科學(xué)家驚奇的發(fā)現(xiàn)，兩種文明可以在同一時間產(chǎn)生。在埃及文化產(chǎn)生時，美索不達(dá)米亞文化也同時應(yīng)運而生。埃及土地肥沃，造成它的獨立致。美索不達(dá)米亞兩河流域，地理環(huán)境特殊，四周沙漠什么的，老被侵略，所以都是一個幫一個幫的，美索不達(dá)米亞文化不像埃及文化一樣，美索不達(dá)米亞文化沒有留下很多遺產(chǎn)。當(dāng)初美索不達(dá)米亞的居民生活好像挺好的，所以一直沒有人提出統(tǒng)一的想法，很久以后才有，可是由于大量的花費在戰(zhàn)爭上什么的，很快就覆滅了。由于當(dāng)時的環(huán)境條件，那里的人們都用泥土/木頭蓋房子，所以和埃及不一樣，現(xiàn)在我們沒找到什么當(dāng)初留下的建筑物。我們現(xiàn)在還挖出了許多陶器石板，上面刻著文字，只能通過這些推知歷史。后來又變成什么蘇美爾了，這是從外面遷徙過來的民族。
兩河地域的美索布達(dá)米婭文明，先是和埃及文明作比較，比較的結(jié)果是他們（美索）由外來入侵，文明不易保存，建筑用的材料也不易保存，考古學(xué)家只能從挖掘出來的文物中研究他們。后半部分是講蘇美爾人在兩河地區(qū)建立的文明的特點，特別是他們城邦的宗教神祗制度，影響了他們的經(jīng)濟(jì)制度（獻(xiàn)納）。大題目是分類題，比較埃及文明和蘇美爾文明 。
科學(xué)家驚奇的發(fā)現(xiàn)，兩種文明可以在同一時間產(chǎn)生。在埃及文化產(chǎn)生時，美索不達(dá)米亞文化也同時應(yīng)運而生。埃及土地肥沃，造成它的獨立所致。美索不達(dá)米亞兩河流域，地理環(huán)境特殊，四周沙漠什么的，老被侵略，所以都是一個城邦一個城邦的，美索不達(dá)米亞文化不像埃及文化一樣，美索不達(dá)米亞文化沒有留下很多遺產(chǎn)。當(dāng)初美索不達(dá)米亞的居民生活安逸，所以一直沒有人提出統(tǒng)一的想法，很久以后才有，可是由于大量的花費在戰(zhàn)爭上，很快就覆滅了。由于當(dāng)時的環(huán)境條件，那里的人們都用泥土/木頭蓋房子，所以和埃及不一樣，現(xiàn)在沒找到什么當(dāng)初留下的建筑物。但是挖出了許多陶器石板，上面刻著文字，考古學(xué)家只能從挖掘出來的文物中研究其歷史。后來講蘇美爾人在兩河地區(qū)建立的文明的特點，特別是他們城邦的宗教神祗制度，影響了他們的經(jīng)濟(jì)制度（獻(xiàn)納）。大題目是分類題，比較埃及文明和蘇美爾文明 。
Sumerian Civilization
It is an astonishing fact that human civilization should have emerged into the light of history in two separate places at just about the same time. Between 3,500 and 3,000 B.C. when Egypt was being united under pharaonic rule, another great civilization arose in Mesopotamia, the “l(fā)and between the rivers.” And for close to three thousand years, the two rival centers retained their distinct characters, even though they had contact with each other from their earliest beginnings, and their destinies were interwoven in many ways. The pressure that forced the inhabitants of both regions to abandon the pattern of Neolithic village life may well have been the same. But the valley of the Tigris and Euphrates rivers, unlike that of the Nile, is not a narrow fertile strip protected by desert on either side. It resembles a wide, shallow trough with few natural defenses, crisscrossed by two great rivers and their tributaries, and is easily encroached upon from any direction.
1.The word astonishing in the passage is closest in meaning to
(A) important
(B) unknown
(C) amazing
(D) interesting
2.Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.
(A) A great civilization arose in Mesopotamia, the “l(fā)and between the rivers” under pharaonic rule. 發(fā)源于美索不達(dá)米亞的偉大文明，在paranonic統(tǒng)治之下的“兩河之間的土地”
(B) Egypt and another great civilization both developed in Mesopotamia between 3500 and 3000 B.C.
(C) A great civilization arose in Mesopotamia between 3500 and 3000 B.C. at the same time that ancient Egypt was being united.
(D) As Egypt was being united under pharaonic rule, a great civilization arose there.
3.The phrase its substance refers to
(A) the political history of ancient Mesopotamia古代美索不達(dá)米亞政治的歷史
(B) divine kingship
(C) Egypt
(D) the sudden collapse of military power
4.The word obscure in the passage is closest in meaning to
(A) unclear
(B) unique
(C) controversial
(D) important
5.The author mentions Nor did they share the Egyptians’ concern with the hereafter, in order to作者提到 也不分享埃及人關(guān)于從今以后的擔(dān)憂 為了。。。
(A) To provide one explanation for the relatively few physical remains of ancient Sumerian society.為相對少的關(guān)于古代蘇美爾社會物理遺跡提供一個解釋
(B) To explain why ancient Sumerian built with mud brick and wood rather than with stone.
(C) To help account for the fact that tombs and vaulted chambers have been found only at Ur.
(D) To counter the claim that all ancient societies paid great attention to the afterlife.
6.According to the passage, it can be inferred that the City of Ur is located in Ur 城（烏爾城）位于
(A) Egypt
(B) Persia
(C) northern Mesopotamia
(D) near the confluence of Tigris and Euphrates底格里斯河和幼發(fā)拉底河的附近
7.The word vast in the passage is closest in meaning to
(A) random
(B) very large
(C) surprising
(D) relatively small
8.According to paragraph 2 and 3, the physical characteristics of Mesopotamia affected Sumerian civilization in all of the following ways EXCEPT: 根據(jù)2、3、段美索不達(dá)米亞影響蘇美爾文明，除了哪方面(A) Foreign invasions were made easy.
(B) Creating and maintaining political stability was made difficult.
(C) Continuity of cultural and artistic traditions could not be achieved.
文化和藝術(shù)傳統(tǒng)的一致性 得不到
(D) Sumerian architecture could not produce long-lasting structures
9.Look at the four [■] that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage.
Click on a square [■] to add the sentence to the passage.
Despite these achievements, scholars know much less about Sumerian life than they would like. 盡管這些成就，學(xué)者們對于蘇美爾人的生活知道的更少，比起他們愛好什么而言
Where would the sentence best fit?
第四方塊
10.According to paragraph 4, what evidence is used to support the claim that the idea of divine ownership was not “a mere pious fiction”? 對于神的所有權(quán)并不僅僅“是虔誠的虛構(gòu)”這一論點支持的證據(jù)是
(A) The idea of divine ownership originated with the kings of Sumerian city-state.
(B) The idea of divine ownership was the reason why a large part of the harvest was offered to the god.
(C) The idea of divine ownership eventually came to replace “theocratic socialism”.
(D) The idea of divine ownership served as the basis for the economic organization of Sumerian society. 神的所有權(quán)服務(wù)于蘇美爾社會的經(jīng)濟(jì)組織形式的基礎(chǔ)
11.，The word considerable in the passage is closest in meaning to
(A) substantial
(B) fixed
(C) valuable
(D) limited.
12，In the above passage, all of the following were true of the local god EXCEPT 哪項不是關(guān)于當(dāng)?shù)氐纳竦氖聦?BR> (A) The local god owned everything and everyone in the city-state.
(B) The local god represented the subjects of the city-state to other gods.
(C) The local god communicated with the people of the city-state through a human ruler.
(D) The local god sometimes fought against the local gods of rival city-states 當(dāng)?shù)氐纳裼袝r候同競爭的城邦的神作戰(zhàn)
13，fill in a table問題
Ancient Egyptian Civilization
政治統(tǒng)一了很久時間
有相當(dāng)多建筑物遺址
Sumerian Civilization
城邦國家是一個特色
從文件中所記載
這一個文明受到外部的侵略
兩河流域——古代人類文明的搖籃
底格里斯河和幼發(fā)拉底河中下游，通常稱做美索不達(dá)米亞（希臘語意為“兩河之間的土地”）平原，這個地方是古代人類文明的重要發(fā)源地之一，創(chuàng)造了舉世聞名的兩河流域文明。兩河流域文明由蘇美爾文明、巴比倫文明和亞述文明三部分組成，其中巴比倫文明以其成就斐然而成為兩河流域文明的典范，古巴比倫王國與古埃及、古印度和中國構(gòu)成了人們所說的世界四大文明古國。
兩河文明：發(fā)源于亞洲底格里斯河（Tigris）與幼發(fā)拉底河（Euphrates）河流域，又稱美索不達(dá)米亞（Mesopotamia）文明。兩河文明也是有史可考的最古老的文明，其文明形成期可以追溯到公元前4000年，正式形成于約公元前3500年。當(dāng)時生活在兩河流域的是蘇美爾人，建立了蘇美爾文明。之后陸續(xù)有閃米特人、赫梯人、亞述人、波斯人、馬其頓人、羅馬人、阿拉伯人和突厥人相繼入侵。兩河流域繼蘇美爾人之后最偉大的文明就是由閃米特人漢穆拉比建立的巴比倫。
尼羅河文明：發(fā)源于非洲尼羅河（Nile）流域，又稱古埃及文明，其歷史也可追溯到公元前4000年。公元前3100年左右，上埃及國王美尼斯統(tǒng)一上下埃及，開始了史稱的埃及王朝時期，也就代表了古埃及文明的正式開始。
5、蘇美爾文明主要是關(guān)于兩河流域，美索不達(dá)米亞平原的文明。著重談了蘇美爾文明。剛開始，說兩河流域和埃及的古文明幾乎同時開始。然后對比了這兩個地方的地理位置和自然環(huán)境，兩河流域是平原，沒有自然屏障，于是容易被外界入侵，所以該地區(qū)的政權(quán)很不穩(wěn)定，等等。然后著重談了蘇美爾文明，講了他們的起源和文化上的特點，然后說由于兩河流域沒有石頭，他們的建筑材料都是一些泥土和木頭，因此很少有遺跡，不像埃及。隨后重點介紹了蘇美爾文明的宗教制度和政治經(jīng)濟(jì)制度。
兩河流域的Sumerian（蘇美爾人）文化。首先講到埃及有強(qiáng)大的法老政權(quán)，與埃及同時期在美索不達(dá)米亞平原出現(xiàn)了蘇美爾人文化，但是這一文化很難有強(qiáng)大的統(tǒng)一政權(quán)，因為平原缺少天險用于防御，容易被外族入侵。該文化缺少建筑物的遺跡，因為大量使用了木材作為建筑材料，而木材容易腐爛，所以很難對該文化加以研究。不過，蘇美爾人留下了大量的石板文字可供研究。
5美索布達(dá)米婭文化
第一段：美文化和埃及文化同時，但因為美的地域限制一直沒有統(tǒng)一。（有題）
第二段：直到一種S人來統(tǒng)一，說了他們的來源和歷史，他們建立了一種s文化
第三段：S文化的實物遺跡少，這又兩方面原因：一當(dāng)?shù)厥喜回S富二當(dāng)?shù)厝藳]有厚葬的習(xí)慣。所以對S的了解主要基于文字。
第四段：在S文化中最重要的是宗教，每一個城市有一個local god, god無比神圣擁有一切，代表本城在她的fellow中議事。（有題）社會的經(jīng)濟(jì)市場就是以寺廟為中心，由牧師組織交易，所以很多的牧師紀(jì)錄都與此有關(guān)。
兩河地域的美索布達(dá)米婭文明，先是和埃及文明作比較，比較的結(jié)果是他們（美索）由外來入侵，文明不易保存，建筑用的材料也不易保存，考古學(xué)家只能從挖掘出來的文物中研究他們。后半部分是講蘇美爾人在兩河地區(qū)建立的文明的特點，特別是他們城邦的宗教神祗制度，影響了他們的經(jīng)濟(jì)制度（獻(xiàn)納）。大題目是分類題，比較埃及文明和蘇美爾文明 。
科學(xué)家驚奇的發(fā)現(xiàn)，兩種文明可以在同一時間產(chǎn)生。在埃及文化產(chǎn)生時，美索不達(dá)米亞文化也同時應(yīng)運而生。埃及土地肥沃，造成它的獨立所致。美索不達(dá)米亞兩河流域，地理環(huán)境特殊，四周沙漠什么的，老被侵略，所以都是一個城邦一個城邦的，美索不達(dá)米亞文化不像埃及文化一樣，美索不達(dá)米亞文化沒有留下很多遺產(chǎn)。當(dāng)初美索不達(dá)米亞的居民生活安逸，所以一直沒有人提出統(tǒng)一的想法，很久以后才有，可是由于大量的花費在戰(zhàn)爭上，很快就覆滅了。由于當(dāng)時的環(huán)境條件，那里的人們都用泥土/木頭蓋房子，所以和埃及不一樣，現(xiàn)在沒找到什么當(dāng)初留下的建筑物。但是挖出了許多陶器石板，上面刻著文字，考古學(xué)家只能從挖掘出來的文物中研究其歷史。后來講蘇美爾人在兩河地區(qū)建立的文明的特點，特別是他們城邦的宗教神祗制度，影響了他們的經(jīng)濟(jì)制度（獻(xiàn)納）。大題目是分類題，比較埃及文明和蘇美爾文明 。
Sumerian Civilization
It is an astonishing fact that human civilization should have emerged into the light of history in two separate places at just about the same time. Between 3,500 and 3,000 B.C. when Egypt was being united under pharaonic rule, another great civilization arose in Mesopotamia, the “l(fā)and between the rivers.” And for close to three thousand years, the two rival centers retained their distinct characters, even though they had contact with each other from their earliest beginnings, and their destinies were interwoven in many ways. The pressure that forced the inhabitants of both regions to abandon the pattern of Neolithic village life may well have been the same. But the valley of the Tigris and Euphrates rivers, unlike that of the Nile, is not a narrow fertile strip protected by desert on either side. It resembles a wide, shallow trough with few natural defenses, crisscrossed by two great rivers and their tributaries, and is easily encroached upon from any direction.
1.The word astonishing in the passage is closest in meaning to
(A) important
(B) unknown
(C) amazing
(D) interesting
2.Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.
(A) A great civilization arose in Mesopotamia, the “l(fā)and between the rivers” under pharaonic rule. 發(fā)源于美索不達(dá)米亞的偉大文明，在paranonic統(tǒng)治之下的“兩河之間的土地”
(B) Egypt and another great civilization both developed in Mesopotamia between 3500 and 3000 B.C.
(C) A great civilization arose in Mesopotamia between 3500 and 3000 B.C. at the same time that ancient Egypt was being united.
(D) As Egypt was being united under pharaonic rule, a great civilization arose there.
3.The phrase its substance refers to
(A) the political history of ancient Mesopotamia古代美索不達(dá)米亞政治的歷史
(B) divine kingship
(C) Egypt
(D) the sudden collapse of military power
4.The word obscure in the passage is closest in meaning to
(A) unclear
(B) unique
(C) controversial
(D) important
5.The author mentions Nor did they share the Egyptians’ concern with the hereafter, in order to作者提到 也不分享埃及人關(guān)于從今以后的擔(dān)憂 為了。。。
(A) To provide one explanation for the relatively few physical remains of ancient Sumerian society.為相對少的關(guān)于古代蘇美爾社會物理遺跡提供一個解釋
(B) To explain why ancient Sumerian built with mud brick and wood rather than with stone.
(C) To help account for the fact that tombs and vaulted chambers have been found only at Ur.
(D) To counter the claim that all ancient societies paid great attention to the afterlife.
6.According to the passage, it can be inferred that the City of Ur is located in Ur 城（烏爾城）位于
(A) Egypt
(B) Persia
(C) northern Mesopotamia
(D) near the confluence of Tigris and Euphrates底格里斯河和幼發(fā)拉底河的附近
7.The word vast in the passage is closest in meaning to
(A) random
(B) very large
(C) surprising
(D) relatively small
8.According to paragraph 2 and 3, the physical characteristics of Mesopotamia affected Sumerian civilization in all of the following ways EXCEPT: 根據(jù)2、3、段美索不達(dá)米亞影響蘇美爾文明，除了哪方面(A) Foreign invasions were made easy.
(B) Creating and maintaining political stability was made difficult.
(C) Continuity of cultural and artistic traditions could not be achieved.
文化和藝術(shù)傳統(tǒng)的一致性 得不到
(D) Sumerian architecture could not produce long-lasting structures
9.Look at the four [■] that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage.
Click on a square [■] to add the sentence to the passage.
Despite these achievements, scholars know much less about Sumerian life than they would like. 盡管這些成就，學(xué)者們對于蘇美爾人的生活知道的更少，比起他們愛好什么而言
Where would the sentence best fit?
第四方塊
10.According to paragraph 4, what evidence is used to support the claim that the idea of divine ownership was not “a mere pious fiction”? 對于神的所有權(quán)并不僅僅“是虔誠的虛構(gòu)”這一論點支持的證據(jù)是
(A) The idea of divine ownership originated with the kings of Sumerian city-state.
(B) The idea of divine ownership was the reason why a large part of the harvest was offered to the god.
(C) The idea of divine ownership eventually came to replace “theocratic socialism”.
(D) The idea of divine ownership served as the basis for the economic organization of Sumerian society. 神的所有權(quán)服務(wù)于蘇美爾社會的經(jīng)濟(jì)組織形式的基礎(chǔ)
11.，The word considerable in the passage is closest in meaning to
(A) substantial
(B) fixed
(C) valuable
(D) limited.
12，In the above passage, all of the following were true of the local god EXCEPT 哪項不是關(guān)于當(dāng)?shù)氐纳竦氖聦?BR> (A) The local god owned everything and everyone in the city-state.
(B) The local god represented the subjects of the city-state to other gods.
(C) The local god communicated with the people of the city-state through a human ruler.
(D) The local god sometimes fought against the local gods of rival city-states 當(dāng)?shù)氐纳裼袝r候同競爭的城邦的神作戰(zhàn)
13，fill in a table問題
Ancient Egyptian Civilization
政治統(tǒng)一了很久時間
有相當(dāng)多建筑物遺址
Sumerian Civilization
城邦國家是一個特色
從文件中所記載
這一個文明受到外部的侵略
兩河流域——古代人類文明的搖籃
底格里斯河和幼發(fā)拉底河中下游，通常稱做美索不達(dá)米亞（希臘語意為“兩河之間的土地”）平原，這個地方是古代人類文明的重要發(fā)源地之一，創(chuàng)造了舉世聞名的兩河流域文明。兩河流域文明由蘇美爾文明、巴比倫文明和亞述文明三部分組成，其中巴比倫文明以其成就斐然而成為兩河流域文明的典范，古巴比倫王國與古埃及、古印度和中國構(gòu)成了人們所說的世界四大文明古國。
兩河文明：發(fā)源于亞洲底格里斯河（Tigris）與幼發(fā)拉底河（Euphrates）河流域，又稱美索不達(dá)米亞（Mesopotamia）文明。兩河文明也是有史可考的最古老的文明，其文明形成期可以追溯到公元前4000年，正式形成于約公元前3500年。當(dāng)時生活在兩河流域的是蘇美爾人，建立了蘇美爾文明。之后陸續(xù)有閃米特人、赫梯人、亞述人、波斯人、馬其頓人、羅馬人、阿拉伯人和突厥人相繼入侵。兩河流域繼蘇美爾人之后最偉大的文明就是由閃米特人漢穆拉比建立的巴比倫。
尼羅河文明：發(fā)源于非洲尼羅河（Nile）流域，又稱古埃及文明，其歷史也可追溯到公元前4000年。公元前3100年左右，上埃及國王美尼斯統(tǒng)一上下埃及，開始了史稱的埃及王朝時期，也就代表了古埃及文明的正式開始。
5、蘇美爾文明主要是關(guān)于兩河流域，美索不達(dá)米亞平原的文明。著重談了蘇美爾文明。剛開始，說兩河流域和埃及的古文明幾乎同時開始。然后對比了這兩個地方的地理位置和自然環(huán)境，兩河流域是平原，沒有自然屏障，于是容易被外界入侵，所以該地區(qū)的政權(quán)很不穩(wěn)定，等等。然后著重談了蘇美爾文明，講了他們的起源和文化上的特點，然后說由于兩河流域沒有石頭，他們的建筑材料都是一些泥土和木頭，因此很少有遺跡，不像埃及。隨后重點介紹了蘇美爾文明的宗教制度和政治經(jīng)濟(jì)制度。
兩河流域的Sumerian（蘇美爾人）文化。首先講到埃及有強(qiáng)大的法老政權(quán)，與埃及同時期在美索不達(dá)米亞平原出現(xiàn)了蘇美爾人文化，但是這一文化很難有強(qiáng)大的統(tǒng)一政權(quán)，因為平原缺少天險用于防御，容易被外族入侵。該文化缺少建筑物的遺跡，因為大量使用了木材作為建筑材料，而木材容易腐爛，所以很難對該文化加以研究。不過，蘇美爾人留下了大量的石板文字可供研究。
5美索布達(dá)米婭文化
第一段：美文化和埃及文化同時，但因為美的地域限制一直沒有統(tǒng)一。（有題）
第二段：直到一種S人來統(tǒng)一，說了他們的來源和歷史，他們建立了一種s文化
第三段：S文化的實物遺跡少，這又兩方面原因：一當(dāng)?shù)厥喜回S富二當(dāng)?shù)厝藳]有厚葬的習(xí)慣。所以對S的了解主要基于文字。
第四段：在S文化中最重要的是宗教，每一個城市有一個local god, god無比神圣擁有一切，代表本城在她的fellow中議事。（有題）社會的經(jīng)濟(jì)市場就是以寺廟為中心，由牧師組織交易，所以很多的牧師紀(jì)錄都與此有關(guān)。