第一部分、大綱要求
一、評價(jià)目標(biāo)：
考生應(yīng)能寫不同類型的應(yīng)用文，包括私人和公務(wù)信函、備忘錄、摘要、報(bào)告等，還應(yīng)能寫一般描述性、敘述性和說明或議論性的文章。短文寫作時(shí)，考生應(yīng)能：
l 、做到語法、拼寫、標(biāo)點(diǎn)正確，用詞恰當(dāng)；
2 、遵循文章的特定文體格式；
3 、合理組織文章結(jié)構(gòu)，使其內(nèi)容統(tǒng)一、連貫；
4 、根據(jù)寫作目的和特定讀者，恰當(dāng)使用語域。
二、考試內(nèi)容：
該部分由 A 、 B 兩節(jié)組成，考查考生的書面表達(dá)能力?？偡?30 分。
A 節(jié)：考生根據(jù)所給情景寫出一篇約 100 詞（標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號不計(jì)算在內(nèi)）的應(yīng)用性短文，包括私人和公務(wù)信國、備忘錄、摘要、報(bào)告等。考生在答題卡 2 上作答。滿分 10 分。
B 節(jié)：要求考生根據(jù)提示信息寫出一篇 160 － 200 詞的短文（標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號不計(jì)算在內(nèi)）。提示信息的形式有主題句、寫作提綱、規(guī)定情景、圖、表等?？忌诖痤}卡 2 上作答。滿分 20 分。
三、評分原則和方法：
l 、雖然 A 、 B 兩節(jié)的考查要點(diǎn)有所不同，但對考生寫作能力的基本要求是相同的，所以一般評分標(biāo)準(zhǔn)對兩節(jié)都適用。但根據(jù)兩節(jié)的不同考查要點(diǎn)，評分是會有不同的側(cè)重點(diǎn)。
A 節(jié)
應(yīng)用文的評分側(cè)重點(diǎn)在于信息點(diǎn)的覆蓋和內(nèi)容的組織、語言的準(zhǔn)確性、格式和語域（指在書面和口語表達(dá)中根據(jù)不同的交際對象，所采用的話語方式，即正式、一般、非正式的話語）的恰當(dāng)。對語法結(jié)構(gòu)和詞匯多樣性的要求將根據(jù)具體試題作調(diào)整。允許在作文中使用提示語中出現(xiàn)過的關(guān)鍵詞，但使用提示語中出現(xiàn)過的詞組或句子將被扣分。
B 節(jié)
B 節(jié)作文的評分重點(diǎn)在于內(nèi)容的完整性、文章的連貫組織性、語法結(jié)構(gòu)和詞匯的多樣性及語言的準(zhǔn)確性。
2 、評分時(shí)，先根據(jù)文章的內(nèi)容和語言確定其所屬檔次，然后以該檔次的要求來給分。評分人員在檔內(nèi)有 l － 3 分的調(diào)節(jié)分。
3 、 A 節(jié)作文的字?jǐn)?shù)要求是 100 詞左右。 B 節(jié)作文的字?jǐn)?shù)要求是 160 － 200 詞。文章長度不符合要求的，酌情扣分。
4 、拼寫與標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號是語言準(zhǔn)確性的一個(gè)方面。評分時(shí)，視其對交際的影響程度予以考慮。英、美拼寫及詞匯用法均可接受。
5 、如書寫較差，以致影響交際，將分?jǐn)?shù)降低一個(gè)檔次。
四、最新考研英語寫作具體評分細(xì)則
20—17 分：內(nèi)容切題，包括題中所列的各項(xiàng)內(nèi)容，清楚表達(dá)其內(nèi)涵，文字連貫；句式有變化，句子結(jié)構(gòu)和用詞正確。文章長度符合要求。
16—13 分：內(nèi)容切題，包括題中所列的各項(xiàng)內(nèi)容；比較清楚地表達(dá)其內(nèi)涵，文字基本連貫，句式有一定變化，句子結(jié)構(gòu)和用詞無重大錯誤。文章長度符合要求。
12—9 分：內(nèi)容切題，基本包括題中所列各方面的內(nèi)容；基本清楚地表達(dá)其內(nèi)涵；句子結(jié)構(gòu)和詞有少量錯誤。文章長度符合要求。
8—5 分：內(nèi)容基本切題，基本包含題中所列各方面的內(nèi)容；語句可以理解，文章長度基本符合要求。
4—1 分：基本按要求寫作，但只有少數(shù)句子可以理解。
0 分：文不切題，語句混亂，無法理解。
第二部分、寫作整體構(gòu)建模式
考研英語寫作的文章一般包括一個(gè)開頭段、若干擴(kuò)展段和一個(gè)結(jié)尾段。開頭段和結(jié)尾段一般比擴(kuò)展段短。各種段落的作用、特點(diǎn)和寫作方法如下所示。
一、開頭段
開頭段一定要語言精練，并且直接切入主題。開頭段一般不對主題進(jìn)行深入的探討，具體的論證或敘述應(yīng)該在擴(kuò)展段進(jìn)行。
開頭段的常用核心句型
1 ． The arguer may be right about…, but he seems to neglect （ fail ） to mention （ takes into account ） the fact that….
2 ． As opposed to （ Contrary to ） widely （ commonly / generally ） held （ accepted ） belief （ ideas / views ） , I believe （ argue ） that…
3 ． Although many people believe that…, I doubt （ wonder ） whether the argument bears much analysis （ close examination ） .
4 ． The advantages of B outweigh any benefit we gained from （ carry more weight than those of / are much greater than ） A.
5 ． Although it is commonly （ widely / generally ） held （ felt / accepted / agreed ） that…, it is unlikely to be true that….
6 ． There is an element of truth in this argument （ statement ） , but it ignores a deeper and more basic （ important / essential ） fact （ reason ） that….
7 ． It is true that （ True, / To be sure, / Admittedly, ） …, but this is not to say （ it is unlikely / it doesn’t follow / it doesn’t mean / it won’t be the case ） that….
8 ． The main （ obvious / great ） problem （ flaw / drawback ） with （ in ） this argument （ view / remark ） is that it is ignorant of （ blind to ） the basic （ bare ） fact that….
9 ． It would be possible （ natural / reasonable ） to think （ believe / take the view ） that…, but it would be absurd （ wrong ） to claim （ argue ） that….
10 ． In all the discussion and debate over…, one important （ basic ） fact is generally overlooked （ neglected ） .
11 ． There is absolutely （ in fact ） no （ every ） reason for us to believe （ accept / resist / reject ） that….
12 ． Logical （ Valid / Sound ） as this argument and I wholeheartedly agree with it, it appears insignificant （ absurd ） when…is taken into consideration （ account ） .
13 ． To assume （ suggest ） that…is far from being proved （ to miss the point ） .
14 ． A close （ careful ） inspection （ examination / scrutiny ） of this argument would reveal how flimsy （ groundless /fallacious ） it is.
15 ． On the surface （ At first thought ） , it （ this ） may seem a sound （ an attractive ） suggestion （ solution / idea ） , but careful weighing on the mind （ on closer analysis / on second thought ） , we find that…
16 ． Too much emphasis placed on （ attention paid to / importance attached to ） …may obscure （ overlook / neglect ） other facts….
17 ． The danger （ problem / fact / truth / point ） is that….
18 ． What the arguer fails to understand （ consider / mention ） is that….
19 ． However just （ logical / sound / valid ） this argument may be, it only skims the surface of the problem.
20 ． Among the most convincing （ important ） reasons given （ cited / offered / identified ） by people for…, one should be stressed （ emphasized / mentioned ） .
21 ． As far as I am concerned, however, I believe that….
22 ． I believe that the title statement is valid because （ of ） ….
23 ． I agree with the above statement because I believe that….
24 ． Although I appreciate that…, I cannot agree with the title statement.
25 ． There is a public controversy nowadays over the issue of…. Those who object to…argue that…. But people who favor…, on the other hand, argue that….
26 ． Currently （ In recent years / In the past few years / For many years now ） , there is （ has been ） a （ n ） general （ widespread / growing / widely held ） feeling towards （ concern over / attitude towards / trend towards / awareness of / realization of / illusion of / belief in ） ….
27 ． Now it is commonly （ widely / generally / increasingly ） believed （ thought / held / accepted/ felt / recognized / acknowledged ） that…. But I wonder （ doubt ） whether….
28 ． These days we are often told that （ often hear about ） …, but is this really the case?
二、中間段
中間段是文章的正文，其作用是從不同的層面對文章主題進(jìn)行具體和詳實(shí)的解釋和論證。
1 、中間段的一般特征
① 篇幅一般比開頭段和結(jié)尾段長。
② 每段有相應(yīng)的主題句。
③ 包含定義、解釋、描寫，說明主題思想的擴(kuò)展句可以采用實(shí)例、數(shù)據(jù)或個(gè)人經(jīng)歷等寫作手段。
④ 不同種類的段落采用不同的擴(kuò)展手段。
中間段的常用核心句型
1 ． Although the popular belief is that…, a current （ new / recent ） study （ survey / poll / investigation ） indicates （ shows / demonstrates ） that….
2 ． Common sense tells us that….
3 ． The increase （ change / failure / success ） in…mainly （ largely / partly ） results from （ arises from / is because of ） ….
4 ． The increase （ change / failure / success ） in…is due to （ owing to / attributable to ） the fact that….
5 ． Many people would claim that….
6 ． One may attribute （ ascribe / owe ） the increase （ decrease / change ） to…, but…is not by itself an adequate explanation.
7 ． One of the reasons given for…is that….
8 ． What is also worth noticing is that….
9 ． There are many （ different / several /a number of / a variety of ） causes （ reasons ） for this dramatic （ marked / significant ） growth （ change / decline / increase ） in…. First,…. Second,…. Finally,….
10 ． There is no evidence to suggest that….
11 ． Why are （ is / do / did ） …? For one thing,…. For another,….
12 ． Another reason why I dispute the above statement is that….
13 ． It gives rise to （ lead to / bring /create ） a host of problems （ consequences ） .
14 ． There are numerous reasons why…, and I shall here explore only a few of the most important ones.
15 ． It will exert （ have / produce ） profound （ far-reaching / remarkable / considerable / beneficial / favorable / undesirable / disastrous ） effect （ influence ） on….
16 ． A multitude of factors could account for （ contribute to / lead to / result in / influence ） the change （ increase / decrease / success / failure / development ） in….
17 ． In 2000, it increased （ rose / jumped / shot up ） from 5 to 10 percent of the total （ to 15 percent / by 15 percent ） .
18 ． By comparison with 2002, it decreased （ dropped / fell ） from 10 to 5 percent （ to 15 percent / by 15 percent ） .
19 ． It accounts for 15 percent of the total.
20 ． There were 100 traffic accidents in April, an increase of 5 percent in a five-month period.
21 ． By 2002, only （ less than / more than / almost / about / over/ as many as ） three quarters （ 40 percent of / one out of five / one in four ） college population （ graduates / housewives ） as against （ as compared with ） last year （ 2002 ） preferred to （ liked ） ….
22 ． With the development （ improvement / rise / growth / general recognition / acknowledgement / realization ） of…, vast changes awaits this country’s society.
23 ． Now people in growing （ ever-increasing / significant ） numbers are beginning （ coming / getting ） to believe （ realize / recognize / understand / accept / see / be aware ） that….
24 ． According to a （ n ） recent （ new / official ） study （ survey / report / poll ） ,….
25 ． History （ Our society ） is filled （ abounds ） with the examples of….
26 ． The story （ case / instance / situation ） is not rare （ isolated / unique ） , it is one of many examples （ typical of dozens ） .
27 ． A （ one ） recent （ new / general / nationwide ） study （ survey / poll / investigation ） conducted （ taken ） at a university by （ officials / scientists / experts ） indicates （ reveals / suggests / shows / proves / demonstrates ） that….
28 ． According to （ As can be seen in / As is shown in ） the figures （ statistics / findings / data / graph / table ） released （ provided ） by the government （ an institute ） , it can be learned （ seen / predicted ） that….
29 ． There is （ no ） good （ every / little / sufficient / considerable / strong ） evidence （ proof ） to
30 ． Personal experience （ Examples I heard / read of ） leads me to conclude that….
31 ． We must admit the undeniable fact that….
32 ． No one can deny （ ignore / doubt / overlook / obscure / brush aside ） the fact that….
33 ． Experience （ Evidence ） suggests （ shows ） that….
34 ． Take for example…who （ that ） ….
35 ． The same is true of….
36 ． As the saying goes,“….”
三、結(jié)尾段
結(jié)尾段的核心句型
1 ． From what has been discussed above （ Taking into account all these factors / Judging from all evidence offered ） , we may safely draw （ reach / come to / arrive at ） the conclusion that….
2 ． All the evidence （ analysis ） supports （ justifies / confirms / warrants / points to ） a （ n ） unshakable （ unmistakable / sound / just ） conclusion that….
3 ． It is high time that we place （ lay / put ） great （ special / considerable ） emphasis on the improvement （ development / increase / promotion ） of….
4 ． It is high time that we put an end to the deep-seated （ unhealthy / undesirable / deplorable ） situation （ tendency / phenomenon ） of….
5 ． We must look （ search / call / cry ） for an immediate action （ method / measure ） , because the present （ current ） situation （ phenomenon / tendency / state / attitude ） of…, if permitted （ allowed ） to continue （ proceed ） , will surely （ certainly ） lead to （ result in ） the end （ destruction / heavy cost ） of….
6 ． There is no easy （ immediate / effective ） solution （ approach / answer / remedy ） to the problem of…, but…might be useful （ helpful / beneficial ） .
7 ． No easy method （ solution / recipe / remedy ） can be at hand （ found / guaranteed ） to solve （ resolve / tackle ） the problem of…, but the common （ general / public ） recognition of （ realization of / awareness of / commitment to ） the necessity （ importance / significance ） of…might be the first step towards change （ on the right way / in the right direction ） .
8 ． Following these methods （ suggestions ） may not guarantee the success in （ solution to ） …, but the pay-off will be worth the effort.
9 ． Obviously （ Clearly / No doubt ） , if we ignore （ are blind to ） the problem, there is every chance that….
10 ． Unless there is a common realization of （ general commitment to ） …, it is very likely （ the chances are good ） that….
11 ． There is little doubt （ no denying ） that serious （ special / adequate / immediate / further ） attention must be called （ paid / devoted ） to the problem of….
12 ． It is necessary （ essential / fundamental ） that effective （ quick / proper ） action （ steps /measures / remedies ） should be taken to prevent （ correct /check / end / fight ） the situation （ tendency / phenomenon ） .
13 ． It is hoped （ suggested / recommended ） that great （ continuous / persistent / sustained / corporate ） efforts should be made to control （ check/ halt / promote ） the growth （ increase / rise ） of….
14 ． It is hoped that great efforts should be directed to （ expended on / focused on ） finding （ developing / improving ） ….
15 ． It remains to be seen whether…, but the prospect （ outlook ） is not quite encouraging （ that rosy ） .
16 ． Anyhow, wider （ more ） education （ publicity ） should be given to the possible （ potential / grave /serious / pernicious ） consequences （ effects ） of….
17 ． To reverse （ check / control ） the trend （ tendency ） is not a light task （ an easy job ） , and it requires （ demands / involves / entails ） a different state of mind towards （ attitude towards / outlook on ） ….
18 ． For these reasons, I strongly recommend that….
19 ． For the reasons given above, I feel that….
四、段落擴(kuò)展中的常用詞語
1 、總結(jié)關(guān)系過渡詞語
generally speaking, generally, as a general rule, in general, on a larger scale, to take the idea further, to take the above opinion to an extreme, in a sense, in one sense, in a way, to some extent, in my opinion, in my view, as for me, as far as I am concerned, obviously, undoubtedly, in terms of, in conclusion, in short, in brief, in summary, in a word, on the whole, to sum up, to conclude
2 、比較對比關(guān)系過渡詞語
similarly, likewise, like, too, equally important, the same as, in common, in the same way, on the contrary, on the one hand, on the other hand, otherwise, in sharp contrast, whereas, rather than, conversely, instead, in/by contrast, but, however, yet, nevertheless
3 、列舉關(guān)系過渡詞語
for example, for instance, as an example, as a case in point, such as, namely, that is, like, thus, first, second, third, finally, in the first place, initially, first of all, to begin with, to start with, what is more, furthermore, eventually, besides, in addition （ to that ） , first and foremost, last but not least, next, also, moreover, for one thing, for another
4 、因果關(guān)系過渡詞語
because （ of ） , as, since, for, owing to, due to, thanks to, on account of, as a result of, result in （ from ） , consequently, for the reason that, as a consequence, consequently, if follows that, accordingly, therefore, hence
5 、讓步關(guān)系過渡詞語
although, even though, after all, in spite of, despite, granted that
6 、強(qiáng)調(diào)關(guān)系過渡詞語
anyway, certainly, surely, obviously, to be sure, especially, particularly, above all, in deed, in fact, even worse, needless to say, most important of all, no doubt
第三部分 、 重點(diǎn)話題與句型
一、描述圖畫或圖表的常用句型：
1. As can be clearly seen from the picture, …. 從這張畫中可以清楚地看到， …
譯：從這張畫中可以清楚地看到，隨著國際文化交流的增加，越來越多的外國人渴望訪問中國。
As can be clearly seen from the picture , with the increase in cultural exchange among countries, an increasing number of foreigners are eager to visit China.
2. As is shown above ， … 正如上面所示， …
譯：正如上面所示，有兩幅漫畫描述了兩種完全不同的情景。一幅描繪了人們在努力工作，而另一幅暗示了懶惰導(dǎo)致失敗。
As is shown above , there are two cartoons presenting two quite different situations. One depicts people who are working hard, while the other implies that laziness results in failure.
3. What a vivid picture it is! It tells us that… 這是一幅多么生動形象的畫啊！它告訴我們 …
譯：這是一幅多么生動的畫啊！它告訴我們，愛就像一盞在黑暗中的油燈 , 它照亮了人們的心靈。
What a vivid picture it is! It tells us that love is just like an oil lamp in the dark, which lightens people’s hearts.
4. According to the statistics given in the table, … 根據(jù)表中所給的統(tǒng)計(jì)數(shù)字， …
譯：根據(jù)表中所給的統(tǒng)計(jì)數(shù)字，最近 5 年來旅游者的人數(shù)大大增加， 2002 年達(dá)到 80,000,000 人。
According to the statistics given in the table , the number of tourists has grown greatly, 80,000,000 people in 2002.
5. This chart shows that … 這張示意圖表明， …
譯：這張示意圖表明，全世界吸煙者的人數(shù)不斷上升 , 占 總?cè)丝诘?20% 。
This chart shows that the number of smokers continues to climb （ =rise ） , _________________ 20 % of the total population.
6. It is indicated by the graph that … 這張曲線圖表示， …
譯：這張曲線圖表示，某些野生動物物種的滅絕（ extinction ）與世界人口的猛增密切相關(guān)。
It is indicated by the graph that the extinction of some species of wild animals ___________________________ the sharp increase of the world’s population.
7. It can be seen from the statistics （ or picture ） that … 從這些統(tǒng)計(jì)數(shù)字（或這張圖畫）中可以看到， …
譯：從這些統(tǒng)計(jì)數(shù)字（或這張圖畫）中可以看到，隨著城市中汽車數(shù)量的不斷增加 , 空氣污染和噪音已經(jīng)成為威脅城市居民生存的主要公害（ public hazards ）。
It can be seen from the statistics （ or picture ） that with the rapid increase in the number of cars, air pollution and noise have become the main public hazards threatening the survival of city residents.
8. It is generally believed （或 accepted, thought, held ） that … 人們普遍認(rèn)為， …
譯：人們普遍認(rèn)為，各國政府應(yīng)該采取有力措施來保護(hù)森林資源。
It is generally believed that the governments of all countries should ______________________________ to protect forest resources.
9. The picture is thought-provoking, … 這幅畫發(fā)人深省， …
譯：這幅畫是發(fā)人深省的，它所說明的是我們今天社會普遍存在的一種現(xiàn)象。
The picture is thought-provoking, and what it illustrates is a common phenomenon in our society today.
10. What the drawing describes implies that …… 這張圖畫所描述的內(nèi)容暗示了， …
譯：這張圖畫所描述的內(nèi)容暗示了，我們應(yīng)該經(jīng)得住失敗的考驗(yàn)。
What the drawing describes implies that we should _______________________ the test of failure.
二、關(guān)于比較、利弊、優(yōu)缺點(diǎn)的句型 :
1. S + have （ or has ） a lot of advantages over... （與 ... 相比有許多優(yōu)點(diǎn)）
2. Compared with …, sb./sth. has/have the advantage of … （有 … 方面的長處； ... 的優(yōu)點(diǎn)是 … ）
3. be of great benefit to sb./sth. （對 ... 有益）
4. benefit sb/sth. （ 對 ... 有好處）
benefit from sth. （由于 ... 而受益）
5. do （ a lot of ） good to sb. （對 ... 有許多好處）
be good for sb./sth. （對 ... 有益）
do damage to sth./damage sth. （對 ... 造成損壞）
do harm to sth./harm sth./endanger sth. （對 ... 有害處）
6. be as （ not so ） good/great as. .. （ 沒有 ... 的好）
7. not so much ...as... （與其說 ..., 不如說 ... ）
.
三、說明原因的句型 :
1. There are two/some good reasons for sth./to do sth. …
生活條件改變的原因有兩條。首先，我們一直在貫徹執(zhí)行改革開放政策。其次，我們的經(jīng)濟(jì)在迅速發(fā)展并且出生率得到了控制。
There are two reasons for the changes in people's living conditions . First, we have been carrying out an opening and reform policy. Second, our national economy is developing rapidly and the birth rate has been .
2． We have two good reasons for/against . ..
我們有兩條充分理由反對工業(yè)不受控制的發(fā)展。
We have two good reasons against the uncontrolled development of industry.
3. The reason for...is that + 從句
我們支持 “ 希望工程 ” 的原因是 , 許多貧困地區(qū)的兒童付不起繼續(xù)學(xué)業(yè)的各種費(fèi)用。
The reason for us to support the “Project Hope” is that many children in poor areas _____________________different kinds of expenses to continue with their schooling.
四、關(guān)于因果關(guān)系的句型 :
1. 物價(jià)上升的原因是需求的增加。
The cause of （ =reason for ） higher prices was an increase in demand.
或 : Because the demand has increased, the prices are higher.
或 : An increase in demand results in higher prices.
或 : The demand has increased. As a result, the prices are higher.
或 : If there is an increase in demand, then prices rise.
譯：他們?nèi)〉玫某晒怯捎谒麄兊目炭嗯Α?What they have achieved results from their hard （ =painstaking ） work.
譯：由于所有這些因素，政府越來越多地依賴于科學(xué)家來安排適當(dāng)?shù)囊?guī)劃并付諸實(shí)踐 .
As a result of all these factors , governments are becoming increasingly dependent on scientists for planning appropriate programs and .
五、表示不同看法的句型 :
1. 人們對這個(gè)問題的看法各不相同。 When it comes to sth, the opinions of people differ
有些人認(rèn)為 … ；其他人爭辯說 … ；還有一些人主張 …
Some believe that ... Others argue that .... Still others maintain that ...
2. 他們的觀點(diǎn)各不相同。 They are quite different from each other in their opinions.
3. 有些人持這樣的觀點(diǎn)：孩子少是好事。 Some people hold the opinion that it is good to have a small family.
4. 他們對這個(gè)問題的態(tài)度大相徑庭。 They think quite differently on this question.
5. 他們對噪音問題的態(tài)度截然不同。 They differ greatly in their attitudes towards noise problem.
家長和孩子對這個(gè)問題的看法不同。家長認(rèn)為，孩子應(yīng)努力學(xué)習(xí)，得到好的學(xué)習(xí)成績。而孩子們則認(rèn)為，他們應(yīng)該有更多的自由來支配他們的閑暇時(shí)間，來安排他們的未來。
Parents and children think differently on this question. Parents hold that children should work hard and do well at school. Children, however, maintain that they should have more freedom to spend their leisure time and to plan for their own future.
六、表示必須、緊急、有困難做某事的句型 :
1. It is important （ necessary, urgent, difficult, easy, convenient, comfortable, expensive, desirable, advisable ） for sb. to do sth.
請翻譯下列 4 句：
1 ） It is inevitable that the natural resources throughout the world are diminishing as the demand for them 在不斷增長 .
不可避免的是，
2 ） It is obvious that the strength of a country’s economy 直接相關(guān) the efficiency of its industry and agriculture.
顯然，
3 ） It is urgent for the government to take measures to control the birth rate in our country/ to 把沙漠變?yōu)榱继?.
政府迫在眉睫的是
4 ） It is necessary for us to build more hospitals, shopping centers, recreation centers, cinemas, and other public facilities to 滿足 the increasing needs of the people. 我們必須建立
5 ） have trouble/ difficulty/ a hard time/ a difficult time （ in ） doing sth （有困難做某事）
他很難找到一份滿意的工作。 He has trouble finding a satisfactory job. have trouble with sth. （對 ... 有困難 , 不好對付） I have some trouble with my English study.
七、常用諺語 （在議論文中） :
1. 常言道， “ 事物總是一分為二的。 ” As a popular saying goes, "Every coin has two sides".
2. As a proverb says, "Everything has two sides". On the one hand, physical exercise is good for your health. On the other hand, if you don't deal with it properly, it will do harm to your health. So we should look at the matter from two sides.
3. As a proverb says, " Where there is a will there is a way." （有志者事竟成。）
4. As a popular saying goes, "A man is known by the company he keeps." （觀其交友，知其為人。）
5. As is known to all, "No pains, no gains". （沒有苦，就沒有甜。）
6. It’s no use crying over the spilt milk. （覆水難收。）
7. More haste, less speed. （欲速者不達(dá)。）
8. Look before you leap. （三思而后行。）
9. He who laughs last laughs best. （誰最后笑，誰笑得。）
八、辯論中常用的句型 :
1. There is no doubt that ... 譯：毫無疑問 the rapid increase in population 促使 the sharp decrease in the species of wild animals.
2. It is obvious/clear that 愛心是一盞燈 , 越黑暗的地方 , 它越明亮。
3. 眾所周知，中國一貫主張 , 國家不管大小 , 應(yīng)該一律平等。 As is known to all, China always maintains that all nations should be equal, be they large or small.
4. （ It's ） no wonder ... （難怪） 譯：他不努力工作 , 難怪他丟了工作。
5. It goes without saying that ... （ 不成問題 , 很自然 ） ：很自然，健康的人比病人幸
福。 It goes without saying that healthy people are much happier than sick ones.
6. What is more important, we should 保持 ecological balance.
7. I am convinced that only if our society is full of love, tomorrow will be much better and brighter.
8. It is no exaggeration to say … 可以毫不夸張地說， …
九、舉例表示法 :
1. For example,/ For instance,the people's economic status has been greatly improved.
2. A case in point is that the economic status of the people has been improved.
3. Let's have an example. TV sets, refrigerators and recorders have become household necessities.
十、練習(xí)
練習(xí) （一）
模板一：圖畫作文
This illustration depicts__________ （圖畫中的人物） , with_______________ （補(bǔ)充說明） . Recently it has become common for people in many walks of life to____________ （進(jìn)一步闡釋）
It seems to me that the cartoonist is sending a message about _______ （圖畫主題） , which is ______________ （進(jìn)一步的說明） . He seems to be saying that_______________ （給出細(xì)節(jié)） . In my opinion, ___________ （個(gè)人闡述） .
This simple picture is a wake up call for ______ （所涉群體，如 the whole of the human race ） . Therefore, it is imperative for us to take drastic measures to put an end to _____________ （問題所在） . One the one hand, we must _________________ （建議一） . It is clear that the drawer of the illustration is urging us to _________ （進(jìn)一步說明） . On the other hand, ________________ （建議二） Only in this way can we___________ （展望前景） .
模板二：圖表作文
The chart gives us an overall picture of the ____________ （圖表主題） . The first thing we notice is that_______________ （圖表特點(diǎn)） . This means that as __________, _________________ （進(jìn)一步說明） .
We can see from the statistics given that _______________ （圖表細(xì)節(jié)一） . After ving_________ （細(xì)節(jié)一中的第一個(gè)變化） , the _____Ved+ 幅度 + 時(shí)間（緊跟著的變化） . The figures also tells us that_________________________ （圖表細(xì)節(jié)二） . （數(shù)據(jù)位置，如 In the second column ） , we can see that ____________accounts for _______ （進(jìn)一步描述） .
Judging from these figures, we can draw the conclusion that___________ （結(jié)論） . The reason for this, as far as I am concerned is that_____________ （給出原因） . / It is high time that we Ved （發(fā)出倡議）
模板三：利弊型作文
Recently the issue of whether or not______ （討論話題） has been in the limelight and has aroused wide concern in the public. There are two major arguments that can be made for_________. For one thing, __________can bring ____ to_____________ （優(yōu)點(diǎn)一） . For another, it is widely hold that people usually ____when _________________________ （優(yōu)點(diǎn)二） .
But we must not lose sight of the fact that there are also drawbacks to__________, among which are ___________ （列舉缺點(diǎn)） . For instance, it can be _________to ____________ （舉例說明） . In addition, many people find it ________ （形容詞） to ______________ （第二個(gè)缺點(diǎn)）
When asked to __________, I tend to ____________. This is because I ______________ （原因一） . Furthermore, ____________________ （原因二） . Finally, _____________ （原因三） .
模板四：展望未來型
With the rapid advances of _____________ in recent years, ___has____________ （引出現(xiàn)象） . However, _______ has________________, as____________ （提出問題） . As a result, _____has ____________________ （指出影響） .
The effects _________ has produced on___________ can be boiled down to two major ones.
First , __________________ （影響一） . More importantly, ________________ （影響二） . Hence, I believe that we will see a ____________ （提出展望） / Nevertheless, I do not think we will see a ______ （或反面展望）
There are numerous reasons why ____, and I would like to explore a few of the most important ones here. The first is that the more （比較級） _____, the more （比較級） . In addition, we all agree that________________________ （第二個(gè)原因）
練習(xí) （二）
結(jié)合 2000 年兩圖對比作文的畫面信息從遣詞造句角度選出表現(xiàn)效果的詞，并填入以下的 20 個(gè)空內(nèi)。
（ 1 ） ________ is shown in the pictures, with the （ 2 ） ________ of commercial fishing, the number of fishes has （ 3 ） ________ decreased. In one picture, there were various kinds of fish and only one fishing-boat in 1900. On the （ 4 ） ________, in 1995 there was only one fish, （ 5 ） ________ many fishing-boats.
The （ 6 ） _______ of this picture is to show us that （ 7 ） ________ attention has to be paid to the decrease of ocean （ 8 ） ________. Owing to （ 9 ） ________, the number of fishes has obviously decreased. If we let this situation （ 10 ） _______ as it is, we do not know where fish will be in the future. By that time, our environment will （ 11 ） _______ a great destruction.
Therefore, it is （ 12 ） ________ for us to take （ 13 ） ________ measures. For one thing, we should （ 14 ） ________ to our authorities to make strict laws to （ 15 ） ________ commercial fishing. For another, we should （ 16 ） ________ the awareness of people that the ocean resources are （ 17 ） ________ to us. （ 18 ） ________ in this way can we protect our ocean resources. Also I believe that we humans can （ 19 ） ________ this difficulty, and we will have a （ 20 ） ________ future.
1. A. It B. As C. What D. Here
2. A. development B. prosperity C. boom D. rampancy
3. A. gradually B. barely C. dramatically D. slightly
4. A. picture B. contrary C. other hand D. fact
5. A. but B. and C. versus D. against
6. A. fact B. drawer C. purpose D. intention
7. A. enough B. much C. great D. due
8. A. materials B. stuff C. resources D. items
9. A. hunting B. fishing C. killing D. over-fishing
10. A. go B. develop C. go on D. follow
11. A. welcome B. encounter C. suffer D. enter
12. A. time B. important C. useful D. imperative
13. A. great B. drastic C. careful D. extensive
14. A. suggest B. advise C. apply D. appeal
15. A. stop B. forbid C. control D. eliminate
16. A. stir B. enhance C. construct D. improve
17. A. vital B. meaningful C. nuclear D. effective
18. A. And B. Just C. Only D. hardly
19. A. confront B. tackle C. solve D. overcome
20. A. treacherous B. tangible C. brighter D. pleasant
第四部分、 2001年寫作考題評分標(biāo)準(zhǔn)及樣卷
Directions:
Among all the worthy feelings of mankind, love is probably the noblest, but everyone has his/her own understanding of it.
There has been a discussion recently on the issue in a newspaper. Write an essay to the newspaper to
1 ） show your understanding of the symbolic meaning of the picture below,
2 ） give a specific example, and
3 ） give your suggestion as to the best way to show love.
You should write about 200 words on ANSWER SHEET 2. （ 20 points ）
2001年作文范文
When we use the world "love" we do not simply mean an attraction to a person of the opposite sex, which is a very narrow definition of the word. The picture below illustrates the real meaning of love, by stressing the fact that love is emotional strength, which can support us no matter how dark the world around us becomes. In fact , throughout history people of many different cultures have regarded love as the noblest of human emotions.
As an example of the power of love, we should remember how the Chinese people of all nationalities respond to the call to help the victims of natural disasters every year. Although their incomes are still low by international standards, people all over the country do not hesitate to donate whatever they can -- be it money or goods -- to help their needy fellow citizens. Moreover, they do this with no thought of gain for themselves.
In my opinion, the best way to show love is to help people who are more unfortunate than we are. We should always be ready to give a helping hand to those who are in trouble, no matter whether they are family members or complete strangers. In this way, we can help to make the world a better place, for ,as the picture shows, the darker the shadows of sorrow become, the more brightly the lamp of love shines.
樣卷的評分和評語
Sample 1, Sample 2
給分：（ 17—20 分）
評語：內(nèi)容切題，包括題中所列三方面的全部內(nèi)容；文章通順，語言流暢，句式變化多樣；用詞面較寬；雖有個(gè)別不妥之處，但該生基本功較好；表達(dá)能力較強(qiáng)； 長度符合要求。
Sample 3, Sample 4
給分：（ 13—16 分）
評語：內(nèi)容切題，包括題中所列三方面的全部內(nèi)容；表達(dá)基本清楚，文字連貫；句式變化較多；結(jié)構(gòu)與用詞有少量一般性錯誤；長度符合要求。
Sample 5, Sample 6
給分：（ 9—12 分）
評語：內(nèi)容切題，包括題中所列三方面的全部內(nèi)容；表達(dá)基本清楚；但結(jié)構(gòu)與用詞錯誤較多，有少數(shù)是嚴(yán)重錯誤；長度符合要求。
Sample 7, Sample 8
給分：（ 5—8 分）
評語：內(nèi)容切題，包括題中所列要點(diǎn)；語句尚可理解，但結(jié)構(gòu)與用詞錯誤多；有些是嚴(yán)重錯誤；長度基本符合要求。
Sample 9, Sample 10
給分：（ 1—4 分）
評語：與題意勉強(qiáng)有關(guān)，但條理不清，不成篇章；語句錯誤多且嚴(yán)重；詞不達(dá)意。
（注：文章長度低于180 個(gè)詞扣 1 分，低于 170 個(gè)詞扣 2 分，依次類推。）
1、
Among all the worthy feelings of mankind, love is probably the noblest. It is of the utmost importance to the human beings, Everybody not only needs love, but also should give love.
As is described in the picture, "love is a lamp which is brighter in darker places. " This is indeed true. People in darker places need more light than ordinary people. Maye even a dim light can give them much hope for a better life and progress. Maybe just a thread of light will call forth their strength and courage to step out of their difficulties.
For instance when someone is starving to death, just a little food and water from you may save his life. Or when a little girl in a poor rural area drops out of school because of poverty, just a small sum of money from you may support her to finish her schooling and change her life, you have given love which is like a lamp in a dark place where light is most needed.
So to sum up, we should offer our help to all who are in need. We expect to get love from others and we also give love to others so when you see someone in difficulty or in distress and in need of help, don't hesitate to give your love to him. I believe then the relationship between people will be harmonious and our society will be a better place for us to live in. （ 20 分）
2、
It is generally believed that love is a hot topic which is most talked about. This is true not only in China but also in other countries. We live in different countries, speak different languages, but love is something common to us all. But how to show love may be different with different people in different countries. This is something we should give more thought to.
As shown in the picture, love is like a lamp which shines brightest in dark places. This tells us a simple truth: Love is like a lamp. It is most valuable when it is most needed. For example, once I saw a foreign lady get lost in the street. She could not speak Chinese and nobody seemed to be able to help her. Though my English is not very good and I am a shy person, I thought she needed help very much. I asked her what she wanted. She told me she lost her way, so I showed her the way to her hotel. It was a small thing but she thanked me very much because my help was needed very much. My help was like a lamp in a dark place.
I think we all should be like a lamp in a dark place, showing our love, giving our help to others, even to strangers. In this way we can make this world a harmonious and peaceful world. （ 18 分）
3、
I saw a picture recently in your newspaper. There is a small lamp in the picture and a flame on the lamp, which is smiling. The lamp says, "Love is a lamp, it will be brightest in the darkest place." I think it shows us a vivid picture: Where and who need live, love is the noblest feeling. So I believe that we should give our love to those who are in need. If everyone can give his love to whom in need, then the world will be filled with love.
For example, in the countryside. There are millions of pupils, who can't afford to attend school. Some of them never attend school. They are unfortunate, but now there are many warm-hearted people who give help to the pupils. Of course, we can also show our love in many other ways. For instance. As a friend, we should help our friends when they are in trouble. There is a saying: A friend in need is a friend indeed. As a young man, we should respect the older. When we walk on the street, we can help the blind or old people and children to cross the road.
In a word, There are many ways to show our love. The people all over the world should love and respect each other. The best way to show our love is to help others when they are in difficulities. （ 16 分）
4、
Everyone may agree that among all the worthy feelings of mankind, love is probably the noblest. But people have different understanding of it. As can be seen from the picture, there is one point of view. It says that love is like a lamp, which is brighter when the dark is heavier. This means that love should be given to where it is most needed. I agree with this point of view.
Take my experience for a example. Being poor, I have to do some part-time jobs to support my study in Beijing. I always feel love from other friends and families when they help me either in material or in spiritual aspects. I love them and want to give my help to other people at the same time. But some of my classmates take their parents' help for granted.
They never try to support them by working on the side. They have no idea of difficulties in one's life. Therefore, they don't realize the value of love.
As for the best way to show love, I think, first of all, everyone should be couraged and required to try to be self-reliant. Secondly, when one is in trouble, others should help him. Finally we should educate people to appreciate help from other people. Only in this way can our society become a big happy family. （ 14 分）
5、
As is shown in the picture, we can see clearly that love is like a lamp and the darker the environment is, the brighter love is. And it is no denying that among all the worthy feelings of mankind, love is the noblest. Actually, because of love, many people in trouble get help and encourage, so they will try their best to overtake the difficulty and look forward to a better future. What's more, when others are in trouble, they take helping them for granted. Therefore, love will be found all over the world.
Several years ago, some areas suffer disaster because of heavy rain. The PLA help them rebuild their families. This year, Taiwan also suffer disaster because of the earth quake. Many people in our country do our best to help them.
It is necessary to take some measure to spread the love. For one thing, we should encourage people who have love and are happy to help others. For another, we should enhance the awareness of people that love is benefit for all of this society. Also I make sure that by this way, we have a brighter future. （ 12 分）
6、
In the picture below, in the full dark situation, a little of spark enlightens the dark. The naive spark smiles so sweet. It seems to be saying, as the caption in the picture reads, I am a light of love, the more dark where I am, the more enlighten.
Among all the worthy feelings of mankind, love is probably the noblest. As a matter of fact, all of us survive in a love world. We offer love, more important, we need love. I am a hardworking student that is specialized in Computer Science and Application. Once a time, I lost my mind accidentally as a result I dropped down from the downstairs, badly injured. But for my roomates' help I couldn't live up not only in physics but also in spirits. I thank them genuinly. What I accomplished today party attribute to all of them giving me a hand to my school work. I hope I can live up to myself as well as my roommates.
As far as I am concerned, love should be showed by two means as follow. At the first place, we should keep a critical eye on others' love showed to us. Of course, most of the love is good for us, nevertheless, some does harm to us, such as helping to cheating in exams. The last but no the least, we should show love hearts to those needing them. As we know, Hope Project is the largest love project in our country, we should pay highly attention on it rather than neglect. In addition, we should cultivate the awareness to help others in our daily life. Let's hold our hands to build our country filled in love hearts. （ 10 分）
7、
This picture tells us a reality that love can bring up lighting and light will make everywhere bright. Although the light is weak, it plays a great effect which will make people more firmly than before.
When I was at middle-school, my parent were both out of employee. My parent felt disappointed and I was greatly worried my future. Our life became very terrible, I even dicided to suicide. Our neighbour learnt about my family's conidition, and they began to help us. They lent a few money to my parent and my parent use these money to open a shop. They help me to study. My parent finally got through hard life. So I say that love is great.
I think that there are some ways to show love. You may give money to the poor and help the old do some working and give your love to the disable. The best way show love is from heart rather than from appearance. By this way those people who accepted helps will feel warmly. Our world will bright if everyone show love. （ 8 分）
8、
The picture imply that love is very important to the needy. Love like a lamp which is brighter in the darker place. Let's haven a example. When a person ,who is around us , has a serious ill and need a sum money to pay for the medical fee but he or his family can't affort it, well will make our efforts to help him. It is clear that love is important to everyone, in particular, to the needy.
It is well known to all, love is probably the noblest among all the worthy feeling of mankind, but everyone has his/her own understanding of it. As far as I am concerned, I think the best way to show love is our suitable help when others are facing with difficulty and need our helps. If we help others without thinking whether others need, it perhaps decrease other's confident and at the same time take us in troubles.
As is know to all, everything has two sides. Show love properly will take effective function, otherwise it will take negative function. As a consequence, we should not only have love but also show it properly. （ 6 分）
9、
The picture show that love is a lamp which lead a bright light and hope when one involved in dark. In China, we can see many stories about love, for example, From newspaper we can often read about "The Project hope." There are many people delvate himself to help others. In remote country, some children can't go to school because no money. However, in other district, there are many people to provide money to help these children.
From this picture, a small light bright some area. We can read much from it. As a university students, we can do much, do best. We can study hard science knowledge. We should improve our from all kind of aspect. As long as we devote oneself to help those troublesome man. （ 4 分）
10、
The symbolic is a light, it will be more powerful when the circumstances is more dark. Everyone has symbolic and symbolic is a very good matter to us. It come from us and it can help us. The symbolic is not only a feeling, but also is a character.
Mrs Bingxin is a good writer with symbolic. She gave all she can do to the society, include money, book and her heart. She tried her best to help those people who needs help.
We should show our love to the people, furthermore, we should show our love by the best way. I believe we have to do is not only the word, but also is the action, not only the money, but also the heart. If all of us have give our symbolic, the world can change more beautiful. （ 2 分）
02年寫作 5分樣卷
Look! What a beautiful girl in Chinese custom! She must be 20 years old, dressing some jewels and accessories. She looks like wonderful my college classmate only a bit fat. She is smiling like an Angler to me. How I wish to take a photo with her. Of course she is happy to appreciate Chinese fishion. Now traditional cloth are becoming more and more fisjionable.
Any country has her own national custom. Almost all these custom are beautiful. Some of them can be said perfect. The long history of China has given about to excellent vulture.
Today. It belongs to China, it also belongs to world, China need world, the world need china.
99年寫作 0分樣卷
According to the figures given in the bar charts, it took from the beginning of human life to the year 1830 for the population of the earth to reach one billion. That represents a time span of at least two million years. Then the world population increased rapidly, adding up to two billion in 1930. The next billion was added by 1960, only thirty years. From then on the global population was on the rise, amounting to 4 billion in 1975, which is another billion people in only 15 years.
There are at least two reasons, I think, for the sharp increase in world population. In the first place, the birth rate is continuously climbing in many countries, especially in developing countries. Generally speaking, people there hold the opinion that children don't cost much and when they get old enough to work they will bring in money and that when parents are old, they will take care of them. Secondly, the death rate i most developed countries declines steadily because people's standards of living are raised and health care improves.
In may opinion, the chief reason for the population growth is not so much a rise in birth rates as a fall in death rates as result of improvements in medical care.
一、評價(jià)目標(biāo)：
考生應(yīng)能寫不同類型的應(yīng)用文，包括私人和公務(wù)信函、備忘錄、摘要、報(bào)告等，還應(yīng)能寫一般描述性、敘述性和說明或議論性的文章。短文寫作時(shí)，考生應(yīng)能：
l 、做到語法、拼寫、標(biāo)點(diǎn)正確，用詞恰當(dāng)；
2 、遵循文章的特定文體格式；
3 、合理組織文章結(jié)構(gòu)，使其內(nèi)容統(tǒng)一、連貫；
4 、根據(jù)寫作目的和特定讀者，恰當(dāng)使用語域。
二、考試內(nèi)容：
該部分由 A 、 B 兩節(jié)組成，考查考生的書面表達(dá)能力?？偡?30 分。
A 節(jié)：考生根據(jù)所給情景寫出一篇約 100 詞（標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號不計(jì)算在內(nèi)）的應(yīng)用性短文，包括私人和公務(wù)信國、備忘錄、摘要、報(bào)告等。考生在答題卡 2 上作答。滿分 10 分。
B 節(jié)：要求考生根據(jù)提示信息寫出一篇 160 － 200 詞的短文（標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號不計(jì)算在內(nèi)）。提示信息的形式有主題句、寫作提綱、規(guī)定情景、圖、表等?？忌诖痤}卡 2 上作答。滿分 20 分。
三、評分原則和方法：
l 、雖然 A 、 B 兩節(jié)的考查要點(diǎn)有所不同，但對考生寫作能力的基本要求是相同的，所以一般評分標(biāo)準(zhǔn)對兩節(jié)都適用。但根據(jù)兩節(jié)的不同考查要點(diǎn)，評分是會有不同的側(cè)重點(diǎn)。
A 節(jié)
應(yīng)用文的評分側(cè)重點(diǎn)在于信息點(diǎn)的覆蓋和內(nèi)容的組織、語言的準(zhǔn)確性、格式和語域（指在書面和口語表達(dá)中根據(jù)不同的交際對象，所采用的話語方式，即正式、一般、非正式的話語）的恰當(dāng)。對語法結(jié)構(gòu)和詞匯多樣性的要求將根據(jù)具體試題作調(diào)整。允許在作文中使用提示語中出現(xiàn)過的關(guān)鍵詞，但使用提示語中出現(xiàn)過的詞組或句子將被扣分。
B 節(jié)
B 節(jié)作文的評分重點(diǎn)在于內(nèi)容的完整性、文章的連貫組織性、語法結(jié)構(gòu)和詞匯的多樣性及語言的準(zhǔn)確性。
2 、評分時(shí)，先根據(jù)文章的內(nèi)容和語言確定其所屬檔次，然后以該檔次的要求來給分。評分人員在檔內(nèi)有 l － 3 分的調(diào)節(jié)分。
3 、 A 節(jié)作文的字?jǐn)?shù)要求是 100 詞左右。 B 節(jié)作文的字?jǐn)?shù)要求是 160 － 200 詞。文章長度不符合要求的，酌情扣分。
4 、拼寫與標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號是語言準(zhǔn)確性的一個(gè)方面。評分時(shí)，視其對交際的影響程度予以考慮。英、美拼寫及詞匯用法均可接受。
5 、如書寫較差，以致影響交際，將分?jǐn)?shù)降低一個(gè)檔次。
四、最新考研英語寫作具體評分細(xì)則
20—17 分：內(nèi)容切題，包括題中所列的各項(xiàng)內(nèi)容，清楚表達(dá)其內(nèi)涵，文字連貫；句式有變化，句子結(jié)構(gòu)和用詞正確。文章長度符合要求。
16—13 分：內(nèi)容切題，包括題中所列的各項(xiàng)內(nèi)容；比較清楚地表達(dá)其內(nèi)涵，文字基本連貫，句式有一定變化，句子結(jié)構(gòu)和用詞無重大錯誤。文章長度符合要求。
12—9 分：內(nèi)容切題，基本包括題中所列各方面的內(nèi)容；基本清楚地表達(dá)其內(nèi)涵；句子結(jié)構(gòu)和詞有少量錯誤。文章長度符合要求。
8—5 分：內(nèi)容基本切題，基本包含題中所列各方面的內(nèi)容；語句可以理解，文章長度基本符合要求。
4—1 分：基本按要求寫作，但只有少數(shù)句子可以理解。
0 分：文不切題，語句混亂，無法理解。
第二部分、寫作整體構(gòu)建模式
考研英語寫作的文章一般包括一個(gè)開頭段、若干擴(kuò)展段和一個(gè)結(jié)尾段。開頭段和結(jié)尾段一般比擴(kuò)展段短。各種段落的作用、特點(diǎn)和寫作方法如下所示。
一、開頭段
開頭段一定要語言精練，并且直接切入主題。開頭段一般不對主題進(jìn)行深入的探討，具體的論證或敘述應(yīng)該在擴(kuò)展段進(jìn)行。
開頭段的常用核心句型
1 ． The arguer may be right about…, but he seems to neglect （ fail ） to mention （ takes into account ） the fact that….
2 ． As opposed to （ Contrary to ） widely （ commonly / generally ） held （ accepted ） belief （ ideas / views ） , I believe （ argue ） that…
3 ． Although many people believe that…, I doubt （ wonder ） whether the argument bears much analysis （ close examination ） .
4 ． The advantages of B outweigh any benefit we gained from （ carry more weight than those of / are much greater than ） A.
5 ． Although it is commonly （ widely / generally ） held （ felt / accepted / agreed ） that…, it is unlikely to be true that….
6 ． There is an element of truth in this argument （ statement ） , but it ignores a deeper and more basic （ important / essential ） fact （ reason ） that….
7 ． It is true that （ True, / To be sure, / Admittedly, ） …, but this is not to say （ it is unlikely / it doesn’t follow / it doesn’t mean / it won’t be the case ） that….
8 ． The main （ obvious / great ） problem （ flaw / drawback ） with （ in ） this argument （ view / remark ） is that it is ignorant of （ blind to ） the basic （ bare ） fact that….
9 ． It would be possible （ natural / reasonable ） to think （ believe / take the view ） that…, but it would be absurd （ wrong ） to claim （ argue ） that….
10 ． In all the discussion and debate over…, one important （ basic ） fact is generally overlooked （ neglected ） .
11 ． There is absolutely （ in fact ） no （ every ） reason for us to believe （ accept / resist / reject ） that….
12 ． Logical （ Valid / Sound ） as this argument and I wholeheartedly agree with it, it appears insignificant （ absurd ） when…is taken into consideration （ account ） .
13 ． To assume （ suggest ） that…is far from being proved （ to miss the point ） .
14 ． A close （ careful ） inspection （ examination / scrutiny ） of this argument would reveal how flimsy （ groundless /fallacious ） it is.
15 ． On the surface （ At first thought ） , it （ this ） may seem a sound （ an attractive ） suggestion （ solution / idea ） , but careful weighing on the mind （ on closer analysis / on second thought ） , we find that…
16 ． Too much emphasis placed on （ attention paid to / importance attached to ） …may obscure （ overlook / neglect ） other facts….
17 ． The danger （ problem / fact / truth / point ） is that….
18 ． What the arguer fails to understand （ consider / mention ） is that….
19 ． However just （ logical / sound / valid ） this argument may be, it only skims the surface of the problem.
20 ． Among the most convincing （ important ） reasons given （ cited / offered / identified ） by people for…, one should be stressed （ emphasized / mentioned ） .
21 ． As far as I am concerned, however, I believe that….
22 ． I believe that the title statement is valid because （ of ） ….
23 ． I agree with the above statement because I believe that….
24 ． Although I appreciate that…, I cannot agree with the title statement.
25 ． There is a public controversy nowadays over the issue of…. Those who object to…argue that…. But people who favor…, on the other hand, argue that….
26 ． Currently （ In recent years / In the past few years / For many years now ） , there is （ has been ） a （ n ） general （ widespread / growing / widely held ） feeling towards （ concern over / attitude towards / trend towards / awareness of / realization of / illusion of / belief in ） ….
27 ． Now it is commonly （ widely / generally / increasingly ） believed （ thought / held / accepted/ felt / recognized / acknowledged ） that…. But I wonder （ doubt ） whether….
28 ． These days we are often told that （ often hear about ） …, but is this really the case?
二、中間段
中間段是文章的正文，其作用是從不同的層面對文章主題進(jìn)行具體和詳實(shí)的解釋和論證。
1 、中間段的一般特征
① 篇幅一般比開頭段和結(jié)尾段長。
② 每段有相應(yīng)的主題句。
③ 包含定義、解釋、描寫，說明主題思想的擴(kuò)展句可以采用實(shí)例、數(shù)據(jù)或個(gè)人經(jīng)歷等寫作手段。
④ 不同種類的段落采用不同的擴(kuò)展手段。
中間段的常用核心句型
1 ． Although the popular belief is that…, a current （ new / recent ） study （ survey / poll / investigation ） indicates （ shows / demonstrates ） that….
2 ． Common sense tells us that….
3 ． The increase （ change / failure / success ） in…mainly （ largely / partly ） results from （ arises from / is because of ） ….
4 ． The increase （ change / failure / success ） in…is due to （ owing to / attributable to ） the fact that….
5 ． Many people would claim that….
6 ． One may attribute （ ascribe / owe ） the increase （ decrease / change ） to…, but…is not by itself an adequate explanation.
7 ． One of the reasons given for…is that….
8 ． What is also worth noticing is that….
9 ． There are many （ different / several /a number of / a variety of ） causes （ reasons ） for this dramatic （ marked / significant ） growth （ change / decline / increase ） in…. First,…. Second,…. Finally,….
10 ． There is no evidence to suggest that….
11 ． Why are （ is / do / did ） …? For one thing,…. For another,….
12 ． Another reason why I dispute the above statement is that….
13 ． It gives rise to （ lead to / bring /create ） a host of problems （ consequences ） .
14 ． There are numerous reasons why…, and I shall here explore only a few of the most important ones.
15 ． It will exert （ have / produce ） profound （ far-reaching / remarkable / considerable / beneficial / favorable / undesirable / disastrous ） effect （ influence ） on….
16 ． A multitude of factors could account for （ contribute to / lead to / result in / influence ） the change （ increase / decrease / success / failure / development ） in….
17 ． In 2000, it increased （ rose / jumped / shot up ） from 5 to 10 percent of the total （ to 15 percent / by 15 percent ） .
18 ． By comparison with 2002, it decreased （ dropped / fell ） from 10 to 5 percent （ to 15 percent / by 15 percent ） .
19 ． It accounts for 15 percent of the total.
20 ． There were 100 traffic accidents in April, an increase of 5 percent in a five-month period.
21 ． By 2002, only （ less than / more than / almost / about / over/ as many as ） three quarters （ 40 percent of / one out of five / one in four ） college population （ graduates / housewives ） as against （ as compared with ） last year （ 2002 ） preferred to （ liked ） ….
22 ． With the development （ improvement / rise / growth / general recognition / acknowledgement / realization ） of…, vast changes awaits this country’s society.
23 ． Now people in growing （ ever-increasing / significant ） numbers are beginning （ coming / getting ） to believe （ realize / recognize / understand / accept / see / be aware ） that….
24 ． According to a （ n ） recent （ new / official ） study （ survey / report / poll ） ,….
25 ． History （ Our society ） is filled （ abounds ） with the examples of….
26 ． The story （ case / instance / situation ） is not rare （ isolated / unique ） , it is one of many examples （ typical of dozens ） .
27 ． A （ one ） recent （ new / general / nationwide ） study （ survey / poll / investigation ） conducted （ taken ） at a university by （ officials / scientists / experts ） indicates （ reveals / suggests / shows / proves / demonstrates ） that….
28 ． According to （ As can be seen in / As is shown in ） the figures （ statistics / findings / data / graph / table ） released （ provided ） by the government （ an institute ） , it can be learned （ seen / predicted ） that….
29 ． There is （ no ） good （ every / little / sufficient / considerable / strong ） evidence （ proof ） to
30 ． Personal experience （ Examples I heard / read of ） leads me to conclude that….
31 ． We must admit the undeniable fact that….
32 ． No one can deny （ ignore / doubt / overlook / obscure / brush aside ） the fact that….
33 ． Experience （ Evidence ） suggests （ shows ） that….
34 ． Take for example…who （ that ） ….
35 ． The same is true of….
36 ． As the saying goes,“….”
三、結(jié)尾段
結(jié)尾段的核心句型
1 ． From what has been discussed above （ Taking into account all these factors / Judging from all evidence offered ） , we may safely draw （ reach / come to / arrive at ） the conclusion that….
2 ． All the evidence （ analysis ） supports （ justifies / confirms / warrants / points to ） a （ n ） unshakable （ unmistakable / sound / just ） conclusion that….
3 ． It is high time that we place （ lay / put ） great （ special / considerable ） emphasis on the improvement （ development / increase / promotion ） of….
4 ． It is high time that we put an end to the deep-seated （ unhealthy / undesirable / deplorable ） situation （ tendency / phenomenon ） of….
5 ． We must look （ search / call / cry ） for an immediate action （ method / measure ） , because the present （ current ） situation （ phenomenon / tendency / state / attitude ） of…, if permitted （ allowed ） to continue （ proceed ） , will surely （ certainly ） lead to （ result in ） the end （ destruction / heavy cost ） of….
6 ． There is no easy （ immediate / effective ） solution （ approach / answer / remedy ） to the problem of…, but…might be useful （ helpful / beneficial ） .
7 ． No easy method （ solution / recipe / remedy ） can be at hand （ found / guaranteed ） to solve （ resolve / tackle ） the problem of…, but the common （ general / public ） recognition of （ realization of / awareness of / commitment to ） the necessity （ importance / significance ） of…might be the first step towards change （ on the right way / in the right direction ） .
8 ． Following these methods （ suggestions ） may not guarantee the success in （ solution to ） …, but the pay-off will be worth the effort.
9 ． Obviously （ Clearly / No doubt ） , if we ignore （ are blind to ） the problem, there is every chance that….
10 ． Unless there is a common realization of （ general commitment to ） …, it is very likely （ the chances are good ） that….
11 ． There is little doubt （ no denying ） that serious （ special / adequate / immediate / further ） attention must be called （ paid / devoted ） to the problem of….
12 ． It is necessary （ essential / fundamental ） that effective （ quick / proper ） action （ steps /measures / remedies ） should be taken to prevent （ correct /check / end / fight ） the situation （ tendency / phenomenon ） .
13 ． It is hoped （ suggested / recommended ） that great （ continuous / persistent / sustained / corporate ） efforts should be made to control （ check/ halt / promote ） the growth （ increase / rise ） of….
14 ． It is hoped that great efforts should be directed to （ expended on / focused on ） finding （ developing / improving ） ….
15 ． It remains to be seen whether…, but the prospect （ outlook ） is not quite encouraging （ that rosy ） .
16 ． Anyhow, wider （ more ） education （ publicity ） should be given to the possible （ potential / grave /serious / pernicious ） consequences （ effects ） of….
17 ． To reverse （ check / control ） the trend （ tendency ） is not a light task （ an easy job ） , and it requires （ demands / involves / entails ） a different state of mind towards （ attitude towards / outlook on ） ….
18 ． For these reasons, I strongly recommend that….
19 ． For the reasons given above, I feel that….
四、段落擴(kuò)展中的常用詞語
1 、總結(jié)關(guān)系過渡詞語
generally speaking, generally, as a general rule, in general, on a larger scale, to take the idea further, to take the above opinion to an extreme, in a sense, in one sense, in a way, to some extent, in my opinion, in my view, as for me, as far as I am concerned, obviously, undoubtedly, in terms of, in conclusion, in short, in brief, in summary, in a word, on the whole, to sum up, to conclude
2 、比較對比關(guān)系過渡詞語
similarly, likewise, like, too, equally important, the same as, in common, in the same way, on the contrary, on the one hand, on the other hand, otherwise, in sharp contrast, whereas, rather than, conversely, instead, in/by contrast, but, however, yet, nevertheless
3 、列舉關(guān)系過渡詞語
for example, for instance, as an example, as a case in point, such as, namely, that is, like, thus, first, second, third, finally, in the first place, initially, first of all, to begin with, to start with, what is more, furthermore, eventually, besides, in addition （ to that ） , first and foremost, last but not least, next, also, moreover, for one thing, for another
4 、因果關(guān)系過渡詞語
because （ of ） , as, since, for, owing to, due to, thanks to, on account of, as a result of, result in （ from ） , consequently, for the reason that, as a consequence, consequently, if follows that, accordingly, therefore, hence
5 、讓步關(guān)系過渡詞語
although, even though, after all, in spite of, despite, granted that
6 、強(qiáng)調(diào)關(guān)系過渡詞語
anyway, certainly, surely, obviously, to be sure, especially, particularly, above all, in deed, in fact, even worse, needless to say, most important of all, no doubt
第三部分 、 重點(diǎn)話題與句型
一、描述圖畫或圖表的常用句型：
1. As can be clearly seen from the picture, …. 從這張畫中可以清楚地看到， …
譯：從這張畫中可以清楚地看到，隨著國際文化交流的增加，越來越多的外國人渴望訪問中國。
As can be clearly seen from the picture , with the increase in cultural exchange among countries, an increasing number of foreigners are eager to visit China.
2. As is shown above ， … 正如上面所示， …
譯：正如上面所示，有兩幅漫畫描述了兩種完全不同的情景。一幅描繪了人們在努力工作，而另一幅暗示了懶惰導(dǎo)致失敗。
As is shown above , there are two cartoons presenting two quite different situations. One depicts people who are working hard, while the other implies that laziness results in failure.
3. What a vivid picture it is! It tells us that… 這是一幅多么生動形象的畫啊！它告訴我們 …
譯：這是一幅多么生動的畫啊！它告訴我們，愛就像一盞在黑暗中的油燈 , 它照亮了人們的心靈。
What a vivid picture it is! It tells us that love is just like an oil lamp in the dark, which lightens people’s hearts.
4. According to the statistics given in the table, … 根據(jù)表中所給的統(tǒng)計(jì)數(shù)字， …
譯：根據(jù)表中所給的統(tǒng)計(jì)數(shù)字，最近 5 年來旅游者的人數(shù)大大增加， 2002 年達(dá)到 80,000,000 人。
According to the statistics given in the table , the number of tourists has grown greatly, 80,000,000 people in 2002.
5. This chart shows that … 這張示意圖表明， …
譯：這張示意圖表明，全世界吸煙者的人數(shù)不斷上升 , 占 總?cè)丝诘?20% 。
This chart shows that the number of smokers continues to climb （ =rise ） , _________________ 20 % of the total population.
6. It is indicated by the graph that … 這張曲線圖表示， …
譯：這張曲線圖表示，某些野生動物物種的滅絕（ extinction ）與世界人口的猛增密切相關(guān)。
It is indicated by the graph that the extinction of some species of wild animals ___________________________ the sharp increase of the world’s population.
7. It can be seen from the statistics （ or picture ） that … 從這些統(tǒng)計(jì)數(shù)字（或這張圖畫）中可以看到， …
譯：從這些統(tǒng)計(jì)數(shù)字（或這張圖畫）中可以看到，隨著城市中汽車數(shù)量的不斷增加 , 空氣污染和噪音已經(jīng)成為威脅城市居民生存的主要公害（ public hazards ）。
It can be seen from the statistics （ or picture ） that with the rapid increase in the number of cars, air pollution and noise have become the main public hazards threatening the survival of city residents.
8. It is generally believed （或 accepted, thought, held ） that … 人們普遍認(rèn)為， …
譯：人們普遍認(rèn)為，各國政府應(yīng)該采取有力措施來保護(hù)森林資源。
It is generally believed that the governments of all countries should ______________________________ to protect forest resources.
9. The picture is thought-provoking, … 這幅畫發(fā)人深省， …
譯：這幅畫是發(fā)人深省的，它所說明的是我們今天社會普遍存在的一種現(xiàn)象。
The picture is thought-provoking, and what it illustrates is a common phenomenon in our society today.
10. What the drawing describes implies that …… 這張圖畫所描述的內(nèi)容暗示了， …
譯：這張圖畫所描述的內(nèi)容暗示了，我們應(yīng)該經(jīng)得住失敗的考驗(yàn)。
What the drawing describes implies that we should _______________________ the test of failure.
二、關(guān)于比較、利弊、優(yōu)缺點(diǎn)的句型 :
1. S + have （ or has ） a lot of advantages over... （與 ... 相比有許多優(yōu)點(diǎn)）
2. Compared with …, sb./sth. has/have the advantage of … （有 … 方面的長處； ... 的優(yōu)點(diǎn)是 … ）
3. be of great benefit to sb./sth. （對 ... 有益）
4. benefit sb/sth. （ 對 ... 有好處）
benefit from sth. （由于 ... 而受益）
5. do （ a lot of ） good to sb. （對 ... 有許多好處）
be good for sb./sth. （對 ... 有益）
do damage to sth./damage sth. （對 ... 造成損壞）
do harm to sth./harm sth./endanger sth. （對 ... 有害處）
6. be as （ not so ） good/great as. .. （ 沒有 ... 的好）
7. not so much ...as... （與其說 ..., 不如說 ... ）
.
三、說明原因的句型 :
1. There are two/some good reasons for sth./to do sth. …
生活條件改變的原因有兩條。首先，我們一直在貫徹執(zhí)行改革開放政策。其次，我們的經(jīng)濟(jì)在迅速發(fā)展并且出生率得到了控制。
There are two reasons for the changes in people's living conditions . First, we have been carrying out an opening and reform policy. Second, our national economy is developing rapidly and the birth rate has been .
2． We have two good reasons for/against . ..
我們有兩條充分理由反對工業(yè)不受控制的發(fā)展。
We have two good reasons against the uncontrolled development of industry.
3. The reason for...is that + 從句
我們支持 “ 希望工程 ” 的原因是 , 許多貧困地區(qū)的兒童付不起繼續(xù)學(xué)業(yè)的各種費(fèi)用。
The reason for us to support the “Project Hope” is that many children in poor areas _____________________different kinds of expenses to continue with their schooling.
四、關(guān)于因果關(guān)系的句型 :
1. 物價(jià)上升的原因是需求的增加。
The cause of （ =reason for ） higher prices was an increase in demand.
或 : Because the demand has increased, the prices are higher.
或 : An increase in demand results in higher prices.
或 : The demand has increased. As a result, the prices are higher.
或 : If there is an increase in demand, then prices rise.
譯：他們?nèi)〉玫某晒怯捎谒麄兊目炭嗯Α?What they have achieved results from their hard （ =painstaking ） work.
譯：由于所有這些因素，政府越來越多地依賴于科學(xué)家來安排適當(dāng)?shù)囊?guī)劃并付諸實(shí)踐 .
As a result of all these factors , governments are becoming increasingly dependent on scientists for planning appropriate programs and .
五、表示不同看法的句型 :
1. 人們對這個(gè)問題的看法各不相同。 When it comes to sth, the opinions of people differ
有些人認(rèn)為 … ；其他人爭辯說 … ；還有一些人主張 …
Some believe that ... Others argue that .... Still others maintain that ...
2. 他們的觀點(diǎn)各不相同。 They are quite different from each other in their opinions.
3. 有些人持這樣的觀點(diǎn)：孩子少是好事。 Some people hold the opinion that it is good to have a small family.
4. 他們對這個(gè)問題的態(tài)度大相徑庭。 They think quite differently on this question.
5. 他們對噪音問題的態(tài)度截然不同。 They differ greatly in their attitudes towards noise problem.
家長和孩子對這個(gè)問題的看法不同。家長認(rèn)為，孩子應(yīng)努力學(xué)習(xí)，得到好的學(xué)習(xí)成績。而孩子們則認(rèn)為，他們應(yīng)該有更多的自由來支配他們的閑暇時(shí)間，來安排他們的未來。
Parents and children think differently on this question. Parents hold that children should work hard and do well at school. Children, however, maintain that they should have more freedom to spend their leisure time and to plan for their own future.
六、表示必須、緊急、有困難做某事的句型 :
1. It is important （ necessary, urgent, difficult, easy, convenient, comfortable, expensive, desirable, advisable ） for sb. to do sth.
請翻譯下列 4 句：
1 ） It is inevitable that the natural resources throughout the world are diminishing as the demand for them 在不斷增長 .
不可避免的是，
2 ） It is obvious that the strength of a country’s economy 直接相關(guān) the efficiency of its industry and agriculture.
顯然，
3 ） It is urgent for the government to take measures to control the birth rate in our country/ to 把沙漠變?yōu)榱继?.
政府迫在眉睫的是
4 ） It is necessary for us to build more hospitals, shopping centers, recreation centers, cinemas, and other public facilities to 滿足 the increasing needs of the people. 我們必須建立
5 ） have trouble/ difficulty/ a hard time/ a difficult time （ in ） doing sth （有困難做某事）
他很難找到一份滿意的工作。 He has trouble finding a satisfactory job. have trouble with sth. （對 ... 有困難 , 不好對付） I have some trouble with my English study.
七、常用諺語 （在議論文中） :
1. 常言道， “ 事物總是一分為二的。 ” As a popular saying goes, "Every coin has two sides".
2. As a proverb says, "Everything has two sides". On the one hand, physical exercise is good for your health. On the other hand, if you don't deal with it properly, it will do harm to your health. So we should look at the matter from two sides.
3. As a proverb says, " Where there is a will there is a way." （有志者事竟成。）
4. As a popular saying goes, "A man is known by the company he keeps." （觀其交友，知其為人。）
5. As is known to all, "No pains, no gains". （沒有苦，就沒有甜。）
6. It’s no use crying over the spilt milk. （覆水難收。）
7. More haste, less speed. （欲速者不達(dá)。）
8. Look before you leap. （三思而后行。）
9. He who laughs last laughs best. （誰最后笑，誰笑得。）
八、辯論中常用的句型 :
1. There is no doubt that ... 譯：毫無疑問 the rapid increase in population 促使 the sharp decrease in the species of wild animals.
2. It is obvious/clear that 愛心是一盞燈 , 越黑暗的地方 , 它越明亮。
3. 眾所周知，中國一貫主張 , 國家不管大小 , 應(yīng)該一律平等。 As is known to all, China always maintains that all nations should be equal, be they large or small.
4. （ It's ） no wonder ... （難怪） 譯：他不努力工作 , 難怪他丟了工作。
5. It goes without saying that ... （ 不成問題 , 很自然 ） ：很自然，健康的人比病人幸
福。 It goes without saying that healthy people are much happier than sick ones.
6. What is more important, we should 保持 ecological balance.
7. I am convinced that only if our society is full of love, tomorrow will be much better and brighter.
8. It is no exaggeration to say … 可以毫不夸張地說， …
九、舉例表示法 :
1. For example,/ For instance,the people's economic status has been greatly improved.
2. A case in point is that the economic status of the people has been improved.
3. Let's have an example. TV sets, refrigerators and recorders have become household necessities.
十、練習(xí)
練習(xí) （一）
模板一：圖畫作文
This illustration depicts__________ （圖畫中的人物） , with_______________ （補(bǔ)充說明） . Recently it has become common for people in many walks of life to____________ （進(jìn)一步闡釋）
It seems to me that the cartoonist is sending a message about _______ （圖畫主題） , which is ______________ （進(jìn)一步的說明） . He seems to be saying that_______________ （給出細(xì)節(jié)） . In my opinion, ___________ （個(gè)人闡述） .
This simple picture is a wake up call for ______ （所涉群體，如 the whole of the human race ） . Therefore, it is imperative for us to take drastic measures to put an end to _____________ （問題所在） . One the one hand, we must _________________ （建議一） . It is clear that the drawer of the illustration is urging us to _________ （進(jìn)一步說明） . On the other hand, ________________ （建議二） Only in this way can we___________ （展望前景） .
模板二：圖表作文
The chart gives us an overall picture of the ____________ （圖表主題） . The first thing we notice is that_______________ （圖表特點(diǎn)） . This means that as __________, _________________ （進(jìn)一步說明） .
We can see from the statistics given that _______________ （圖表細(xì)節(jié)一） . After ving_________ （細(xì)節(jié)一中的第一個(gè)變化） , the _____Ved+ 幅度 + 時(shí)間（緊跟著的變化） . The figures also tells us that_________________________ （圖表細(xì)節(jié)二） . （數(shù)據(jù)位置，如 In the second column ） , we can see that ____________accounts for _______ （進(jìn)一步描述） .
Judging from these figures, we can draw the conclusion that___________ （結(jié)論） . The reason for this, as far as I am concerned is that_____________ （給出原因） . / It is high time that we Ved （發(fā)出倡議）
模板三：利弊型作文
Recently the issue of whether or not______ （討論話題） has been in the limelight and has aroused wide concern in the public. There are two major arguments that can be made for_________. For one thing, __________can bring ____ to_____________ （優(yōu)點(diǎn)一） . For another, it is widely hold that people usually ____when _________________________ （優(yōu)點(diǎn)二） .
But we must not lose sight of the fact that there are also drawbacks to__________, among which are ___________ （列舉缺點(diǎn)） . For instance, it can be _________to ____________ （舉例說明） . In addition, many people find it ________ （形容詞） to ______________ （第二個(gè)缺點(diǎn)）
When asked to __________, I tend to ____________. This is because I ______________ （原因一） . Furthermore, ____________________ （原因二） . Finally, _____________ （原因三） .
模板四：展望未來型
With the rapid advances of _____________ in recent years, ___has____________ （引出現(xiàn)象） . However, _______ has________________, as____________ （提出問題） . As a result, _____has ____________________ （指出影響） .
The effects _________ has produced on___________ can be boiled down to two major ones.
First , __________________ （影響一） . More importantly, ________________ （影響二） . Hence, I believe that we will see a ____________ （提出展望） / Nevertheless, I do not think we will see a ______ （或反面展望）
There are numerous reasons why ____, and I would like to explore a few of the most important ones here. The first is that the more （比較級） _____, the more （比較級） . In addition, we all agree that________________________ （第二個(gè)原因）
練習(xí) （二）
結(jié)合 2000 年兩圖對比作文的畫面信息從遣詞造句角度選出表現(xiàn)效果的詞，并填入以下的 20 個(gè)空內(nèi)。
（ 1 ） ________ is shown in the pictures, with the （ 2 ） ________ of commercial fishing, the number of fishes has （ 3 ） ________ decreased. In one picture, there were various kinds of fish and only one fishing-boat in 1900. On the （ 4 ） ________, in 1995 there was only one fish, （ 5 ） ________ many fishing-boats.
The （ 6 ） _______ of this picture is to show us that （ 7 ） ________ attention has to be paid to the decrease of ocean （ 8 ） ________. Owing to （ 9 ） ________, the number of fishes has obviously decreased. If we let this situation （ 10 ） _______ as it is, we do not know where fish will be in the future. By that time, our environment will （ 11 ） _______ a great destruction.
Therefore, it is （ 12 ） ________ for us to take （ 13 ） ________ measures. For one thing, we should （ 14 ） ________ to our authorities to make strict laws to （ 15 ） ________ commercial fishing. For another, we should （ 16 ） ________ the awareness of people that the ocean resources are （ 17 ） ________ to us. （ 18 ） ________ in this way can we protect our ocean resources. Also I believe that we humans can （ 19 ） ________ this difficulty, and we will have a （ 20 ） ________ future.
1. A. It B. As C. What D. Here
2. A. development B. prosperity C. boom D. rampancy
3. A. gradually B. barely C. dramatically D. slightly
4. A. picture B. contrary C. other hand D. fact
5. A. but B. and C. versus D. against
6. A. fact B. drawer C. purpose D. intention
7. A. enough B. much C. great D. due
8. A. materials B. stuff C. resources D. items
9. A. hunting B. fishing C. killing D. over-fishing
10. A. go B. develop C. go on D. follow
11. A. welcome B. encounter C. suffer D. enter
12. A. time B. important C. useful D. imperative
13. A. great B. drastic C. careful D. extensive
14. A. suggest B. advise C. apply D. appeal
15. A. stop B. forbid C. control D. eliminate
16. A. stir B. enhance C. construct D. improve
17. A. vital B. meaningful C. nuclear D. effective
18. A. And B. Just C. Only D. hardly
19. A. confront B. tackle C. solve D. overcome
20. A. treacherous B. tangible C. brighter D. pleasant
第四部分、 2001年寫作考題評分標(biāo)準(zhǔn)及樣卷
Directions:
Among all the worthy feelings of mankind, love is probably the noblest, but everyone has his/her own understanding of it.
There has been a discussion recently on the issue in a newspaper. Write an essay to the newspaper to
1 ） show your understanding of the symbolic meaning of the picture below,
2 ） give a specific example, and
3 ） give your suggestion as to the best way to show love.
You should write about 200 words on ANSWER SHEET 2. （ 20 points ）
2001年作文范文
When we use the world "love" we do not simply mean an attraction to a person of the opposite sex, which is a very narrow definition of the word. The picture below illustrates the real meaning of love, by stressing the fact that love is emotional strength, which can support us no matter how dark the world around us becomes. In fact , throughout history people of many different cultures have regarded love as the noblest of human emotions.
As an example of the power of love, we should remember how the Chinese people of all nationalities respond to the call to help the victims of natural disasters every year. Although their incomes are still low by international standards, people all over the country do not hesitate to donate whatever they can -- be it money or goods -- to help their needy fellow citizens. Moreover, they do this with no thought of gain for themselves.
In my opinion, the best way to show love is to help people who are more unfortunate than we are. We should always be ready to give a helping hand to those who are in trouble, no matter whether they are family members or complete strangers. In this way, we can help to make the world a better place, for ,as the picture shows, the darker the shadows of sorrow become, the more brightly the lamp of love shines.
樣卷的評分和評語
Sample 1, Sample 2
給分：（ 17—20 分）
評語：內(nèi)容切題，包括題中所列三方面的全部內(nèi)容；文章通順，語言流暢，句式變化多樣；用詞面較寬；雖有個(gè)別不妥之處，但該生基本功較好；表達(dá)能力較強(qiáng)； 長度符合要求。
Sample 3, Sample 4
給分：（ 13—16 分）
評語：內(nèi)容切題，包括題中所列三方面的全部內(nèi)容；表達(dá)基本清楚，文字連貫；句式變化較多；結(jié)構(gòu)與用詞有少量一般性錯誤；長度符合要求。
Sample 5, Sample 6
給分：（ 9—12 分）
評語：內(nèi)容切題，包括題中所列三方面的全部內(nèi)容；表達(dá)基本清楚；但結(jié)構(gòu)與用詞錯誤較多，有少數(shù)是嚴(yán)重錯誤；長度符合要求。
Sample 7, Sample 8
給分：（ 5—8 分）
評語：內(nèi)容切題，包括題中所列要點(diǎn)；語句尚可理解，但結(jié)構(gòu)與用詞錯誤多；有些是嚴(yán)重錯誤；長度基本符合要求。
Sample 9, Sample 10
給分：（ 1—4 分）
評語：與題意勉強(qiáng)有關(guān)，但條理不清，不成篇章；語句錯誤多且嚴(yán)重；詞不達(dá)意。
（注：文章長度低于180 個(gè)詞扣 1 分，低于 170 個(gè)詞扣 2 分，依次類推。）
1、
Among all the worthy feelings of mankind, love is probably the noblest. It is of the utmost importance to the human beings, Everybody not only needs love, but also should give love.
As is described in the picture, "love is a lamp which is brighter in darker places. " This is indeed true. People in darker places need more light than ordinary people. Maye even a dim light can give them much hope for a better life and progress. Maybe just a thread of light will call forth their strength and courage to step out of their difficulties.
For instance when someone is starving to death, just a little food and water from you may save his life. Or when a little girl in a poor rural area drops out of school because of poverty, just a small sum of money from you may support her to finish her schooling and change her life, you have given love which is like a lamp in a dark place where light is most needed.
So to sum up, we should offer our help to all who are in need. We expect to get love from others and we also give love to others so when you see someone in difficulty or in distress and in need of help, don't hesitate to give your love to him. I believe then the relationship between people will be harmonious and our society will be a better place for us to live in. （ 20 分）
2、
It is generally believed that love is a hot topic which is most talked about. This is true not only in China but also in other countries. We live in different countries, speak different languages, but love is something common to us all. But how to show love may be different with different people in different countries. This is something we should give more thought to.
As shown in the picture, love is like a lamp which shines brightest in dark places. This tells us a simple truth: Love is like a lamp. It is most valuable when it is most needed. For example, once I saw a foreign lady get lost in the street. She could not speak Chinese and nobody seemed to be able to help her. Though my English is not very good and I am a shy person, I thought she needed help very much. I asked her what she wanted. She told me she lost her way, so I showed her the way to her hotel. It was a small thing but she thanked me very much because my help was needed very much. My help was like a lamp in a dark place.
I think we all should be like a lamp in a dark place, showing our love, giving our help to others, even to strangers. In this way we can make this world a harmonious and peaceful world. （ 18 分）
3、
I saw a picture recently in your newspaper. There is a small lamp in the picture and a flame on the lamp, which is smiling. The lamp says, "Love is a lamp, it will be brightest in the darkest place." I think it shows us a vivid picture: Where and who need live, love is the noblest feeling. So I believe that we should give our love to those who are in need. If everyone can give his love to whom in need, then the world will be filled with love.
For example, in the countryside. There are millions of pupils, who can't afford to attend school. Some of them never attend school. They are unfortunate, but now there are many warm-hearted people who give help to the pupils. Of course, we can also show our love in many other ways. For instance. As a friend, we should help our friends when they are in trouble. There is a saying: A friend in need is a friend indeed. As a young man, we should respect the older. When we walk on the street, we can help the blind or old people and children to cross the road.
In a word, There are many ways to show our love. The people all over the world should love and respect each other. The best way to show our love is to help others when they are in difficulities. （ 16 分）
4、
Everyone may agree that among all the worthy feelings of mankind, love is probably the noblest. But people have different understanding of it. As can be seen from the picture, there is one point of view. It says that love is like a lamp, which is brighter when the dark is heavier. This means that love should be given to where it is most needed. I agree with this point of view.
Take my experience for a example. Being poor, I have to do some part-time jobs to support my study in Beijing. I always feel love from other friends and families when they help me either in material or in spiritual aspects. I love them and want to give my help to other people at the same time. But some of my classmates take their parents' help for granted.
They never try to support them by working on the side. They have no idea of difficulties in one's life. Therefore, they don't realize the value of love.
As for the best way to show love, I think, first of all, everyone should be couraged and required to try to be self-reliant. Secondly, when one is in trouble, others should help him. Finally we should educate people to appreciate help from other people. Only in this way can our society become a big happy family. （ 14 分）
5、
As is shown in the picture, we can see clearly that love is like a lamp and the darker the environment is, the brighter love is. And it is no denying that among all the worthy feelings of mankind, love is the noblest. Actually, because of love, many people in trouble get help and encourage, so they will try their best to overtake the difficulty and look forward to a better future. What's more, when others are in trouble, they take helping them for granted. Therefore, love will be found all over the world.
Several years ago, some areas suffer disaster because of heavy rain. The PLA help them rebuild their families. This year, Taiwan also suffer disaster because of the earth quake. Many people in our country do our best to help them.
It is necessary to take some measure to spread the love. For one thing, we should encourage people who have love and are happy to help others. For another, we should enhance the awareness of people that love is benefit for all of this society. Also I make sure that by this way, we have a brighter future. （ 12 分）
6、
In the picture below, in the full dark situation, a little of spark enlightens the dark. The naive spark smiles so sweet. It seems to be saying, as the caption in the picture reads, I am a light of love, the more dark where I am, the more enlighten.
Among all the worthy feelings of mankind, love is probably the noblest. As a matter of fact, all of us survive in a love world. We offer love, more important, we need love. I am a hardworking student that is specialized in Computer Science and Application. Once a time, I lost my mind accidentally as a result I dropped down from the downstairs, badly injured. But for my roomates' help I couldn't live up not only in physics but also in spirits. I thank them genuinly. What I accomplished today party attribute to all of them giving me a hand to my school work. I hope I can live up to myself as well as my roommates.
As far as I am concerned, love should be showed by two means as follow. At the first place, we should keep a critical eye on others' love showed to us. Of course, most of the love is good for us, nevertheless, some does harm to us, such as helping to cheating in exams. The last but no the least, we should show love hearts to those needing them. As we know, Hope Project is the largest love project in our country, we should pay highly attention on it rather than neglect. In addition, we should cultivate the awareness to help others in our daily life. Let's hold our hands to build our country filled in love hearts. （ 10 分）
7、
This picture tells us a reality that love can bring up lighting and light will make everywhere bright. Although the light is weak, it plays a great effect which will make people more firmly than before.
When I was at middle-school, my parent were both out of employee. My parent felt disappointed and I was greatly worried my future. Our life became very terrible, I even dicided to suicide. Our neighbour learnt about my family's conidition, and they began to help us. They lent a few money to my parent and my parent use these money to open a shop. They help me to study. My parent finally got through hard life. So I say that love is great.
I think that there are some ways to show love. You may give money to the poor and help the old do some working and give your love to the disable. The best way show love is from heart rather than from appearance. By this way those people who accepted helps will feel warmly. Our world will bright if everyone show love. （ 8 分）
8、
The picture imply that love is very important to the needy. Love like a lamp which is brighter in the darker place. Let's haven a example. When a person ,who is around us , has a serious ill and need a sum money to pay for the medical fee but he or his family can't affort it, well will make our efforts to help him. It is clear that love is important to everyone, in particular, to the needy.
It is well known to all, love is probably the noblest among all the worthy feeling of mankind, but everyone has his/her own understanding of it. As far as I am concerned, I think the best way to show love is our suitable help when others are facing with difficulty and need our helps. If we help others without thinking whether others need, it perhaps decrease other's confident and at the same time take us in troubles.
As is know to all, everything has two sides. Show love properly will take effective function, otherwise it will take negative function. As a consequence, we should not only have love but also show it properly. （ 6 分）
9、
The picture show that love is a lamp which lead a bright light and hope when one involved in dark. In China, we can see many stories about love, for example, From newspaper we can often read about "The Project hope." There are many people delvate himself to help others. In remote country, some children can't go to school because no money. However, in other district, there are many people to provide money to help these children.
From this picture, a small light bright some area. We can read much from it. As a university students, we can do much, do best. We can study hard science knowledge. We should improve our from all kind of aspect. As long as we devote oneself to help those troublesome man. （ 4 分）
10、
The symbolic is a light, it will be more powerful when the circumstances is more dark. Everyone has symbolic and symbolic is a very good matter to us. It come from us and it can help us. The symbolic is not only a feeling, but also is a character.
Mrs Bingxin is a good writer with symbolic. She gave all she can do to the society, include money, book and her heart. She tried her best to help those people who needs help.
We should show our love to the people, furthermore, we should show our love by the best way. I believe we have to do is not only the word, but also is the action, not only the money, but also the heart. If all of us have give our symbolic, the world can change more beautiful. （ 2 分）
02年寫作 5分樣卷
Look! What a beautiful girl in Chinese custom! She must be 20 years old, dressing some jewels and accessories. She looks like wonderful my college classmate only a bit fat. She is smiling like an Angler to me. How I wish to take a photo with her. Of course she is happy to appreciate Chinese fishion. Now traditional cloth are becoming more and more fisjionable.
Any country has her own national custom. Almost all these custom are beautiful. Some of them can be said perfect. The long history of China has given about to excellent vulture.
Today. It belongs to China, it also belongs to world, China need world, the world need china.
99年寫作 0分樣卷
According to the figures given in the bar charts, it took from the beginning of human life to the year 1830 for the population of the earth to reach one billion. That represents a time span of at least two million years. Then the world population increased rapidly, adding up to two billion in 1930. The next billion was added by 1960, only thirty years. From then on the global population was on the rise, amounting to 4 billion in 1975, which is another billion people in only 15 years.
There are at least two reasons, I think, for the sharp increase in world population. In the first place, the birth rate is continuously climbing in many countries, especially in developing countries. Generally speaking, people there hold the opinion that children don't cost much and when they get old enough to work they will bring in money and that when parents are old, they will take care of them. Secondly, the death rate i most developed countries declines steadily because people's standards of living are raised and health care improves.
In may opinion, the chief reason for the population growth is not so much a rise in birth rates as a fall in death rates as result of improvements in medical care.