Text 1
Specialization can be seen as a response to the problem of an increasing accumulation of scientific knowledge. By splitting up the subject matter into smaller units, one man could continue to handle the information and use it as the basis for further research. But specialization was only one of a series of related developments in science affecting the process of communication. Another was the growing professionalisation of scientific activity.
No clearcut distinction can be drawn between professionals and amateurs in science: exceptions can be found to any rule. Nevertheless, the word‘a(chǎn)mateur’ does carry a connotation that the person concerned is not fully integrated into the scientific community, and, in particular, may not fully share its values. The growth of specialization in the nineteenth century, with its consequent requirement of a longer, more complex training, implied greater problems for amateur participation in science. The trend was naturally most obvious in those areas of science based especially on a mathematical or laboratory training, and can be illustrated in terms of the development of geology in the United Kingdom.
A comparison of British geological publications over the last century and a half reveals not simply an increasing emphasis on the primacy of research, but also a changing definition of what constitutes an acceptable research paper. Thus, in the nineteenth century, local geological studies represented worthwhile research in their own right; but, in the twentieth century, local studies have increasingly become acceptable to professionals only if they incorporate, and reflect on, the wider geological picture. Amateurs, on the other hand, have continued to pursue local studies in the old way. The overall result has been to make entrance to professional geological journals harder for amateurs, a result that has been reinforced by the widespread introduction of refereeing, first by national journals in the nineteenth century and then by several local geological journals in the twentieth century. As a logical consequence of this development, separate journals have now appeared aimed mainly towards either professional or amateur readership. A rather similar process of differentiation has led to professional geologists coming together nationally within one or two specific societies, whereas the amateurs have tended either to remain in local societies or to come together nationally in a different way.
Although the process of professionalisation and specialization was already well under way in British geology during the nineteenth century, its full consequences were thus delayed until the twentieth century. In science generally, however, the nineteenth century must be reckoned as the crucial period for this change in the structure of science.
51. The growth of specialization in the 19th century might be more clearly seen in sciences such as .
[A] sociology and chemistry[B] physics and psychology
[C] sociology and psychology[D] physics and chemistry
52. We can infer from the passage that .
[A] there is little distinction between specialization and professionalisation
[B] amateurs can compete with professionals in some areas of science
[C] professionals tend to welcome amateurs into the scientific community
[D] amateurs have national academic societies but no local ones
53. The author writes of the development of geology to demonstrate .
[A] the process of specialization and professionalisation
[B] the hardship of amateurs in scientific study
[C] the change of policies in scientific publications
[D] the discrimination of professionals against amateurs
54. The direct reason for specialization is .
[A] the development in communication[B] the growth of professionalisation
[C] the expansion of scientific knowledge[D] the splitting up of academic societies
核心詞匯:
academic[9A kE5demik]a.學(xué)院的;學(xué)術(shù)性的;(academ古希臘哲學(xué)家柏拉圖及其弟子研究學(xué)問的地方+ic形容詞后綴→學(xué)術(shù)的)
accumulate[E5kju:mjuleit]vt.堆積,積累,積聚vi.累積,聚積(ac+cumul堆積+ate→堆積起來→積累);accumulation(n.積累,堆積)即accumulate+tion
amateur[5AmEtE:]a./n.業(yè)余(水平)的(運動員、藝術(shù)家等)(amat+eur人→熱愛的人→業(yè)余愛好者)
comparison[kEm5pArisn]n.比較,對比,比喻,比擬(compar+ison名詞后綴)
connotation[9cCnEu5teiFEn]n.含蓄,含義(con+not(e)+ation),con前綴“一起”,note記錄,ation名詞后綴,所有東西都被一起記錄在其中→含義
constitute[5kCnstitju:t]vt.組成,構(gòu)成,形成;設(shè)立,建立,任命(con 一起 +stitute→放到一起→構(gòu)成)
crucial[5kru:FiEl, 5kru:FEl]a.至關(guān)重要的,決定性的
definition[9defi5niFEn]n.定義,解釋;(輪廓影像等的)清晰度;闡明(defin +ition名詞后綴→定義)
delay[di5lei]v.耽擱; 延誤;推遲; 延期(de不+lay放置→未及時放置好→耽擱)
demonstrate[5demEnstreit]v.論證,證實;演示,說明(de加強+monster+ate動詞→加強顯示→證明)
distinction[dis5tiNkFEn]n.區(qū)別,差別;級別;特性;聲望;顯赫(distinct+ion名詞后綴)
emphasis[5emfEsis]n.加強語氣; 強調(diào);(賦予某事物)特殊的意義、 價值或重要性(em加強語氣+phas顯示+is名詞后綴→加強顯示→強調(diào))
integrate[5intigreit]v.(使)成為一體,(使)結(jié)合在一起(integ完整+ate動詞后綴→使結(jié)合)
journal[5dVE:nl]n.定期刊物,雜志,日報;日志,日記(journ日期+al形容詞后綴→日期,雜志)
logical[5lCdVikEl]a.邏輯的,符合邏輯的(log說話+ic名詞后綴→說話的學(xué)問+al形容詞后綴→合乎邏輯的)
overall[5EuvErC:l]a.全面的,綜合的n.(pl.)(套頭)工作服
participate[pa:5tisipeit]v.參加, 參與(parti部分,分開+cip進入+ate動詞后綴→進入一部分→參加);participation(n.參加;分享)即Parti+cip+ation
primacy[5praimEsi]n.第一或首先的狀態(tài); 首席的職責, 重要性(prim第一,主要的+acy名詞后綴→重要性)
professional[prE5feFEnl]a.職業(yè)的,專門的n.自由職業(yè)者,專業(yè)人士(profession+al形容詞后綴);professionalisation(n.職業(yè)化)即professional+is(e)+ation
psychology[sai5kClEdVi]n.心理,心理學(xué),心理狀態(tài)(psycho心理+logy名詞后綴表示科學(xué),學(xué)問→心理學(xué))
publication[pQbli5keiFEn]n.出版物;出版,發(fā)行;公布,發(fā)表(public公眾的+ation名詞后綴)
reckon[5rekEn]vi.計算,總計,估計(up) ;猜想;依賴;認為把……看作;視為(reck注意+on表狀態(tài)或動作的動詞后綴 →指望)
referee[refE5ri:]n.裁判員(refer+ee表示人→被提出的人→裁判)
reflect[ri5flekt]v.反射;表達;反映;仔細考慮(re反+flect彎曲返回→反射)
represent[repri5zent]v.描述,表示;代表,代理;闡明,說明(re+present)
response[ris5pCns]n.回答,響應(yīng),反應(yīng)(re回+spons+e名詞后綴→承諾回應(yīng)→回答)
reveal[ri5vi:l]v.展現(xiàn),顯示,揭示,揭露,告訴,泄露(re反+veal→反蓋上→不讓蓋上→揭露)
separate[5sepEreit9 5sepErit]a.分離的,分開的(se分開+par安排+ate動詞和形容詞后綴→分離)
split[split]v.裂開,劈開;分裂,分離n.分化,分裂,裂口
難句分析:
難句1 No clearcut distinction can be drawn between professionals and amateurs in science: exceptions can be found to any rule. Nevertheless, the word ‘a(chǎn)mateur’ does carry a connotation that the person concerned is not fully integrated into the scientific commUnity and, in Particular, may not fully share its values.
[分析]第一個句子的主干是“No... distinction can be drawn between...”,冒號后面的內(nèi)容是進一步說明前面的觀點。在第二個句子中,一上來就有一個轉(zhuǎn)折詞nevertheless,表示語意的轉(zhuǎn)折,其主句是“the word ‘a(chǎn)mateur’ does carry a connotation...”,后面有一個同位語從句,里面有兩個并列謂語。
[譯文]在科學(xué)領(lǐng)域內(nèi),專業(yè)與業(yè)余之間沒有絕對的區(qū)分:任何規(guī)則都有其例外。但是“業(yè)余”這個詞的確包含這樣的意義,那就是所指的那個人沒有完全融入某個科學(xué)家群體,具體地說,他可能并不完全認同這個群體的價值觀。
難句2 The trend was naturally most obvious in those areas of science based especially on a mathematical or laboratory training, and can be illustrated in terms of the development of geology in the United Kingdom.
[分析]此句中兩個分句有同一個主語,即the trend,兩個謂語為was obvious和can be illustrated。前一個分句中based especially on a mathematical or laboratory training修飾areas of science。
[譯文]特別是在以數(shù)學(xué)和實驗室訓(xùn)練為基礎(chǔ)的科學(xué)領(lǐng)域,這種傾向自然尤為明顯,這可以通過英國的地質(zhì)學(xué)發(fā)展過程得到證實。
難句3 A comparison of British geological publications over the last century and a half reveals not simply an increasing emphasis on the primacy of research, but also a changing definition of what constitutes an acceptable research paper.
[分析]此句的主語是a comparison of British geological publications over the last century and a half(中心詞為a comparison),謂語是reveals,賓語主體結(jié)構(gòu)是not simply... but also...所連接的兩個并列賓語,注意賓語emphasis和definition前都有分詞來修飾。
[譯文]對過去一個半世紀的英國地質(zhì)出版物進行比較,我們不但發(fā)現(xiàn)人們對研究的重視程度在不斷增加,而且學(xué)術(shù)論文的出版標準也在不斷變化。
難句4 The overall result has been to make entrance to professional geological journals harder for amateurs, a result that has been reinforced by the widespread introduction of refereeing, first by national journals in the nineteenth century and then by several local geological journals in the twentieth century.
[分析]此句主干是“The... result has been to do sth.”。注意逗號后面只是一個名詞性的短語,其核心詞是a result,可以被看成是前面句子主語的同位語,在其內(nèi)部主要是一個長的定語從句,而定語從句中又有兩個并列的狀語first by..., and then by...。
[譯文]其整體的結(jié)果是使業(yè)余人員進入專業(yè)性地質(zhì)學(xué)雜志更加困難,而審稿制度的全面引進使這個結(jié)果得到加強,這一制度開始是在19世紀的全國性雜志進行,進入20世紀后也在一些地方性地質(zhì)雜志實行。
文章類型:自然科學(xué)——科學(xué)史
這篇文章的主題為科學(xué)知識的專門化(specialization)與專業(yè)化(professionalisation)。
試題解析:
51. 19世紀專業(yè)化的發(fā)展在像那樣的科學(xué)領(lǐng)域可能看得更清晰。
[A] 社會學(xué)與化學(xué)[B] 物理學(xué)與心理學(xué)
[C] 社會學(xué)與心理學(xué)[D] 物理學(xué)與化學(xué)
細節(jié)事實題【正確答案】 [D]
定位在第二段倒數(shù)第二句找到題干中的19th century,然后在最后一句中找到與題干中be more clearly seen in sciences相對應(yīng)的most obvious in those areas of science。隨后確定文中的關(guān)鍵詞areas of science based especially on a mathematical or laboratory training。因此[D]為正確選項。
52. 根據(jù)本文,我們可以推知:
[A] 專業(yè)化和職業(yè)化之間幾乎沒區(qū)別。
[B] 業(yè)余人員能夠在科學(xué)的某些領(lǐng)域同專業(yè)人員競爭。
[C] 專業(yè)人員往往歡迎業(yè)余研究人員加入科學(xué)團體。
[D] 業(yè)余人員擁有全國性學(xué)術(shù)機構(gòu),但沒有地方性學(xué)術(shù)機構(gòu)。
推理題【正確答案】[B]
首先本題四個選項未曾提及geology,因此不必去第三、四段找考點。從第一段可知,專門化(針對研究領(lǐng)域)與專業(yè)化(針對研究人員)都屬于相關(guān)科學(xué)的發(fā)展,但二者內(nèi)容、性質(zhì)不同,因此[A]項錯誤。第二段闡述了professionals和amateurs的關(guān)系,首句說,二者沒有什么截然不同,而且exceptions(特例)can be found to any rule,其潛臺詞是,對于人們一般所認同的rule——專業(yè)比業(yè)余要好,也有例外,亦即“在某些情況下,業(yè)余人士甚至比專業(yè)人士做的更好”,因此[B]項符合題意。[C]項與第二句所說的事實情況(amateur...not fully integrated into the scientific community)相反,[D]項所說的national / local在第二段未曾提及,故都不能選。
53. 作者寫地質(zhì)學(xué)的發(fā)展是為論證:
[A] 專業(yè)化與職業(yè)化的發(fā)展過程。[B] 業(yè)余人員在科學(xué)研究中的艱辛。
[C] 科技出版物出版方針的變化。[D] 專業(yè)人員對業(yè)余人員的歧視。
例證題【正確答案】 [A]
定位在第二段最后兩句或第四段第一句。第二段最后一句中的The trend... can be illustrated in terms of the development of geology in the United Kingdom。說明第三段是作為例證來說明這一trend(趨勢)的。而且根據(jù)第四段第一句也可進行判斷,該句的前半句(Although the process of professionalisation and specialization was already well under way)即為第三段的總結(jié),所以選擇[A]項。
54. 專業(yè)化的直接原因是
[A] 交流的發(fā)展。[B] 職業(yè)化的發(fā)展。
[C] 科學(xué)知識的擴展。[D] 學(xué)術(shù)團體的分化。
細節(jié)事實題【正確答案】 [C]
定位在第一段第一句專業(yè)化是科學(xué)知識不斷積累的結(jié)果。該句的含義是:科學(xué)知識的積累促進了知識的進一步分類和分化(或?qū)iT化)。只有[C]項符合題意。
全文翻譯:
專業(yè)化是科學(xué)知識不斷積累的結(jié)果。通過將學(xué)科細化,個人能夠繼續(xù)把握信息并將它作為深入研究的基礎(chǔ)。但是專業(yè)化僅是科學(xué)領(lǐng)域內(nèi)一系列影響交流過程的有關(guān)現(xiàn)象之一。另一現(xiàn)象是科學(xué)活動的日益職業(yè)化。
第一段:簡單介紹了科學(xué)發(fā)展所帶來的兩個結(jié)果:科學(xué)的專業(yè)化和職業(yè)化。
在科學(xué)領(lǐng)域內(nèi),專業(yè)與業(yè)余之間沒有絕對的區(qū)分:任何規(guī)則都有其例外。但是“業(yè)余”這個詞的確包含這樣的意義,那就是所指的那個人沒有完全融入某個科學(xué)家群體,具體地說,他可能并不完全認同這個群體的價值觀。19世紀的專業(yè)化的發(fā)展,以及隨之而來的對訓(xùn)練的長期性和復(fù)雜性的要求,對業(yè)余人員進入科學(xué)界造成了更大的困難。特別是在以數(shù)學(xué)和實驗室訓(xùn)練為基礎(chǔ)的科學(xué)領(lǐng)域,這種傾向自然尤為明顯,這可以通過英國的地質(zhì)學(xué)發(fā)展過程得到證實。
第二段:在科研過程中,專業(yè)化的發(fā)展,對業(yè)余人員進入科學(xué)界造成了更大的困難。
對過去一個半世紀的英國地質(zhì)出版物進行比較,我們不但發(fā)現(xiàn)人們對研究的重視程度在不斷增加,而且學(xué)術(shù)論文的出版標準也在不斷變化。因此,在19世紀,局部的地質(zhì)研究本身就可形成一種有價值的研究;而到了20世紀,如果局部的研究能夠被專業(yè)人員接受,那么它越來越傾向于涉及體現(xiàn)或思考更廣闊的地質(zhì)面貌。另一方面業(yè)余人員繼續(xù)以舊的方式進行區(qū)域的研究。其整體的結(jié)果是使業(yè)余人員進入專業(yè)性地質(zhì)學(xué)雜志更加困難,而審稿制度的全面引進使這個結(jié)果得到加強,這一制度開始是在19世紀的全國性雜志進行,進入20世紀后也在一些地方性地質(zhì)雜志實行。這樣發(fā)展的必然結(jié)果是出現(xiàn)了針對專業(yè)讀者和業(yè)余讀者的不同雜志。類似的分化過程也導(dǎo)致專業(yè)地質(zhì)學(xué)家聚集起來,形成一兩個全國性的團體,而業(yè)余地質(zhì)學(xué)家則要么留在地方性團體中,要么以不同方式組成全國性的團體。
第三段:以英國地質(zhì)學(xué)的發(fā)展過程為例,說明職業(yè)化和專業(yè)化過程。
雖然職業(yè)化和專業(yè)化過程在19世紀的英國地質(zhì)學(xué)界中已經(jīng)得到迅速發(fā)展,但是它的效果直到20世紀才充分顯示出來。然而,從科學(xué)領(lǐng)域的范圍來看,19世紀必須被視為科學(xué)結(jié)構(gòu)改變的關(guān)鍵時期。
第四段:在前面幾段論述專業(yè)化的基礎(chǔ)上,指出19世紀被視為科學(xué)結(jié)構(gòu)改變的關(guān)鍵時期。
Text 2
A great deal of attention is being paid today to the so called digital divide—the division of the world into the info(information)rich and the info poor. And that divide does exist today. My wife and I lectured about this looming danger twenty years ago. What was less visible then, however, were the new, positive forces that work against the digital divide. There are reasons to be optimistic.
There are technological reasons to hope the digital divide will narrow. As the Internet becomes more and more commercialized, it is in the interest of business to universalize access—after all, the more people online, the more potential customers there are. More and more governments, afraid their countries will be left behind, want to spread Internet access. Within the next decade or two, one to two billion people on the planet will be netted together. As a result, I now believe the digital divide will narrow rather than widen in the years ahead. And that is very good news because the Internet may well be the most powerful tool for combating world poverty that we’ve ever had.
Of course, the use of the Internet isn’t the only way to defeat poverty. And the Internet is not the only tool we have. But it has enormous potential.
To take advantage of this tool, some impoverished countries will have to get over their outdated anticolonial prejudices with respect to foreign investment. Countries that still think foreign investment is an invasion of their sovereignty might well study the history of infrastructure (the basic structural foundations of a society)in the United States. When the United States built its industrial infrastructure, it didn’t have the capital to do so. And that is why America’s Second Wave infrastructure—including roads, harbors, highways, ports and so on—were built with foreign investment. The English, the German, the Dutch and the French were investing in Britain’s former colony. They financed them. Immigrant Americans built them. Guess who owns them now? The Americans believe the same thing would be true in places like Brazil or anywhere else for that matter. The more foreign capital you have helping you build your Third Wave infrastructure, which today is an electronic infrastructure, the better off you’re going to be. That doesn’t mean lying down and becoming fooled, or letting foreign corporations run uncontrolled. But it does mean recognizing how important they can be in building the energy and telecom infrastructures needed to take full advantage of the Internet.
55.Digital divide is something.
[A]getting worse because of the Internet[B]the rich countries are responsible for
[C]the world must guard against[D]considered positive today
56.Governments attach importance to the Internet because it .
[A]offers economic potentials[B]can bring foreign funds
[C]can soon wipe out world poverty[D]connects people all over the world
57.The writer mentioned the case of the United States to justify the policy of .
[A]providing financial support overseas[B]preventing foreign capital’s control
[C]building industrial infrastructure[D]accepting foreign investment
58.It seems that now a country’s economy depends much on .
[A]how well developed it is electronically
[B]whether it is prejudiced against immigrants
[C]whether it adopts America’s industrial pattern
[D]how much control it has over foreign corporations
核心詞匯:
attach[E5tAtF]v.系,貼,裝,連接;使成為一部分;使依戀(at+tach→釘子→附上)
attention[E5tenFEn]n.注意,注意力;立正;特別照顧;照料(at+tent+ion名詞后綴→思維伸展出去→注意)
colony[5kClEni]n.殖民地;僑民;聚居區(qū);(動植物的)群體
combat[5kCmbAt]v./n.戰(zhàn)斗,搏斗,格斗(com共同+bal打,擊→共同→共同打→戰(zhàn)斗)
divide[di5vaid]v.分,劃分,分開;分配;(by)除(di分開+vid+e分開)
enormous[i5nC:mEs]a.巨大的; 極大的(e出+norm規(guī)則,規(guī)范+ous形容詞后綴→出了正常狀態(tài)→巨大的,過分的)
finance[5fainAns]n.財政,金融v.為……提供資金(fin+ance→最后起作用的東西→資金)
foundation[faun5deiFEn]n.建立,設(shè)立,創(chuàng)辦;地基;基金,捐款;機構(gòu)(found基礎(chǔ)+ation名詞后綴→基礎(chǔ),地基)
impoverish[im5pCvEriF]v.使貧窮;使枯竭(im加強前綴+pover詞根+ish動詞后綴);同根詞:poverty (貧窮)←pover+ty名詞后綴。
infrastructure[5infrE9strQktFE]n.基礎(chǔ)結(jié)構(gòu),基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施(infra內(nèi)+struct+ure名詞后綴→基礎(chǔ)結(jié)構(gòu))
invasion[in5veiVEn]n.入侵,侵略,侵犯(in+vas+ion名詞后綴)
investment[in5vestmEnt]n.投資,投資額
loom[lu:m]n.織布機,織機v.隱現(xiàn),(危險、憂慮等)迫近
prejudice[5predVudis]n.偏見,成見;損害,侵害v.使抱偏見,損害(pre預(yù)先+judice→預(yù)先判斷→偏見)
respect[ris5pekt]n./v.尊敬,尊重n.敬意,問候,關(guān)系,方面(re再+spect→反復(fù)看→尊敬)
responsible[ris5pCnsEbl]a.承擔責任 ;(指人)可靠的, 可信賴的(response回應(yīng)+ible形容詞后綴→能回應(yīng)的→負責任的)
sovereignty[5sCvrinti]n.主權(quán);主權(quán)國家(sover+(r)eign+ty),sover(=over)在上,reign統(tǒng)治,ty名詞后綴,在上面統(tǒng)治;sovereign(統(tǒng)治的;統(tǒng)治者)←sover+(r)eign。
universal[ju:ni5vE:sEl]a.普遍的,全體的,通用的;宇宙的,世界的(univers+al形容詞后綴);universalize(v.使普遍化)即universal+ize
難句分析:
難句1 As the Internet becomes more and more commercialized, it is in the interest of business to universalize access—after all, the more people online, the more potential customers there are.
[分析]此句主干是“...It is in the interest of business to do sth....”,句中前面as引導(dǎo)的是伴隨狀語,而非原因狀語,要理解為“隨著”,而非“因為”。破折號后面的部分是進一步解釋說明前面的主句。
[譯文]隨著互聯(lián)網(wǎng)的日趨商業(yè)化,上網(wǎng)普及對商家是有利的——畢竟,上網(wǎng)人數(shù)越多,未來的客戶就越多。
難句2 To take advantage of this tool, some impoverished countries will have to get over their outdated anticolonial prejudices with respect to foreign investment.
[分析]此句主干是“...some impoverished countries will have to get over their outdated anticolonial prejudices...”。前面的不定式可以被看成是一個目的狀語。
[譯文]要想利用因特網(wǎng),某些貧困國家必須克服對國外投資所持的過時了的反殖民的種種偏見。
難句3 The more foreign capital you have helping you build your Third Wave infrastructure, which today is an electronic infrastructure, the better off you’re going to be.
[分析]此句用了the more... the more...的句型。逗號之間的which today is an electronic infrastructure是Third Wave infrastructure的非限制性定語從句。
[譯文]你擁有的去建造第三次浪潮基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施(今天主要指電子基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施)的外國資金越多,那么你的情況就越好。
文章類型:時文——信息科學(xué)
本篇文章談?wù)摂?shù)字鴻溝(digital divide)這一概念,并說明在世界范圍內(nèi)普及因特網(wǎng)(Internet)可以從技術(shù)角度縮小數(shù)字鴻溝。
試題解析:
55. 數(shù)字差異是的某種東西。
[A] 因為因特網(wǎng)而變得更糟[B] 富裕國家應(yīng)該負責
[C] 全世界必須提防[D] 如今被認為是積極的
細節(jié)事實題【正確答案】[C]
定位在第一段數(shù)字鴻溝(digital divide)將把整個世界分為信息豐富地區(qū)和信息貧乏地區(qū)。20年前作者和其妻子就已經(jīng)開始在演講中討論這種隱隱呈現(xiàn)的危險(looming danger),這里的danger指的就是digital divide。對于危險自然應(yīng)當防御(work against),所以選擇[C]項。
56. 政府重視因特網(wǎng),因為因特網(wǎng)
[A] 提供經(jīng)濟潛力。[B] 能夠帶來外國投資。
[C] 能夠很快消除世界貧窮。[D] 把世界各地的人們連接起來。
細節(jié)事實題【正確答案】[A]
首先根據(jù)題干中的Internet和Governments定位至第二段第三句。從中可以看出越來越多政府推廣因特網(wǎng)的直接原因是怕(在經(jīng)濟上)“落后”于其他國家,其潛臺詞就是因特網(wǎng)擁有巨大的(經(jīng)濟)潛能(enormous potential),所以選擇[A]項。
57. 作者提到美國這個例子,是為了證明的政策是正確的。
[A] 向國外提供經(jīng)濟援助[B] 防止外國資本的控制
[C] 建立工業(yè)基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施[D] 接受外國投資
例證題【正確答案】[D]
在第四段中,作者引用美國的例子是為了說明首句,因此可以判斷考點在首句,即“要想利用因特網(wǎng),某些貧困國家必須克服對國外投資所持的過時了的反殖民的種種偏見”,只有[D]項符合題意。
58. 現(xiàn)在看來,一個國家的經(jīng)濟非常依賴于
[A] 它在電子方面的發(fā)展程度多高。[B] 它是否歧視移民。
[C] 它是否采用美國的產(chǎn)業(yè)模式。[D] 它在多大程度上控制著外企。
細節(jié)事實題【正確答案】 [A]
定位在最后一段,該段中間有一例證,可以縮小考點范圍,把最后一段中涉及例子的內(nèi)容排除。在該段落剩下的內(nèi)容中,找與題干“economy”相關(guān)的關(guān)鍵詞,我們發(fā)現(xiàn)倒數(shù)第三句中有better off,確認它就是答案所在的句子,“引進用于修建電子基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施的外國資金越多,那么你的情況就越好。”因此選擇[A]項。
全文翻譯:
今天,人們十分關(guān)注所謂的數(shù)字分化問題——世界上信息資源豐富的地區(qū)和信息資源貧乏的地區(qū)之間的差異;這個差異確實存在,我和我妻子20年前就曾談及這種隱約的危險。然而,那時還不太明顯的是一些抵制數(shù)字分化的、新的積極因素。實際上我們是完全有理由感到樂觀的。
第一段:指出雖然信息資源豐富與信息資源貧乏國之間存在著巨大差異,然而仍然有理由保持樂觀。
一些技術(shù)上的因素使我們有理由期望差異會縮小。隨著互聯(lián)網(wǎng)的日趨商業(yè)化,上網(wǎng)普及對商家是有利的——畢竟,上網(wǎng)人數(shù)越多,未來的客戶就越多。越來越多的政府,惟恐自己的國家落后,紛紛推廣因特網(wǎng)的普及。一、二十年之內(nèi),全球?qū)⒂幸欢畠|人進入因特網(wǎng)。因此,我認為在未來的數(shù)年中,數(shù)字分化將縮小而不會變大。那是好消息,因為互聯(lián)網(wǎng)很可能成為我們消除所面臨的貧困的有效的工具。
第二段:表明這種國與國之間的差距會因互聯(lián)網(wǎng)技術(shù)的發(fā)展而慢慢消除。
當然,使用因特網(wǎng)不是惟一消滅貧困的方法。因特網(wǎng)也不是我們所擁有的惟一工具,但它卻有巨大的潛力。
第三段:指出雖然互聯(lián)網(wǎng)不是消除貧困的惟一工具,但卻有著巨大的潛力。
要想利用因特網(wǎng),某些貧困國家必須克服對國外投資所持的過時了的反殖民的種種偏見。那些認為外國投資是對本國主權(quán)的侵犯的國家還是研究一下美國的基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施(社會的基本結(jié)構(gòu)基礎(chǔ))建設(shè)歷史。當初美國建設(shè)自己的工業(yè)基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施時,缺乏必要的資金,因此美國的第二次浪潮,即基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施的建設(shè)——包括公路、港口,高速公路、港口城市等等——都是用國外資金建造的。英國人、德國人、荷蘭人和法國人都在前英國殖民地投資。他們提供資金,美洲移民建造。想想看,現(xiàn)在誰擁有這一切?美國人。我想,在這件事上,像巴西或其他任何地方同樣也該這樣。你擁有的去建造第三次浪潮基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施(今天主要指電子基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施)的外國資金越多,那么你的情況就越好。這并不是說卑躬屈膝,任人愚弄,也不是對外國公司不加控制。但這的確意味著你已認識到外國公司對本國能源及通信基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施建設(shè)的重要性,這些基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施是充分利用因特網(wǎng)所必要的。
第四段:從互聯(lián)網(wǎng)出發(fā),指出貧困國要改變對外來投資的不良印象。
Text 3
Why do so many Americans distrust what they read in their newspapers? The American Society of Newspaper Editors is trying to answer this painful question. The organization is deep into a long selfanalysis known as the journalism credibility project.
Sad to say, this project has turned out to be mostly lowlevel findings about factual errors and spelling and grammar mistakes, combined with lots of headscratching puzzlement about what in the world those readers really want.
But the sources of distrust go way deeper. Most journalists learn to see the world through a set of standard templates (patterns)into which they plug each day’s events. In other words, there is a conventional story line in the newsroom culture that provides a backbone and a readymade narrative structure for otherwise confusing news.
There exists a social and cultural disconnect between journalists and their readers, which helps explain why the “standard templates” of the newsroom seem alien to many readers. In a recent survey, questionnaires were sent to reporters in five middlesize cities around the country, plus one large metropolitan area. Then residents in these communities were phoned at random and asked the same questions.
Replies show that compared with other Americans, journalists are more likely to live in upscale neighborhoods, have maids, own Mercedeses, and trade stocks, and they’re less likely to go to church, do volunteer work, or put down roots in a community.
Reporters tend to be part of a broadly defined social and cultural elite, so their work tends to reflect the conventional values of this elite. The astonishing distrust of the news media isn’t rooted in inaccuracy or poor reportorial skills but in the daily clash of world views between reporters and their readers.
This is an explosive situation for any industry, particularly a declining one. Here is a troubled business that keeps hiring employees whose attitudes vastly annoy the customers. Then it sponsors lots of symposiums and a credibility project dedicated to wondering why customers are annoyed and fleeing in large numbers. But it never seems to get around to noticing the cultural and class biases that so many former buyers are complaining about. If it did, it would open up its diversity program, now focused narrowly on race and gender, and look for reporters who differ broadly by outlook, values, education, and class.
59.What is the passage mainly about?
[A]needs of the readers all over the world
[B]causes of the public disappointment about newspapers
[C]origins of the declining newspaper industry
[D]aims of a journalism credibility project
60.The results of the journalism credibility project turned out to be .
[A]quite trustworthy[B]somewhat contradictory
[C]very illuminating[D]rather superficial
61.The basic problem of journalists as pointed out by the writer lies in their .
[A]working attitude[B]conventional lifestyle
[C]world outlook[D]educational background
62.Despite its efforts, the newspaper industry still cannot satisfy the readers owing to its .
[A]failure to realize its real problem [B]tendency to hire annoying reporters
[C]likeliness to do inaccurate reporting[D]prejudice in matters of race and gender
核心詞匯:
astonish [E5stCniF]vt.使驚訝,使吃驚
backbone[5bAkbEun]n.脊椎, 中樞, 骨干, 支柱, 意志力, 勇氣, 毅力, 決心,主干(back+bone)
bias[5baiEs]n./v.(使有)偏見,偏心,偏袒(bi 二+as 名詞后綴→有兩種觀點→偏見
contradictory[7kCntrE5diktEri]a.矛盾的,對立的(contradict反駁+ory形容詞后綴)
conventional[kEn5venFEnEl]a.慣例的,常規(guī)的(convention+al)newsroom(編輯室;閱覽室)←news+room。
credibility[9kredi5biliti]n.可信性(cred+ibility),cred詞根“相信”(如credit→cred+it→信用),ibility名詞后綴“可……性”(如ability←a+(i)bility)
dedicate[5dedikeit]vt.奉獻;獻身于(de加強+dic說+ate動詞后綴→反復(fù)說→致力于)
elite[ei5li:t]n.[集合名詞]精華;精銳;中堅分子(e出+lit=lig選+e 名詞后綴→選出的人→精英人物)
factual[5fAktFEl]a.事實的, 實際的
gender[5dVendE]n.(生理上的)性;(名詞、代詞等的)性(gen+der名詞后綴)
illuminating[i5lju:mi9neitiN]a.照明的;啟發(fā)的(illuminat(e)+ing形容詞后綴),illuminate(照明;啟發(fā))可看作illumin+ate,illumin諧音“一路明”,ate動詞后綴,“使”“一路明”→照明→引申為“啟發(fā)”。
metropolitan[metrE5pClitEn]a.首都的,主要都市的,大城市
plug[plQg]n.塞子,插頭v.堵,塞,插上,插栓
questionnaire[kwestFE5nZE]n.調(diào)查表,問卷(question+aire)
scratch[skrAtF]v.抓,搔,扒n.抓,搔,抓痕;起跑線
sponsor[5spCnsE]n.發(fā)起人,主辦,保證人v.發(fā)起,主辦(spons許諾+or名詞后綴→發(fā)起人;主辦方;保證人)
superficial[sju:pE5fiFEl]a.表面的;膚淺的,淺薄的(super在……上面+fic +ial形容詞后綴→在表面→膚淺的)
survey[sE:5vei]v./n.俯瞰,眺望;全面審視,調(diào)查;測量圖,勘定
symposium[sim5pEuzjEm]n.討論會; 專題論文,專題論文集(sym共同,相同+pos放+ium→放在一起討論→專題討論)
template[5templit]n.模板(templ(e)+ate),temple寺廟,ate吃,當今傾向于素食者日益增多,而temple是ate素的“模板”(template)。
volunteer[9vClEn5tiE]n./v.自愿(者,兵);自愿(提供)(volunt+eer人→意愿的人→志愿者)
難句分析:
難句1 Sad to say, this project has turned out to be mostly lowlevel findings about factual errors and spelling and grammar mistakes, combined with lots of headscratching puzzlement about what in the world those readers really want.
[分析]此句主語是this project,謂語是has turned out to be,findings為賓語,mostly lowlevel是賓語的定語修飾成分,about factual errors and spelling and grammar mistakes是賓語的補語成分。combined with lots of headscratching puzzlement about what in the world those readers really want是過去分詞引導(dǎo)的伴隨狀語,其中about what in the world those readers really want是puzzlement的補語。
[譯文]遺憾的是,這次新聞機構(gòu)可信度調(diào)查計劃結(jié)果只獲得了一些膚淺的發(fā)現(xiàn),諸如新聞報道中的事實錯誤,拼寫或語法錯誤,和這些低層次發(fā)現(xiàn)交織在一起的還有許多令人撓頭的困惑,譬如讀者到底想讀些什么。
難句2 There exists a social and cultural disconnect between journalists and their readers, which helps explain why the “standard templates” of the newsroom seem alien to many readers.
[分析]此句的結(jié)構(gòu)主句是一個there加系動詞的用法。而表語后都有一個定語從句。本句的定語從句是which helps explain why the “standard templates” of the newsroom seem alien to many readers。
[譯文]新聞記者和讀者之間存在著社會和文化方面的脫節(jié),這就是為什么新聞編輯室的“標準模式”與眾多讀者的意趣相差甚遠的原因。
難句3 The astonishing distrust of the news media isn’t rooted in inaccuracy or poor reportorial skills but in the daily clash of world views between reporters and their readers.
[分析]此句的主干是一個not... but結(jié)構(gòu)。注意這個結(jié)構(gòu)引導(dǎo)的是兩個方式狀語。其核心詞分別是inaccuracy和the daily clash。
[譯文]讀者對新聞媒介令人震驚的不信任的根源并非是報道失實或低下的報道技巧,而是記者與讀者的世界觀的日常沖突。
難句4 If it did, it would open up its diversity program, now focused narrowly on race and gender, and look for reporters who differ broadly by outlook, values, education, and class.
[分析]此句中it代表上文提到的a troubled business,即“問題重重的新聞界”。now focused narrowly on race and gender是插入語,也是修飾program的定語。本句在would后面有兩個并列賓語open up和look for。此句中含有一個虛擬語氣:If it did, it would open up...。
[譯文]如果它能注意這個問題的話,它就應(yīng)該進一步開放其多樣化欄目(該欄目目前只關(guān)注種族和性別兩個方面),雇傭一些世界觀、價值觀、教育水平和社會階層各不相同的各種記者。
文章類型:社會科學(xué)——傳播學(xué)——大眾傳媒
本擴展文章的主題有關(guān)美國新聞業(yè)的信任度。
試題解析:
59. 本文要探討的是什么?
[A] 世界各地讀者的需求。[B] 公眾對報紙失望的原因。
[C] 新聞業(yè)衰敗的根源。[D] 新聞可信性調(diào)查項目的目的。
中心主旨題【正確答案】 [B]
文章第一句就開宗明確地提出了本文旨在說明的問題,即為什么美國人不相信在報紙上讀到的東西。很明顯,該文的主旨就是論述公眾對報紙不信任的原因。[B]項中的disappointment和原文中的distrust在這件事情上表達的情感是一致的,因此為正確選項。
60. 新聞可信性調(diào)查項目的結(jié)果是。
[A] 非??尚牛跙] 有點矛盾
[C] 很有啟發(fā)性[D] 十分膚淺
細節(jié)事實題【正確答案】 [D]
第二段中作者用Sad to say和mostly lowlevel findings來評價這次調(diào)查,可以判斷該調(diào)查的結(jié)果是相當浮于表面的。所以選擇[D]項。
61. 正如作者所指出的,新聞記者的根本問題在于他們的。
[A] 工作態(tài)度[B] 傳統(tǒng)的生活方式
[C] 世界觀[D] 教育背景
細節(jié)事實題【正確答案】[C]
第六段末句最后直接點明,是記者與讀者世界觀的沖突引起了人們對報紙的不信任,因此[C]項符合題意。
62. 盡管做出了努力,但新聞業(yè)人仍然不能滿足讀者的需求,因為它。
[A] 沒有認識到它的真正問題[B] 雇用令人惱怒的記者
[C] 進行不準確報道的可能性[D] 在種族和性別問題上的歧視
細節(jié)事實題【正確答案】[A]
定位最后一段的最后兩句話,根據(jù)But it never seems...(新聞業(yè)從未……)和If it did,...(如果它做到了……)就可以看出,新聞業(yè)并未認識到它真正的問題之所在,也未采取過任何手段,因此選擇[A]項。
全文翻譯:
為什么那么多美國人不相信自己在報紙上看到的東西?美國新聞編輯協(xié)會正試圖回答這個痛苦的問題。該組織正深深陷入一個長期的自我剖析過程,即新聞可信度調(diào)查項目。
第一段:提出問題,為什么那么多的美國人不相信自己在報紙上看到的東西?
遺憾的是,這次新聞機構(gòu)可信度調(diào)查計劃結(jié)果只獲得了一些膚淺的發(fā)現(xiàn),諸如新聞報道中的事實錯誤,拼寫或語法錯誤,和這些低層次發(fā)現(xiàn)交織在一起的還有許多令人撓頭的困惑,譬如讀者到底想讀些什么。
第二段:對美國新聞協(xié)會有關(guān)此問題所做的調(diào)查的評價。
但這種對媒體的不信任有更深刻的根源。多數(shù)新聞記者都學(xué)著用一套標準的模式去看待世界,并把每天發(fā)生的事件納入這種模式。換言之,在媒介機構(gòu)的新聞編輯室中存在著一套約定俗成的報道模式,為在其他方面可能造成誤解的新聞報道提供了一個主干框架和一個現(xiàn)成的故事敘述結(jié)構(gòu)。
新聞記者和讀者之間存在著社會和文化方面的脫節(jié),這就是為什么新聞編輯室的“標準模式”與眾多讀者的意趣相差甚遠的原因。在最近一次調(diào)查中,問卷被送到了全國五座中等城市及一座大都市的記者手中,然后隨機地給這些城市的居民打電話,問他們同樣的問題。
結(jié)果表明,與其他美國人相比,新聞記者更有可能居住在富人區(qū),有女傭,有奔馳車,炒股,而他們不太可能去教堂,參加支援服務(wù),扎根社區(qū)。
記者們往往屬于廣義的社會文化精英的一個部分,因此他們的工作往往反映了這些精英傳統(tǒng)的價值觀。讀者對新聞媒介令人震驚的不信任的根源并非是報道失實或低下的報道技巧,而是記者與讀者的世界觀的日常沖突。
第三到第六段:進而指出:美國人不相信報紙,其原因遠遠深刻于新聞協(xié)會所做的調(diào)查,并分析不信任的真正原因。
這種現(xiàn)象對于任何行業(yè)都是難堪的局面,特別是對于一個正在衰落的行業(yè)來說尤其如此。這是一個棘手的行業(yè),卻不斷地雇用觀點總體上使客戶惱怒的雇員。然后它又出資組織研討會和可信度調(diào)查項目,去探究為什么顧客們惱火了,為什么會有那么多人逃避報刊。但它似乎從來就沒回過頭來去注意那么多以前的顧客所抱怨的文化和階級偏見。如果它能注意這個問題的話,它就應(yīng)該進一步開放其多樣化欄目(該欄目目前只關(guān)注種族和性別兩個方面),雇傭一些世界觀、價值觀、教育水平和社會階層各不相同的各種記者。
第七段:提出解決問題的方案,即招聘世界觀、價值觀、教育水平和社會階層各不相同的各種記者。
Text 4
The world is going through the biggest wave of mergers and acquisitions ever witnessed. The process sweeps from hyperactive America to Europe and reaches the emerging countries with unsurpassed might. Many in these countries are looking at this process and worrying:“Won’t the wave of business concentration turn into an uncontrollable anticompetitive force?”
There’s no question that the big are getting bigger and more powerful. Multinational corporations accounted for less than 20% of international trade in 1982.Today the figure is more than 25% and growing rapidly. International affiliates account for a fastgrowing segment of production in economies that open up and welcome foreign investment. In Argentina, for instance, after the reforms of the early 1990s, multinationals went from 43% to almost 70% of the industrial production of the 200 largest firms. This phenomenon has created serious concerns over the role of smaller economic firms, of national businessmen and over the ultimate stability of the world economy.
I believe that the most important forces behind the massive M&A wave are the same that underlie the globalization process: falling transportation and communication costs, lower trade and investment barriers and enlarged markets that require enlarged operations capable of meeting customer’s demands. All these are beneficial, not detrimental, to consumers. As productivity grows, the world’s wealth increases.
Examples of benefits or costs of the current concentration wave are scanty. Yet it is hard to imagine that the merger of a few oil firms today could recreate the same threats to competition that were feared nearly a century ago in the U.S., when the Standard Oil trust was broken up. The mergers of telecom companies, such as WorldCom, hardly seem to bring higher prices for consumers or a reduction in the pace of technical progress. On the contrary, the price of communications is coming down fast. In cars, too, concentration is increasing—witness Daimler and Chrysler, Renault and Nissan—but it does not appear that consumers are being hurt.
Yet the fact remains that the merger movement must be watched. A few weeks ago, Alan Greenspan warned against the megamergers in the banking industry. Who is going to supervise, regulate and operate as lender of last resort with the gigantic banks that are being created? Won’t multinationals shift production from one place to another when a nation gets too strict about infringements to fair competition? And should one country take upon itself the role of “defending competition” on issues that affect many other nations, as in the U.S. vs. Microsoft case?
63.What is the typical trend of businesses today?
[A]to take in more foreign funds[B]to invest more abroad
[C]to combine and become bigger[D]to trade with more countries
64.According to the author, one of the driving forces behind M&A wave is .
[A]the greater customer demands[B]a surplus supply for the market
[C]a growing productivity[D]the increase of the world’s wealth
65.From paragraph 4 we can infer that .
[A]the increasing concentration is certain to hurt consumers
[B]WorldCom serves as a good example of both benefits and costs
[C]the costs of the globalization process are enormous
[D]the Standard Oil trust might have threatened competition
66.Toward the new business wave, the writer’s attitude can be said to be .
[A]optimistic[B]objective[C]pessimistic[D]biased
核心詞匯:
acquisition[9Akwi5ziFEn]n.取得,學(xué)到,養(yǎng)成(習(xí)慣);獲得的東西(ac+quis+ition名詞后綴)
affiliate[E5filieit]v.使隸屬(或附屬)于n.附屬機構(gòu),分公司(af+fili+ate)
barrier[5bAriE]n.柵欄,屏障;障礙(物)(barr柵欄+ier)
beneficial[9beni5fiFEl]a.(to)有利的,有益的(benefic+ial形容詞后綴)
concentration[9kCnsEn5treiFEn]n.專心,專注;集中,集結(jié);濃度(concentrate+ion名詞后綴→集中)
detrimental[7detri5mentl]a.有害的(detriment損害,危害+al→危害的)
gigantic[dVai5gAntik]a.巨大的,龐大的
hyperactive[7haipE(:)5rAktiv]a.活動過度的(hyper+active活動的);hper前綴“超過;過度”(h脫落,元音y變u,即為uper),active活躍的。
infringement[in5frindVEnt]n.違反, 侵害(n+fringe+ment)in否定前綴,fringe(邊緣;劉海;穗),ment名詞后綴,已經(jīng)“不”在“邊緣”→侵入內(nèi)部→侵害;infringe(v.侵害)←in+fringe
massive[5mAsiv]a.大而重的,厚實的,粗大的;大規(guī)模的,大量的(mass+ive形容詞后綴)
multinational[mQlti5nAFEnEl]a./n.跨國公司;跨國公司的(ulti+national),multi前綴“多”(如multiple→multi+ple倍→v.加倍;多倍的;倍數(shù)),national國家的。
pessimistic[9pesi5mistik]a.悲觀的(essimist+ic)pessimist悲觀主義者,ic形容詞后綴
phenomenon[fi5nCminEn]n.現(xiàn)象,稀有現(xiàn)象,珍品,奇跡,杰出人才
resort[ri5zC:t]v.憑借,求助,訴諸n.度假勝地,手段
supervise[5sju:pEvaiz]vt.監(jiān)督,管理;指導(dǎo)(uper在上面+vis看+e動詞后綴→在上面看→監(jiān)督)
surpass[sE:5pa:s]vt.超過,勝過(sur超過+pass→通過并超過→勝過)
sweep[swi:p]v.掃,打掃;席卷,沖光;掃過,掠過
unsurpassed[5QnsE:5pB:st]a.凌駕的, 非常卓越的,超越的(n+surpass+ed)un否定前綴,surpass(v.超過)←sur前綴“超”+pass過,ed形容詞后綴。
witness[5witnis]n.目擊者,證人;證據(jù),證明v.目擊,目睹;作證(wit知+ness名詞后綴→知情者)
難句分析:
難句1 International affiliates account for a fastgrowing segment of production in economies that open up and welcome foreign investment.
[分析]此句的主干是“International affiliates account for a fastgrowing segment of production in economies...”,后面的that open up and welcome foreign investment是economies的定語從句。
[譯文]在那些對外開放并鼓勵外資的國家的經(jīng)濟中國際分公司在國民生產(chǎn)中所占的比重越來越大。
難句2 I believe that the most important forces behind the massive M&A wave are the same that underlie the globalization process: falling transportation and communication costs, lower trade and investment barriers and enlarged markets that require enlarged operations capable of meeting customers’ demands.
[分析]此句主干為“I believe that...”,其中that引導(dǎo)了believe的賓語從句,其中的又一個that可替換為as the ones that,是一個定語從句。冒號后面的部分是the most important forces的同位語,其中markets后面的that從句是markets的定語,capable of meeting customers’ demands是operations的補語。
[譯文]我認為,推動這股巨大的并購浪潮的最主要的力量,也是推動全球化進程的力量,包括日趨下降的運輸與通訊費用,較低的貿(mào)易與投資壁壘,以及市場的擴大和為滿足市場需求而進行的擴大生產(chǎn)。
難句3 And should one country take upon itself the role of “defending competition” on issues that affect many other nations, as in the U.S. vs. Microsoft case?
[分析]此句的主干是“should one country take upon itself the role...”,而that affect many other nations是issues的定語從句。as in the U.S. vs. Microsoft case是issues的補語。on issues是take upon itself the role的狀語。
[譯文]在那些將會影響許多其他國家的事情中,如美國政府與微軟公司的訴訟案,一個國家是否應(yīng)該擔負起“保護競爭”的責任呢?
文章類型:社會科學(xué)——經(jīng)濟學(xué)
本文的主題有關(guān)企業(yè)合并與收購浪潮,并分析其產(chǎn)生的原因,認為并沒有給消費和技術(shù)進步帶來傷害。
試題解析:
63. 如今,企業(yè)的典型趨勢是什么?
[A] 吸收更多的外國資金。[B] 更多地投資海外。
[C] 合并、變得更大。[D] 與更多的國家發(fā)展貿(mào)易。
細節(jié)事實題【正確答案】 [C]
考點在于對第一段,也即對文章主題的理解。第一段第一句話表示世界正在經(jīng)歷有史以來的一次合并和收購的浪潮。這一浪潮不僅影響到美洲和歐洲,還涉及一些新興國家。可見,當今商業(yè)發(fā)展的主要趨勢是合并,從而使有些企業(yè)變得更大。所以,[C]項正確。
64. 根據(jù)作者的觀點,隱藏于合并浪潮背后的一個推動力是。
[A] 更大的消費者需求[B] 市場的供應(yīng)過剩
[C] 日益提高的生產(chǎn)力[D] 世界財富的增長
細節(jié)事實題【正確答案】 [A]
第三段指出,推動合并和收購這一狂潮的最重要力量同導(dǎo)致全球化過程的力量是一樣的,其中包括falling transportation and communication costs, lower trade and investment barriers和enlarged markets that require enlarged operations capable of meeting customers’ demands。[A]項“顧客更大的需求”符合最后一項,屬于推動力之一。
65.根據(jù)第四段,我們可以推知:。
[A] 日益增多的行業(yè)合并肯定會損害消費者的利益。
[B] 世界電信的合并成為既有利可圖又要付出代價的恰當例子。
[C] 全球化進程的代價高昂。
[D] 標準石油托拉斯可能給競爭帶來過威脅。
推理題【正確答案】 [D]
從第四段中,我們得知,當前還沒有足夠多的例證來論證有關(guān)合并浪潮的利與弊。一百年前,由于人們對美國標準石油托拉斯(the Standard Oil Trust)持有戒心,它被解散。根據(jù)這一點,我們可以推斷,美國標準石油托拉斯可能會威脅競爭。所以選擇[D]項。
66. 對于新的企業(yè)合并浪潮,作者的態(tài)度可以說是。
[A] 樂觀的[B] 客觀的[C] 悲觀的[D] 有偏見的
態(tài)度題【正確答案】[B]
考點在于把握全文主題(theme)及作者態(tài)度(author’s attitude)??v覽全文,作者首先描述了合并與收購的熱潮,分析了這一狂潮背后的動因,以實例說明其帶來的利益,又在文末告誡人們防范其弊端。可見,作者對于合并與收購的態(tài)度比較客觀,因此選擇[B]項。
全文翻譯:
世界正在經(jīng)歷一場前所未有的巨大的并購浪潮。這個浪潮從異?;钴S的美國席卷到歐洲,并以不可比擬的威力影響到正在崛起的國家。這些國家的許多人面對這個浪潮開始憂慮:“企業(yè)合并的浪潮會不會變成一股不可控制的反競爭的力量?”
第一段:從現(xiàn)象引出問題:企業(yè)合并的浪潮會不會變成一股不可控制的反競爭的力量。
無疑,大企業(yè)正在變得更大、更強??鐕驹?982年只占有國際貿(mào)易不到20%的份額。而現(xiàn)在,這個數(shù)字上升到25%強,并且還在迅速上升。在那些對外開放并鼓勵外資的國家的經(jīng)濟中國際分公司在國民生產(chǎn)中所占的比重越來越大。比如,在阿根廷,經(jīng)過90年代初的改革之后,跨國公司在200家大型企業(yè)的工業(yè)生產(chǎn)中從43%增加到幾乎70%。這個現(xiàn)象造成了人們對小型企業(yè)和民族資本的作用以及世界經(jīng)濟的最終穩(wěn)定的極大關(guān)注。
我認為,推動這股巨大的并購浪潮的最主要的力量,也是推動全球化進程的力量,包括日趨下降的運輸與通訊費用,較低的貿(mào)易與投資壁壘,以及市場的擴大和為滿足市場需求而進行的擴大生產(chǎn)。所有這些對消費者來說都有益而無害的。隨著生產(chǎn)力的提高,世界的財富也在增長。
第二、三段:作者指出企業(yè)規(guī)模確實越來越大及其原因。
目前證明這股合并浪潮是帶來利還是弊的實例并不多。但是很難想象當今的幾個石油公司的合并是否會重新造成約100年前美國標準石油公司對競爭造成的同樣的威脅,那時由于人們對該公司的這種擔心而導(dǎo)致了它最終的解散。像世界通訊這樣的通訊公司合并似乎沒有給消費者帶來更高的費用,或者降低技術(shù)進步的速度。相反,通信的價格在迅速下降。在汽車行業(yè),合并也同樣在增加——比如戴姆勒與克萊斯勒,雷諾與尼桑的合并——但消費者看起來并未受到傷害。
第四段:指出很難斷定合并浪潮是好是壞,并且說明目前的合并不會威脅到競爭機制。
但是合并運動必須受到嚴密監(jiān)視這個事實仍然存在。就在幾星期以前,格林斯潘對銀行業(yè)的巨大合并發(fā)出了警告。誰來充當最終的借貸者,對這家正在形成的龐大銀行發(fā)揮監(jiān)督、規(guī)范和運作的作用。當一個國家對破壞公平競爭的行為的處理過于嚴厲時,跨國公司會不會把它們的生產(chǎn)從一地轉(zhuǎn)到另一地呢?在那些將會影響許多其他國家的事情中,如美國政府與微軟公司的訴訟案,一個國家是否應(yīng)該擔負起“保護競爭”的責任呢?
第五段,指出人們還是要密切關(guān)注兼并浪潮,暗指兼并可能具有危險性。
Text 5
When I decided to quit my fulltime employment it never occurred to me that I might become a part of a new international trend. A lateral move that hurt my pride and blocked my professional progress prompted me to abandon my relatively high profile career although, in the manner of a disgraced government minister, I covered my exit by claiming “I wanted to spend more time with my family”.
Curiously, some twoandahalf years and two novels later, my experiment in what the Americans term “downshifting” has turned my tired excuse into an absolute reality. I have been transformed from a passionate advocate of the philosophy of “having it all”, preached by Linda Kelsey for the past seven years in the page of She magazine, into a woman who is happy to settle for a bit of everything.
I have discovered, as perhaps Kelsey will after her muchpublicized resignation from the editorship of She after a build up of stress, that abandoning the doctrine of “juggling your life”, and making the alternative move into “downshifting” brings with it far greater rewards than financial success and social status. Nothing could persuade me to return to the kind of life Kelsey used to advocate and I once enjoyed: 12hour working days, pressured deadlines, the fearful strain of office politics and the limitations of being a parent on “quality time”.
In America, the move away from juggling to a simpler, less materialistic lifestyle is a wellestablished trend. Downshifting—also known in America as “voluntary simplicity”—has, ironically, even bred a new area of what might be termed anticonsumerism. There are a number of bestselling downshifting selfhelp books for people who want to simplify their lives; there are newsletters, such as The Tightwad Gazette, that give hundreds of thousands of Americans useful tips on anything from recycling their clingfilm to making their own soap; there are even support groups for those who want to achieve the mid’90s equivalent of dropping out.
While in America the trend started as a reaction to the economy decline—after the mass redundancies caused by downsizing in the late’80s—and is still linked to the politics of thrift, in Britain, at least among the middleclass downshifters of my acquaintance, we have different reasons for seeking to simplify our lives.
For the women of my generation who were urged to keep juggling through the’80s,downshifting in the mid’90s is not so much a search for the mythical good life—growing your own organic vegetables, and risking turning into one—as a personal recognition of your limitations.
67.Which of the following is true according to paragraph 1?
[A]Fulltime employment is a new international trend.
[B]The writer was compelled by circumstances to leave her job.
[C]“A lateral move” means stepping out of fulltime employment.
[D]The writer was only too eager to spend more time with her family.
68.The writer’s experiment shows that downshifting.
[A]enables her to realize her dream
[B]helps her mold a new philosophy of life
[C]prompts her to abandon her high social status
[D]leads her to accept the doctrine of She magazine
69. “Juggling one’s life” probably means living a life characterized by .
[A]nonmaterialistic lifestyle[B]a bit of everything
[C]extreme stress[D]anticonsumerism
70.According to the passage, downshifting emerged in the U.S. as a result of .
[A]the quick pace of modern life[B]man’s adventurous spirit
[C]man’s search for mythical experiences[D]the economic situation
核心詞匯:
absolute[5AbsElu:t]a.絕對的,完全的;確實的,肯定的(ab不+solute→決不松開→絕對的)
acquaintance[E5kweintEns]n.認識,相識,了解;相識的人,熟人(acquaint告知+ance名詞后綴→熟悉)
adventurous[Ed5ventFErEs]a.喜冒險的;充滿危險的 (adventur(e)冒險+ous形容詞后綴)
alternative[C:l5tE:nEtiv]n.兩者擇一,抉擇(alternate交替+ive形容詞后綴→二者擇一的)
block[blCk]n.大塊木(石)料;街區(qū);障礙物v.阻塞,攔阻
cling[kliN]v.(to)粘住;依附;堅持
compel[kEm5pel]v.強迫,迫使(com共同+pel推→一起推→強迫)
curious[5kjuEriEs]a.好奇的, 求知的, 古怪的, 愛挑剔的(cur+ious形容詞后綴→關(guān)心的,好奇的);curiously (ad.好奇地;奇怪地)←curious+ly
deadline[5dedlain]n.最后期限(dead+line)
doctrine[5dCktrin]n.教條,教義;法律原則;聲明(doctr教+in+e名詞后綴→教的東西→教條)
equivalent[i5kwivElEnt]a.相等的,等價的n.相等物,等價物(equi+val力量+ent→力量平等→相等的)
juggle[5dVQgl]vi.玩戲法, 誆騙, 篡改vt.耍弄, 歪曲, 篡改n.玩戲法, 魔術(shù), 欺騙 “拿撲克牌玩雜耍(juggle),引得大家咯咯(guggle)笑”,文中juggle引申為“忙忙碌碌”
lateral[5lAtErEl]a.旁邊的,側(cè)面的(later+al)later即單詞“后來”,al詞后綴,“后來者只能靠邊站”→旁邊的
minister[5ministE]n.部長,大臣(mini+ster→小人→古代大臣稱自己是小人→部長,大臣)
passionate [5pAFEnEt]a.充滿熱情的,即passion+ate,passion(激情;暴怒),ate此作形容詞后綴
preach[pri:tF]v.宣講(教義),布道;竭力鼓吹,宣傳;說教
prompt[prCmpt]a.敏捷的,迅速的,即刻的v.激起,促進,推動
recognition[rekEg5niFEn]n.認出,辨認;承認(recogn+ition名詞后綴)
redundancy[ri5dQndEnsi]n.冗余(red+und+ancy),red(=re),und詞根“多”,ancy名詞后綴,“越來越(re)多”→冗余。同根詞:abundant(豐富的)←ab加強前綴+und多+ant形容詞后綴
resignation[rezig5neiFEn]n.辭職;聽天由命(resign+ation名詞后綴);resign(v.辭職;順從)←re+sign,re前綴=away或=again,sign簽署,故“簽署后離開”→辭職,“再次簽署”→順從
simplify[5simplifai]v.簡化,使單純
strain[5strein]v.拉緊;緊張;扭傷;竭盡全力n.拉緊;負擔
thrift[Wrift]a.節(jié)約,節(jié)儉;繁榮.可記:“節(jié)儉”導(dǎo)致“繁榮”;thrifty(節(jié)儉的;繁榮的)←thrift+y形容詞后綴。thrift→thrive(v.繁榮),類似變化的單詞有theft(n.偷)→thieve(v.偷)
難句分析:
難句1 A lateral move that hurt my pride and blocked my professional progress promoted me to abandon my relatively high profile career although, in the manner of a disgraced government minister, I covered my exit by claiming “I wanted to spend more time with my family”.
[分析]此句主干是“a lateral move promoted me to...”。其中that hurt my pride and blocked my professional progress是a lateral move的定語,although, in the manner of a disgraced government minister, I covered my exit by claiming “I wanted to spend more time with my family”是狀語,其中逗號之間的in the manner of a disgraced government minister是插入語。
[譯文]一次平級的人事調(diào)動傷了我的自尊心,并阻斷了我的事業(yè)發(fā)展,這促使我放棄自己地位較高的職業(yè),盡管就像面子掃盡的政府部長那樣,我也掩飾說“我只想與家人更多的呆在一起”。
難句2 Curiously, some twoandahalf years and two novels later, my experiment in what the Americans term “downshifting” has turned my tired excuse into an absolute reality.
[分析]此句主干是“... my experiment... has turned my tired excuse into an absolute reality”。注意其謂語是一個turn sth. into sth.的結(jié)構(gòu)。前面兩個逗號之間的是時間狀語。
[譯文]奇怪的是,大約兩年半的時間我寫完兩部小說后,我這個被美國人稱為“放慢生活節(jié)奏”的試驗,卻使我老掉牙的借口變成了現(xiàn)實。
難句3 I have discovered, as perhaps Kelsey will after her muchpublicized resignation from the editorship of She after a buildup of stress, that abandoning the doctrine of “juggling your life”, and making the alternative move into “downshifting” brings with it far greater rewards than financial success and social status.
[分析]此句中I have discovered是主句的主謂結(jié)構(gòu),that abandoning the doctrine of “juggling your life”, and making the alternative move into “downshifting” brings with it far greater rewards than financial success and social status是主句的賓語,其中abandoning the doctrine of “juggling your life”, and making the alternative move into “downshifting”為該賓語從句的主語,brings為謂語。as perhaps Kelsey will after her muchpublicized resignation from the editorship of She after a buildup of stress既是伴隨狀語,又是插入語,其主語為Kelsey,謂語為will,而after her muchpublicized resignation from the editorship of She after a buildup of stress是本插入語中的時間狀語。
[譯文]我已經(jīng)發(fā)現(xiàn)(由于壓力過大,凱茜已公開宣稱辭去《她》雜志編輯的職務(wù),在這之后她也許會有同樣發(fā)現(xiàn)),放棄“忙忙碌碌”的生活哲學(xué),轉(zhuǎn)而過一種“放慢生活節(jié)奏”的生活所帶來的回報,比經(jīng)濟成功和社會地位更有價值。
難句4 Downshifting—also known in America as “voluntary simplicity”—has, ironically, even bred a new area of what might be termed anticonsumerism.
[分析]此句主干是“Downshifting has bred a new area...”,破折號之間的是插入結(jié)構(gòu),ironically也是插入語,可放在句首,what相當于thought which。
[譯文]具有諷刺意味的是,“放慢生活節(jié)奏”——在美國也稱“甘愿簡樸”——甚至孕育了一個嶄新的、可稱之為反消費主義的生活方式。
難句5 For the women of my generation who were urged to keep juggling through the ’80s, downshifting in the mid’90s is not so much a search for the mythical good life—growing your own organic vegetables, and risking turning into one—as a personal recognition of your limitations.
[分析]此句主干是“... downshifting in the mid’90s is not...”。其中who were urged to keep juggling through the ’80s是修飾the women of my generation的定語從句。growing your own organic vegetables, and risking turning into one既是插入語,又是the mythical good life的同位語。本句中not so much A(a search for the mythical good life) as B(a personal recognition of your limitations)的句式含義,即“與其說是A,不如說是B”。
[譯文]對我們這一代女性來說,整個80年代我們曾被迫忙碌地生活,90年代中期的簡化生活與其說是尋找那種自己種有機蔬菜并試圖與之合一的神話般美好生活,還不如說是對我們自身局限性的認識。
文章類型:人文科學(xué)——生活態(tài)變的轉(zhuǎn)變
本文的主題是慢節(jié)奏(downshifting)的生活方式。作者以第一人稱的口吻敘述了自身生活方式轉(zhuǎn)變的過程,談及慢節(jié)奏的生活方式在美國的發(fā)展情況,并剖析了這種現(xiàn)象背后的原因。
試題解析:
67. 根據(jù)第一段,下面哪項說法正確?
[A] 全職工作是一種新的國際潮流。
[B] 作者因環(huán)境所迫而辭去工作。
[C] “一次平級調(diào)動”意味著退出專職工作。
[D] 作者只是太想多花時間與其家人在一起了。
判斷題【正確答案】 [B]
作者在第一段中說明她放棄工作時,根本沒想到自己會成為一種新興時尚的一分子,她辭職是因為一次平級的人事調(diào)動傷害了她的自尊心,妨礙了她的事業(yè)發(fā)展??梢?,作者的辭職是出于環(huán)境所迫,所以[B]項是正確答案。
68. 作者的實踐表明:降低節(jié)奏。
[A] 使她能夠?qū)崿F(xiàn)自己的夢想
[B] 幫助她形成了一種新的人生觀
[C] 促使她放棄了自己很高的社會地位
[D] 使她接受了《她》雜志所倡導(dǎo)的生活哲學(xué)
細節(jié)事實題【正確答案】 [B]
第二段中作者提到自己已經(jīng)是一個由信奉“擁有一切”生活哲學(xué)的人轉(zhuǎn)變或一個知足常樂的人,對于作者而言,“慢節(jié)奏”的生活方式是一種新的生活哲學(xué)。因此選擇[B]項。
69. “Juggling one’s life”可能指的是過一種具有特性的生活。
[A] 不追求物質(zhì)利益的生活方式[B] 很容易滿足
[C] 極度緊張[D] 反消費主義
詞匯題【正確答案】 [C]
在第三段第一句,juggling one’s life與downshifting恰好是相對立的兩種生活方式,說明她從a buildup of stress取得的financial success and social status遠不及downshifting給她帶來的回報多,因此選擇[C]項。
70. 根據(jù)本文的觀點,美國出現(xiàn)放慢生活節(jié)奏的原因是。
[A] 現(xiàn)代生活的快節(jié)奏[B] 人們的冒險精神
[C] 人們對神話般生活體驗的追求[D] 經(jīng)濟形勢
細節(jié)事實題【正確答案】 [D]
第五段第一句話指出,在美國,產(chǎn)生這種慢節(jié)奏生活方式是源于20世紀80年代末期因為經(jīng)濟蕭條而進行的裁員。當時采取這種措施是為了應(yīng)對這種經(jīng)濟衰退。因此選擇[D]項。
全文翻譯:
當我決定辭去自己的全日制工作時絕沒有想到,自己竟成了一種新的國際性潮流的一分子。一次平級的人事調(diào)動傷了我的自尊心,并阻斷了我的事業(yè)發(fā)展,這促使我放棄自己地位較高的職業(yè),盡管就像面子掃盡的政府部長那樣,我也掩飾說“我只想與家人更多的呆在一起”。
奇怪的是,大約兩年半的時間我寫完兩部小說后,我這個被美國人稱為“放慢生活節(jié)奏”的試驗,卻使我老掉牙的借口變成了現(xiàn)實。我已從一個“擁有一切”哲學(xué)(琳達·凱茜過去七年中在《她》這本雜志所宣揚的)的狂熱支持者,變成了一個知足常樂的女人。
我已經(jīng)發(fā)現(xiàn)(由于壓力過大,凱茜已公開宣稱辭去《她》雜志編輯的職務(wù),在這之后她也許會有同樣發(fā)現(xiàn)),放棄“忙忙碌碌”的生活哲學(xué),轉(zhuǎn)而過一種“放慢生活節(jié)奏”的生活所帶來的回報,比經(jīng)濟成功和社會地位更有價值。什么也說服不了我回到過去那種凱茜所宣揚的、我也曾自得其樂的生活中去:每天12小時的工作日,壓得人喘不過氣來的最后期限,可怕而緊張的辦公室的爾虞我詐,在“時期”為人父母的限制。
第一至第三段:作者介紹了自己從忙碌生活過渡到悠閑生活的緣由,及經(jīng)過。
在美國,擺脫忙碌,轉(zhuǎn)而過一種簡單、更遠離物質(zhì)化的生活已成明確趨勢。具有諷刺意味的是,“放慢生活節(jié)奏”——在美國也稱“甘愿簡樸”——甚至孕育了一個嶄新的、可稱之為反消費主義的生活方式。對于那些想簡單生活的人來說,有許多很暢銷的幫你輕松生活的自助書籍;有各種簡訊,例如省錢簡報,會給美國人提供成千上萬條有用的點子去做事,從保鮮膜的再利用到自制肥皂;甚至還有一些支援性團體,幫人按90年代中期脫離傳統(tǒng)社會的人的生活方式去生活。
第四段:通過舉例論證,簡單悠閑生活已經(jīng)在美國成為一種趨勢。
在美國,這種趨勢一開始是對經(jīng)濟衰落所做出的一種反應(yīng)——出現(xiàn)于20世紀80年代后期,企業(yè)縮小經(jīng)濟規(guī)模所引起的大規(guī)模裁員——也與節(jié)儉的觀點密切相連;在英國,至少在我所熟悉的中產(chǎn)階級慢節(jié)奏生活的人中,我們對于為什么尋求簡樸的生活有不同的原因。
第五段:作者指出贊成這種趨勢的原因。
對我們這一代女性來說,整個80年代我們曾被迫忙碌地生活,90年代中期的簡化生活與其說是尋找那種自己種有機蔬菜并試圖與之合一的神話般美好生活,還不如說是對我們自身局限性的認識。
第六段:指明作者追求閑適生活的真正原因。
Specialization can be seen as a response to the problem of an increasing accumulation of scientific knowledge. By splitting up the subject matter into smaller units, one man could continue to handle the information and use it as the basis for further research. But specialization was only one of a series of related developments in science affecting the process of communication. Another was the growing professionalisation of scientific activity.
No clearcut distinction can be drawn between professionals and amateurs in science: exceptions can be found to any rule. Nevertheless, the word‘a(chǎn)mateur’ does carry a connotation that the person concerned is not fully integrated into the scientific community, and, in particular, may not fully share its values. The growth of specialization in the nineteenth century, with its consequent requirement of a longer, more complex training, implied greater problems for amateur participation in science. The trend was naturally most obvious in those areas of science based especially on a mathematical or laboratory training, and can be illustrated in terms of the development of geology in the United Kingdom.
A comparison of British geological publications over the last century and a half reveals not simply an increasing emphasis on the primacy of research, but also a changing definition of what constitutes an acceptable research paper. Thus, in the nineteenth century, local geological studies represented worthwhile research in their own right; but, in the twentieth century, local studies have increasingly become acceptable to professionals only if they incorporate, and reflect on, the wider geological picture. Amateurs, on the other hand, have continued to pursue local studies in the old way. The overall result has been to make entrance to professional geological journals harder for amateurs, a result that has been reinforced by the widespread introduction of refereeing, first by national journals in the nineteenth century and then by several local geological journals in the twentieth century. As a logical consequence of this development, separate journals have now appeared aimed mainly towards either professional or amateur readership. A rather similar process of differentiation has led to professional geologists coming together nationally within one or two specific societies, whereas the amateurs have tended either to remain in local societies or to come together nationally in a different way.
Although the process of professionalisation and specialization was already well under way in British geology during the nineteenth century, its full consequences were thus delayed until the twentieth century. In science generally, however, the nineteenth century must be reckoned as the crucial period for this change in the structure of science.
51. The growth of specialization in the 19th century might be more clearly seen in sciences such as .
[A] sociology and chemistry[B] physics and psychology
[C] sociology and psychology[D] physics and chemistry
52. We can infer from the passage that .
[A] there is little distinction between specialization and professionalisation
[B] amateurs can compete with professionals in some areas of science
[C] professionals tend to welcome amateurs into the scientific community
[D] amateurs have national academic societies but no local ones
53. The author writes of the development of geology to demonstrate .
[A] the process of specialization and professionalisation
[B] the hardship of amateurs in scientific study
[C] the change of policies in scientific publications
[D] the discrimination of professionals against amateurs
54. The direct reason for specialization is .
[A] the development in communication[B] the growth of professionalisation
[C] the expansion of scientific knowledge[D] the splitting up of academic societies
核心詞匯:
academic[9A kE5demik]a.學(xué)院的;學(xué)術(shù)性的;(academ古希臘哲學(xué)家柏拉圖及其弟子研究學(xué)問的地方+ic形容詞后綴→學(xué)術(shù)的)
accumulate[E5kju:mjuleit]vt.堆積,積累,積聚vi.累積,聚積(ac+cumul堆積+ate→堆積起來→積累);accumulation(n.積累,堆積)即accumulate+tion
amateur[5AmEtE:]a./n.業(yè)余(水平)的(運動員、藝術(shù)家等)(amat+eur人→熱愛的人→業(yè)余愛好者)
comparison[kEm5pArisn]n.比較,對比,比喻,比擬(compar+ison名詞后綴)
connotation[9cCnEu5teiFEn]n.含蓄,含義(con+not(e)+ation),con前綴“一起”,note記錄,ation名詞后綴,所有東西都被一起記錄在其中→含義
constitute[5kCnstitju:t]vt.組成,構(gòu)成,形成;設(shè)立,建立,任命(con 一起 +stitute→放到一起→構(gòu)成)
crucial[5kru:FiEl, 5kru:FEl]a.至關(guān)重要的,決定性的
definition[9defi5niFEn]n.定義,解釋;(輪廓影像等的)清晰度;闡明(defin +ition名詞后綴→定義)
delay[di5lei]v.耽擱; 延誤;推遲; 延期(de不+lay放置→未及時放置好→耽擱)
demonstrate[5demEnstreit]v.論證,證實;演示,說明(de加強+monster+ate動詞→加強顯示→證明)
distinction[dis5tiNkFEn]n.區(qū)別,差別;級別;特性;聲望;顯赫(distinct+ion名詞后綴)
emphasis[5emfEsis]n.加強語氣; 強調(diào);(賦予某事物)特殊的意義、 價值或重要性(em加強語氣+phas顯示+is名詞后綴→加強顯示→強調(diào))
integrate[5intigreit]v.(使)成為一體,(使)結(jié)合在一起(integ完整+ate動詞后綴→使結(jié)合)
journal[5dVE:nl]n.定期刊物,雜志,日報;日志,日記(journ日期+al形容詞后綴→日期,雜志)
logical[5lCdVikEl]a.邏輯的,符合邏輯的(log說話+ic名詞后綴→說話的學(xué)問+al形容詞后綴→合乎邏輯的)
overall[5EuvErC:l]a.全面的,綜合的n.(pl.)(套頭)工作服
participate[pa:5tisipeit]v.參加, 參與(parti部分,分開+cip進入+ate動詞后綴→進入一部分→參加);participation(n.參加;分享)即Parti+cip+ation
primacy[5praimEsi]n.第一或首先的狀態(tài); 首席的職責, 重要性(prim第一,主要的+acy名詞后綴→重要性)
professional[prE5feFEnl]a.職業(yè)的,專門的n.自由職業(yè)者,專業(yè)人士(profession+al形容詞后綴);professionalisation(n.職業(yè)化)即professional+is(e)+ation
psychology[sai5kClEdVi]n.心理,心理學(xué),心理狀態(tài)(psycho心理+logy名詞后綴表示科學(xué),學(xué)問→心理學(xué))
publication[pQbli5keiFEn]n.出版物;出版,發(fā)行;公布,發(fā)表(public公眾的+ation名詞后綴)
reckon[5rekEn]vi.計算,總計,估計(up) ;猜想;依賴;認為把……看作;視為(reck注意+on表狀態(tài)或動作的動詞后綴 →指望)
referee[refE5ri:]n.裁判員(refer+ee表示人→被提出的人→裁判)
reflect[ri5flekt]v.反射;表達;反映;仔細考慮(re反+flect彎曲返回→反射)
represent[repri5zent]v.描述,表示;代表,代理;闡明,說明(re+present)
response[ris5pCns]n.回答,響應(yīng),反應(yīng)(re回+spons+e名詞后綴→承諾回應(yīng)→回答)
reveal[ri5vi:l]v.展現(xiàn),顯示,揭示,揭露,告訴,泄露(re反+veal→反蓋上→不讓蓋上→揭露)
separate[5sepEreit9 5sepErit]a.分離的,分開的(se分開+par安排+ate動詞和形容詞后綴→分離)
split[split]v.裂開,劈開;分裂,分離n.分化,分裂,裂口
難句分析:
難句1 No clearcut distinction can be drawn between professionals and amateurs in science: exceptions can be found to any rule. Nevertheless, the word ‘a(chǎn)mateur’ does carry a connotation that the person concerned is not fully integrated into the scientific commUnity and, in Particular, may not fully share its values.
[分析]第一個句子的主干是“No... distinction can be drawn between...”,冒號后面的內(nèi)容是進一步說明前面的觀點。在第二個句子中,一上來就有一個轉(zhuǎn)折詞nevertheless,表示語意的轉(zhuǎn)折,其主句是“the word ‘a(chǎn)mateur’ does carry a connotation...”,后面有一個同位語從句,里面有兩個并列謂語。
[譯文]在科學(xué)領(lǐng)域內(nèi),專業(yè)與業(yè)余之間沒有絕對的區(qū)分:任何規(guī)則都有其例外。但是“業(yè)余”這個詞的確包含這樣的意義,那就是所指的那個人沒有完全融入某個科學(xué)家群體,具體地說,他可能并不完全認同這個群體的價值觀。
難句2 The trend was naturally most obvious in those areas of science based especially on a mathematical or laboratory training, and can be illustrated in terms of the development of geology in the United Kingdom.
[分析]此句中兩個分句有同一個主語,即the trend,兩個謂語為was obvious和can be illustrated。前一個分句中based especially on a mathematical or laboratory training修飾areas of science。
[譯文]特別是在以數(shù)學(xué)和實驗室訓(xùn)練為基礎(chǔ)的科學(xué)領(lǐng)域,這種傾向自然尤為明顯,這可以通過英國的地質(zhì)學(xué)發(fā)展過程得到證實。
難句3 A comparison of British geological publications over the last century and a half reveals not simply an increasing emphasis on the primacy of research, but also a changing definition of what constitutes an acceptable research paper.
[分析]此句的主語是a comparison of British geological publications over the last century and a half(中心詞為a comparison),謂語是reveals,賓語主體結(jié)構(gòu)是not simply... but also...所連接的兩個并列賓語,注意賓語emphasis和definition前都有分詞來修飾。
[譯文]對過去一個半世紀的英國地質(zhì)出版物進行比較,我們不但發(fā)現(xiàn)人們對研究的重視程度在不斷增加,而且學(xué)術(shù)論文的出版標準也在不斷變化。
難句4 The overall result has been to make entrance to professional geological journals harder for amateurs, a result that has been reinforced by the widespread introduction of refereeing, first by national journals in the nineteenth century and then by several local geological journals in the twentieth century.
[分析]此句主干是“The... result has been to do sth.”。注意逗號后面只是一個名詞性的短語,其核心詞是a result,可以被看成是前面句子主語的同位語,在其內(nèi)部主要是一個長的定語從句,而定語從句中又有兩個并列的狀語first by..., and then by...。
[譯文]其整體的結(jié)果是使業(yè)余人員進入專業(yè)性地質(zhì)學(xué)雜志更加困難,而審稿制度的全面引進使這個結(jié)果得到加強,這一制度開始是在19世紀的全國性雜志進行,進入20世紀后也在一些地方性地質(zhì)雜志實行。
文章類型:自然科學(xué)——科學(xué)史
這篇文章的主題為科學(xué)知識的專門化(specialization)與專業(yè)化(professionalisation)。
試題解析:
51. 19世紀專業(yè)化的發(fā)展在像那樣的科學(xué)領(lǐng)域可能看得更清晰。
[A] 社會學(xué)與化學(xué)[B] 物理學(xué)與心理學(xué)
[C] 社會學(xué)與心理學(xué)[D] 物理學(xué)與化學(xué)
細節(jié)事實題【正確答案】 [D]
定位在第二段倒數(shù)第二句找到題干中的19th century,然后在最后一句中找到與題干中be more clearly seen in sciences相對應(yīng)的most obvious in those areas of science。隨后確定文中的關(guān)鍵詞areas of science based especially on a mathematical or laboratory training。因此[D]為正確選項。
52. 根據(jù)本文,我們可以推知:
[A] 專業(yè)化和職業(yè)化之間幾乎沒區(qū)別。
[B] 業(yè)余人員能夠在科學(xué)的某些領(lǐng)域同專業(yè)人員競爭。
[C] 專業(yè)人員往往歡迎業(yè)余研究人員加入科學(xué)團體。
[D] 業(yè)余人員擁有全國性學(xué)術(shù)機構(gòu),但沒有地方性學(xué)術(shù)機構(gòu)。
推理題【正確答案】[B]
首先本題四個選項未曾提及geology,因此不必去第三、四段找考點。從第一段可知,專門化(針對研究領(lǐng)域)與專業(yè)化(針對研究人員)都屬于相關(guān)科學(xué)的發(fā)展,但二者內(nèi)容、性質(zhì)不同,因此[A]項錯誤。第二段闡述了professionals和amateurs的關(guān)系,首句說,二者沒有什么截然不同,而且exceptions(特例)can be found to any rule,其潛臺詞是,對于人們一般所認同的rule——專業(yè)比業(yè)余要好,也有例外,亦即“在某些情況下,業(yè)余人士甚至比專業(yè)人士做的更好”,因此[B]項符合題意。[C]項與第二句所說的事實情況(amateur...not fully integrated into the scientific community)相反,[D]項所說的national / local在第二段未曾提及,故都不能選。
53. 作者寫地質(zhì)學(xué)的發(fā)展是為論證:
[A] 專業(yè)化與職業(yè)化的發(fā)展過程。[B] 業(yè)余人員在科學(xué)研究中的艱辛。
[C] 科技出版物出版方針的變化。[D] 專業(yè)人員對業(yè)余人員的歧視。
例證題【正確答案】 [A]
定位在第二段最后兩句或第四段第一句。第二段最后一句中的The trend... can be illustrated in terms of the development of geology in the United Kingdom。說明第三段是作為例證來說明這一trend(趨勢)的。而且根據(jù)第四段第一句也可進行判斷,該句的前半句(Although the process of professionalisation and specialization was already well under way)即為第三段的總結(jié),所以選擇[A]項。
54. 專業(yè)化的直接原因是
[A] 交流的發(fā)展。[B] 職業(yè)化的發(fā)展。
[C] 科學(xué)知識的擴展。[D] 學(xué)術(shù)團體的分化。
細節(jié)事實題【正確答案】 [C]
定位在第一段第一句專業(yè)化是科學(xué)知識不斷積累的結(jié)果。該句的含義是:科學(xué)知識的積累促進了知識的進一步分類和分化(或?qū)iT化)。只有[C]項符合題意。
全文翻譯:
專業(yè)化是科學(xué)知識不斷積累的結(jié)果。通過將學(xué)科細化,個人能夠繼續(xù)把握信息并將它作為深入研究的基礎(chǔ)。但是專業(yè)化僅是科學(xué)領(lǐng)域內(nèi)一系列影響交流過程的有關(guān)現(xiàn)象之一。另一現(xiàn)象是科學(xué)活動的日益職業(yè)化。
第一段:簡單介紹了科學(xué)發(fā)展所帶來的兩個結(jié)果:科學(xué)的專業(yè)化和職業(yè)化。
在科學(xué)領(lǐng)域內(nèi),專業(yè)與業(yè)余之間沒有絕對的區(qū)分:任何規(guī)則都有其例外。但是“業(yè)余”這個詞的確包含這樣的意義,那就是所指的那個人沒有完全融入某個科學(xué)家群體,具體地說,他可能并不完全認同這個群體的價值觀。19世紀的專業(yè)化的發(fā)展,以及隨之而來的對訓(xùn)練的長期性和復(fù)雜性的要求,對業(yè)余人員進入科學(xué)界造成了更大的困難。特別是在以數(shù)學(xué)和實驗室訓(xùn)練為基礎(chǔ)的科學(xué)領(lǐng)域,這種傾向自然尤為明顯,這可以通過英國的地質(zhì)學(xué)發(fā)展過程得到證實。
第二段:在科研過程中,專業(yè)化的發(fā)展,對業(yè)余人員進入科學(xué)界造成了更大的困難。
對過去一個半世紀的英國地質(zhì)出版物進行比較,我們不但發(fā)現(xiàn)人們對研究的重視程度在不斷增加,而且學(xué)術(shù)論文的出版標準也在不斷變化。因此,在19世紀,局部的地質(zhì)研究本身就可形成一種有價值的研究;而到了20世紀,如果局部的研究能夠被專業(yè)人員接受,那么它越來越傾向于涉及體現(xiàn)或思考更廣闊的地質(zhì)面貌。另一方面業(yè)余人員繼續(xù)以舊的方式進行區(qū)域的研究。其整體的結(jié)果是使業(yè)余人員進入專業(yè)性地質(zhì)學(xué)雜志更加困難,而審稿制度的全面引進使這個結(jié)果得到加強,這一制度開始是在19世紀的全國性雜志進行,進入20世紀后也在一些地方性地質(zhì)雜志實行。這樣發(fā)展的必然結(jié)果是出現(xiàn)了針對專業(yè)讀者和業(yè)余讀者的不同雜志。類似的分化過程也導(dǎo)致專業(yè)地質(zhì)學(xué)家聚集起來,形成一兩個全國性的團體,而業(yè)余地質(zhì)學(xué)家則要么留在地方性團體中,要么以不同方式組成全國性的團體。
第三段:以英國地質(zhì)學(xué)的發(fā)展過程為例,說明職業(yè)化和專業(yè)化過程。
雖然職業(yè)化和專業(yè)化過程在19世紀的英國地質(zhì)學(xué)界中已經(jīng)得到迅速發(fā)展,但是它的效果直到20世紀才充分顯示出來。然而,從科學(xué)領(lǐng)域的范圍來看,19世紀必須被視為科學(xué)結(jié)構(gòu)改變的關(guān)鍵時期。
第四段:在前面幾段論述專業(yè)化的基礎(chǔ)上,指出19世紀被視為科學(xué)結(jié)構(gòu)改變的關(guān)鍵時期。
Text 2
A great deal of attention is being paid today to the so called digital divide—the division of the world into the info(information)rich and the info poor. And that divide does exist today. My wife and I lectured about this looming danger twenty years ago. What was less visible then, however, were the new, positive forces that work against the digital divide. There are reasons to be optimistic.
There are technological reasons to hope the digital divide will narrow. As the Internet becomes more and more commercialized, it is in the interest of business to universalize access—after all, the more people online, the more potential customers there are. More and more governments, afraid their countries will be left behind, want to spread Internet access. Within the next decade or two, one to two billion people on the planet will be netted together. As a result, I now believe the digital divide will narrow rather than widen in the years ahead. And that is very good news because the Internet may well be the most powerful tool for combating world poverty that we’ve ever had.
Of course, the use of the Internet isn’t the only way to defeat poverty. And the Internet is not the only tool we have. But it has enormous potential.
To take advantage of this tool, some impoverished countries will have to get over their outdated anticolonial prejudices with respect to foreign investment. Countries that still think foreign investment is an invasion of their sovereignty might well study the history of infrastructure (the basic structural foundations of a society)in the United States. When the United States built its industrial infrastructure, it didn’t have the capital to do so. And that is why America’s Second Wave infrastructure—including roads, harbors, highways, ports and so on—were built with foreign investment. The English, the German, the Dutch and the French were investing in Britain’s former colony. They financed them. Immigrant Americans built them. Guess who owns them now? The Americans believe the same thing would be true in places like Brazil or anywhere else for that matter. The more foreign capital you have helping you build your Third Wave infrastructure, which today is an electronic infrastructure, the better off you’re going to be. That doesn’t mean lying down and becoming fooled, or letting foreign corporations run uncontrolled. But it does mean recognizing how important they can be in building the energy and telecom infrastructures needed to take full advantage of the Internet.
55.Digital divide is something.
[A]getting worse because of the Internet[B]the rich countries are responsible for
[C]the world must guard against[D]considered positive today
56.Governments attach importance to the Internet because it .
[A]offers economic potentials[B]can bring foreign funds
[C]can soon wipe out world poverty[D]connects people all over the world
57.The writer mentioned the case of the United States to justify the policy of .
[A]providing financial support overseas[B]preventing foreign capital’s control
[C]building industrial infrastructure[D]accepting foreign investment
58.It seems that now a country’s economy depends much on .
[A]how well developed it is electronically
[B]whether it is prejudiced against immigrants
[C]whether it adopts America’s industrial pattern
[D]how much control it has over foreign corporations
核心詞匯:
attach[E5tAtF]v.系,貼,裝,連接;使成為一部分;使依戀(at+tach→釘子→附上)
attention[E5tenFEn]n.注意,注意力;立正;特別照顧;照料(at+tent+ion名詞后綴→思維伸展出去→注意)
colony[5kClEni]n.殖民地;僑民;聚居區(qū);(動植物的)群體
combat[5kCmbAt]v./n.戰(zhàn)斗,搏斗,格斗(com共同+bal打,擊→共同→共同打→戰(zhàn)斗)
divide[di5vaid]v.分,劃分,分開;分配;(by)除(di分開+vid+e分開)
enormous[i5nC:mEs]a.巨大的; 極大的(e出+norm規(guī)則,規(guī)范+ous形容詞后綴→出了正常狀態(tài)→巨大的,過分的)
finance[5fainAns]n.財政,金融v.為……提供資金(fin+ance→最后起作用的東西→資金)
foundation[faun5deiFEn]n.建立,設(shè)立,創(chuàng)辦;地基;基金,捐款;機構(gòu)(found基礎(chǔ)+ation名詞后綴→基礎(chǔ),地基)
impoverish[im5pCvEriF]v.使貧窮;使枯竭(im加強前綴+pover詞根+ish動詞后綴);同根詞:poverty (貧窮)←pover+ty名詞后綴。
infrastructure[5infrE9strQktFE]n.基礎(chǔ)結(jié)構(gòu),基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施(infra內(nèi)+struct+ure名詞后綴→基礎(chǔ)結(jié)構(gòu))
invasion[in5veiVEn]n.入侵,侵略,侵犯(in+vas+ion名詞后綴)
investment[in5vestmEnt]n.投資,投資額
loom[lu:m]n.織布機,織機v.隱現(xiàn),(危險、憂慮等)迫近
prejudice[5predVudis]n.偏見,成見;損害,侵害v.使抱偏見,損害(pre預(yù)先+judice→預(yù)先判斷→偏見)
respect[ris5pekt]n./v.尊敬,尊重n.敬意,問候,關(guān)系,方面(re再+spect→反復(fù)看→尊敬)
responsible[ris5pCnsEbl]a.承擔責任 ;(指人)可靠的, 可信賴的(response回應(yīng)+ible形容詞后綴→能回應(yīng)的→負責任的)
sovereignty[5sCvrinti]n.主權(quán);主權(quán)國家(sover+(r)eign+ty),sover(=over)在上,reign統(tǒng)治,ty名詞后綴,在上面統(tǒng)治;sovereign(統(tǒng)治的;統(tǒng)治者)←sover+(r)eign。
universal[ju:ni5vE:sEl]a.普遍的,全體的,通用的;宇宙的,世界的(univers+al形容詞后綴);universalize(v.使普遍化)即universal+ize
難句分析:
難句1 As the Internet becomes more and more commercialized, it is in the interest of business to universalize access—after all, the more people online, the more potential customers there are.
[分析]此句主干是“...It is in the interest of business to do sth....”,句中前面as引導(dǎo)的是伴隨狀語,而非原因狀語,要理解為“隨著”,而非“因為”。破折號后面的部分是進一步解釋說明前面的主句。
[譯文]隨著互聯(lián)網(wǎng)的日趨商業(yè)化,上網(wǎng)普及對商家是有利的——畢竟,上網(wǎng)人數(shù)越多,未來的客戶就越多。
難句2 To take advantage of this tool, some impoverished countries will have to get over their outdated anticolonial prejudices with respect to foreign investment.
[分析]此句主干是“...some impoverished countries will have to get over their outdated anticolonial prejudices...”。前面的不定式可以被看成是一個目的狀語。
[譯文]要想利用因特網(wǎng),某些貧困國家必須克服對國外投資所持的過時了的反殖民的種種偏見。
難句3 The more foreign capital you have helping you build your Third Wave infrastructure, which today is an electronic infrastructure, the better off you’re going to be.
[分析]此句用了the more... the more...的句型。逗號之間的which today is an electronic infrastructure是Third Wave infrastructure的非限制性定語從句。
[譯文]你擁有的去建造第三次浪潮基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施(今天主要指電子基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施)的外國資金越多,那么你的情況就越好。
文章類型:時文——信息科學(xué)
本篇文章談?wù)摂?shù)字鴻溝(digital divide)這一概念,并說明在世界范圍內(nèi)普及因特網(wǎng)(Internet)可以從技術(shù)角度縮小數(shù)字鴻溝。
試題解析:
55. 數(shù)字差異是的某種東西。
[A] 因為因特網(wǎng)而變得更糟[B] 富裕國家應(yīng)該負責
[C] 全世界必須提防[D] 如今被認為是積極的
細節(jié)事實題【正確答案】[C]
定位在第一段數(shù)字鴻溝(digital divide)將把整個世界分為信息豐富地區(qū)和信息貧乏地區(qū)。20年前作者和其妻子就已經(jīng)開始在演講中討論這種隱隱呈現(xiàn)的危險(looming danger),這里的danger指的就是digital divide。對于危險自然應(yīng)當防御(work against),所以選擇[C]項。
56. 政府重視因特網(wǎng),因為因特網(wǎng)
[A] 提供經(jīng)濟潛力。[B] 能夠帶來外國投資。
[C] 能夠很快消除世界貧窮。[D] 把世界各地的人們連接起來。
細節(jié)事實題【正確答案】[A]
首先根據(jù)題干中的Internet和Governments定位至第二段第三句。從中可以看出越來越多政府推廣因特網(wǎng)的直接原因是怕(在經(jīng)濟上)“落后”于其他國家,其潛臺詞就是因特網(wǎng)擁有巨大的(經(jīng)濟)潛能(enormous potential),所以選擇[A]項。
57. 作者提到美國這個例子,是為了證明的政策是正確的。
[A] 向國外提供經(jīng)濟援助[B] 防止外國資本的控制
[C] 建立工業(yè)基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施[D] 接受外國投資
例證題【正確答案】[D]
在第四段中,作者引用美國的例子是為了說明首句,因此可以判斷考點在首句,即“要想利用因特網(wǎng),某些貧困國家必須克服對國外投資所持的過時了的反殖民的種種偏見”,只有[D]項符合題意。
58. 現(xiàn)在看來,一個國家的經(jīng)濟非常依賴于
[A] 它在電子方面的發(fā)展程度多高。[B] 它是否歧視移民。
[C] 它是否采用美國的產(chǎn)業(yè)模式。[D] 它在多大程度上控制著外企。
細節(jié)事實題【正確答案】 [A]
定位在最后一段,該段中間有一例證,可以縮小考點范圍,把最后一段中涉及例子的內(nèi)容排除。在該段落剩下的內(nèi)容中,找與題干“economy”相關(guān)的關(guān)鍵詞,我們發(fā)現(xiàn)倒數(shù)第三句中有better off,確認它就是答案所在的句子,“引進用于修建電子基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施的外國資金越多,那么你的情況就越好。”因此選擇[A]項。
全文翻譯:
今天,人們十分關(guān)注所謂的數(shù)字分化問題——世界上信息資源豐富的地區(qū)和信息資源貧乏的地區(qū)之間的差異;這個差異確實存在,我和我妻子20年前就曾談及這種隱約的危險。然而,那時還不太明顯的是一些抵制數(shù)字分化的、新的積極因素。實際上我們是完全有理由感到樂觀的。
第一段:指出雖然信息資源豐富與信息資源貧乏國之間存在著巨大差異,然而仍然有理由保持樂觀。
一些技術(shù)上的因素使我們有理由期望差異會縮小。隨著互聯(lián)網(wǎng)的日趨商業(yè)化,上網(wǎng)普及對商家是有利的——畢竟,上網(wǎng)人數(shù)越多,未來的客戶就越多。越來越多的政府,惟恐自己的國家落后,紛紛推廣因特網(wǎng)的普及。一、二十年之內(nèi),全球?qū)⒂幸欢畠|人進入因特網(wǎng)。因此,我認為在未來的數(shù)年中,數(shù)字分化將縮小而不會變大。那是好消息,因為互聯(lián)網(wǎng)很可能成為我們消除所面臨的貧困的有效的工具。
第二段:表明這種國與國之間的差距會因互聯(lián)網(wǎng)技術(shù)的發(fā)展而慢慢消除。
當然,使用因特網(wǎng)不是惟一消滅貧困的方法。因特網(wǎng)也不是我們所擁有的惟一工具,但它卻有巨大的潛力。
第三段:指出雖然互聯(lián)網(wǎng)不是消除貧困的惟一工具,但卻有著巨大的潛力。
要想利用因特網(wǎng),某些貧困國家必須克服對國外投資所持的過時了的反殖民的種種偏見。那些認為外國投資是對本國主權(quán)的侵犯的國家還是研究一下美國的基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施(社會的基本結(jié)構(gòu)基礎(chǔ))建設(shè)歷史。當初美國建設(shè)自己的工業(yè)基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施時,缺乏必要的資金,因此美國的第二次浪潮,即基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施的建設(shè)——包括公路、港口,高速公路、港口城市等等——都是用國外資金建造的。英國人、德國人、荷蘭人和法國人都在前英國殖民地投資。他們提供資金,美洲移民建造。想想看,現(xiàn)在誰擁有這一切?美國人。我想,在這件事上,像巴西或其他任何地方同樣也該這樣。你擁有的去建造第三次浪潮基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施(今天主要指電子基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施)的外國資金越多,那么你的情況就越好。這并不是說卑躬屈膝,任人愚弄,也不是對外國公司不加控制。但這的確意味著你已認識到外國公司對本國能源及通信基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施建設(shè)的重要性,這些基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施是充分利用因特網(wǎng)所必要的。
第四段:從互聯(lián)網(wǎng)出發(fā),指出貧困國要改變對外來投資的不良印象。
Text 3
Why do so many Americans distrust what they read in their newspapers? The American Society of Newspaper Editors is trying to answer this painful question. The organization is deep into a long selfanalysis known as the journalism credibility project.
Sad to say, this project has turned out to be mostly lowlevel findings about factual errors and spelling and grammar mistakes, combined with lots of headscratching puzzlement about what in the world those readers really want.
But the sources of distrust go way deeper. Most journalists learn to see the world through a set of standard templates (patterns)into which they plug each day’s events. In other words, there is a conventional story line in the newsroom culture that provides a backbone and a readymade narrative structure for otherwise confusing news.
There exists a social and cultural disconnect between journalists and their readers, which helps explain why the “standard templates” of the newsroom seem alien to many readers. In a recent survey, questionnaires were sent to reporters in five middlesize cities around the country, plus one large metropolitan area. Then residents in these communities were phoned at random and asked the same questions.
Replies show that compared with other Americans, journalists are more likely to live in upscale neighborhoods, have maids, own Mercedeses, and trade stocks, and they’re less likely to go to church, do volunteer work, or put down roots in a community.
Reporters tend to be part of a broadly defined social and cultural elite, so their work tends to reflect the conventional values of this elite. The astonishing distrust of the news media isn’t rooted in inaccuracy or poor reportorial skills but in the daily clash of world views between reporters and their readers.
This is an explosive situation for any industry, particularly a declining one. Here is a troubled business that keeps hiring employees whose attitudes vastly annoy the customers. Then it sponsors lots of symposiums and a credibility project dedicated to wondering why customers are annoyed and fleeing in large numbers. But it never seems to get around to noticing the cultural and class biases that so many former buyers are complaining about. If it did, it would open up its diversity program, now focused narrowly on race and gender, and look for reporters who differ broadly by outlook, values, education, and class.
59.What is the passage mainly about?
[A]needs of the readers all over the world
[B]causes of the public disappointment about newspapers
[C]origins of the declining newspaper industry
[D]aims of a journalism credibility project
60.The results of the journalism credibility project turned out to be .
[A]quite trustworthy[B]somewhat contradictory
[C]very illuminating[D]rather superficial
61.The basic problem of journalists as pointed out by the writer lies in their .
[A]working attitude[B]conventional lifestyle
[C]world outlook[D]educational background
62.Despite its efforts, the newspaper industry still cannot satisfy the readers owing to its .
[A]failure to realize its real problem [B]tendency to hire annoying reporters
[C]likeliness to do inaccurate reporting[D]prejudice in matters of race and gender
核心詞匯:
astonish [E5stCniF]vt.使驚訝,使吃驚
backbone[5bAkbEun]n.脊椎, 中樞, 骨干, 支柱, 意志力, 勇氣, 毅力, 決心,主干(back+bone)
bias[5baiEs]n./v.(使有)偏見,偏心,偏袒(bi 二+as 名詞后綴→有兩種觀點→偏見
contradictory[7kCntrE5diktEri]a.矛盾的,對立的(contradict反駁+ory形容詞后綴)
conventional[kEn5venFEnEl]a.慣例的,常規(guī)的(convention+al)newsroom(編輯室;閱覽室)←news+room。
credibility[9kredi5biliti]n.可信性(cred+ibility),cred詞根“相信”(如credit→cred+it→信用),ibility名詞后綴“可……性”(如ability←a+(i)bility)
dedicate[5dedikeit]vt.奉獻;獻身于(de加強+dic說+ate動詞后綴→反復(fù)說→致力于)
elite[ei5li:t]n.[集合名詞]精華;精銳;中堅分子(e出+lit=lig選+e 名詞后綴→選出的人→精英人物)
factual[5fAktFEl]a.事實的, 實際的
gender[5dVendE]n.(生理上的)性;(名詞、代詞等的)性(gen+der名詞后綴)
illuminating[i5lju:mi9neitiN]a.照明的;啟發(fā)的(illuminat(e)+ing形容詞后綴),illuminate(照明;啟發(fā))可看作illumin+ate,illumin諧音“一路明”,ate動詞后綴,“使”“一路明”→照明→引申為“啟發(fā)”。
metropolitan[metrE5pClitEn]a.首都的,主要都市的,大城市
plug[plQg]n.塞子,插頭v.堵,塞,插上,插栓
questionnaire[kwestFE5nZE]n.調(diào)查表,問卷(question+aire)
scratch[skrAtF]v.抓,搔,扒n.抓,搔,抓痕;起跑線
sponsor[5spCnsE]n.發(fā)起人,主辦,保證人v.發(fā)起,主辦(spons許諾+or名詞后綴→發(fā)起人;主辦方;保證人)
superficial[sju:pE5fiFEl]a.表面的;膚淺的,淺薄的(super在……上面+fic +ial形容詞后綴→在表面→膚淺的)
survey[sE:5vei]v./n.俯瞰,眺望;全面審視,調(diào)查;測量圖,勘定
symposium[sim5pEuzjEm]n.討論會; 專題論文,專題論文集(sym共同,相同+pos放+ium→放在一起討論→專題討論)
template[5templit]n.模板(templ(e)+ate),temple寺廟,ate吃,當今傾向于素食者日益增多,而temple是ate素的“模板”(template)。
volunteer[9vClEn5tiE]n./v.自愿(者,兵);自愿(提供)(volunt+eer人→意愿的人→志愿者)
難句分析:
難句1 Sad to say, this project has turned out to be mostly lowlevel findings about factual errors and spelling and grammar mistakes, combined with lots of headscratching puzzlement about what in the world those readers really want.
[分析]此句主語是this project,謂語是has turned out to be,findings為賓語,mostly lowlevel是賓語的定語修飾成分,about factual errors and spelling and grammar mistakes是賓語的補語成分。combined with lots of headscratching puzzlement about what in the world those readers really want是過去分詞引導(dǎo)的伴隨狀語,其中about what in the world those readers really want是puzzlement的補語。
[譯文]遺憾的是,這次新聞機構(gòu)可信度調(diào)查計劃結(jié)果只獲得了一些膚淺的發(fā)現(xiàn),諸如新聞報道中的事實錯誤,拼寫或語法錯誤,和這些低層次發(fā)現(xiàn)交織在一起的還有許多令人撓頭的困惑,譬如讀者到底想讀些什么。
難句2 There exists a social and cultural disconnect between journalists and their readers, which helps explain why the “standard templates” of the newsroom seem alien to many readers.
[分析]此句的結(jié)構(gòu)主句是一個there加系動詞的用法。而表語后都有一個定語從句。本句的定語從句是which helps explain why the “standard templates” of the newsroom seem alien to many readers。
[譯文]新聞記者和讀者之間存在著社會和文化方面的脫節(jié),這就是為什么新聞編輯室的“標準模式”與眾多讀者的意趣相差甚遠的原因。
難句3 The astonishing distrust of the news media isn’t rooted in inaccuracy or poor reportorial skills but in the daily clash of world views between reporters and their readers.
[分析]此句的主干是一個not... but結(jié)構(gòu)。注意這個結(jié)構(gòu)引導(dǎo)的是兩個方式狀語。其核心詞分別是inaccuracy和the daily clash。
[譯文]讀者對新聞媒介令人震驚的不信任的根源并非是報道失實或低下的報道技巧,而是記者與讀者的世界觀的日常沖突。
難句4 If it did, it would open up its diversity program, now focused narrowly on race and gender, and look for reporters who differ broadly by outlook, values, education, and class.
[分析]此句中it代表上文提到的a troubled business,即“問題重重的新聞界”。now focused narrowly on race and gender是插入語,也是修飾program的定語。本句在would后面有兩個并列賓語open up和look for。此句中含有一個虛擬語氣:If it did, it would open up...。
[譯文]如果它能注意這個問題的話,它就應(yīng)該進一步開放其多樣化欄目(該欄目目前只關(guān)注種族和性別兩個方面),雇傭一些世界觀、價值觀、教育水平和社會階層各不相同的各種記者。
文章類型:社會科學(xué)——傳播學(xué)——大眾傳媒
本擴展文章的主題有關(guān)美國新聞業(yè)的信任度。
試題解析:
59. 本文要探討的是什么?
[A] 世界各地讀者的需求。[B] 公眾對報紙失望的原因。
[C] 新聞業(yè)衰敗的根源。[D] 新聞可信性調(diào)查項目的目的。
中心主旨題【正確答案】 [B]
文章第一句就開宗明確地提出了本文旨在說明的問題,即為什么美國人不相信在報紙上讀到的東西。很明顯,該文的主旨就是論述公眾對報紙不信任的原因。[B]項中的disappointment和原文中的distrust在這件事情上表達的情感是一致的,因此為正確選項。
60. 新聞可信性調(diào)查項目的結(jié)果是。
[A] 非??尚牛跙] 有點矛盾
[C] 很有啟發(fā)性[D] 十分膚淺
細節(jié)事實題【正確答案】 [D]
第二段中作者用Sad to say和mostly lowlevel findings來評價這次調(diào)查,可以判斷該調(diào)查的結(jié)果是相當浮于表面的。所以選擇[D]項。
61. 正如作者所指出的,新聞記者的根本問題在于他們的。
[A] 工作態(tài)度[B] 傳統(tǒng)的生活方式
[C] 世界觀[D] 教育背景
細節(jié)事實題【正確答案】[C]
第六段末句最后直接點明,是記者與讀者世界觀的沖突引起了人們對報紙的不信任,因此[C]項符合題意。
62. 盡管做出了努力,但新聞業(yè)人仍然不能滿足讀者的需求,因為它。
[A] 沒有認識到它的真正問題[B] 雇用令人惱怒的記者
[C] 進行不準確報道的可能性[D] 在種族和性別問題上的歧視
細節(jié)事實題【正確答案】[A]
定位最后一段的最后兩句話,根據(jù)But it never seems...(新聞業(yè)從未……)和If it did,...(如果它做到了……)就可以看出,新聞業(yè)并未認識到它真正的問題之所在,也未采取過任何手段,因此選擇[A]項。
全文翻譯:
為什么那么多美國人不相信自己在報紙上看到的東西?美國新聞編輯協(xié)會正試圖回答這個痛苦的問題。該組織正深深陷入一個長期的自我剖析過程,即新聞可信度調(diào)查項目。
第一段:提出問題,為什么那么多的美國人不相信自己在報紙上看到的東西?
遺憾的是,這次新聞機構(gòu)可信度調(diào)查計劃結(jié)果只獲得了一些膚淺的發(fā)現(xiàn),諸如新聞報道中的事實錯誤,拼寫或語法錯誤,和這些低層次發(fā)現(xiàn)交織在一起的還有許多令人撓頭的困惑,譬如讀者到底想讀些什么。
第二段:對美國新聞協(xié)會有關(guān)此問題所做的調(diào)查的評價。
但這種對媒體的不信任有更深刻的根源。多數(shù)新聞記者都學(xué)著用一套標準的模式去看待世界,并把每天發(fā)生的事件納入這種模式。換言之,在媒介機構(gòu)的新聞編輯室中存在著一套約定俗成的報道模式,為在其他方面可能造成誤解的新聞報道提供了一個主干框架和一個現(xiàn)成的故事敘述結(jié)構(gòu)。
新聞記者和讀者之間存在著社會和文化方面的脫節(jié),這就是為什么新聞編輯室的“標準模式”與眾多讀者的意趣相差甚遠的原因。在最近一次調(diào)查中,問卷被送到了全國五座中等城市及一座大都市的記者手中,然后隨機地給這些城市的居民打電話,問他們同樣的問題。
結(jié)果表明,與其他美國人相比,新聞記者更有可能居住在富人區(qū),有女傭,有奔馳車,炒股,而他們不太可能去教堂,參加支援服務(wù),扎根社區(qū)。
記者們往往屬于廣義的社會文化精英的一個部分,因此他們的工作往往反映了這些精英傳統(tǒng)的價值觀。讀者對新聞媒介令人震驚的不信任的根源并非是報道失實或低下的報道技巧,而是記者與讀者的世界觀的日常沖突。
第三到第六段:進而指出:美國人不相信報紙,其原因遠遠深刻于新聞協(xié)會所做的調(diào)查,并分析不信任的真正原因。
這種現(xiàn)象對于任何行業(yè)都是難堪的局面,特別是對于一個正在衰落的行業(yè)來說尤其如此。這是一個棘手的行業(yè),卻不斷地雇用觀點總體上使客戶惱怒的雇員。然后它又出資組織研討會和可信度調(diào)查項目,去探究為什么顧客們惱火了,為什么會有那么多人逃避報刊。但它似乎從來就沒回過頭來去注意那么多以前的顧客所抱怨的文化和階級偏見。如果它能注意這個問題的話,它就應(yīng)該進一步開放其多樣化欄目(該欄目目前只關(guān)注種族和性別兩個方面),雇傭一些世界觀、價值觀、教育水平和社會階層各不相同的各種記者。
第七段:提出解決問題的方案,即招聘世界觀、價值觀、教育水平和社會階層各不相同的各種記者。
Text 4
The world is going through the biggest wave of mergers and acquisitions ever witnessed. The process sweeps from hyperactive America to Europe and reaches the emerging countries with unsurpassed might. Many in these countries are looking at this process and worrying:“Won’t the wave of business concentration turn into an uncontrollable anticompetitive force?”
There’s no question that the big are getting bigger and more powerful. Multinational corporations accounted for less than 20% of international trade in 1982.Today the figure is more than 25% and growing rapidly. International affiliates account for a fastgrowing segment of production in economies that open up and welcome foreign investment. In Argentina, for instance, after the reforms of the early 1990s, multinationals went from 43% to almost 70% of the industrial production of the 200 largest firms. This phenomenon has created serious concerns over the role of smaller economic firms, of national businessmen and over the ultimate stability of the world economy.
I believe that the most important forces behind the massive M&A wave are the same that underlie the globalization process: falling transportation and communication costs, lower trade and investment barriers and enlarged markets that require enlarged operations capable of meeting customer’s demands. All these are beneficial, not detrimental, to consumers. As productivity grows, the world’s wealth increases.
Examples of benefits or costs of the current concentration wave are scanty. Yet it is hard to imagine that the merger of a few oil firms today could recreate the same threats to competition that were feared nearly a century ago in the U.S., when the Standard Oil trust was broken up. The mergers of telecom companies, such as WorldCom, hardly seem to bring higher prices for consumers or a reduction in the pace of technical progress. On the contrary, the price of communications is coming down fast. In cars, too, concentration is increasing—witness Daimler and Chrysler, Renault and Nissan—but it does not appear that consumers are being hurt.
Yet the fact remains that the merger movement must be watched. A few weeks ago, Alan Greenspan warned against the megamergers in the banking industry. Who is going to supervise, regulate and operate as lender of last resort with the gigantic banks that are being created? Won’t multinationals shift production from one place to another when a nation gets too strict about infringements to fair competition? And should one country take upon itself the role of “defending competition” on issues that affect many other nations, as in the U.S. vs. Microsoft case?
63.What is the typical trend of businesses today?
[A]to take in more foreign funds[B]to invest more abroad
[C]to combine and become bigger[D]to trade with more countries
64.According to the author, one of the driving forces behind M&A wave is .
[A]the greater customer demands[B]a surplus supply for the market
[C]a growing productivity[D]the increase of the world’s wealth
65.From paragraph 4 we can infer that .
[A]the increasing concentration is certain to hurt consumers
[B]WorldCom serves as a good example of both benefits and costs
[C]the costs of the globalization process are enormous
[D]the Standard Oil trust might have threatened competition
66.Toward the new business wave, the writer’s attitude can be said to be .
[A]optimistic[B]objective[C]pessimistic[D]biased
核心詞匯:
acquisition[9Akwi5ziFEn]n.取得,學(xué)到,養(yǎng)成(習(xí)慣);獲得的東西(ac+quis+ition名詞后綴)
affiliate[E5filieit]v.使隸屬(或附屬)于n.附屬機構(gòu),分公司(af+fili+ate)
barrier[5bAriE]n.柵欄,屏障;障礙(物)(barr柵欄+ier)
beneficial[9beni5fiFEl]a.(to)有利的,有益的(benefic+ial形容詞后綴)
concentration[9kCnsEn5treiFEn]n.專心,專注;集中,集結(jié);濃度(concentrate+ion名詞后綴→集中)
detrimental[7detri5mentl]a.有害的(detriment損害,危害+al→危害的)
gigantic[dVai5gAntik]a.巨大的,龐大的
hyperactive[7haipE(:)5rAktiv]a.活動過度的(hyper+active活動的);hper前綴“超過;過度”(h脫落,元音y變u,即為uper),active活躍的。
infringement[in5frindVEnt]n.違反, 侵害(n+fringe+ment)in否定前綴,fringe(邊緣;劉海;穗),ment名詞后綴,已經(jīng)“不”在“邊緣”→侵入內(nèi)部→侵害;infringe(v.侵害)←in+fringe
massive[5mAsiv]a.大而重的,厚實的,粗大的;大規(guī)模的,大量的(mass+ive形容詞后綴)
multinational[mQlti5nAFEnEl]a./n.跨國公司;跨國公司的(ulti+national),multi前綴“多”(如multiple→multi+ple倍→v.加倍;多倍的;倍數(shù)),national國家的。
pessimistic[9pesi5mistik]a.悲觀的(essimist+ic)pessimist悲觀主義者,ic形容詞后綴
phenomenon[fi5nCminEn]n.現(xiàn)象,稀有現(xiàn)象,珍品,奇跡,杰出人才
resort[ri5zC:t]v.憑借,求助,訴諸n.度假勝地,手段
supervise[5sju:pEvaiz]vt.監(jiān)督,管理;指導(dǎo)(uper在上面+vis看+e動詞后綴→在上面看→監(jiān)督)
surpass[sE:5pa:s]vt.超過,勝過(sur超過+pass→通過并超過→勝過)
sweep[swi:p]v.掃,打掃;席卷,沖光;掃過,掠過
unsurpassed[5QnsE:5pB:st]a.凌駕的, 非常卓越的,超越的(n+surpass+ed)un否定前綴,surpass(v.超過)←sur前綴“超”+pass過,ed形容詞后綴。
witness[5witnis]n.目擊者,證人;證據(jù),證明v.目擊,目睹;作證(wit知+ness名詞后綴→知情者)
難句分析:
難句1 International affiliates account for a fastgrowing segment of production in economies that open up and welcome foreign investment.
[分析]此句的主干是“International affiliates account for a fastgrowing segment of production in economies...”,后面的that open up and welcome foreign investment是economies的定語從句。
[譯文]在那些對外開放并鼓勵外資的國家的經(jīng)濟中國際分公司在國民生產(chǎn)中所占的比重越來越大。
難句2 I believe that the most important forces behind the massive M&A wave are the same that underlie the globalization process: falling transportation and communication costs, lower trade and investment barriers and enlarged markets that require enlarged operations capable of meeting customers’ demands.
[分析]此句主干為“I believe that...”,其中that引導(dǎo)了believe的賓語從句,其中的又一個that可替換為as the ones that,是一個定語從句。冒號后面的部分是the most important forces的同位語,其中markets后面的that從句是markets的定語,capable of meeting customers’ demands是operations的補語。
[譯文]我認為,推動這股巨大的并購浪潮的最主要的力量,也是推動全球化進程的力量,包括日趨下降的運輸與通訊費用,較低的貿(mào)易與投資壁壘,以及市場的擴大和為滿足市場需求而進行的擴大生產(chǎn)。
難句3 And should one country take upon itself the role of “defending competition” on issues that affect many other nations, as in the U.S. vs. Microsoft case?
[分析]此句的主干是“should one country take upon itself the role...”,而that affect many other nations是issues的定語從句。as in the U.S. vs. Microsoft case是issues的補語。on issues是take upon itself the role的狀語。
[譯文]在那些將會影響許多其他國家的事情中,如美國政府與微軟公司的訴訟案,一個國家是否應(yīng)該擔負起“保護競爭”的責任呢?
文章類型:社會科學(xué)——經(jīng)濟學(xué)
本文的主題有關(guān)企業(yè)合并與收購浪潮,并分析其產(chǎn)生的原因,認為并沒有給消費和技術(shù)進步帶來傷害。
試題解析:
63. 如今,企業(yè)的典型趨勢是什么?
[A] 吸收更多的外國資金。[B] 更多地投資海外。
[C] 合并、變得更大。[D] 與更多的國家發(fā)展貿(mào)易。
細節(jié)事實題【正確答案】 [C]
考點在于對第一段,也即對文章主題的理解。第一段第一句話表示世界正在經(jīng)歷有史以來的一次合并和收購的浪潮。這一浪潮不僅影響到美洲和歐洲,還涉及一些新興國家。可見,當今商業(yè)發(fā)展的主要趨勢是合并,從而使有些企業(yè)變得更大。所以,[C]項正確。
64. 根據(jù)作者的觀點,隱藏于合并浪潮背后的一個推動力是。
[A] 更大的消費者需求[B] 市場的供應(yīng)過剩
[C] 日益提高的生產(chǎn)力[D] 世界財富的增長
細節(jié)事實題【正確答案】 [A]
第三段指出,推動合并和收購這一狂潮的最重要力量同導(dǎo)致全球化過程的力量是一樣的,其中包括falling transportation and communication costs, lower trade and investment barriers和enlarged markets that require enlarged operations capable of meeting customers’ demands。[A]項“顧客更大的需求”符合最后一項,屬于推動力之一。
65.根據(jù)第四段,我們可以推知:。
[A] 日益增多的行業(yè)合并肯定會損害消費者的利益。
[B] 世界電信的合并成為既有利可圖又要付出代價的恰當例子。
[C] 全球化進程的代價高昂。
[D] 標準石油托拉斯可能給競爭帶來過威脅。
推理題【正確答案】 [D]
從第四段中,我們得知,當前還沒有足夠多的例證來論證有關(guān)合并浪潮的利與弊。一百年前,由于人們對美國標準石油托拉斯(the Standard Oil Trust)持有戒心,它被解散。根據(jù)這一點,我們可以推斷,美國標準石油托拉斯可能會威脅競爭。所以選擇[D]項。
66. 對于新的企業(yè)合并浪潮,作者的態(tài)度可以說是。
[A] 樂觀的[B] 客觀的[C] 悲觀的[D] 有偏見的
態(tài)度題【正確答案】[B]
考點在于把握全文主題(theme)及作者態(tài)度(author’s attitude)??v覽全文,作者首先描述了合并與收購的熱潮,分析了這一狂潮背后的動因,以實例說明其帶來的利益,又在文末告誡人們防范其弊端。可見,作者對于合并與收購的態(tài)度比較客觀,因此選擇[B]項。
全文翻譯:
世界正在經(jīng)歷一場前所未有的巨大的并購浪潮。這個浪潮從異?;钴S的美國席卷到歐洲,并以不可比擬的威力影響到正在崛起的國家。這些國家的許多人面對這個浪潮開始憂慮:“企業(yè)合并的浪潮會不會變成一股不可控制的反競爭的力量?”
第一段:從現(xiàn)象引出問題:企業(yè)合并的浪潮會不會變成一股不可控制的反競爭的力量。
無疑,大企業(yè)正在變得更大、更強??鐕驹?982年只占有國際貿(mào)易不到20%的份額。而現(xiàn)在,這個數(shù)字上升到25%強,并且還在迅速上升。在那些對外開放并鼓勵外資的國家的經(jīng)濟中國際分公司在國民生產(chǎn)中所占的比重越來越大。比如,在阿根廷,經(jīng)過90年代初的改革之后,跨國公司在200家大型企業(yè)的工業(yè)生產(chǎn)中從43%增加到幾乎70%。這個現(xiàn)象造成了人們對小型企業(yè)和民族資本的作用以及世界經(jīng)濟的最終穩(wěn)定的極大關(guān)注。
我認為,推動這股巨大的并購浪潮的最主要的力量,也是推動全球化進程的力量,包括日趨下降的運輸與通訊費用,較低的貿(mào)易與投資壁壘,以及市場的擴大和為滿足市場需求而進行的擴大生產(chǎn)。所有這些對消費者來說都有益而無害的。隨著生產(chǎn)力的提高,世界的財富也在增長。
第二、三段:作者指出企業(yè)規(guī)模確實越來越大及其原因。
目前證明這股合并浪潮是帶來利還是弊的實例并不多。但是很難想象當今的幾個石油公司的合并是否會重新造成約100年前美國標準石油公司對競爭造成的同樣的威脅,那時由于人們對該公司的這種擔心而導(dǎo)致了它最終的解散。像世界通訊這樣的通訊公司合并似乎沒有給消費者帶來更高的費用,或者降低技術(shù)進步的速度。相反,通信的價格在迅速下降。在汽車行業(yè),合并也同樣在增加——比如戴姆勒與克萊斯勒,雷諾與尼桑的合并——但消費者看起來并未受到傷害。
第四段:指出很難斷定合并浪潮是好是壞,并且說明目前的合并不會威脅到競爭機制。
但是合并運動必須受到嚴密監(jiān)視這個事實仍然存在。就在幾星期以前,格林斯潘對銀行業(yè)的巨大合并發(fā)出了警告。誰來充當最終的借貸者,對這家正在形成的龐大銀行發(fā)揮監(jiān)督、規(guī)范和運作的作用。當一個國家對破壞公平競爭的行為的處理過于嚴厲時,跨國公司會不會把它們的生產(chǎn)從一地轉(zhuǎn)到另一地呢?在那些將會影響許多其他國家的事情中,如美國政府與微軟公司的訴訟案,一個國家是否應(yīng)該擔負起“保護競爭”的責任呢?
第五段,指出人們還是要密切關(guān)注兼并浪潮,暗指兼并可能具有危險性。
Text 5
When I decided to quit my fulltime employment it never occurred to me that I might become a part of a new international trend. A lateral move that hurt my pride and blocked my professional progress prompted me to abandon my relatively high profile career although, in the manner of a disgraced government minister, I covered my exit by claiming “I wanted to spend more time with my family”.
Curiously, some twoandahalf years and two novels later, my experiment in what the Americans term “downshifting” has turned my tired excuse into an absolute reality. I have been transformed from a passionate advocate of the philosophy of “having it all”, preached by Linda Kelsey for the past seven years in the page of She magazine, into a woman who is happy to settle for a bit of everything.
I have discovered, as perhaps Kelsey will after her muchpublicized resignation from the editorship of She after a build up of stress, that abandoning the doctrine of “juggling your life”, and making the alternative move into “downshifting” brings with it far greater rewards than financial success and social status. Nothing could persuade me to return to the kind of life Kelsey used to advocate and I once enjoyed: 12hour working days, pressured deadlines, the fearful strain of office politics and the limitations of being a parent on “quality time”.
In America, the move away from juggling to a simpler, less materialistic lifestyle is a wellestablished trend. Downshifting—also known in America as “voluntary simplicity”—has, ironically, even bred a new area of what might be termed anticonsumerism. There are a number of bestselling downshifting selfhelp books for people who want to simplify their lives; there are newsletters, such as The Tightwad Gazette, that give hundreds of thousands of Americans useful tips on anything from recycling their clingfilm to making their own soap; there are even support groups for those who want to achieve the mid’90s equivalent of dropping out.
While in America the trend started as a reaction to the economy decline—after the mass redundancies caused by downsizing in the late’80s—and is still linked to the politics of thrift, in Britain, at least among the middleclass downshifters of my acquaintance, we have different reasons for seeking to simplify our lives.
For the women of my generation who were urged to keep juggling through the’80s,downshifting in the mid’90s is not so much a search for the mythical good life—growing your own organic vegetables, and risking turning into one—as a personal recognition of your limitations.
67.Which of the following is true according to paragraph 1?
[A]Fulltime employment is a new international trend.
[B]The writer was compelled by circumstances to leave her job.
[C]“A lateral move” means stepping out of fulltime employment.
[D]The writer was only too eager to spend more time with her family.
68.The writer’s experiment shows that downshifting.
[A]enables her to realize her dream
[B]helps her mold a new philosophy of life
[C]prompts her to abandon her high social status
[D]leads her to accept the doctrine of She magazine
69. “Juggling one’s life” probably means living a life characterized by .
[A]nonmaterialistic lifestyle[B]a bit of everything
[C]extreme stress[D]anticonsumerism
70.According to the passage, downshifting emerged in the U.S. as a result of .
[A]the quick pace of modern life[B]man’s adventurous spirit
[C]man’s search for mythical experiences[D]the economic situation
核心詞匯:
absolute[5AbsElu:t]a.絕對的,完全的;確實的,肯定的(ab不+solute→決不松開→絕對的)
acquaintance[E5kweintEns]n.認識,相識,了解;相識的人,熟人(acquaint告知+ance名詞后綴→熟悉)
adventurous[Ed5ventFErEs]a.喜冒險的;充滿危險的 (adventur(e)冒險+ous形容詞后綴)
alternative[C:l5tE:nEtiv]n.兩者擇一,抉擇(alternate交替+ive形容詞后綴→二者擇一的)
block[blCk]n.大塊木(石)料;街區(qū);障礙物v.阻塞,攔阻
cling[kliN]v.(to)粘住;依附;堅持
compel[kEm5pel]v.強迫,迫使(com共同+pel推→一起推→強迫)
curious[5kjuEriEs]a.好奇的, 求知的, 古怪的, 愛挑剔的(cur+ious形容詞后綴→關(guān)心的,好奇的);curiously (ad.好奇地;奇怪地)←curious+ly
deadline[5dedlain]n.最后期限(dead+line)
doctrine[5dCktrin]n.教條,教義;法律原則;聲明(doctr教+in+e名詞后綴→教的東西→教條)
equivalent[i5kwivElEnt]a.相等的,等價的n.相等物,等價物(equi+val力量+ent→力量平等→相等的)
juggle[5dVQgl]vi.玩戲法, 誆騙, 篡改vt.耍弄, 歪曲, 篡改n.玩戲法, 魔術(shù), 欺騙 “拿撲克牌玩雜耍(juggle),引得大家咯咯(guggle)笑”,文中juggle引申為“忙忙碌碌”
lateral[5lAtErEl]a.旁邊的,側(cè)面的(later+al)later即單詞“后來”,al詞后綴,“后來者只能靠邊站”→旁邊的
minister[5ministE]n.部長,大臣(mini+ster→小人→古代大臣稱自己是小人→部長,大臣)
passionate [5pAFEnEt]a.充滿熱情的,即passion+ate,passion(激情;暴怒),ate此作形容詞后綴
preach[pri:tF]v.宣講(教義),布道;竭力鼓吹,宣傳;說教
prompt[prCmpt]a.敏捷的,迅速的,即刻的v.激起,促進,推動
recognition[rekEg5niFEn]n.認出,辨認;承認(recogn+ition名詞后綴)
redundancy[ri5dQndEnsi]n.冗余(red+und+ancy),red(=re),und詞根“多”,ancy名詞后綴,“越來越(re)多”→冗余。同根詞:abundant(豐富的)←ab加強前綴+und多+ant形容詞后綴
resignation[rezig5neiFEn]n.辭職;聽天由命(resign+ation名詞后綴);resign(v.辭職;順從)←re+sign,re前綴=away或=again,sign簽署,故“簽署后離開”→辭職,“再次簽署”→順從
simplify[5simplifai]v.簡化,使單純
strain[5strein]v.拉緊;緊張;扭傷;竭盡全力n.拉緊;負擔
thrift[Wrift]a.節(jié)約,節(jié)儉;繁榮.可記:“節(jié)儉”導(dǎo)致“繁榮”;thrifty(節(jié)儉的;繁榮的)←thrift+y形容詞后綴。thrift→thrive(v.繁榮),類似變化的單詞有theft(n.偷)→thieve(v.偷)
難句分析:
難句1 A lateral move that hurt my pride and blocked my professional progress promoted me to abandon my relatively high profile career although, in the manner of a disgraced government minister, I covered my exit by claiming “I wanted to spend more time with my family”.
[分析]此句主干是“a lateral move promoted me to...”。其中that hurt my pride and blocked my professional progress是a lateral move的定語,although, in the manner of a disgraced government minister, I covered my exit by claiming “I wanted to spend more time with my family”是狀語,其中逗號之間的in the manner of a disgraced government minister是插入語。
[譯文]一次平級的人事調(diào)動傷了我的自尊心,并阻斷了我的事業(yè)發(fā)展,這促使我放棄自己地位較高的職業(yè),盡管就像面子掃盡的政府部長那樣,我也掩飾說“我只想與家人更多的呆在一起”。
難句2 Curiously, some twoandahalf years and two novels later, my experiment in what the Americans term “downshifting” has turned my tired excuse into an absolute reality.
[分析]此句主干是“... my experiment... has turned my tired excuse into an absolute reality”。注意其謂語是一個turn sth. into sth.的結(jié)構(gòu)。前面兩個逗號之間的是時間狀語。
[譯文]奇怪的是,大約兩年半的時間我寫完兩部小說后,我這個被美國人稱為“放慢生活節(jié)奏”的試驗,卻使我老掉牙的借口變成了現(xiàn)實。
難句3 I have discovered, as perhaps Kelsey will after her muchpublicized resignation from the editorship of She after a buildup of stress, that abandoning the doctrine of “juggling your life”, and making the alternative move into “downshifting” brings with it far greater rewards than financial success and social status.
[分析]此句中I have discovered是主句的主謂結(jié)構(gòu),that abandoning the doctrine of “juggling your life”, and making the alternative move into “downshifting” brings with it far greater rewards than financial success and social status是主句的賓語,其中abandoning the doctrine of “juggling your life”, and making the alternative move into “downshifting”為該賓語從句的主語,brings為謂語。as perhaps Kelsey will after her muchpublicized resignation from the editorship of She after a buildup of stress既是伴隨狀語,又是插入語,其主語為Kelsey,謂語為will,而after her muchpublicized resignation from the editorship of She after a buildup of stress是本插入語中的時間狀語。
[譯文]我已經(jīng)發(fā)現(xiàn)(由于壓力過大,凱茜已公開宣稱辭去《她》雜志編輯的職務(wù),在這之后她也許會有同樣發(fā)現(xiàn)),放棄“忙忙碌碌”的生活哲學(xué),轉(zhuǎn)而過一種“放慢生活節(jié)奏”的生活所帶來的回報,比經(jīng)濟成功和社會地位更有價值。
難句4 Downshifting—also known in America as “voluntary simplicity”—has, ironically, even bred a new area of what might be termed anticonsumerism.
[分析]此句主干是“Downshifting has bred a new area...”,破折號之間的是插入結(jié)構(gòu),ironically也是插入語,可放在句首,what相當于thought which。
[譯文]具有諷刺意味的是,“放慢生活節(jié)奏”——在美國也稱“甘愿簡樸”——甚至孕育了一個嶄新的、可稱之為反消費主義的生活方式。
難句5 For the women of my generation who were urged to keep juggling through the ’80s, downshifting in the mid’90s is not so much a search for the mythical good life—growing your own organic vegetables, and risking turning into one—as a personal recognition of your limitations.
[分析]此句主干是“... downshifting in the mid’90s is not...”。其中who were urged to keep juggling through the ’80s是修飾the women of my generation的定語從句。growing your own organic vegetables, and risking turning into one既是插入語,又是the mythical good life的同位語。本句中not so much A(a search for the mythical good life) as B(a personal recognition of your limitations)的句式含義,即“與其說是A,不如說是B”。
[譯文]對我們這一代女性來說,整個80年代我們曾被迫忙碌地生活,90年代中期的簡化生活與其說是尋找那種自己種有機蔬菜并試圖與之合一的神話般美好生活,還不如說是對我們自身局限性的認識。
文章類型:人文科學(xué)——生活態(tài)變的轉(zhuǎn)變
本文的主題是慢節(jié)奏(downshifting)的生活方式。作者以第一人稱的口吻敘述了自身生活方式轉(zhuǎn)變的過程,談及慢節(jié)奏的生活方式在美國的發(fā)展情況,并剖析了這種現(xiàn)象背后的原因。
試題解析:
67. 根據(jù)第一段,下面哪項說法正確?
[A] 全職工作是一種新的國際潮流。
[B] 作者因環(huán)境所迫而辭去工作。
[C] “一次平級調(diào)動”意味著退出專職工作。
[D] 作者只是太想多花時間與其家人在一起了。
判斷題【正確答案】 [B]
作者在第一段中說明她放棄工作時,根本沒想到自己會成為一種新興時尚的一分子,她辭職是因為一次平級的人事調(diào)動傷害了她的自尊心,妨礙了她的事業(yè)發(fā)展??梢?,作者的辭職是出于環(huán)境所迫,所以[B]項是正確答案。
68. 作者的實踐表明:降低節(jié)奏。
[A] 使她能夠?qū)崿F(xiàn)自己的夢想
[B] 幫助她形成了一種新的人生觀
[C] 促使她放棄了自己很高的社會地位
[D] 使她接受了《她》雜志所倡導(dǎo)的生活哲學(xué)
細節(jié)事實題【正確答案】 [B]
第二段中作者提到自己已經(jīng)是一個由信奉“擁有一切”生活哲學(xué)的人轉(zhuǎn)變或一個知足常樂的人,對于作者而言,“慢節(jié)奏”的生活方式是一種新的生活哲學(xué)。因此選擇[B]項。
69. “Juggling one’s life”可能指的是過一種具有特性的生活。
[A] 不追求物質(zhì)利益的生活方式[B] 很容易滿足
[C] 極度緊張[D] 反消費主義
詞匯題【正確答案】 [C]
在第三段第一句,juggling one’s life與downshifting恰好是相對立的兩種生活方式,說明她從a buildup of stress取得的financial success and social status遠不及downshifting給她帶來的回報多,因此選擇[C]項。
70. 根據(jù)本文的觀點,美國出現(xiàn)放慢生活節(jié)奏的原因是。
[A] 現(xiàn)代生活的快節(jié)奏[B] 人們的冒險精神
[C] 人們對神話般生活體驗的追求[D] 經(jīng)濟形勢
細節(jié)事實題【正確答案】 [D]
第五段第一句話指出,在美國,產(chǎn)生這種慢節(jié)奏生活方式是源于20世紀80年代末期因為經(jīng)濟蕭條而進行的裁員。當時采取這種措施是為了應(yīng)對這種經(jīng)濟衰退。因此選擇[D]項。
全文翻譯:
當我決定辭去自己的全日制工作時絕沒有想到,自己竟成了一種新的國際性潮流的一分子。一次平級的人事調(diào)動傷了我的自尊心,并阻斷了我的事業(yè)發(fā)展,這促使我放棄自己地位較高的職業(yè),盡管就像面子掃盡的政府部長那樣,我也掩飾說“我只想與家人更多的呆在一起”。
奇怪的是,大約兩年半的時間我寫完兩部小說后,我這個被美國人稱為“放慢生活節(jié)奏”的試驗,卻使我老掉牙的借口變成了現(xiàn)實。我已從一個“擁有一切”哲學(xué)(琳達·凱茜過去七年中在《她》這本雜志所宣揚的)的狂熱支持者,變成了一個知足常樂的女人。
我已經(jīng)發(fā)現(xiàn)(由于壓力過大,凱茜已公開宣稱辭去《她》雜志編輯的職務(wù),在這之后她也許會有同樣發(fā)現(xiàn)),放棄“忙忙碌碌”的生活哲學(xué),轉(zhuǎn)而過一種“放慢生活節(jié)奏”的生活所帶來的回報,比經(jīng)濟成功和社會地位更有價值。什么也說服不了我回到過去那種凱茜所宣揚的、我也曾自得其樂的生活中去:每天12小時的工作日,壓得人喘不過氣來的最后期限,可怕而緊張的辦公室的爾虞我詐,在“時期”為人父母的限制。
第一至第三段:作者介紹了自己從忙碌生活過渡到悠閑生活的緣由,及經(jīng)過。
在美國,擺脫忙碌,轉(zhuǎn)而過一種簡單、更遠離物質(zhì)化的生活已成明確趨勢。具有諷刺意味的是,“放慢生活節(jié)奏”——在美國也稱“甘愿簡樸”——甚至孕育了一個嶄新的、可稱之為反消費主義的生活方式。對于那些想簡單生活的人來說,有許多很暢銷的幫你輕松生活的自助書籍;有各種簡訊,例如省錢簡報,會給美國人提供成千上萬條有用的點子去做事,從保鮮膜的再利用到自制肥皂;甚至還有一些支援性團體,幫人按90年代中期脫離傳統(tǒng)社會的人的生活方式去生活。
第四段:通過舉例論證,簡單悠閑生活已經(jīng)在美國成為一種趨勢。
在美國,這種趨勢一開始是對經(jīng)濟衰落所做出的一種反應(yīng)——出現(xiàn)于20世紀80年代后期,企業(yè)縮小經(jīng)濟規(guī)模所引起的大規(guī)模裁員——也與節(jié)儉的觀點密切相連;在英國,至少在我所熟悉的中產(chǎn)階級慢節(jié)奏生活的人中,我們對于為什么尋求簡樸的生活有不同的原因。
第五段:作者指出贊成這種趨勢的原因。
對我們這一代女性來說,整個80年代我們曾被迫忙碌地生活,90年代中期的簡化生活與其說是尋找那種自己種有機蔬菜并試圖與之合一的神話般美好生活,還不如說是對我們自身局限性的認識。
第六段:指明作者追求閑適生活的真正原因。

