CET4語(yǔ)法復(fù)習(xí)之一
動(dòng)賓一致
英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法規(guī)定，用于賓語(yǔ)的詞語(yǔ)應(yīng)使用它們的賓格。能夠用做賓語(yǔ)的詞類中只有人稱代詞有特別的賓格形式，其他詞類如名詞原形即可用于賓格，無須變化。詞與詞之間的固定搭配屬于英語(yǔ)的慣用法。一些動(dòng)詞與它們用于賓語(yǔ)的名詞之間也存在固定搭配現(xiàn)象。
【例如】
to acquire knowledge
獲得知識(shí)
to get a job
獲得工作
to obtain a position
獲得工作 ( 語(yǔ)氣較莊重 )
to achieve success
獲得成功本文來源:考試大網(wǎng)
to gain reputation
獲得聲譽(yù)
to attain one's end
達(dá)到目的
to do sb. a favor
請(qǐng)幫忙
這類慣用法沒有太多的章法可循 , 只有在平時(shí)的閱讀中多看，多記。
時(shí)態(tài)一致
時(shí)態(tài)一致
1) 并列謂語(yǔ)的時(shí)態(tài)一致。
【例如】 Yesterday I went shopping, bought some books and had dinner at a good restaurant.
The soldier looked at him, exchanged glances with his comrade and took out the gun.
2) 主從復(fù)合句的時(shí)態(tài)一致。
a) 主句為現(xiàn)在時(shí)、將來時(shí)、現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)，賓語(yǔ)從句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)按情況而定。
【例如】
I wonder what will happen tomorrow.
I wonder what happened to him yesterday.
I wonder what is happening now outside.
b) 主句為過去時(shí)態(tài)，賓語(yǔ)從句一般用過去時(shí)態(tài)。如果賓語(yǔ)從句說明的是客觀真理，用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)。
【例如】
He told me he made a big mistake.
He told me he would go to Beijing the next day.
He told he had finished his task.
The teacher told students that the earth moves around the sun.( 客觀真理 )
3) 定語(yǔ)從句和比較狀語(yǔ)從句時(shí)態(tài)不受主句影響。
【例如】
The universityswhereshe is studying was founded in 1950.
You now speak English better than you spoke it last year.
4) 時(shí)間和條件狀語(yǔ)從句中，常用現(xiàn)在時(shí)表示將來。
【例如】
We will cancel our trip if it rains tomorrow.
I will go to visit the Summer Palace as soon as I arrive in Beijing .
集合名詞的主謂一致
集合名詞作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，主謂一致關(guān)系是一個(gè)較為復(fù)雜的問題。對(duì)此類問題我們可以從“數(shù)”的角度分為四類。
1) 單數(shù)—復(fù)數(shù)型。凡是有復(fù)數(shù)詞尾變化形式的集合名詞都屬于此類。如： a class — classes; a family — families; a government—governments; an army—armies; a people—peoples; a group—groups; a crowd—crowds; a crew — crews 等。這類集合名詞強(qiáng)調(diào)的是整體性，即當(dāng)作一個(gè)整體或多個(gè)整體來看待。屬于這類集合名詞的單數(shù)作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)；復(fù)數(shù)形式作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)。
【例如】
A big crowd often gathers on the square every morning.
The government has decided to pass the bill.
There are huge crowds in the streets on Sunday.
There are many English-speaking peoples in the world.
但應(yīng)注意，這類集合名詞的單數(shù)形式有時(shí)表示復(fù)數(shù)概念，所以這些集合名詞的單數(shù)形式也可歸為“單復(fù)同形型”中。
2) 單數(shù)型。這類集合名詞表示的是人或事物的整體，即把這類人或事物的全部包括在內(nèi)，所以只有單數(shù)形式。如作主語(yǔ)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞常用單數(shù)。這類名詞常見的有： humanity, mankind, proletariat 等。
【例如】 The proletariat is the greatest class in the history of mankind. In the fields of production and scientific experiment, mankind makes constant progress.
3) 復(fù)數(shù)型。這類集合名詞在形式和內(nèi)容上是相互矛盾的，就是說它們只有單數(shù)形式，但表達(dá)的都是復(fù)數(shù)概念。它強(qiáng)調(diào)的是集體中的個(gè)體性。這類名詞有： police, cattle, faculty, flock, machinery, vermin, personnel 等。它們作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞要用復(fù)數(shù)。
【例如】 The police have caught the murder.
Our personnel are very highly trained.
The vermin are very dangerous.
4) 單復(fù)同形型。這類集合名詞的單數(shù)形式既可表示單數(shù)也可表示復(fù)數(shù)。作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，用單數(shù)動(dòng)詞或復(fù)數(shù)動(dòng)詞均可，有時(shí)意義區(qū)別不大。
【例如】 The school teaching staff are (is) excellent.
The public is (are) requested not to litter in the park.
The teaching profession claim(s) to be badly paid.
這類集合名詞常見的有： class, family, team, crew, board, herd, committee, party, jury, enemy, audience 等。
根據(jù)說話人的心理意向若把這個(gè)集合名詞所代表的人或事物看作一個(gè)整體，就認(rèn)為是單數(shù)，用單數(shù)動(dòng)詞；若把它所代表的人或事物看作若干個(gè)個(gè)體的話，就認(rèn)為其為復(fù)數(shù)，用復(fù)數(shù)動(dòng)詞。
試比較： The football team is playing well.
那個(gè)足球隊(duì)打得非常漂亮。
The football team areshavingsbath and are then coming back here for tea.
足球隊(duì)員們正在洗澡，然后來這里吃茶點(diǎn)。
The family is a very happy one.
那個(gè)家庭是一個(gè)非常幸福的家庭。
That family are very pleased about the news of William's success.
全家人對(duì)威廉的成功都感到很高興。
動(dòng)賓一致
英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法規(guī)定，用于賓語(yǔ)的詞語(yǔ)應(yīng)使用它們的賓格。能夠用做賓語(yǔ)的詞類中只有人稱代詞有特別的賓格形式，其他詞類如名詞原形即可用于賓格，無須變化。詞與詞之間的固定搭配屬于英語(yǔ)的慣用法。一些動(dòng)詞與它們用于賓語(yǔ)的名詞之間也存在固定搭配現(xiàn)象。
【例如】
to acquire knowledge
獲得知識(shí)
to get a job
獲得工作
to obtain a position
獲得工作 ( 語(yǔ)氣較莊重 )
to achieve success
獲得成功本文來源:考試大網(wǎng)
to gain reputation
獲得聲譽(yù)
to attain one's end
達(dá)到目的
to do sb. a favor
請(qǐng)幫忙
這類慣用法沒有太多的章法可循 , 只有在平時(shí)的閱讀中多看，多記。
時(shí)態(tài)一致
時(shí)態(tài)一致
1) 并列謂語(yǔ)的時(shí)態(tài)一致。
【例如】 Yesterday I went shopping, bought some books and had dinner at a good restaurant.
The soldier looked at him, exchanged glances with his comrade and took out the gun.
2) 主從復(fù)合句的時(shí)態(tài)一致。
a) 主句為現(xiàn)在時(shí)、將來時(shí)、現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)，賓語(yǔ)從句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)按情況而定。
【例如】
I wonder what will happen tomorrow.
I wonder what happened to him yesterday.
I wonder what is happening now outside.
b) 主句為過去時(shí)態(tài)，賓語(yǔ)從句一般用過去時(shí)態(tài)。如果賓語(yǔ)從句說明的是客觀真理，用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)。
【例如】
He told me he made a big mistake.
He told me he would go to Beijing the next day.
He told he had finished his task.
The teacher told students that the earth moves around the sun.( 客觀真理 )
3) 定語(yǔ)從句和比較狀語(yǔ)從句時(shí)態(tài)不受主句影響。
【例如】
The universityswhereshe is studying was founded in 1950.
You now speak English better than you spoke it last year.
4) 時(shí)間和條件狀語(yǔ)從句中，常用現(xiàn)在時(shí)表示將來。
【例如】
We will cancel our trip if it rains tomorrow.
I will go to visit the Summer Palace as soon as I arrive in Beijing .
集合名詞的主謂一致
集合名詞作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，主謂一致關(guān)系是一個(gè)較為復(fù)雜的問題。對(duì)此類問題我們可以從“數(shù)”的角度分為四類。
1) 單數(shù)—復(fù)數(shù)型。凡是有復(fù)數(shù)詞尾變化形式的集合名詞都屬于此類。如： a class — classes; a family — families; a government—governments; an army—armies; a people—peoples; a group—groups; a crowd—crowds; a crew — crews 等。這類集合名詞強(qiáng)調(diào)的是整體性，即當(dāng)作一個(gè)整體或多個(gè)整體來看待。屬于這類集合名詞的單數(shù)作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)；復(fù)數(shù)形式作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)。
【例如】
A big crowd often gathers on the square every morning.
The government has decided to pass the bill.
There are huge crowds in the streets on Sunday.
There are many English-speaking peoples in the world.
但應(yīng)注意，這類集合名詞的單數(shù)形式有時(shí)表示復(fù)數(shù)概念，所以這些集合名詞的單數(shù)形式也可歸為“單復(fù)同形型”中。
2) 單數(shù)型。這類集合名詞表示的是人或事物的整體，即把這類人或事物的全部包括在內(nèi)，所以只有單數(shù)形式。如作主語(yǔ)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞常用單數(shù)。這類名詞常見的有： humanity, mankind, proletariat 等。
【例如】 The proletariat is the greatest class in the history of mankind. In the fields of production and scientific experiment, mankind makes constant progress.
3) 復(fù)數(shù)型。這類集合名詞在形式和內(nèi)容上是相互矛盾的，就是說它們只有單數(shù)形式，但表達(dá)的都是復(fù)數(shù)概念。它強(qiáng)調(diào)的是集體中的個(gè)體性。這類名詞有： police, cattle, faculty, flock, machinery, vermin, personnel 等。它們作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞要用復(fù)數(shù)。
【例如】 The police have caught the murder.
Our personnel are very highly trained.
The vermin are very dangerous.
4) 單復(fù)同形型。這類集合名詞的單數(shù)形式既可表示單數(shù)也可表示復(fù)數(shù)。作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，用單數(shù)動(dòng)詞或復(fù)數(shù)動(dòng)詞均可，有時(shí)意義區(qū)別不大。
【例如】 The school teaching staff are (is) excellent.
The public is (are) requested not to litter in the park.
The teaching profession claim(s) to be badly paid.
這類集合名詞常見的有： class, family, team, crew, board, herd, committee, party, jury, enemy, audience 等。
根據(jù)說話人的心理意向若把這個(gè)集合名詞所代表的人或事物看作一個(gè)整體，就認(rèn)為是單數(shù)，用單數(shù)動(dòng)詞；若把它所代表的人或事物看作若干個(gè)個(gè)體的話，就認(rèn)為其為復(fù)數(shù)，用復(fù)數(shù)動(dòng)詞。
試比較： The football team is playing well.
那個(gè)足球隊(duì)打得非常漂亮。
The football team areshavingsbath and are then coming back here for tea.
足球隊(duì)員們正在洗澡，然后來這里吃茶點(diǎn)。
The family is a very happy one.
那個(gè)家庭是一個(gè)非常幸福的家庭。
That family are very pleased about the news of William's success.
全家人對(duì)威廉的成功都感到很高興。