試文章。這類雜志包括Economist， Newsweek，Time和 US News and World Report等，其中Economist為重點(diǎn)雜志。以2005年的文章為例，其中第一篇選自Economist，第三篇選自Newsweek，第四篇選自Economist。第三個(gè)來(lái)源派生于前兩個(gè)來(lái)源，即原文來(lái)自前兩種，但是中國(guó)的英語(yǔ)雜志，如《英語(yǔ)文摘》、《英語(yǔ)世界》等刊出了原文的英漢對(duì)照版本。例如，2006年考研英語(yǔ)閱讀部分的第四篇文章 The Art of Unhappiness發(fā)表于《時(shí)代》（2005年1月17日），但 《英語(yǔ)文摘》05年第7期上刊出了此文英漢對(duì)照的版本。由此可知，如果無(wú)時(shí)間讀原文刊物，讀一些相關(guān)文章的英漢對(duì)照版本也可以。
二、近年文章來(lái)源匯總
2006
Text 2 Inside Meaning. Michael Swan. Cambridge University Press. The Observer.（《觀察家報(bào)》）
Text 3 Ocean’s eleventh hour. Economist. （《經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)人》，2003年5月15日）
Text 4 The Art of Unhappiness. Time. （《時(shí)代》，2005年1月17日）
2005
Text 1 Fair and Square. Economist. （《經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)人》，2003年9月18日）
Text 2 Washington Post.（《華盛頓郵報(bào)》時(shí)事評(píng)論）
Text 3 Taking Control. Newsweek. （《新聞周刊》，2002年7月15日）
Text 4 Talking Down. Economist.（《經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)人》，2004年1月29日）
2004
Text 1 Putting the Net to Work. US News & World Report.（《美國(guó)新聞與世界報(bào)道》，1997年10月27日）
Text 2 As easy as ZYX. Economist. （《經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)人》，2001年8月30日）
Text 3 What’s a Shopper to Do? Newsweek. （《新聞周刊》，2000年12月18日美國(guó)版）
Text 4 Nurturing the Life of the Mind. ASBJ（2001年1月美國(guó)學(xué)校董事會(huì)雜志）
2003
Text 1 Spies Like Us. Time. （《時(shí)代》，1999年1月25日）
Text 2 Scientist. （《科學(xué)家》，1998年11月20日）
Text 4 The Best Health Care Goes Only So Far. Newsweek（《新聞周刊》，2001年8月27日）
2002
Text 3 Oil’s Pleasant Surprise. Economist.（《經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)人》，1999年11月27日）
Text 4 High Point Enterprise.（1999年9月13日）
由上可知，Economist、Newsweek和Time等是比較重要的雜志，因?yàn)樗鼈兂３蔀榭佳虚喿x文章的來(lái)源。
三、題材偏重
四篇文章的內(nèi)容涉及社會(huì)科學(xué)、自然科學(xué)和人文科目各個(gè)領(lǐng)域的知識(shí)，其中社會(huì)科學(xué)所占比重較大，自然科學(xué)所占比重不大，人文科學(xué)近來(lái)有增加的趨勢(shì)。社會(huì)科學(xué)常涉及的領(lǐng)域有經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)、心理學(xué)、社會(huì)學(xué)、教育學(xué)、傳播學(xué)等，但政治科學(xué)、國(guó)際政治一般不涉及。自然科學(xué)主要涉及醫(yī)學(xué)、生物學(xué)、工程和科學(xué)史等。人文科學(xué)主要涉及文學(xué)評(píng)論、語(yǔ)言、雜文和散文等。
四、06閱讀文章特點(diǎn)
1．時(shí)效性強(qiáng)。06年所選文章距離考試的時(shí)間比前幾年的文章更新。所以要多關(guān)注上述雜志上近兩三年以及考前一年的時(shí)文。
2．結(jié)構(gòu)清晰。由于結(jié)構(gòu)清晰，問(wèn)題的數(shù)量和順序與原文對(duì)應(yīng)較好。
3．具體內(nèi)容。06年閱讀理解文章的內(nèi)容和結(jié)構(gòu)如下：
Text 1社會(huì)科學(xué)。文章結(jié)構(gòu)：一枝獨(dú)秀型。本文主要論述了美國(guó)文化的同化（homogenizing/assimilation）力。
Text 2 社會(huì)科學(xué)（經(jīng)濟(jì)類）。 文章結(jié)構(gòu)：花開(kāi)兩朵型。本文主要論述了莎士比亞故居當(dāng)?shù)鼐用衽c皇家莎士比亞公司（RSC）之間在經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展和地方產(chǎn)業(yè)方面的矛盾。
Text 3 自然科學(xué)（科技類）。文章結(jié)構(gòu)：一枝獨(dú)秀型。本文主要論述海洋魚(yú)類的過(guò)度捕撈使得大型魚(yú)類銳減這一問(wèn)題。
Text 4 人文科學(xué)。文章結(jié)構(gòu)：花開(kāi)兩朵型。文中對(duì)比了過(guò)去和現(xiàn)在人們的處境以及對(duì)快樂(lè)的感覺(jué)。
注：本文撰寫(xiě)時(shí)參考了李傳偉編著的《2007年考研英語(yǔ)閱讀真題全方位突破》（中國(guó)廣播電視出版社出版）。
Fair and square
Some monkeys seem to have a highly developed sense of fairness
EVERYBODY loves a fat pay rise. Yet pleasure at your own can vanish if you learn that a colleague has been given a bigger one. Indeed, if he has a reputation for slacking, you might even be outraged. Such behaviour is regarded as “all too human”, with the underlying assumption that other animals would not be capable of this finely developed sense of grievance. But a study by Sarah Brosnan and Frans de Waal of Emory University in Atlanta, Georgia, which has just been published in Nature, suggests that it is all too monkey, as well.
The researchers studied the behaviour of female brown capuchin monkeys, which have all the necessary ingredients to capture the public imagination. They look cute. They are good-natured, co-operative creatures, and they share their food readily. Above all, like their finicky female human counterparts, they tend to pay much closer attention to the value of “goods and services” than males (although why this is so remains a mystery).
Such characteristics make them perfect candidates for Dr Brosnan's and Dr de Waal's study. The researchers spent two years teaching their monkeys to exchange tokens for food. Normally, the monkeys were happy enough to swap pieces of rock for slices of cucumber. However, when two monkeys were placed in separate but adjoining chambers, so that each could observe what the other was getting in return for its rock, their behaviour became markedly different.
In the world of capuchins, grapes are luxury goods (and much preferable to cucumbers). So when one monkey was handed a grape in exchange for her token, the second was reluctant to hand hers over for a mere piece of cucumber. And if one received a grape without having to provide her token in exchange at all, the other either tossed her own token at the researcher or out of the chamber, or refused to accept the slice of cucumber. Indeed, the mere presence of a grape in the other chamber (in the absence of an actual monkey able to eat it) was enough to induce sullen behaviour in a female capuchin.
Dr Brosnan and Dr de Waal report that such behaviour is unusual in their trained monkeys. During two years of bartering prior to these experiments, failure to exchange tokens for food occurred in fewer than 5% of trials. And what made the behaviour even more extraordinary was that these monkeys forfeited food that they could see—and which they would have readily accepted in almost any other set of circumstances.
The researchers suggest that capuchin monkeys, like humans, are guided by social emotions. In the wild, they are a co-operative, group-living species. Such co-operation is likely to be stable only when each animal feels it is not being cheated. Feelings of righteous indignation, it seems, are not the preserve of people alone. Refusing a lesser reward completely makes these feelings abundantly clear to other members of the group. However, whether such a sense of fairness evolved independently in capuchins and humans, or whether it stems from the common ancestor that the species had 35m years ago, is, as yet, an unanswered question.
總體介紹
這是2003年9月18日刊登在《經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家》（The Economist）雜志上的一篇科技類文章。文中主要論述猴子的公平感---像人一樣，對(duì)不公平待遇有怨恨。從文章的題材上講，科技類的文章是考研英語(yǔ)閱讀的四大題材之一(另外三類是經(jīng)濟(jì)評(píng)論、文化教育和社會(huì)生活)，而且這篇文章談?wù)摰氖禽^新的科學(xué)研究成果（《自然》雜志剛發(fā)表的文章），以簡(jiǎn)介的形式出現(xiàn)于《經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家》雜志，自然很適合做考研英語(yǔ)閱讀的出題文章。從體裁上看，這是一篇典型的說(shuō)明文，屬于考研英語(yǔ)閱讀的常見(jiàn)體裁之一。這篇文章共有6段，520詞，如果用作考研英語(yǔ)閱讀理解的一篇，則段落和字?jǐn)?shù)都有些偏多。因?yàn)樵摬糠值奈恼乱话阋髮⒆謹(jǐn)?shù)控制在400詞左右；文章段落數(shù)一般為4-5段，便于出題。
這篇文章被用于2005年的考研英語(yǔ)閱讀理解部分第一篇，距發(fā)表時(shí)間僅一年多，試題序號(hào)為21-25。文中加下劃線的部分是被刪除的內(nèi)容。改編后的文章共5段，426詞。
原文改編
命題人主要對(duì)原文進(jìn)行以下幾方面的改編：
一、刪去文章標(biāo)題。文章標(biāo)題概括文章的主題，如果出現(xiàn)，文章大意就未睹先知。為了測(cè)試對(duì)文章主題和其他內(nèi)容的理解，閱讀理解原文的標(biāo)題都要?jiǎng)h去，讓考生根據(jù)文章的內(nèi)容去總結(jié)和把握。如這篇文章的副標(biāo)題Some monkeys seem to have a highly developed sense of fairness在考題中就未出現(xiàn)。
二、壓縮文章字?jǐn)?shù)。為了把文章字?jǐn)?shù)控制在要求的范圍內(nèi)，可有可無(wú)的細(xì)節(jié)、不影響文章總體結(jié)構(gòu)的細(xì)節(jié)內(nèi)容都要?jiǎng)h除。這篇文章第二段的劃線部分和第五段全段被刪去的原因就是如此。
三、替換超綱詞匯。為了將超綱詞匯控制在要求的范圍內(nèi)（全文的3%），也為了便于考生真正發(fā)揮閱讀水平，有些超綱詞匯被替換。如這篇文章第四段末句中的sullen behaviour（sullen為超綱詞匯）在考題中被替換為綱內(nèi)詞匯resentment。
四、改編其他方面。有時(shí)，為了使文章語(yǔ)言更加精煉，結(jié)構(gòu)更加嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)，在刪去部分內(nèi)容后，相鄰段落被合并。為了使上下文連貫起來(lái)，有時(shí)也改寫(xiě)原文。
改編后的文章不僅沒(méi)有破壞原文的結(jié)構(gòu)和內(nèi)容，反而顯得更加精煉：結(jié)構(gòu)嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)，層次清晰。第一段以人為類比---人對(duì)于不公平待遇的反應(yīng)是非常憤怒，接著指出研究者最近通過(guò)對(duì)僧帽猴的分組實(shí)驗(yàn)證明這不僅僅是人類的特性，也是猴子的特性。這是研究結(jié)論。后面是對(duì)有關(guān)實(shí)驗(yàn)的各個(gè)方面的敘述：如第二段的實(shí)驗(yàn)對(duì)象的選定，第三段和第四段的實(shí)驗(yàn)的具體內(nèi)容。末段與第一段相呼應(yīng)，并指出僧帽猴的公平感在進(jìn)化上的起源還無(wú)法確定。
試題設(shè)計(jì)
命題人是這樣設(shè)計(jì)試題的：
21.In the opening paragraph, the author introduces his topic by
[A] posing a contrast.
[B] justifying an assumption.
[C] making a comparison.
[D] explaining a phenomenon.
[剖析] 這是一道主旨題，難度很大。難度系數(shù)為0.246(即只有24.6%的考生答對(duì)此題)。問(wèn)題是“作者一段引出主題的方式”是什么，這等于問(wèn)一段的寫(xiě)作方法和文章結(jié)構(gòu)。一段先給出一個(gè)現(xiàn)象：一個(gè)人了解到懶散的（slack）同事比自己得到的加薪更多時(shí)，會(huì)大發(fā)雷霆（outraged），而且一般人認(rèn)為只有人對(duì)于這種不公平待遇有怨恨感（sense of grievance）。作者接著指出一個(gè)研究表明猴子也有這種心理（it is all too monkey, as well）。由此可見(jiàn)作者通過(guò)人和猴子的類比引出文章的主題。C“比較（人和猴子）二者的相似之處”符合此意，為正確答案。A“提出一個(gè)對(duì)比”與作者的寫(xiě)作方法相反。B“證明一個(gè)假設(shè)合理”和D“解釋一個(gè)現(xiàn)象”都與作者在一段運(yùn)用的寫(xiě)作方法不符，所以都是干擾選項(xiàng)。
22.The statement “it is all too monkey” (Last line, Paragraph 1) implies that
[A] monkeys are also outraged by slack rivals.
[B] resenting unfairness is also monkeys’ nature.
[C] monkeys, like humans, tend to be jealous of each other.
[D] no animals other than monkeys can develop such emotions.
[剖析] 這是一道句子理解題。問(wèn)題對(duì)應(yīng)一段末句：但是一個(gè)研究…表明這種情感（指上文所說(shuō)的sense of grievance---不平感）也是“猴之常情”（it is all too monkey）。作者在文章開(kāi)始指出人對(duì)不公平待遇有委屈感，接著指出猴子也具有這種感覺(jué)。B“怨恨不公平也是猴子的本性”符合此意，為正確答案。A“猴子對(duì)于懶散的對(duì)手也會(huì)狂怒”只是說(shuō)到了表面現(xiàn)象，并未指出與人的類比所揭示的更深的道理---這也是猴子的本性。C“猴子像人一樣，也常常相互嫉妒”與原文不符，因?yàn)樵恼f(shuō)的是委屈感，而不是嫉妒這種心理。D選項(xiàng)與原文相矛盾，因?yàn)槿艘灿羞@種感覺(jué)。本題較難，難度系數(shù)為0.368。
23.Female capuchin monkeys were chosen for the research most probably because they are
[A] more inclined to weigh what they get.
[B] attentive to researchers’ instructions.
[C] nice in both appearance and temperament.
[D] more generous than their male companions.
[剖析] 這是一道事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題。問(wèn)題是“選用female capuchin monkeys做研究，最有可能是因?yàn)樗鼈兙哂惺裁刺攸c(diǎn)”。根據(jù)問(wèn)題中的關(guān)鍵詞female capuchin monkeys定位原文二段，二段描述了female capuchin monkeys適合于做研究的特點(diǎn)，其中二段末句指出了它們最重要的特點(diǎn)：最重要的是，它們像人類的雌性一樣，比雄性更仔細(xì)地關(guān)注“產(chǎn)品和服務(wù)”的價(jià)值。A“更傾向于權(quán)衡它們所獲得的東西”符合此意，為正確答案。注意：A選項(xiàng)中的more inclined對(duì)應(yīng)二段末句中的tend to，weigh對(duì)應(yīng)原文中的pay attention to，what they get 對(duì)應(yīng)原文中的goods and services。C“外表和脾氣都很好”在二段中提過(guò)，但不是female capuchin monkeys的主要特點(diǎn)，與題意不符，所以是干擾選項(xiàng)。本題難度也較大，難度系數(shù)為0.383。
24.Dr. Brosnan and Dr. de Waal have eventually found in their study that the monkeys
[A] prefer grapes to cucumbers.
[B] can be taught to exchange things.
[C] will not be co-operative if feeling cheated.
[D] are unhappy when separated from others.
[剖析] 這是一道事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題。問(wèn)題是“Dr. Brosnan和Dr. De Waal最終在研究中發(fā)現(xiàn)了猴子的什么特點(diǎn)”。eventually（最終）這個(gè)詞提示這道題實(shí)際上是問(wèn)該研究的結(jié)論。本文三段和四段論述研究的具體內(nèi)容，末段總結(jié)了研究結(jié)論。C“猴子如果感覺(jué)被騙就不再合作”對(duì)應(yīng)末段第三句“只有當(dāng)每只猴子感覺(jué)沒(méi)有被騙時(shí)，這類合作才有可能保持穩(wěn)定”，為正確答案。A選項(xiàng)和B選項(xiàng)都不是研究人員的發(fā)現(xiàn)，而是作者在四段陳述的事實(shí)。D選項(xiàng)在原文沒(méi)有明確提到，更不是研究人員的發(fā)現(xiàn)。本題難度較小，難度系數(shù)為0.805（即有80.5%的考生答對(duì)此題）。
25.What can we infer from the last paragraph?
[A] Monkeys can be trained to develop social emotions.
[B] Human indignation evolved from an uncertain source.
[C] Animals usually show their feelings openly as humans do.
[D] Cooperation among monkeys remains stable only in the wild.
[剖析] 這是一道推理題。問(wèn)題對(duì)應(yīng)末段。針對(duì)文章一段提出的猴子也有公平感（sense of fairness）這一點(diǎn)，作者在中間三段以實(shí)驗(yàn)加以證明，末段指出這種公平感是進(jìn)化而來(lái)的。末段最后一句指出這種公平感的進(jìn)化過(guò)程尚未確定（an unanswered question）。B“人類的義憤感（indignation）的進(jìn)化來(lái)源不確定”符合此意，為正確答案。注意：B選項(xiàng)中的indignation（義憤感）對(duì)應(yīng)末句中的sense of fairness（公平感），uncertain source對(duì)應(yīng)末句中的unanswered question。A“可以訓(xùn)練猴子培養(yǎng)社會(huì)情感”與原文不符，因?yàn)樵哪┒沃赋龊镒拥纳鐣?huì)情感是進(jìn)化而來(lái)的。C選項(xiàng)在原文沒(méi)有提到。D“猴子之間的合作只有在野外時(shí)才保持穩(wěn)定”與原文不符，因?yàn)槟┒蔚谌涿鞔_指出猴子之間的合作只有在感覺(jué)受到公平對(duì)待時(shí)才保持穩(wěn)定。本題難度一般，難度系數(shù)為0.584。
注：本文撰寫(xiě)時(shí)參考了李傳偉編著的《2007年考研英語(yǔ)閱讀真題全方位突破》（中國(guó)廣播電視出版社出版）。
詞匯的理解對(duì)考研閱讀的意義不言而喻。但個(gè)別詞不認(rèn)識(shí)并不妨礙理解，有時(shí)遇到生詞還要學(xué)會(huì)跳過(guò)去。除了其他*詞義的方法外，根據(jù)上下文的線索尋找等價(jià)或反義結(jié)構(gòu)是一個(gè)很有效的方法。所謂等價(jià)結(jié)構(gòu)，就是意義相同的結(jié)構(gòu)。而反義結(jié)構(gòu)就是意義相反的結(jié)構(gòu)。對(duì)文章中的一個(gè)部分不理解時(shí)，可以根據(jù)這一部分的上下文判斷意義。上下文有時(shí)和不理解的部分構(gòu)成同義關(guān)系，不理解部分的意義就是上下文的意義。反之，上下文有時(shí)和不理解部分構(gòu)成反義關(guān)系，那么，不理解部分的意義就是上下文意義的反面。等價(jià)結(jié)構(gòu)包含多種，本文主要介紹并列結(jié)構(gòu)。一般而言，并列結(jié)構(gòu)常表示并列的兩部分意義相同。本文討論的反義結(jié)構(gòu)主要是包含連詞如but, while等的結(jié)構(gòu)，它們常表示兩部分意義相反。下面以2005年考研閱讀的文章為例說(shuō)明如何根據(jù)等價(jià)結(jié)構(gòu)或反義結(jié)構(gòu)把握句子意義。
一、等價(jià)結(jié)構(gòu)
Text 1(2005)
Everybody loves a fat pay rise. Yet pleasure at your own can vanish if you learn that a colleague has been given a bigger one. Indeed, if he has a reputation for slacking, you might even be outraged. Such behavior is regarded as “all too human”, with the underlying assumption that other animals would not be capable of this finely developed sense of grievance.
[分析] 等價(jià)結(jié)構(gòu)一：fat 呼應(yīng)bigger
等價(jià)結(jié)構(gòu)二：outraged=grievance（兩句之間是遞進(jìn)結(jié)構(gòu)）。
等價(jià)結(jié)構(gòu)三：“all too human”=other animals would not be capable of this finely developed sense of grievance（逗號(hào)之后為解釋）
And if one received a grape without having to provide her token in exchange at all, the other either tossed her own token at the researcher or out of the chamber, or refused to accept the slice of cucumber. Indeed, the mere presence of a grape in the other chamber (without an actual monkey to eat it) was enough to induce resentment in a female capuchin.
[分析] 等價(jià)結(jié)構(gòu)：resentment=Indeed之前句子所表達(dá)的意思，因?yàn)镮ndeed表示遞進(jìn)。
Feelings of righteous indignation, it seems, are not the preserve of people alone.
[分析] 等價(jià)結(jié)構(gòu)：preserve= alone（由not…alone結(jié)構(gòu)可知）。
However, whether such a sense of fairness evolved independently in capuchins and humans, or whether it stems from the common ancestor that the species had 35 million years ago, is, as yet, an unanswered question.
[分析] 等價(jià)結(jié)構(gòu)：stems from=evolved（or連接并列結(jié)構(gòu)）。
Text 3(2005)
And one leading authority says that these intensely powerful mental events can be not only harnessed but actually brought under conscious control, to help us sleep and feel better.
[分析] 等價(jià)結(jié)構(gòu)：harnessed=brought under conscious control（not only…but連接遞進(jìn)結(jié)構(gòu)）。
Text 4(2005)
Mr. McWhorter’s academic specialty is language history and change, and he sees the gradual disappearance of “whom”, for example, to be natural and no more regrettable than the loss of the case-endings of Old English.
[分析] 等價(jià)結(jié)構(gòu)：no more regrettable=natural （and連接并列結(jié)構(gòu)）
Equally, in poetry, the highly personal, performative genre is the only form that could claim real liveliness.
[分析] 等價(jià)結(jié)構(gòu)：genre=form（表語(yǔ)結(jié)構(gòu)提示意義相同；實(shí)際上，genre與form之間是種屬關(guān)系，genre是一種form）
he is really grieving over the loss of something beautiful more than useful
[分析] 等價(jià)結(jié)構(gòu)：grieving=loss of something beautiful（對(duì)美麗事物的消失，一般應(yīng)該感到惋惜，由此可知grieving的意思就是“惋惜”）。
二、反義結(jié)構(gòu)
Text 1(2005)
when two monkeys were placed in separate but adjoining chambers
[分析] 反義結(jié)構(gòu)：separate 與adjoining意思相反（二者由but連接）
Text 4(2005)
While even the modestly educated sought an elevated tone when they put pen to paper before the 1960s
[分析] 反義結(jié)構(gòu)：elevated 與modestly意思相反（句首的while even提示相反意義）。
In both oral and written English, talking is triumphing over speaking, spontaneity over craft.
[分析] 反義結(jié)構(gòu)：spontaneity 與craft意思相反（over連接兩個(gè)相對(duì)或相反的方面）。
注：本文撰寫(xiě)時(shí)參考了李傳偉編著的《2007年考研英語(yǔ)閱讀真題全方位突破》（中國(guó)廣播電視出版社出版）。
一、復(fù)合句
1.When a new movement in art attains a certain fashion, it is advisable to find out what its advocates are aiming at, for, however farfetched and unreasonable their principles may seem today, it is possible that in years to come they may be regarded as normal.（2000年第三篇）
2.What has happened is that people cannot confess fully to their dreams, as easily and openly as once they could, lest they be thought pushing, acquisitive and vulgar.（2000年第五篇）
二、并列句
While talking to you, your could-be employer is deciding whether your education, your experience, and other qualifications will pay him to employ you and your “wares” and abilities must be displayed in an orderly and reasonably connected manner.（1996年第一篇）
三、定語(yǔ)從句
1.The American economic system is organized around a basically private-enterprise, market-oriented economy in which consumers largely determine what shall be produced by spending their money in the marketplace for those goods and services that they want most.（1994年第一篇）
2.The change met the technical requirements of the new age by engaging a large professional element and prevented the decline in efficiency that so commonly spoiled the fortunes of family firms in the second and third generation after the energetic founders. （1996年第三篇）
四、名詞性從句
1.That experiences influence subsequent behavior is evidence of an obvious but nevertheless remarkable activity called remembering. （1995年第五篇）
2.What is harder to establish is whether the productivity revolution that businessmen assume they are presiding over is for real. （1998年第二篇）
3.Online culture thinks highly of the notion that the information flowing onto the screen comes there by specific request. （1999年第二篇）
4.Replies show that compared with other Americans, journalists are more likely to live in upscale neighborhoods, have maids, own Mercedeses, and trade stocks, and they’re less likely to go to church, do volunteer work, or put down roots in a community. （2001年第三篇）
五、狀語(yǔ)從句
Consumers seem only concerned, not panicked, and many say they remain optimistic about the economy’s long-term prospects, even as they do some modest belt tightening. （2004年第三篇）
六、特殊結(jié)構(gòu)
1. While the leading actor on the stage captures our attention, we are aware of the importance of the supporting players and the scenery of the play itself. （1994年第三篇）
2.Discoveries in sciences and technology are thought by “untaught minds” to come in blinding flashes or as the result of dramatic accidents. （1994年第五篇）
3. How we see ourselves as we try a new way of being is essential to our ability to grow. （1995年第二篇）
4. On the dust jacket of this fine book, Stephen Jay Gould says: “This book stands for reason itself.” And so it does—and all would be well were reason the only judge in the creationism/evolution debate. （1996年第五篇）
5. Perhaps it is humankind’s long suffering at the mercy of flood and drought that makes the ideal of forcing the waters to do our bidding so fascinating. （1998年第一篇）
6. Nowhere do 1980 census statistics dramatize more the American search for spacious living than in the Far West. （1998年第四篇）
7. But, for a small group of students, professional training might be the way to go since well-developed skills, all other factors being equal, can be the difference between having a job and not. （1999年第三篇）
8. Summer homes, European travel, BMWs—the locations, place names and name brands may change, but such items do not seem less in demand today than a decade or two years ago. （2000年第五篇）
七、分隔結(jié)構(gòu)
1.Sir Alexander Fleming did not, as legend would have it, look at the mold on a piece of cheese and get the idea for penicillin there and then. （1994年第五篇）
2. With regard to Futurist poetry, however, the case is rather difficult, for whatever Futurist poetry may be—even admitting that the theory on which it is based may be right—it can hardly be classed as Literature. （2000年第三篇）
3. Here is an example, which I heard at a nurses’ convention, of a story which works well because the audience all shared the same view of doctors. （2002年第一篇）
八、關(guān)聯(lián)結(jié)構(gòu)
1.A survey of news stories in 1996 reveals that the antiscience tag has been attached to many other groups as well, from authorities who advocated the elimination of the last remaining stocks of smallpox virus to Republicans who advocated decreased funding for basic research. （1998年第三篇）
2.The astonishing distrust of the news media isn’t rooted in inaccuracy or poor reportorial skills but in the daily clash of world views between reporters and their readers. （2001年第三篇）
九、難詞與詞組
1.Money spent on advertising is money spent as well as any I know of. （1995年第一篇）
2.The merits of competition by examination are somewhat questionable, but competition in the certain knowledge of failure is positively harmful. （1995年第四篇）
3. Mr. McWhorter’s academic specialty is language history and change, and he sees the gradual disappearance of “whom”, for example, to be natural and no more regrettable than the loss of the case-endings of Old English. （2005年第四篇）
十、指代
“The term ‘a(chǎn)ntiscience’ can lump together too many, quite different things,” notes Harvard University philosopher Gerald Holton in his 1993 work Science and Anti-Science, “They have in common only one thing that they tend to annoy or threaten those who regard themselves as more enlightened.” （1998年第三篇）
注：本文撰寫(xiě)時(shí)參考了李傳偉編著的《2007年考研英語(yǔ)真題長(zhǎng)難句突破》（中國(guó)廣播電視出版社出版）和《2007年考研英語(yǔ)閱讀真題全方位突破》（中國(guó)廣播電視出版社出版）。