考研英語(yǔ)三層遞進(jìn)攻克閱讀理解

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    Specialization can be seen as a response to the problem of an increasing accumulation of scientific knowledge. By splitting up the subject matter into smaller units, one man could continue to handle the information and use it as the basis for further research. But specialization was only one of a series of related developments in science affecting the process of communication. Another was the growing professionalisation of scientific activity.
    No clearcut distinction can be drawn between professionals and amateurs in science: exceptions can be found to any rule. Nevertheless, the word‘a(chǎn)mateur’ does carry a connotation that the person concerned is not fully integrated into the scientific community, and, in particular, may not fully share its values. The growth of specialization in the nineteenth century, with its consequent requirement of a longer, more complex training, implied greater problems for amateur participation in science. The trend was naturally most obvious in those areas of science based especially on a mathematical or laboratory training, and can be illustrated in terms of the development of geology in the United Kingdom.
    A comparison of British geological publications over the last century and a half reveals not simply an increasing emphasis on the primacy of research, but also a changing definition of what constitutes an acceptable research paper. Thus, in the nineteenth century, local geological studies represented worthwhile research in their own right; but, in the twentieth century, local studies have increasingly become acceptable to professionals only if they incorporate, and reflect on, the wider geological picture. Amateurs, on the other hand, have continued to pursue local studies in the old way. The overall result has been to make entrance to professional geological journals harder for amateurs, a result that has been reinforced by the widespread introduction of refereeing, first by national journals in the nineteenth century and then by several local geological journals in the twentieth century. As a logical consequence of this development, separate journals have now appeared aimed mainly towards either professional or amateur readership. A rather similar process of differentiation has led to professional geologists coming together nationally within one or two specific societies, whereas the amateurs have tended either to remain in local societies or to come together nationally in a different way.
    Although the process of professionalisation and specialization was already well under way in British geology during the nineteenth century, its full consequences were thus delayed until the twentieth century. In science generally, however, the nineteenth century must be reckoned as the crucial period for this change in the structure of science.
    51. The growth of specialization in the 19th century might be more clearly seen in sciences such as .
    [A] sociology and chemistry[B] physics and psychology
    [C] sociology and psychology[D] physics and chemistry
    52. We can infer from the passage that .
    [A] there is little distinction between specialization and professionalisation
    [B] amateurs can compete with professionals in some areas of science
    [C] professionals tend to welcome amateurs into the scientific community
    [D] amateurs have national academic societies but no local ones
    53. The author writes of the development of geology to demonstrate .
    [A] the process of specialization and professionalisation
    [B] the hardship of amateurs in scientific study
    [C] the change of policies in scientific publications
    [D] the discrimination of professionals against amateurs
    54. The direct reason for specialization is .
    [A] the development in communication[B] the growth of professionalisation
    [C] the expansion of scientific knowledge[D] the splitting up of academic societies
    核心詞匯:
    academic[9A kE5demik]a.學(xué)院的;學(xué)術(shù)性的;(academ古希臘哲學(xué)家柏拉圖及其弟子研究學(xué)問(wèn)的地方+ic形容詞后綴→學(xué)術(shù)的)
    accumulate[E5kju:mjuleit]vt.堆積,積累,積聚vi.累積,聚積(ac+cumul堆積+ate→堆積起來(lái)→積累);accumulation(n.積累,堆積)即accumulate+tion
    amateur[5AmEtE:]a./n.業(yè)余(水平)的(運(yùn)動(dòng)員、藝術(shù)家等)(amat+eur人→熱愛(ài)的人→業(yè)余愛(ài)好者)
    comparison[kEm5pArisn]n.比較,對(duì)比,比喻,比擬(compar+ison名詞后綴)
    connotation[9cCnEu5teiFEn]n.含蓄,含義(con+not(e)+ation),con前綴“一起”,note記錄,ation名詞后綴,所有東西都被一起記錄在其中→含義
    constitute[5kCnstitju:t]vt.組成,構(gòu)成,形成;設(shè)立,建立,任命(con 一起 +stitute→放到一起→構(gòu)成)
    crucial[5kru:FiEl, 5kru:FEl]a.至關(guān)重要的,決定性的
    definition[9defi5niFEn]n.定義,解釋;(輪廓影像等的)清晰度;闡明(defin +ition名詞后綴→定義)
    delay[di5lei]v.耽擱; 延誤;推遲; 延期(de不+lay放置→未及時(shí)放置好→耽擱)
    demonstrate[5demEnstreit]v.論證,證實(shí);演示,說(shuō)明(de加強(qiáng)+monster+ate動(dòng)詞→加強(qiáng)顯示→證明)
    distinction[dis5tiNkFEn]n.區(qū)別,差別;級(jí)別;特性;聲望;顯赫(distinct+ion名詞后綴)
    emphasis[5emfEsis]n.加強(qiáng)語(yǔ)氣; 強(qiáng)調(diào);(賦予某事物)特殊的意義、 價(jià)值或重要性(em加強(qiáng)語(yǔ)氣+phas顯示+is名詞后綴→加強(qiáng)顯示→強(qiáng)調(diào))
    integrate[5intigreit]v.(使)成為一體,(使)結(jié)合在一起(integ完整+ate動(dòng)詞后綴→使結(jié)合)
    journal[5dVE:nl]n.定期刊物,雜志,日?qǐng)?bào);日志,日記(journ日期+al形容詞后綴→日期,雜志)
    logical[5lCdVikEl]a.邏輯的,符合邏輯的(log說(shuō)話(huà)+ic名詞后綴→說(shuō)話(huà)的學(xué)問(wèn)+al形容詞后綴→合乎邏輯的)
    overall[5EuvErC:l]a.全面的,綜合的n.(pl.)(套頭)工作服
    participate[pa:5tisipeit]v.參加, 參與(parti部分,分開(kāi)+cip進(jìn)入+ate動(dòng)詞后綴→進(jìn)入一部分→參加);participation(n.參加;分享)即Parti+cip+ation
    primacy[5praimEsi]n.第一或首先的狀態(tài); 首席的職責(zé), 重要性(prim第一,主要的+acy名詞后綴→重要性)
    professional[prE5feFEnl]a.職業(yè)的,專(zhuān)門(mén)的n.自由職業(yè)者,專(zhuān)業(yè)人士(profession+al形容詞后綴);professionalisation(n.職業(yè)化)即professional+is(e)+ation
    psychology[sai5kClEdVi]n.心理,心理學(xué),心理狀態(tài)(psycho心理+logy名詞后綴表示科學(xué),學(xué)問(wèn)→心理學(xué))
    publication[pQbli5keiFEn]n.出版物;出版,發(fā)行;公布,發(fā)表(public公眾的+ation名詞后綴)
    reckon[5rekEn]vi.計(jì)算,總計(jì),估計(jì)(up) ;猜想;依賴(lài);認(rèn)為把……看作;視為(reck注意+on表狀態(tài)或動(dòng)作的動(dòng)詞后綴 →指望)
    referee[refE5ri:]n.裁判員(refer+ee表示人→被提出的人→裁判)
    reflect[ri5flekt]v.反射;表達(dá);反映;仔細(xì)考慮(re反+flect彎曲返回→反射)
    represent[repri5zent]v.描述,表示;代表,代理;闡明,說(shuō)明(re+present)
    response[ris5pCns]n.回答,響應(yīng),反應(yīng)(re回+spons+e名詞后綴→承諾回應(yīng)→回答)
    reveal[ri5vi:l]v.展現(xiàn),顯示,揭示,揭露,告訴,泄露(re反+veal→反蓋上→不讓蓋上→揭露)
    separate[5sepEreit9 5sepErit]a.分離的,分開(kāi)的(se分開(kāi)+par安排+ate動(dòng)詞和形容詞后綴→分離)
    split[split]v.裂開(kāi),劈開(kāi);分裂,分離n.分化,分裂,裂口
    難句分析:
    難句1 No clearcut distinction can be drawn between professionals and amateurs in science: exceptions can be found to any rule. Nevertheless, the word ‘a(chǎn)mateur’ does carry a connotation that the person concerned is not fully integrated into the scientific commUnity and, in Particular, may not fully share its values.
    [分析]第一個(gè)句子的主干是“No... distinction can be drawn between...”,冒號(hào)后面的內(nèi)容是進(jìn)一步說(shuō)明前面的觀(guān)點(diǎn)。在第二個(gè)句子中,一上來(lái)就有一個(gè)轉(zhuǎn)折詞nevertheless,表示語(yǔ)意的轉(zhuǎn)折,其主句是“the word ‘a(chǎn)mateur’ does carry a connotation...”,后面有一個(gè)同位語(yǔ)從句,里面有兩個(gè)并列謂語(yǔ)。
    [譯文]在科學(xué)領(lǐng)域內(nèi),專(zhuān)業(yè)與業(yè)余之間沒(méi)有絕對(duì)的區(qū)分:任何規(guī)則都有其例外。但是“業(yè)余”這個(gè)詞的確包含這樣的意義,那就是所指的那個(gè)人沒(méi)有完全融入某個(gè)科學(xué)家群體,具體地說(shuō),他可能并不完全認(rèn)同這個(gè)群體的價(jià)值觀(guān)。
    難句2 The trend was naturally most obvious in those areas of science based especially on a mathematical or laboratory training, and can be illustrated in terms of the development of geology in the United Kingdom.
    [分析]此句中兩個(gè)分句有同一個(gè)主語(yǔ),即the trend,兩個(gè)謂語(yǔ)為was obvious和can be illustrated。前一個(gè)分句中based especially on a mathematical or laboratory training修飾areas of science。
    [譯文]特別是在以數(shù)學(xué)和實(shí)驗(yàn)室訓(xùn)練為基礎(chǔ)的科學(xué)領(lǐng)域,這種傾向自然尤為明顯,這可以通過(guò)英國(guó)的地質(zhì)學(xué)發(fā)展過(guò)程得到證實(shí)。
    難句3 A comparison of British geological publications over the last century and a half reveals not simply an increasing emphasis on the primacy of research, but also a changing definition of what constitutes an acceptable research paper.
    [分析]此句的主語(yǔ)是a comparison of British geological publications over the last century and a half(中心詞為a comparison),謂語(yǔ)是reveals,賓語(yǔ)主體結(jié)構(gòu)是not simply... but also...所連接的兩個(gè)并列賓語(yǔ),注意賓語(yǔ)emphasis和definition前都有分詞來(lái)修飾。
    [譯文]對(duì)過(guò)去一個(gè)半世紀(jì)的英國(guó)地質(zhì)出版物進(jìn)行比較,我們不但發(fā)現(xiàn)人們對(duì)研究的重視程度在不斷增加,而且學(xué)術(shù)論文的出版標(biāo)準(zhǔn)也在不斷變化。
    難句4 The overall result has been to make entrance to professional geological journals harder for amateurs, a result that has been reinforced by the widespread introduction of refereeing, first by national journals in the nineteenth century and then by several local geological journals in the twentieth century.
    [分析]此句主干是“The... result has been to do sth.”。注意逗號(hào)后面只是一個(gè)名詞性的短語(yǔ),其核心詞是a result,可以被看成是前面句子主語(yǔ)的同位語(yǔ),在其內(nèi)部主要是一個(gè)長(zhǎng)的定語(yǔ)從句,而定語(yǔ)從句中又有兩個(gè)并列的狀語(yǔ)first by..., and then by...。
    [譯文]其整體的結(jié)果是使業(yè)余人員進(jìn)入專(zhuān)業(yè)性地質(zhì)學(xué)雜志更加困難,而審稿制度的全面引進(jìn)使這個(gè)結(jié)果得到加強(qiáng),這一制度開(kāi)始是在19世紀(jì)的全國(guó)性雜志進(jìn)行,進(jìn)入20世紀(jì)后也在一些地方性地質(zhì)雜志實(shí)行。
    文章類(lèi)型:自然科學(xué)——科學(xué)史
    這篇文章的主題為科學(xué)知識(shí)的專(zhuān)門(mén)化(specialization)與專(zhuān)業(yè)化(professionalisation)。
    試題解析:
    51. 19世紀(jì)專(zhuān)業(yè)化的發(fā)展在像那樣的科學(xué)領(lǐng)域可能看得更清晰。
    [A] 社會(huì)學(xué)與化學(xué)[B] 物理學(xué)與心理學(xué)
    [C] 社會(huì)學(xué)與心理學(xué)[D] 物理學(xué)與化學(xué)
    細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題【正確答案】 [D]
    定位在第二段倒數(shù)第二句找到題干中的19th century,然后在最后一句中找到與題干中be more clearly seen in sciences相對(duì)應(yīng)的most obvious in those areas of science。隨后確定文中的關(guān)鍵詞areas of science based especially on a mathematical or laboratory training。因此[D]為正確選項(xiàng)。
    52. 根據(jù)本文,我們可以推知:
    [A] 專(zhuān)業(yè)化和職業(yè)化之間幾乎沒(méi)區(qū)別。
    [B] 業(yè)余人員能夠在科學(xué)的某些領(lǐng)域同專(zhuān)業(yè)人員競(jìng)爭(zhēng)。
    [C] 專(zhuān)業(yè)人員往往歡迎業(yè)余研究人員加入科學(xué)團(tuán)體。
    [D] 業(yè)余人員擁有全國(guó)性學(xué)術(shù)機(jī)構(gòu),但沒(méi)有地方性學(xué)術(shù)機(jī)構(gòu)。
    推理題【正確答案】[B]
    首先本題四個(gè)選項(xiàng)未曾提及geology,因此不必去第三、四段找考點(diǎn)。從第一段可知,專(zhuān)門(mén)化(針對(duì)研究領(lǐng)域)與專(zhuān)業(yè)化(針對(duì)研究人員)都屬于相關(guān)科學(xué)的發(fā)展,但二者內(nèi)容、性質(zhì)不同,因此[A]項(xiàng)錯(cuò)誤。第二段闡述了professionals和amateurs的關(guān)系,首句說(shuō),二者沒(méi)有什么截然不同,而且exceptions(特例)can be found to any rule,其潛臺(tái)詞是,對(duì)于人們一般所認(rèn)同的rule——專(zhuān)業(yè)比業(yè)余要好,也有例外,亦即“在某些情況下,業(yè)余人士甚至比專(zhuān)業(yè)人士做的更好”,因此[B]項(xiàng)符合題意。[C]項(xiàng)與第二句所說(shuō)的事實(shí)情況(amateur...not fully integrated into the scientific community)相反,[D]項(xiàng)所說(shuō)的national / local在第二段未曾提及,故都不能選。
    53. 作者寫(xiě)地質(zhì)學(xué)的發(fā)展是為論證:
    [A] 專(zhuān)業(yè)化與職業(yè)化的發(fā)展過(guò)程。[B] 業(yè)余人員在科學(xué)研究中的艱辛。
    [C] 科技出版物出版方針的變化。[D] 專(zhuān)業(yè)人員對(duì)業(yè)余人員的歧視。
    例證題【正確答案】 [A]
    定位在第二段最后兩句或第四段第一句。第二段最后一句中的The trend... can be illustrated in terms of the development of geology in the United Kingdom。說(shuō)明第三段是作為例證來(lái)說(shuō)明這一trend(趨勢(shì))的。而且根據(jù)第四段第一句也可進(jìn)行判斷,該句的前半句(Although the process of professionalisation and specialization was already well under way)即為第三段的總結(jié),所以選擇[A]項(xiàng)。
    54. 專(zhuān)業(yè)化的直接原因是
    [A] 交流的發(fā)展。[B] 職業(yè)化的發(fā)展。
    [C] 科學(xué)知識(shí)的擴(kuò)展。[D] 學(xué)術(shù)團(tuán)體的分化。
    細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題【正確答案】 [C]
    定位在第一段第一句專(zhuān)業(yè)化是科學(xué)知識(shí)不斷積累的結(jié)果。該句的含義是:科學(xué)知識(shí)的積累促進(jìn)了知識(shí)的進(jìn)一步分類(lèi)和分化(或?qū)iT(mén)化)。只有[C]項(xiàng)符合題意。
    全文翻譯:
    專(zhuān)業(yè)化是科學(xué)知識(shí)不斷積累的結(jié)果。通過(guò)將學(xué)科細(xì)化,個(gè)人能夠繼續(xù)把握信息并將它作為深入研究的基礎(chǔ)。但是專(zhuān)業(yè)化僅是科學(xué)領(lǐng)域內(nèi)一系列影響交流過(guò)程的有關(guān)現(xiàn)象之一。另一現(xiàn)象是科學(xué)活動(dòng)的日益職業(yè)化。
    第一段:簡(jiǎn)單介紹了科學(xué)發(fā)展所帶來(lái)的兩個(gè)結(jié)果:科學(xué)的專(zhuān)業(yè)化和職業(yè)化。
    在科學(xué)領(lǐng)域內(nèi),專(zhuān)業(yè)與業(yè)余之間沒(méi)有絕對(duì)的區(qū)分:任何規(guī)則都有其例外。但是“業(yè)余”這個(gè)詞的確包含這樣的意義,那就是所指的那個(gè)人沒(méi)有完全融入某個(gè)科學(xué)家群體,具體地說(shuō),他可能并不完全認(rèn)同這個(gè)群體的價(jià)值觀(guān)。19世紀(jì)的專(zhuān)業(yè)化的發(fā)展,以及隨之而來(lái)的對(duì)訓(xùn)練的長(zhǎng)期性和復(fù)雜性的要求,對(duì)業(yè)余人員進(jìn)入科學(xué)界造成了更大的困難。特別是在以數(shù)學(xué)和實(shí)驗(yàn)室訓(xùn)練為基礎(chǔ)的科學(xué)領(lǐng)域,這種傾向自然尤為明顯,這可以通過(guò)英國(guó)的地質(zhì)學(xué)發(fā)展過(guò)程得到證實(shí)。
    第二段:在科研過(guò)程中,專(zhuān)業(yè)化的發(fā)展,對(duì)業(yè)余人員進(jìn)入科學(xué)界造成了更大的困難。
    對(duì)過(guò)去一個(gè)半世紀(jì)的英國(guó)地質(zhì)出版物進(jìn)行比較,我們不但發(fā)現(xiàn)人們對(duì)研究的重視程度在不斷增加,而且學(xué)術(shù)論文的出版標(biāo)準(zhǔn)也在不斷變化。因此,在19世紀(jì),局部的地質(zhì)研究本身就可形成一種有價(jià)值的研究;而到了20世紀(jì),如果局部的研究能夠被專(zhuān)業(yè)人員接受,那么它越來(lái)越傾向于涉及體現(xiàn)或思考更廣闊的地質(zhì)面貌。另一方面業(yè)余人員繼續(xù)以舊的方式進(jìn)行區(qū)域的研究。其整體的結(jié)果是使業(yè)余人員進(jìn)入專(zhuān)業(yè)性地質(zhì)學(xué)雜志更加困難,而審稿制度的全面引進(jìn)使這個(gè)結(jié)果得到加強(qiáng),這一制度開(kāi)始是在19世紀(jì)的全國(guó)性雜志進(jìn)行,進(jìn)入20世紀(jì)后也在一些地方性地質(zhì)雜志實(shí)行。這樣發(fā)展的必然結(jié)果是出現(xiàn)了針對(duì)專(zhuān)業(yè)讀者和業(yè)余讀者的不同雜志。類(lèi)似的分化過(guò)程也導(dǎo)致專(zhuān)業(yè)地質(zhì)學(xué)家聚集起來(lái),形成一兩個(gè)全國(guó)性的團(tuán)體,而業(yè)余地質(zhì)學(xué)家則要么留在地方性團(tuán)體中,要么以不同方式組成全國(guó)性的團(tuán)體。
    第三段:以英國(guó)地質(zhì)學(xué)的發(fā)展過(guò)程為例,說(shuō)明職業(yè)化和專(zhuān)業(yè)化過(guò)程。
    雖然職業(yè)化和專(zhuān)業(yè)化過(guò)程在19世紀(jì)的英國(guó)地質(zhì)學(xué)界中已經(jīng)得到迅速發(fā)展,但是它的效果直到20世紀(jì)才充分顯示出來(lái)。然而,從科學(xué)領(lǐng)域的范圍來(lái)看,19世紀(jì)必須被視為科學(xué)結(jié)構(gòu)改變的關(guān)鍵時(shí)期。
    第四段:在前面幾段論述專(zhuān)業(yè)化的基礎(chǔ)上,指出19世紀(jì)被視為科學(xué)結(jié)構(gòu)改變的關(guān)鍵時(shí)期。
    Text 2
    A great deal of attention is being paid today to the so called digital divide—the division of the world into the info(information)rich and the info poor. And that divide does exist today. My wife and I lectured about this looming danger twenty years ago. What was less visible then, however, were the new, positive forces that work against the digital divide. There are reasons to be optimistic.
    There are technological reasons to hope the digital divide will narrow. As the Internet becomes more and more commercialized, it is in the interest of business to universalize access—after all, the more people online, the more potential customers there are. More and more governments, afraid their countries will be left behind, want to spread Internet access. Within the next decade or two, one to two billion people on the planet will be netted together. As a result, I now believe the digital divide will narrow rather than widen in the years ahead. And that is very good news because the Internet may well be the most powerful tool for combating world poverty that we’ve ever had.
    Of course, the use of the Internet isn’t the only way to defeat poverty. And the Internet is not the only tool we have. But it has enormous potential.
    To take advantage of this tool, some impoverished countries will have to get over their outdated anticolonial prejudices with respect to foreign investment. Countries that still think foreign investment is an invasion of their sovereignty might well study the history of infrastructure (the basic structural foundations of a society)in the United States. When the United States built its industrial infrastructure, it didn’t have the capital to do so. And that is why America’s Second Wave infrastructure—including roads, harbors, highways, ports and so on—were built with foreign investment. The English, the German, the Dutch and the French were investing in Britain’s former colony. They financed them. Immigrant Americans built them. Guess who owns them now? The Americans believe the same thing would be true in places like Brazil or anywhere else for that matter. The more foreign capital you have helping you build your Third Wave infrastructure, which today is an electronic infrastructure, the better off you’re going to be. That doesn’t mean lying down and becoming fooled, or letting foreign corporations run uncontrolled. But it does mean recognizing how important they can be in building the energy and telecom infrastructures needed to take full advantage of the Internet.
    55.Digital divide is something.
    [A]getting worse because of the Internet[B]the rich countries are responsible for
    [C]the world must guard against[D]considered positive today
    56.Governments attach importance to the Internet because it .
    [A]offers economic potentials[B]can bring foreign funds
    [C]can soon wipe out world poverty[D]connects people all over the world
    57.The writer mentioned the case of the United States to justify the policy of .
    [A]providing financial support overseas[B]preventing foreign capital’s control
    [C]building industrial infrastructure[D]accepting foreign investment
    58.It seems that now a country’s economy depends much on .
    [A]how well developed it is electronically
    [B]whether it is prejudiced against immigrants
    [C]whether it adopts America’s industrial pattern
    [D]how much control it has over foreign corporations
    核心詞匯:
    attach[E5tAtF]v.系,貼,裝,連接;使成為一部分;使依戀(at+tach→釘子→附上)
    attention[E5tenFEn]n.注意,注意力;立正;特別照顧;照料(at+tent+ion名詞后綴→思維伸展出去→注意)
    colony[5kClEni]n.殖民地;僑民;聚居區(qū);(動(dòng)植物的)群體
    combat[5kCmbAt]v./n.戰(zhàn)斗,搏斗,格斗(com共同+bal打,擊→共同→共同打→戰(zhàn)斗)
    divide[di5vaid]v.分,劃分,分開(kāi);分配;(by)除(di分開(kāi)+vid+e分開(kāi))
    enormous[i5nC:mEs]a.巨大的; 極大的(e出+norm規(guī)則,規(guī)范+ous形容詞后綴→出了正常狀態(tài)→巨大的,過(guò)分的)
    finance[5fainAns]n.財(cái)政,金融v.為……提供資金(fin+ance→最后起作用的東西→資金)
    foundation[faun5deiFEn]n.建立,設(shè)立,創(chuàng)辦;地基;基金,捐款;機(jī)構(gòu)(found基礎(chǔ)+ation名詞后綴→基礎(chǔ),地基)
    impoverish[im5pCvEriF]v.使貧窮;使枯竭(im加強(qiáng)前綴+pover詞根+ish動(dòng)詞后綴);同根詞:poverty (貧窮)←pover+ty名詞后綴。
    infrastructure[5infrE9strQktFE]n.基礎(chǔ)結(jié)構(gòu),基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施(infra內(nèi)+struct+ure名詞后綴→基礎(chǔ)結(jié)構(gòu))
    invasion[in5veiVEn]n.入侵,侵略,侵犯(in+vas+ion名詞后綴)
    investment[in5vestmEnt]n.投資,投資額
    loom[lu:m]n.織布機(jī),織機(jī)v.隱現(xiàn),(危險(xiǎn)、憂(yōu)慮等)迫近
    prejudice[5predVudis]n.偏見(jiàn),成見(jiàn);損害,侵害v.使抱偏見(jiàn),損害(pre預(yù)先+judice→預(yù)先判斷→偏見(jiàn))
    respect[ris5pekt]n./v.尊敬,尊重n.敬意,問(wèn)候,關(guān)系,方面(re再+spect→反復(fù)看→尊敬)
    responsible[ris5pCnsEbl]a.承擔(dān)責(zé)任 ;(指人)可靠的, 可信賴(lài)的(response回應(yīng)+ible形容詞后綴→能回應(yīng)的→負(fù)責(zé)任的)
    sovereignty[5sCvrinti]n.主權(quán);主權(quán)國(guó)家(sover+(r)eign+ty),sover(=over)在上,reign統(tǒng)治,ty名詞后綴,在上面統(tǒng)治;sovereign(統(tǒng)治的;統(tǒng)治者)←sover+(r)eign。
    universal[ju:ni5vE:sEl]a.普遍的,全體的,通用的;宇宙的,世界的(univers+al形容詞后綴);universalize(v.使普遍化)即universal+ize
    難句分析:
    難句1 As the Internet becomes more and more commercialized, it is in the interest of business to universalize access—after all, the more people online, the more potential customers there are.
    [分析]此句主干是“...It is in the interest of business to do sth....”,句中前面as引導(dǎo)的是伴隨狀語(yǔ),而非原因狀語(yǔ),要理解為“隨著”,而非“因?yàn)椤?。破折?hào)后面的部分是進(jìn)一步解釋說(shuō)明前面的主句。
    [譯文]隨著互聯(lián)網(wǎng)的日趨商業(yè)化,上網(wǎng)普及對(duì)商家是有利的——畢竟,上網(wǎng)人數(shù)越多,未來(lái)的客戶(hù)就越多。
    難句2 To take advantage of this tool, some impoverished countries will have to get over their outdated anticolonial prejudices with respect to foreign investment.
    [分析]此句主干是“...some impoverished countries will have to get over their outdated anticolonial prejudices...”。前面的不定式可以被看成是一個(gè)目的狀語(yǔ)。
    [譯文]要想利用因特網(wǎng),某些貧困國(guó)家必須克服對(duì)國(guó)外投資所持的過(guò)時(shí)了的反殖民的種種偏見(jiàn)。
    難句3 The more foreign capital you have helping you build your Third Wave infrastructure, which today is an electronic infrastructure, the better off you’re going to be.
    [分析]此句用了the more... the more...的句型。逗號(hào)之間的which today is an electronic infrastructure是Third Wave infrastructure的非限制性定語(yǔ)從句。
    [譯文]你擁有的去建造第三次浪潮基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施(今天主要指電子基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施)的外國(guó)資金越多,那么你的情況就越好。
    文章類(lèi)型:時(shí)文——信息科學(xué)
    本篇文章談?wù)摂?shù)字鴻溝(digital divide)這一概念,并說(shuō)明在世界范圍內(nèi)普及因特網(wǎng)(Internet)可以從技術(shù)角度縮小數(shù)字鴻溝。
    試題解析:
    55. 數(shù)字差異是的某種東西。
    [A] 因?yàn)橐蛱鼐W(wǎng)而變得更糟[B] 富裕國(guó)家應(yīng)該負(fù)責(zé)
    [C] 全世界必須提防[D] 如今被認(rèn)為是積極的
    細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題【正確答案】[C]
    定位在第一段數(shù)字鴻溝(digital divide)將把整個(gè)世界分為信息豐富地區(qū)和信息貧乏地區(qū)。20年前作者和其妻子就已經(jīng)開(kāi)始在演講中討論這種隱隱呈現(xiàn)的危險(xiǎn)(looming danger),這里的danger指的就是digital divide。對(duì)于危險(xiǎn)自然應(yīng)當(dāng)防御(work against),所以選擇[C]項(xiàng)。
    56. 政府重視因特網(wǎng),因?yàn)橐蛱鼐W(wǎng)
    [A] 提供經(jīng)濟(jì)潛力。[B] 能夠帶來(lái)外國(guó)投資。
    [C] 能夠很快消除世界貧窮。[D] 把世界各地的人們連接起來(lái)。
    細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題【正確答案】[A]
    首先根據(jù)題干中的Internet和Governments定位至第二段第三句。從中可以看出越來(lái)越多政府推廣因特網(wǎng)的直接原因是怕(在經(jīng)濟(jì)上)“落后”于其他國(guó)家,其潛臺(tái)詞就是因特網(wǎng)擁有巨大的(經(jīng)濟(jì))潛能(enormous potential),所以選擇[A]項(xiàng)。
    57. 作者提到美國(guó)這個(gè)例子,是為了證明的政策是正確的。
    [A] 向國(guó)外提供經(jīng)濟(jì)援助[B] 防止外國(guó)資本的控制
    [C] 建立工業(yè)基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施[D] 接受外國(guó)投資
    例證題【正確答案】[D]
    在第四段中,作者引用美國(guó)的例子是為了說(shuō)明首句,因此可以判斷考點(diǎn)在首句,即“要想利用因特網(wǎng),某些貧困國(guó)家必須克服對(duì)國(guó)外投資所持的過(guò)時(shí)了的反殖民的種種偏見(jiàn)”,只有[D]項(xiàng)符合題意。
    58. 現(xiàn)在看來(lái),一個(gè)國(guó)家的經(jīng)濟(jì)非常依賴(lài)于
    [A] 它在電子方面的發(fā)展程度多高。[B] 它是否歧視移民。
    [C] 它是否采用美國(guó)的產(chǎn)業(yè)模式。[D] 它在多大程度上控制著外企。
    細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題【正確答案】 [A]
    定位在最后一段,該段中間有一例證,可以縮小考點(diǎn)范圍,把最后一段中涉及例子的內(nèi)容排除。在該段落剩下的內(nèi)容中,找與題干“economy”相關(guān)的關(guān)鍵詞,我們發(fā)現(xiàn)倒數(shù)第三句中有better off,確認(rèn)它就是答案所在的句子,“引進(jìn)用于修建電子基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施的外國(guó)資金越多,那么你的情況就越好。”因此選擇[A]項(xiàng)。
    全文翻譯:
    今天,人們十分關(guān)注所謂的數(shù)字分化問(wèn)題——世界上信息資源豐富的地區(qū)和信息資源貧乏的地區(qū)之間的差異;這個(gè)差異確實(shí)存在,我和我妻子20年前就曾談及這種隱約的危險(xiǎn)。然而,那時(shí)還不太明顯的是一些抵制數(shù)字分化的、新的積極因素。實(shí)際上我們是完全有理由感到樂(lè)觀(guān)的。
    第一段:指出雖然信息資源豐富與信息資源貧乏國(guó)之間存在著巨大差異,然而仍然有理由保持樂(lè)觀(guān)。
    一些技術(shù)上的因素使我們有理由期望差異會(huì)縮小。隨著互聯(lián)網(wǎng)的日趨商業(yè)化,上網(wǎng)普及對(duì)商家是有利的——畢竟,上網(wǎng)人數(shù)越多,未來(lái)的客戶(hù)就越多。越來(lái)越多的政府,惟恐自己的國(guó)家落后,紛紛推廣因特網(wǎng)的普及。一、二十年之內(nèi),全球?qū)⒂幸欢畠|人進(jìn)入因特網(wǎng)。因此,我認(rèn)為在未來(lái)的數(shù)年中,數(shù)字分化將縮小而不會(huì)變大。那是好消息,因?yàn)榛ヂ?lián)網(wǎng)很可能成為我們消除所面臨的貧困的有效的工具。
    第二段:表明這種國(guó)與國(guó)之間的差距會(huì)因互聯(lián)網(wǎng)技術(shù)的發(fā)展而慢慢消除。
    當(dāng)然,使用因特網(wǎng)不是惟一消滅貧困的方法。因特網(wǎng)也不是我們所擁有的惟一工具,但它卻有巨大的潛力。
    第三段:指出雖然互聯(lián)網(wǎng)不是消除貧困的惟一工具,但卻有著巨大的潛力。
    要想利用因特網(wǎng),某些貧困國(guó)家必須克服對(duì)國(guó)外投資所持的過(guò)時(shí)了的反殖民的種種偏見(jiàn)。那些認(rèn)為外國(guó)投資是對(duì)本國(guó)主權(quán)的侵犯的國(guó)家還是研究一下美國(guó)的基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施(社會(huì)的基本結(jié)構(gòu)基礎(chǔ))建設(shè)歷史。當(dāng)初美國(guó)建設(shè)自己的工業(yè)基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施時(shí),缺乏必要的資金,因此美國(guó)的第二次浪潮,即基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施的建設(shè)——包括公路、港口,高速公路、港口城市等等——都是用國(guó)外資金建造的。英國(guó)人、德國(guó)人、荷蘭人和法國(guó)人都在前英國(guó)殖民地投資。他們提供資金,美洲移民建造。想想看,現(xiàn)在誰(shuí)擁有這一切?美國(guó)人。我想,在這件事上,像巴西或其他任何地方同樣也該這樣。你擁有的去建造第三次浪潮基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施(今天主要指電子基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施)的外國(guó)資金越多,那么你的情況就越好。這并不是說(shuō)卑躬屈膝,任人愚弄,也不是對(duì)外國(guó)公司不加控制。但這的確意味著你已認(rèn)識(shí)到外國(guó)公司對(duì)本國(guó)能源及通信基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施建設(shè)的重要性,這些基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施是充分利用因特網(wǎng)所必要的。
    第四段:從互聯(lián)網(wǎng)出發(fā),指出貧困國(guó)要改變對(duì)外來(lái)投資的不良印象。
    Text 3
    Why do so many Americans distrust what they read in their newspapers? The American Society of Newspaper Editors is trying to answer this painful question. The organization is deep into a long selfanalysis known as the journalism credibility project.
    Sad to say, this project has turned out to be mostly lowlevel findings about factual errors and spelling and grammar mistakes, combined with lots of headscratching puzzlement about what in the world those readers really want.
    But the sources of distrust go way deeper. Most journalists learn to see the world through a set of standard templates (patterns)into which they plug each day’s events. In other words, there is a conventional story line in the newsroom culture that provides a backbone and a readymade narrative structure for otherwise confusing news.
    There exists a social and cultural disconnect between journalists and their readers, which helps explain why the “standard templates” of the newsroom seem alien to many readers. In a recent survey, questionnaires were sent to reporters in five middlesize cities around the country, plus one large metropolitan area. Then residents in these communities were phoned at random and asked the same questions.
    Replies show that compared with other Americans, journalists are more likely to live in upscale neighborhoods, have maids, own Mercedeses, and trade stocks, and they’re less likely to go to church, do volunteer work, or put down roots in a community.
    Reporters tend to be part of a broadly defined social and cultural elite, so their work tends to reflect the conventional values of this elite. The astonishing distrust of the news media isn’t rooted in inaccuracy or poor reportorial skills but in the daily clash of world views between reporters and their readers.
    This is an explosive situation for any industry, particularly a declining one. Here is a troubled business that keeps hiring employees whose attitudes vastly annoy the customers. Then it sponsors lots of symposiums and a credibility project dedicated to wondering why customers are annoyed and fleeing in large numbers. But it never seems to get around to noticing the cultural and class biases that so many former buyers are complaining about. If it did, it would open up its diversity program, now focused narrowly on race and gender, and look for reporters who differ broadly by outlook, values, education, and class.
    59.What is the passage mainly about?
    [A]needs of the readers all over the world
    [B]causes of the public disappointment about newspapers
    [C]origins of the declining newspaper industry
    [D]aims of a journalism credibility project
    60.The results of the journalism credibility project turned out to be .
    [A]quite trustworthy[B]somewhat contradictory
    [C]very illuminating[D]rather superficial
    61.The basic problem of journalists as pointed out by the writer lies in their .
    [A]working attitude[B]conventional lifestyle
    [C]world outlook[D]educational background
    62.Despite its efforts, the newspaper industry still cannot satisfy the readers owing to its .
    [A]failure to realize its real problem [B]tendency to hire annoying reporters
    [C]likeliness to do inaccurate reporting[D]prejudice in matters of race and gender
    核心詞匯:
    astonish [E5stCniF]vt.使驚訝,使吃驚
    backbone[5bAkbEun]n.脊椎, 中樞, 骨干, 支柱, 意志力, 勇氣, 毅力, 決心,主干(back+bone)
    bias[5baiEs]n./v.(使有)偏見(jiàn),偏心,偏袒(bi 二+as 名詞后綴→有兩種觀(guān)點(diǎn)→偏見(jiàn)
    contradictory[7kCntrE5diktEri]a.矛盾的,對(duì)立的(contradict反駁+ory形容詞后綴)
    conventional[kEn5venFEnEl]a.慣例的,常規(guī)的(convention+al)newsroom(編輯室;閱覽室)←news+room。
    credibility[9kredi5biliti]n.可信性(cred+ibility),cred詞根“相信”(如credit→cred+it→信用),ibility名詞后綴“可……性”(如ability←a+(i)bility)
    dedicate[5dedikeit]vt.奉獻(xiàn);獻(xiàn)身于(de加強(qiáng)+dic說(shuō)+ate動(dòng)詞后綴→反復(fù)說(shuō)→致力于)
    elite[ei5li:t]n.[集合名詞]精華;精銳;中堅(jiān)分子(e出+lit=lig選+e 名詞后綴→選出的人→精英人物)
    factual[5fAktFEl]a.事實(shí)的, 實(shí)際的
    gender[5dVendE]n.(生理上的)性;(名詞、代詞等的)性(gen+der名詞后綴)
    illuminating[i5lju:mi9neitiN]a.照明的;啟發(fā)的(illuminat(e)+ing形容詞后綴),illuminate(照明;啟發(fā))可看作illumin+ate,illumin諧音“一路明”,ate動(dòng)詞后綴,“使”“一路明”→照明→引申為“啟發(fā)”。
    metropolitan[metrE5pClitEn]a.首都的,主要都市的,大城市
    plug[plQg]n.塞子,插頭v.堵,塞,插上,插栓
    questionnaire[kwestFE5nZE]n.調(diào)查表,問(wèn)卷(question+aire)
    scratch[skrAtF]v.抓,搔,扒n.抓,搔,抓痕;起跑線(xiàn)
    sponsor[5spCnsE]n.發(fā)起人,主辦,保證人v.發(fā)起,主辦(spons許諾+or名詞后綴→發(fā)起人;主辦方;保證人)
    superficial[sju:pE5fiFEl]a.表面的;膚淺的,淺薄的(super在……上面+fic +ial形容詞后綴→在表面→膚淺的)
    survey[sE:5vei]v./n.俯瞰,眺望;全面審視,調(diào)查;測(cè)量圖,勘定
    symposium[sim5pEuzjEm]n.討論會(huì); 專(zhuān)題論文,專(zhuān)題論文集(sym共同,相同+pos放+ium→放在一起討論→專(zhuān)題討論)
    template[5templit]n.模板(templ(e)+ate),temple寺廟,ate吃,當(dāng)今傾向于素食者日益增多,而temple是ate素的“模板”(template)。
    volunteer[9vClEn5tiE]n./v.自愿(者,兵);自愿(提供)(volunt+eer人→意愿的人→志愿者)
    難句分析:
    難句1 Sad to say, this project has turned out to be mostly lowlevel findings about factual errors and spelling and grammar mistakes, combined with lots of headscratching puzzlement about what in the world those readers really want.
    [分析]此句主語(yǔ)是this project,謂語(yǔ)是has turned out to be,findings為賓語(yǔ),mostly lowlevel是賓語(yǔ)的定語(yǔ)修飾成分,about factual errors and spelling and grammar mistakes是賓語(yǔ)的補(bǔ)語(yǔ)成分。combined with lots of headscratching puzzlement about what in the world those readers really want是過(guò)去分詞引導(dǎo)的伴隨狀語(yǔ),其中about what in the world those readers really want是puzzlement的補(bǔ)語(yǔ)。
    [譯文]遺憾的是,這次新聞機(jī)構(gòu)可信度調(diào)查計(jì)劃結(jié)果只獲得了一些膚淺的發(fā)現(xiàn),諸如新聞報(bào)道中的事實(shí)錯(cuò)誤,拼寫(xiě)或語(yǔ)法錯(cuò)誤,和這些低層次發(fā)現(xiàn)交織在一起的還有許多令人撓頭的困惑,譬如讀者到底想讀些什么。
    難句2 There exists a social and cultural disconnect between journalists and their readers, which helps explain why the “standard templates” of the newsroom seem alien to many readers.
    [分析]此句的結(jié)構(gòu)主句是一個(gè)there加系動(dòng)詞的用法。而表語(yǔ)后都有一個(gè)定語(yǔ)從句。本句的定語(yǔ)從句是which helps explain why the “standard templates” of the newsroom seem alien to many readers。
    [譯文]新聞?dòng)浾吆妥x者之間存在著社會(huì)和文化方面的脫節(jié),這就是為什么新聞編輯室的“標(biāo)準(zhǔn)模式”與眾多讀者的意趣相差甚遠(yuǎn)的原因。
    難句3 The astonishing distrust of the news media isn’t rooted in inaccuracy or poor reportorial skills but in the daily clash of world views between reporters and their readers.
    [分析]此句的主干是一個(gè)not... but結(jié)構(gòu)。注意這個(gè)結(jié)構(gòu)引導(dǎo)的是兩個(gè)方式狀語(yǔ)。其核心詞分別是inaccuracy和the daily clash。
    [譯文]讀者對(duì)新聞媒介令人震驚的不信任的根源并非是報(bào)道失實(shí)或低下的報(bào)道技巧,而是記者與讀者的世界觀(guān)的日常沖突。
    難句4 If it did, it would open up its diversity program, now focused narrowly on race and gender, and look for reporters who differ broadly by outlook, values, education, and class.
    [分析]此句中it代表上文提到的a troubled business,即“問(wèn)題重重的新聞界”。now focused narrowly on race and gender是插入語(yǔ),也是修飾program的定語(yǔ)。本句在would后面有兩個(gè)并列賓語(yǔ)open up和look for。此句中含有一個(gè)虛擬語(yǔ)氣:If it did, it would open up...。
    [譯文]如果它能注意這個(gè)問(wèn)題的話(huà),它就應(yīng)該進(jìn)一步開(kāi)放其多樣化欄目(該欄目目前只關(guān)注種族和性別兩個(gè)方面),雇傭一些世界觀(guān)、價(jià)值觀(guān)、教育水平和社會(huì)階層各不相同的各種記者。
    文章類(lèi)型:社會(huì)科學(xué)——傳播學(xué)——大眾傳媒
    本擴(kuò)展文章的主題有關(guān)美國(guó)新聞業(yè)的信任度。
    試題解析:
    59. 本文要探討的是什么?
    [A] 世界各地讀者的需求。[B] 公眾對(duì)報(bào)紙失望的原因。
    [C] 新聞業(yè)衰敗的根源。[D] 新聞可信性調(diào)查項(xiàng)目的目的。
    中心主旨題【正確答案】 [B]
    文章第一句就開(kāi)宗明確地提出了本文旨在說(shuō)明的問(wèn)題,即為什么美國(guó)人不相信在報(bào)紙上讀到的東西。很明顯,該文的主旨就是論述公眾對(duì)報(bào)紙不信任的原因。[B]項(xiàng)中的disappointment和原文中的distrust在這件事情上表達(dá)的情感是一致的,因此為正確選項(xiàng)。
    60. 新聞可信性調(diào)查項(xiàng)目的結(jié)果是。
    [A] 非??尚牛跙] 有點(diǎn)矛盾
    [C] 很有啟發(fā)性[D] 十分膚淺
    細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題【正確答案】 [D]
    第二段中作者用Sad to say和mostly lowlevel findings來(lái)評(píng)價(jià)這次調(diào)查,可以判斷該調(diào)查的結(jié)果是相當(dāng)浮于表面的。所以選擇[D]項(xiàng)。
    61. 正如作者所指出的,新聞?dòng)浾叩母締?wèn)題在于他們的。
    [A] 工作態(tài)度[B] 傳統(tǒng)的生活方式
    [C] 世界觀(guān)[D] 教育背景
    細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題【正確答案】[C]
    第六段末句最后直接點(diǎn)明,是記者與讀者世界觀(guān)的沖突引起了人們對(duì)報(bào)紙的不信任,因此[C]項(xiàng)符合題意。
    62. 盡管做出了努力,但新聞業(yè)人仍然不能滿(mǎn)足讀者的需求,因?yàn)樗?BR>    [A] 沒(méi)有認(rèn)識(shí)到它的真正問(wèn)題[B] 雇用令人惱怒的記者
    [C] 進(jìn)行不準(zhǔn)確報(bào)道的可能性[D] 在種族和性別問(wèn)題上的歧視
    細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題【正確答案】[A]
    定位最后一段的最后兩句話(huà),根據(jù)But it never seems...(新聞業(yè)從未……)和If it did,...(如果它做到了……)就可以看出,新聞業(yè)并未認(rèn)識(shí)到它真正的問(wèn)題之所在,也未采取過(guò)任何手段,因此選擇[A]項(xiàng)。
    全文翻譯:
    為什么那么多美國(guó)人不相信自己在報(bào)紙上看到的東西?美國(guó)新聞編輯協(xié)會(huì)正試圖回答這個(gè)痛苦的問(wèn)題。該組織正深深陷入一個(gè)長(zhǎng)期的自我剖析過(guò)程,即新聞可信度調(diào)查項(xiàng)目。
    第一段:提出問(wèn)題,為什么那么多的美國(guó)人不相信自己在報(bào)紙上看到的東西?
    遺憾的是,這次新聞機(jī)構(gòu)可信度調(diào)查計(jì)劃結(jié)果只獲得了一些膚淺的發(fā)現(xiàn),諸如新聞報(bào)道中的事實(shí)錯(cuò)誤,拼寫(xiě)或語(yǔ)法錯(cuò)誤,和這些低層次發(fā)現(xiàn)交織在一起的還有許多令人撓頭的困惑,譬如讀者到底想讀些什么。
    第二段:對(duì)美國(guó)新聞協(xié)會(huì)有關(guān)此問(wèn)題所做的調(diào)查的評(píng)價(jià)。
    但這種對(duì)媒體的不信任有更深刻的根源。多數(shù)新聞?dòng)浾叨紝W(xué)著用一套標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的模式去看待世界,并把每天發(fā)生的事件納入這種模式。換言之,在媒介機(jī)構(gòu)的新聞編輯室中存在著一套約定俗成的報(bào)道模式,為在其他方面可能造成誤解的新聞報(bào)道提供了一個(gè)主干框架和一個(gè)現(xiàn)成的故事敘述結(jié)構(gòu)。
    新聞?dòng)浾吆妥x者之間存在著社會(huì)和文化方面的脫節(jié),這就是為什么新聞編輯室的“標(biāo)準(zhǔn)模式”與眾多讀者的意趣相差甚遠(yuǎn)的原因。在最近一次調(diào)查中,問(wèn)卷被送到了全國(guó)五座中等城市及一座大都市的記者手中,然后隨機(jī)地給這些城市的居民打電話(huà),問(wèn)他們同樣的問(wèn)題。
    結(jié)果表明,與其他美國(guó)人相比,新聞?dòng)浾吒锌赡芫幼≡诟蝗藚^(qū),有女傭,有奔馳車(chē),炒股,而他們不太可能去教堂,參加支援服務(wù),扎根社區(qū)。
    記者們往往屬于廣義的社會(huì)文化精英的一個(gè)部分,因此他們的工作往往反映了這些精英傳統(tǒng)的價(jià)值觀(guān)。讀者對(duì)新聞媒介令人震驚的不信任的根源并非是報(bào)道失實(shí)或低下的報(bào)道技巧,而是記者與讀者的世界觀(guān)的日常沖突。
    第三到第六段:進(jìn)而指出:美國(guó)人不相信報(bào)紙,其原因遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)深刻于新聞協(xié)會(huì)所做的調(diào)查,并分析不信任的真正原因。
    這種現(xiàn)象對(duì)于任何行業(yè)都是難堪的局面,特別是對(duì)于一個(gè)正在衰落的行業(yè)來(lái)說(shuō)尤其如此。這是一個(gè)棘手的行業(yè),卻不斷地雇用觀(guān)點(diǎn)總體上使客戶(hù)惱怒的雇員。然后它又出資組織研討會(huì)和可信度調(diào)查項(xiàng)目,去探究為什么顧客們惱火了,為什么會(huì)有那么多人逃避報(bào)刊。但它似乎從來(lái)就沒(méi)回過(guò)頭來(lái)去注意那么多以前的顧客所抱怨的文化和階級(jí)偏見(jiàn)。如果它能注意這個(gè)問(wèn)題的話(huà),它就應(yīng)該進(jìn)一步開(kāi)放其多樣化欄目(該欄目目前只關(guān)注種族和性別兩個(gè)方面),雇傭一些世界觀(guān)、價(jià)值觀(guān)、教育水平和社會(huì)階層各不相同的各種記者。
    第七段:提出解決問(wèn)題的方案,即招聘世界觀(guān)、價(jià)值觀(guān)、教育水平和社會(huì)階層各不相同的各種記者。
    Text 4
    The world is going through the biggest wave of mergers and acquisitions ever witnessed. The process sweeps from hyperactive America to Europe and reaches the emerging countries with unsurpassed might. Many in these countries are looking at this process and worrying:“Won’t the wave of business concentration turn into an uncontrollable anticompetitive force?”
    There’s no question that the big are getting bigger and more powerful. Multinational corporations accounted for less than 20% of international trade in 1982.Today the figure is more than 25% and growing rapidly. International affiliates account for a fastgrowing segment of production in economies that open up and welcome foreign investment. In Argentina, for instance, after the reforms of the early 1990s, multinationals went from 43% to almost 70% of the industrial production of the 200 largest firms. This phenomenon has created serious concerns over the role of smaller economic firms, of national businessmen and over the ultimate stability of the world economy.
    I believe that the most important forces behind the massive M&A wave are the same that underlie the globalization process: falling transportation and communication costs, lower trade and investment barriers and enlarged markets that require enlarged operations capable of meeting customer’s demands. All these are beneficial, not detrimental, to consumers. As productivity grows, the world’s wealth increases.
    Examples of benefits or costs of the current concentration wave are scanty. Yet it is hard to imagine that the merger of a few oil firms today could recreate the same threats to competition that were feared nearly a century ago in the U.S., when the Standard Oil trust was broken up. The mergers of telecom companies, such as WorldCom, hardly seem to bring higher prices for consumers or a reduction in the pace of technical progress. On the contrary, the price of communications is coming down fast. In cars, too, concentration is increasing—witness Daimler and Chrysler, Renault and Nissan—but it does not appear that consumers are being hurt.
    Yet the fact remains that the merger movement must be watched. A few weeks ago, Alan Greenspan warned against the megamergers in the banking industry. Who is going to supervise, regulate and operate as lender of last resort with the gigantic banks that are being created? Won’t multinationals shift production from one place to another when a nation gets too strict about infringements to fair competition? And should one country take upon itself the role of “defending competition” on issues that affect many other nations, as in the U.S. vs. Microsoft case?
    63.What is the typical trend of businesses today?
    [A]to take in more foreign funds[B]to invest more abroad
    [C]to combine and become bigger[D]to trade with more countries
    64.According to the author, one of the driving forces behind M&A wave is .
    [A]the greater customer demands[B]a surplus supply for the market
    [C]a growing productivity[D]the increase of the world’s wealth
    65.From paragraph 4 we can infer that .
    [A]the increasing concentration is certain to hurt consumers
    [B]WorldCom serves as a good example of both benefits and costs
    [C]the costs of the globalization process are enormous
    [D]the Standard Oil trust might have threatened competition
    66.Toward the new business wave, the writer’s attitude can be said to be .
    [A]optimistic[B]objective[C]pessimistic[D]biased
    核心詞匯:
    acquisition[9Akwi5ziFEn]n.取得,學(xué)到,養(yǎng)成(習(xí)慣);獲得的東西(ac+quis+ition名詞后綴)
    affiliate[E5filieit]v.使隸屬(或附屬)于n.附屬機(jī)構(gòu),分公司(af+fili+ate)
    barrier[5bAriE]n.柵欄,屏障;障礙(物)(barr柵欄+ier)
    beneficial[9beni5fiFEl]a.(to)有利的,有益的(benefic+ial形容詞后綴)
    concentration[9kCnsEn5treiFEn]n.專(zhuān)心,專(zhuān)注;集中,集結(jié);濃度(concentrate+ion名詞后綴→集中)
    detrimental[7detri5mentl]a.有害的(detriment損害,危害+al→危害的)
    gigantic[dVai5gAntik]a.巨大的,龐大的
    hyperactive[7haipE(:)5rAktiv]a.活動(dòng)過(guò)度的(hyper+active活動(dòng)的);hper前綴“超過(guò);過(guò)度”(h脫落,元音y變u,即為uper),active活躍的。
    infringement[in5frindVEnt]n.違反, 侵害(n+fringe+ment)in否定前綴,fringe(邊緣;劉海;穗),ment名詞后綴,已經(jīng)“不”在“邊緣”→侵入內(nèi)部→侵害;infringe(v.侵害)←in+fringe
    massive[5mAsiv]a.大而重的,厚實(shí)的,粗大的;大規(guī)模的,大量的(mass+ive形容詞后綴)
    multinational[mQlti5nAFEnEl]a./n.跨國(guó)公司;跨國(guó)公司的(ulti+national),multi前綴“多”(如multiple→multi+ple倍→v.加倍;多倍的;倍數(shù)),national國(guó)家的。
    pessimistic[9pesi5mistik]a.悲觀(guān)的(essimist+ic)pessimist悲觀(guān)主義者,ic形容詞后綴
    phenomenon[fi5nCminEn]n.現(xiàn)象,稀有現(xiàn)象,珍品,奇跡,杰出人才
    resort[ri5zC:t]v.憑借,求助,訴諸n.度假勝地,手段
    supervise[5sju:pEvaiz]vt.監(jiān)督,管理;指導(dǎo)(uper在上面+vis看+e動(dòng)詞后綴→在上面看→監(jiān)督)
    surpass[sE:5pa:s]vt.超過(guò),勝過(guò)(sur超過(guò)+pass→通過(guò)并超過(guò)→勝過(guò))
    sweep[swi:p]v.掃,打掃;席卷,沖光;掃過(guò),掠過(guò)
    unsurpassed[5QnsE:5pB:st]a.凌駕的, 非常卓越的,超越的(n+surpass+ed)un否定前綴,surpass(v.超過(guò))←sur前綴“超”+pass過(guò),ed形容詞后綴。
    witness[5witnis]n.目擊者,證人;證據(jù),證明v.目擊,目睹;作證(wit知+ness名詞后綴→知情者)
    難句分析:
    難句1 International affiliates account for a fastgrowing segment of production in economies that open up and welcome foreign investment.
    [分析]此句的主干是“International affiliates account for a fastgrowing segment of production in economies...”,后面的that open up and welcome foreign investment是economies的定語(yǔ)從句。
    [譯文]在那些對(duì)外開(kāi)放并鼓勵(lì)外資的國(guó)家的經(jīng)濟(jì)中國(guó)際分公司在國(guó)民生產(chǎn)中所占的比重越來(lái)越大。
    難句2 I believe that the most important forces behind the massive M&A wave are the same that underlie the globalization process: falling transportation and communication costs, lower trade and investment barriers and enlarged markets that require enlarged operations capable of meeting customers’ demands.
    [分析]此句主干為“I believe that...”,其中that引導(dǎo)了believe的賓語(yǔ)從句,其中的又一個(gè)that可替換為as the ones that,是一個(gè)定語(yǔ)從句。冒號(hào)后面的部分是the most important forces的同位語(yǔ),其中markets后面的that從句是markets的定語(yǔ),capable of meeting customers’ demands是operations的補(bǔ)語(yǔ)。
    [譯文]我認(rèn)為,推動(dòng)這股巨大的并購(gòu)浪潮的最主要的力量,也是推動(dòng)全球化進(jìn)程的力量,包括日趨下降的運(yùn)輸與通訊費(fèi)用,較低的貿(mào)易與投資壁壘,以及市場(chǎng)的擴(kuò)大和為滿(mǎn)足市場(chǎng)需求而進(jìn)行的擴(kuò)大生產(chǎn)。
    難句3 And should one country take upon itself the role of “defending competition” on issues that affect many other nations, as in the U.S. vs. Microsoft case?
    [分析]此句的主干是“should one country take upon itself the role...”,而that affect many other nations是issues的定語(yǔ)從句。as in the U.S. vs. Microsoft case是issues的補(bǔ)語(yǔ)。on issues是take upon itself the role的狀語(yǔ)。
    [譯文]在那些將會(huì)影響許多其他國(guó)家的事情中,如美國(guó)政府與微軟公司的訴訟案,一個(gè)國(guó)家是否應(yīng)該擔(dān)負(fù)起“保護(hù)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)”的責(zé)任呢?
    文章類(lèi)型:社會(huì)科學(xué)——經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)
    本文的主題有關(guān)企業(yè)合并與收購(gòu)浪潮,并分析其產(chǎn)生的原因,認(rèn)為并沒(méi)有給消費(fèi)和技術(shù)進(jìn)步帶來(lái)傷害。
    試題解析:
    63. 如今,企業(yè)的典型趨勢(shì)是什么?
    [A] 吸收更多的外國(guó)資金。[B] 更多地投資海外。
    [C] 合并、變得更大。[D] 與更多的國(guó)家發(fā)展貿(mào)易。
    細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題【正確答案】 [C]
    考點(diǎn)在于對(duì)第一段,也即對(duì)文章主題的理解。第一段第一句話(huà)表示世界正在經(jīng)歷有史以來(lái)的一次合并和收購(gòu)的浪潮。這一浪潮不僅影響到美洲和歐洲,還涉及一些新興國(guó)家??梢?jiàn),當(dāng)今商業(yè)發(fā)展的主要趨勢(shì)是合并,從而使有些企業(yè)變得更大。所以,[C]項(xiàng)正確。
    64. 根據(jù)作者的觀(guān)點(diǎn),隱藏于合并浪潮背后的一個(gè)推動(dòng)力是。
    [A] 更大的消費(fèi)者需求[B] 市場(chǎng)的供應(yīng)過(guò)剩
    [C] 日益提高的生產(chǎn)力[D] 世界財(cái)富的增長(zhǎng)
    細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題【正確答案】 [A]
    第三段指出,推動(dòng)合并和收購(gòu)這一狂潮的最重要力量同導(dǎo)致全球化過(guò)程的力量是一樣的,其中包括falling transportation and communication costs, lower trade and investment barriers和enlarged markets that require enlarged operations capable of meeting customers’ demands。[A]項(xiàng)“顧客更大的需求”符合最后一項(xiàng),屬于推動(dòng)力之一。
    65.根據(jù)第四段,我們可以推知:。
    [A] 日益增多的行業(yè)合并肯定會(huì)損害消費(fèi)者的利益。
    [B] 世界電信的合并成為既有利可圖又要付出代價(jià)的恰當(dāng)例子。
    [C] 全球化進(jìn)程的代價(jià)高昂。
    [D] 標(biāo)準(zhǔn)石油托拉斯可能給競(jìng)爭(zhēng)帶來(lái)過(guò)威脅。
    推理題【正確答案】 [D]
    從第四段中,我們得知,當(dāng)前還沒(méi)有足夠多的例證來(lái)論證有關(guān)合并浪潮的利與弊。一百年前,由于人們對(duì)美國(guó)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)石油托拉斯(the Standard Oil Trust)持有戒心,它被解散。根據(jù)這一點(diǎn),我們可以推斷,美國(guó)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)石油托拉斯可能會(huì)威脅競(jìng)爭(zhēng)。所以選擇[D]項(xiàng)。
    66. 對(duì)于新的企業(yè)合并浪潮,作者的態(tài)度可以說(shuō)是。
    [A] 樂(lè)觀(guān)的[B] 客觀(guān)的[C] 悲觀(guān)的[D] 有偏見(jiàn)的
    態(tài)度題【正確答案】[B]
    考點(diǎn)在于把握全文主題(theme)及作者態(tài)度(author’s attitude)??v覽全文,作者首先描述了合并與收購(gòu)的熱潮,分析了這一狂潮背后的動(dòng)因,以實(shí)例說(shuō)明其帶來(lái)的利益,又在文末告誡人們防范其弊端??梢?jiàn),作者對(duì)于合并與收購(gòu)的態(tài)度比較客觀(guān),因此選擇[B]項(xiàng)。
    全文翻譯:
    世界正在經(jīng)歷一場(chǎng)前所未有的巨大的并購(gòu)浪潮。這個(gè)浪潮從異?;钴S的美國(guó)席卷到歐洲,并以不可比擬的威力影響到正在崛起的國(guó)家。這些國(guó)家的許多人面對(duì)這個(gè)浪潮開(kāi)始憂(yōu)慮:“企業(yè)合并的浪潮會(huì)不會(huì)變成一股不可控制的反競(jìng)爭(zhēng)的力量?”
    第一段:從現(xiàn)象引出問(wèn)題:企業(yè)合并的浪潮會(huì)不會(huì)變成一股不可控制的反競(jìng)爭(zhēng)的力量。
    無(wú)疑,大企業(yè)正在變得更大、更強(qiáng)??鐕?guó)公司在1982年只占有國(guó)際貿(mào)易不到20%的份額。而現(xiàn)在,這個(gè)數(shù)字上升到25%強(qiáng),并且還在迅速上升。在那些對(duì)外開(kāi)放并鼓勵(lì)外資的國(guó)家的經(jīng)濟(jì)中國(guó)際分公司在國(guó)民生產(chǎn)中所占的比重越來(lái)越大。比如,在阿根廷,經(jīng)過(guò)90年代初的改革之后,跨國(guó)公司在200家大型企業(yè)的工業(yè)生產(chǎn)中從43%增加到幾乎70%。這個(gè)現(xiàn)象造成了人們對(duì)小型企業(yè)和民族資本的作用以及世界經(jīng)濟(jì)的最終穩(wěn)定的極大關(guān)注。
    我認(rèn)為,推動(dòng)這股巨大的并購(gòu)浪潮的最主要的力量,也是推動(dòng)全球化進(jìn)程的力量,包括日趨下降的運(yùn)輸與通訊費(fèi)用,較低的貿(mào)易與投資壁壘,以及市場(chǎng)的擴(kuò)大和為滿(mǎn)足市場(chǎng)需求而進(jìn)行的擴(kuò)大生產(chǎn)。所有這些對(duì)消費(fèi)者來(lái)說(shuō)都有益而無(wú)害的。隨著生產(chǎn)力的提高,世界的財(cái)富也在增長(zhǎng)。
    第二、三段:作者指出企業(yè)規(guī)模確實(shí)越來(lái)越大及其原因。
    目前證明這股合并浪潮是帶來(lái)利還是弊的實(shí)例并不多。但是很難想象當(dāng)今的幾個(gè)石油公司的合并是否會(huì)重新造成約100年前美國(guó)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)石油公司對(duì)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)造成的同樣的威脅,那時(shí)由于人們對(duì)該公司的這種擔(dān)心而導(dǎo)致了它最終的解散。像世界通訊這樣的通訊公司合并似乎沒(méi)有給消費(fèi)者帶來(lái)更高的費(fèi)用,或者降低技術(shù)進(jìn)步的速度。相反,通信的價(jià)格在迅速下降。在汽車(chē)行業(yè),合并也同樣在增加——比如戴姆勒與克萊斯勒,雷諾與尼桑的合并——但消費(fèi)者看起來(lái)并未受到傷害。
    第四段:指出很難斷定合并浪潮是好是壞,并且說(shuō)明目前的合并不會(huì)威脅到競(jìng)爭(zhēng)機(jī)制。
    但是合并運(yùn)動(dòng)必須受到嚴(yán)密監(jiān)視這個(gè)事實(shí)仍然存在。就在幾星期以前,格林斯潘對(duì)銀行業(yè)的巨大合并發(fā)出了警告。誰(shuí)來(lái)充當(dāng)最終的借貸者,對(duì)這家正在形成的龐大銀行發(fā)揮監(jiān)督、規(guī)范和運(yùn)作的作用。當(dāng)一個(gè)國(guó)家對(duì)破壞公平競(jìng)爭(zhēng)的行為的處理過(guò)于嚴(yán)厲時(shí),跨國(guó)公司會(huì)不會(huì)把它們的生產(chǎn)從一地轉(zhuǎn)到另一地呢?在那些將會(huì)影響許多其他國(guó)家的事情中,如美國(guó)政府與微軟公司的訴訟案,一個(gè)國(guó)家是否應(yīng)該擔(dān)負(fù)起“保護(hù)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)”的責(zé)任呢?
    第五段,指出人們還是要密切關(guān)注兼并浪潮,暗指兼并可能具有危險(xiǎn)性。
    Text 5
    When I decided to quit my fulltime employment it never occurred to me that I might become a part of a new international trend. A lateral move that hurt my pride and blocked my professional progress prompted me to abandon my relatively high profile career although, in the manner of a disgraced government minister, I covered my exit by claiming “I wanted to spend more time with my family”.
    Curiously, some twoandahalf years and two novels later, my experiment in what the Americans term “downshifting” has turned my tired excuse into an absolute reality. I have been transformed from a passionate advocate of the philosophy of “having it all”, preached by Linda Kelsey for the past seven years in the page of She magazine, into a woman who is happy to settle for a bit of everything.
    I have discovered, as perhaps Kelsey will after her muchpublicized resignation from the editorship of She after a build up of stress, that abandoning the doctrine of “juggling your life”, and making the alternative move into “downshifting” brings with it far greater rewards than financial success and social status. Nothing could persuade me to return to the kind of life Kelsey used to advocate and I once enjoyed: 12hour working days, pressured deadlines, the fearful strain of office politics and the limitations of being a parent on “quality time”.
    In America, the move away from juggling to a simpler, less materialistic lifestyle is a wellestablished trend. Downshifting—also known in America as “voluntary simplicity”—has, ironically, even bred a new area of what might be termed anticonsumerism. There are a number of bestselling downshifting selfhelp books for people who want to simplify their lives; there are newsletters, such as The Tightwad Gazette, that give hundreds of thousands of Americans useful tips on anything from recycling their clingfilm to making their own soap; there are even support groups for those who want to achieve the mid’90s equivalent of dropping out.
    While in America the trend started as a reaction to the economy decline—after the mass redundancies caused by downsizing in the late’80s—and is still linked to the politics of thrift, in Britain, at least among the middleclass downshifters of my acquaintance, we have different reasons for seeking to simplify our lives.
    For the women of my generation who were urged to keep juggling through the’80s,downshifting in the mid’90s is not so much a search for the mythical good life—growing your own organic vegetables, and risking turning into one—as a personal recognition of your limitations.
    67.Which of the following is true according to paragraph 1?
    [A]Fulltime employment is a new international trend.
    [B]The writer was compelled by circumstances to leave her job.
    [C]“A lateral move” means stepping out of fulltime employment.
    [D]The writer was only too eager to spend more time with her family.
    68.The writer’s experiment shows that downshifting.
    [A]enables her to realize her dream
    [B]helps her mold a new philosophy of life
    [C]prompts her to abandon her high social status
    [D]leads her to accept the doctrine of She magazine
    69. “Juggling one’s life” probably means living a life characterized by .
    [A]nonmaterialistic lifestyle[B]a bit of everything
    [C]extreme stress[D]anticonsumerism
    70.According to the passage, downshifting emerged in the U.S. as a result of .
    [A]the quick pace of modern life[B]man’s adventurous spirit
    [C]man’s search for mythical experiences[D]the economic situation
    核心詞匯:
    absolute[5AbsElu:t]a.絕對(duì)的,完全的;確實(shí)的,肯定的(ab不+solute→決不松開(kāi)→絕對(duì)的)
    acquaintance[E5kweintEns]n.認(rèn)識(shí),相識(shí),了解;相識(shí)的人,熟人(acquaint告知+ance名詞后綴→熟悉)
    adventurous[Ed5ventFErEs]a.喜冒險(xiǎn)的;充滿(mǎn)危險(xiǎn)的 (adventur(e)冒險(xiǎn)+ous形容詞后綴)
    alternative[C:l5tE:nEtiv]n.兩者擇一,抉擇(alternate交替+ive形容詞后綴→二者擇一的)
    block[blCk]n.大塊木(石)料;街區(qū);障礙物v.阻塞,攔阻
    cling[kliN]v.(to)粘住;依附;堅(jiān)持
    compel[kEm5pel]v.強(qiáng)迫,迫使(com共同+pel推→一起推→強(qiáng)迫)
    curious[5kjuEriEs]a.好奇的, 求知的, 古怪的, 愛(ài)挑剔的(cur+ious形容詞后綴→關(guān)心的,好奇的);curiously (ad.好奇地;奇怪地)←curious+ly
    deadline[5dedlain]n.最后期限(dead+line)
    doctrine[5dCktrin]n.教條,教義;法律原則;聲明(doctr教+in+e名詞后綴→教的東西→教條)
    equivalent[i5kwivElEnt]a.相等的,等價(jià)的n.相等物,等價(jià)物(equi+val力量+ent→力量平等→相等的)
    juggle[5dVQgl]vi.玩戲法, 誆騙, 篡改vt.耍弄, 歪曲, 篡改n.玩戲法, 魔術(shù), 欺騙 “拿撲克牌玩雜耍(juggle),引得大家咯咯(guggle)笑”,文中juggle引申為“忙忙碌碌”
    lateral[5lAtErEl]a.旁邊的,側(cè)面的(later+al)later即單詞“后來(lái)”,al詞后綴,“后來(lái)者只能靠邊站”→旁邊的
    minister[5ministE]n.部長(zhǎng),大臣(mini+ster→小人→古代大臣稱(chēng)自己是小人→部長(zhǎng),大臣)
    passionate [5pAFEnEt]a.充滿(mǎn)熱情的,即passion+ate,passion(激情;暴怒),ate此作形容詞后綴
    preach[pri:tF]v.宣講(教義),布道;竭力鼓吹,宣傳;說(shuō)教
    prompt[prCmpt]a.敏捷的,迅速的,即刻的v.激起,促進(jìn),推動(dòng)
    recognition[rekEg5niFEn]n.認(rèn)出,辨認(rèn);承認(rèn)(recogn+ition名詞后綴)
    redundancy[ri5dQndEnsi]n.冗余(red+und+ancy),red(=re),und詞根“多”,ancy名詞后綴,“越來(lái)越(re)多”→冗余。同根詞:abundant(豐富的)←ab加強(qiáng)前綴+und多+ant形容詞后綴
    resignation[rezig5neiFEn]n.辭職;聽(tīng)天由命(resign+ation名詞后綴);resign(v.辭職;順從)←re+sign,re前綴=away或=again,sign簽署,故“簽署后離開(kāi)”→辭職,“再次簽署”→順從
    simplify[5simplifai]v.簡(jiǎn)化,使單純
    strain[5strein]v.拉緊;緊張;扭傷;竭盡全力n.拉緊;負(fù)擔(dān)
    thrift[Wrift]a.節(jié)約,節(jié)儉;繁榮.可記:“節(jié)儉”導(dǎo)致“繁榮”;thrifty(節(jié)儉的;繁榮的)←thrift+y形容詞后綴。thrift→thrive(v.繁榮),類(lèi)似變化的單詞有theft(n.偷)→thieve(v.偷)
    難句分析:
    難句1 A lateral move that hurt my pride and blocked my professional progress promoted me to abandon my relatively high profile career although, in the manner of a disgraced government minister, I covered my exit by claiming “I wanted to spend more time with my family”.
    [分析]此句主干是“a lateral move promoted me to...”。其中that hurt my pride and blocked my professional progress是a lateral move的定語(yǔ),although, in the manner of a disgraced government minister, I covered my exit by claiming “I wanted to spend more time with my family”是狀語(yǔ),其中逗號(hào)之間的in the manner of a disgraced government minister是插入語(yǔ)。
    [譯文]一次平級(jí)的人事調(diào)動(dòng)傷了我的自尊心,并阻斷了我的事業(yè)發(fā)展,這促使我放棄自己地位較高的職業(yè),盡管就像面子掃盡的政府部長(zhǎng)那樣,我也掩飾說(shuō)“我只想與家人更多的呆在一起”。
    難句2 Curiously, some twoandahalf years and two novels later, my experiment in what the Americans term “downshifting” has turned my tired excuse into an absolute reality.
    [分析]此句主干是“... my experiment... has turned my tired excuse into an absolute reality”。注意其謂語(yǔ)是一個(gè)turn sth. into sth.的結(jié)構(gòu)。前面兩個(gè)逗號(hào)之間的是時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)。
    [譯文]奇怪的是,大約兩年半的時(shí)間我寫(xiě)完兩部小說(shuō)后,我這個(gè)被美國(guó)人稱(chēng)為“放慢生活節(jié)奏”的試驗(yàn),卻使我老掉牙的借口變成了現(xiàn)實(shí)。
    難句3 I have discovered, as perhaps Kelsey will after her muchpublicized resignation from the editorship of She after a buildup of stress, that abandoning the doctrine of “juggling your life”, and making the alternative move into “downshifting” brings with it far greater rewards than financial success and social status.
    [分析]此句中I have discovered是主句的主謂結(jié)構(gòu),that abandoning the doctrine of “juggling your life”, and making the alternative move into “downshifting” brings with it far greater rewards than financial success and social status是主句的賓語(yǔ),其中abandoning the doctrine of “juggling your life”, and making the alternative move into “downshifting”為該賓語(yǔ)從句的主語(yǔ),brings為謂語(yǔ)。as perhaps Kelsey will after her muchpublicized resignation from the editorship of She after a buildup of stress既是伴隨狀語(yǔ),又是插入語(yǔ),其主語(yǔ)為Kelsey,謂語(yǔ)為will,而after her muchpublicized resignation from the editorship of She after a buildup of stress是本插入語(yǔ)中的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)。
    [譯文]我已經(jīng)發(fā)現(xiàn)(由于壓力過(guò)大,凱茜已公開(kāi)宣稱(chēng)辭去《她》雜志編輯的職務(wù),在這之后她也許會(huì)有同樣發(fā)現(xiàn)),放棄“忙忙碌碌”的生活哲學(xué),轉(zhuǎn)而過(guò)一種“放慢生活節(jié)奏”的生活所帶來(lái)的回報(bào),比經(jīng)濟(jì)成功和社會(huì)地位更有價(jià)值。
    難句4 Downshifting—also known in America as “voluntary simplicity”—has, ironically, even bred a new area of what might be termed anticonsumerism.
    [分析]此句主干是“Downshifting has bred a new area...”,破折號(hào)之間的是插入結(jié)構(gòu),ironically也是插入語(yǔ),可放在句首,what相當(dāng)于thought which。
    [譯文]具有諷刺意味的是,“放慢生活節(jié)奏”——在美國(guó)也稱(chēng)“甘愿簡(jiǎn)樸”——甚至孕育了一個(gè)嶄新的、可稱(chēng)之為反消費(fèi)主義的生活方式。
    難句5 For the women of my generation who were urged to keep juggling through the ’80s, downshifting in the mid’90s is not so much a search for the mythical good life—growing your own organic vegetables, and risking turning into one—as a personal recognition of your limitations.
    [分析]此句主干是“... downshifting in the mid’90s is not...”。其中who were urged to keep juggling through the ’80s是修飾the women of my generation的定語(yǔ)從句。growing your own organic vegetables, and risking turning into one既是插入語(yǔ),又是the mythical good life的同位語(yǔ)。本句中not so much A(a search for the mythical good life) as B(a personal recognition of your limitations)的句式含義,即“與其說(shuō)是A,不如說(shuō)是B”。
    [譯文]對(duì)我們這一代女性來(lái)說(shuō),整個(gè)80年代我們?cè)黄让β档厣睿?0年代中期的簡(jiǎn)化生活與其說(shuō)是尋找那種自己種有機(jī)蔬菜并試圖與之合一的神話(huà)般美好生活,還不如說(shuō)是對(duì)我們自身局限性的認(rèn)識(shí)。
    文章類(lèi)型:人文科學(xué)——生活態(tài)變的轉(zhuǎn)變
    本文的主題是慢節(jié)奏(downshifting)的生活方式。作者以第一人稱(chēng)的口吻敘述了自身生活方式轉(zhuǎn)變的過(guò)程,談及慢節(jié)奏的生活方式在美國(guó)的發(fā)展情況,并剖析了這種現(xiàn)象背后的原因。
    試題解析:
    67. 根據(jù)第一段,下面哪項(xiàng)說(shuō)法正確?
    [A] 全職工作是一種新的國(guó)際潮流。
    [B] 作者因環(huán)境所迫而辭去工作。
    [C] “一次平級(jí)調(diào)動(dòng)”意味著退出專(zhuān)職工作。
    [D] 作者只是太想多花時(shí)間與其家人在一起了。
    判斷題【正確答案】 [B]
    作者在第一段中說(shuō)明她放棄工作時(shí),根本沒(méi)想到自己會(huì)成為一種新興時(shí)尚的一分子,她辭職是因?yàn)橐淮纹郊?jí)的人事調(diào)動(dòng)傷害了她的自尊心,妨礙了她的事業(yè)發(fā)展??梢?jiàn),作者的辭職是出于環(huán)境所迫,所以[B]項(xiàng)是正確答案。
    68. 作者的實(shí)踐表明:降低節(jié)奏。
    [A] 使她能夠?qū)崿F(xiàn)自己的夢(mèng)想
    [B] 幫助她形成了一種新的人生觀(guān)
    [C] 促使她放棄了自己很高的社會(huì)地位
    [D] 使她接受了《她》雜志所倡導(dǎo)的生活哲學(xué)
    細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題【正確答案】 [B]
    第二段中作者提到自己已經(jīng)是一個(gè)由信奉“擁有一切”生活哲學(xué)的人轉(zhuǎn)變或一個(gè)知足常樂(lè)的人,對(duì)于作者而言,“慢節(jié)奏”的生活方式是一種新的生活哲學(xué)。因此選擇[B]項(xiàng)。
    69. “Juggling one’s life”可能指的是過(guò)一種具有特性的生活。
    [A] 不追求物質(zhì)利益的生活方式[B] 很容易滿(mǎn)足
    [C] 極度緊張[D] 反消費(fèi)主義
    詞匯題【正確答案】 [C]
    在第三段第一句,juggling one’s life與downshifting恰好是相對(duì)立的兩種生活方式,說(shuō)明她從a buildup of stress取得的financial success and social status遠(yuǎn)不及downshifting給她帶來(lái)的回報(bào)多,因此選擇[C]項(xiàng)。
    70. 根據(jù)本文的觀(guān)點(diǎn),美國(guó)出現(xiàn)放慢生活節(jié)奏的原因是。
    [A] 現(xiàn)代生活的快節(jié)奏[B] 人們的冒險(xiǎn)精神
    [C] 人們對(duì)神話(huà)般生活體驗(yàn)的追求[D] 經(jīng)濟(jì)形勢(shì)
    細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題【正確答案】 [D]
    第五段第一句話(huà)指出,在美國(guó),產(chǎn)生這種慢節(jié)奏生活方式是源于20世紀(jì)80年代末期因?yàn)榻?jīng)濟(jì)蕭條而進(jìn)行的裁員。當(dāng)時(shí)采取這種措施是為了應(yīng)對(duì)這種經(jīng)濟(jì)衰退。因此選擇[D]項(xiàng)。
    全文翻譯:
    當(dāng)我決定辭去自己的全日制工作時(shí)絕沒(méi)有想到,自己竟成了一種新的國(guó)際性潮流的一分子。一次平級(jí)的人事調(diào)動(dòng)傷了我的自尊心,并阻斷了我的事業(yè)發(fā)展,這促使我放棄自己地位較高的職業(yè),盡管就像面子掃盡的政府部長(zhǎng)那樣,我也掩飾說(shuō)“我只想與家人更多的呆在一起”。
    奇怪的是,大約兩年半的時(shí)間我寫(xiě)完兩部小說(shuō)后,我這個(gè)被美國(guó)人稱(chēng)為“放慢生活節(jié)奏”的試驗(yàn),卻使我老掉牙的借口變成了現(xiàn)實(shí)。我已從一個(gè)“擁有一切”哲學(xué)(琳達(dá)·凱茜過(guò)去七年中在《她》這本雜志所宣揚(yáng)的)的狂熱支持者,變成了一個(gè)知足常樂(lè)的女人。
    我已經(jīng)發(fā)現(xiàn)(由于壓力過(guò)大,凱茜已公開(kāi)宣稱(chēng)辭去《她》雜志編輯的職務(wù),在這之后她也許會(huì)有同樣發(fā)現(xiàn)),放棄“忙忙碌碌”的生活哲學(xué),轉(zhuǎn)而過(guò)一種“放慢生活節(jié)奏”的生活所帶來(lái)的回報(bào),比經(jīng)濟(jì)成功和社會(huì)地位更有價(jià)值。什么也說(shuō)服不了我回到過(guò)去那種凱茜所宣揚(yáng)的、我也曾自得其樂(lè)的生活中去:每天12小時(shí)的工作日,壓得人喘不過(guò)氣來(lái)的最后期限,可怕而緊張的辦公室的爾虞我詐,在“時(shí)期”為人父母的限制。
    第一至第三段:作者介紹了自己從忙碌生活過(guò)渡到悠閑生活的緣由,及經(jīng)過(guò)。
    在美國(guó),擺脫忙碌,轉(zhuǎn)而過(guò)一種簡(jiǎn)單、更遠(yuǎn)離物質(zhì)化的生活已成明確趨勢(shì)。具有諷刺意味的是,“放慢生活節(jié)奏”——在美國(guó)也稱(chēng)“甘愿簡(jiǎn)樸”——甚至孕育了一個(gè)嶄新的、可稱(chēng)之為反消費(fèi)主義的生活方式。對(duì)于那些想簡(jiǎn)單生活的人來(lái)說(shuō),有許多很暢銷(xiāo)的幫你輕松生活的自助書(shū)籍;有各種簡(jiǎn)訊,例如省錢(qián)簡(jiǎn)報(bào),會(huì)給美國(guó)人提供成千上萬(wàn)條有用的點(diǎn)子去做事,從保鮮膜的再利用到自制肥皂;甚至還有一些支援性團(tuán)體,幫人按90年代中期脫離傳統(tǒng)社會(huì)的人的生活方式去生活。
    第四段:通過(guò)舉例論證,簡(jiǎn)單悠閑生活已經(jīng)在美國(guó)成為一種趨勢(shì)。
    在美國(guó),這種趨勢(shì)一開(kāi)始是對(duì)經(jīng)濟(jì)衰落所做出的一種反應(yīng)——出現(xiàn)于20世紀(jì)80年代后期,企業(yè)縮小經(jīng)濟(jì)規(guī)模所引起的大規(guī)模裁員——也與節(jié)儉的觀(guān)點(diǎn)密切相連;在英國(guó),至少在我所熟悉的中產(chǎn)階級(jí)慢節(jié)奏生活的人中,我們對(duì)于為什么尋求簡(jiǎn)樸的生活有不同的原因。
    第五段:作者指出贊成這種趨勢(shì)的原因。
    對(duì)我們這一代女性來(lái)說(shuō),整個(gè)80年代我們?cè)黄让β档厣睿?0年代中期的簡(jiǎn)化生活與其說(shuō)是尋找那種自己種有機(jī)蔬菜并試圖與之合一的神話(huà)般美好生活,還不如說(shuō)是對(duì)我們自身局限性的認(rèn)識(shí)。
    第六段:指明作者追求閑適生活的真正原因。