2011考研英語押題:2011年考研英語考前押題及參考答案解析(2)

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Section Ⅱ Reading Comprehension
     Part A Directions:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points)
     Text 1 It was the biggest scientific grudge match since the space race. The Genome Wars had everything:two groups with appealing leaders ready to fight in a scientific dead heat, pushing the limits of technology and rhetoric as they battled to become the first to read every last one of the 3 billion DNA “l(fā)etters” in the human body. The scientific importance of the work is unquestionable. The completed DNA sequence is expected to give scientists unprecedented insights into the workings of the human body, revolutionizing medicine and biology. But the race itself, between the government‘s Human Genome Project and Rockville, Md., biotechnology company Celera Genomics, was at least partly symbolic, the public/private conflict played out in a genetic lab. Now the race is over. After years of public attacks and several failed attempts at reconciliation, the two sides are taking a step toward a period of calm. HGP head Francis Collins (and Ari Patrinos of the Department of Energy, an important ally on the government side) and Craig Venter, the founder of Celera, agreed to hold a joint press conference in Washington this Monday to declare that the race was over (sort of), that both sides had won (kind of) and that the hostilities were resolved (for the time being)。
     No one is exactly sure how things will be different now. Neither side will be turning off its sequencing machines any time soon—the “finish lines” each has crossed are largely arbitrary points, “first drafts” rather than the definitive version. And while the joint announcement brings the former Genome Warriors closer together than they‘re been in years, insiders say that future agreements are more likely to take the form of coordination, rather than outright collaboration. The conflict blew up, this February when Britain’s Wellcome Trust, an HGP participant, released a confidential letter to Celera outlining the HGP‘s complaints. Venter called the move “a lowlife thing to do.” But by spring, there were the first signs of a thaw. “The attacks and nastiness are bad for science and our investors,” Venter told Newsweek in March, “and fighting back is probably not helpful.” At a cancer meeting earlier this month, Venter and Collins praised each other’s approaches, and expressed hope that all of the scientists involved in sequencing the human genome would be able to share the credit. By late last week, that hope was becoming a reality as details for Monday‘s joint announcement were hammered out. Scientists in both camps welcomed an end to the hostilities. “If this ends the horse race, science wins.” With their difference behind them, or at least set aside, the scientists should now be able to get down to the interesting stuff: figuring how to make use of all that data.
     1. The recent Genome Wars were symbolic of _____.
     [A] the enthusiasm in scientific research[B] the significance of the space race
     [C] the public versus private conflict[D] the prospect of the completion of DNA sequence
     2. The tone of the author in reporting the joint press conference this Monday is _____.
     [A] astonished [B] enthusiastic [C] disappointed [D] objective
     3. It is implied in the third paragraph that _____.
     [A] the “finish lines” refers to completion of DNA research.
     [B] former Genome Warriors will never fight again.
     [C] the former warriors are now collaborators
     [D] both sides will still work on independently
     4. The word “thaw”(Line 3, Paragraph 4) most probably means _____ 。
     [A] aggravation of tension[B] improvement in relation
     [C] intensification in attacks[D] ending of coordination
     5. The critical issue facing the scientists is to _____.
     [A] apply the newly-found knowledge to the benefit of mankind
     [B] end their horse race for the success of science
     [C] get down to their genome research
     [D] set their differences aside
    答案1.C 2.D 3.D 4.B 5.A
     總體分析本文介紹了基因組測序過程中兩個科研機構(gòu)之間的分歧與合作。
     第一段:介紹了基因組之戰(zhàn)的參戰(zhàn)方,斗爭的內(nèi)容及其象征意義。
     第二、三段:介紹了現(xiàn)在的和平階段并對這次的和解發(fā)表評論。雙方將通過共同召開記者招待會來宣布和解,但這次和解對他們之間的關(guān)系不一定會帶來實質(zhì)性的變化。
     第四段:回顧了雙方由矛盾爆發(fā)到走向和解的過程,并指出了他們下一步面臨的關(guān)鍵問題。
     試題精解1.最近的基因組之戰(zhàn)象征 ______.[A] 對科學研究的熱情[B] 星球大戰(zhàn)的重要性[C] 公私矛盾[D] DNA測序結(jié)束的前景[精解] 本題考查事實細節(jié)。文章首段最后一句話說:政府的人類基因組項目與塞萊拉基因公司之間的競爭至少具有部分的象征意義——公私矛盾在基因?qū)嶒炇疑涎?。[C]項是對該句的改寫,是正確項。[A]項是文中沒有涉及的問題。文章首句提到了星球大戰(zhàn),是為了說明基因之戰(zhàn)的激烈性,與它的象征意義無關(guān),[B]項不能選。[D]項也與“基因組之戰(zhàn)”無關(guān)。
     2.作者在報導本周一的記者招待會時的語氣是 _____.[A] 驚訝的 [B] 充滿熱情的 [C] 失望的 [D] 客觀的[精解] 本題考查推理引申。第二段最后一句是對周一記者招待會的具體報導。作者在正文中是直接引用會議中兩方的聲明,而為了說明真實情況保持客觀性,作者在括號中用了一系列表程度的詞加以限制,所以[D]項正確。全文作者只是在客觀地介紹一種現(xiàn)象,沒有表現(xiàn)出其他項所說的“驚訝”、“熱情”或“失望”。
     3.第三段暗示_____.[A] “終點線”指DNA研究的結(jié)束[B] 以前的基因勇士們將永遠不會再對抗了[C] 以前的勇士現(xiàn)在是合作伙伴[D] 雙方將仍然繼續(xù)獨立地工作[精解] 本題考查推理引申。第三段最后一句提到:盡管共同宣言使以前的基因勇士們比幾年來都更加親密,內(nèi)部人士說未來達成的共識可能更多采取協(xié)調(diào)的形式,而不是直接的合作。[D]項所述內(nèi)容是該句的言外之意。
     由第三段的第二句話可知 finish line指基因測序工程基本完成,但所得結(jié)果只是初稿,還不是最終的確定版本,所以研究還要繼續(xù),[A]項錯誤。該段首句說:沒人確定現(xiàn)在情形與以前有何不同??梢姡麄円院髸粫倨鸱闊熓遣淮_定的事,所以[B]項錯誤。[C]項與[D]項相反,由對[D]項的分析,可知[C]項錯誤。
     4.“thaw”這個詞最有可能意為 _____.[A] 緊張形勢的惡化 [B] 關(guān)系改進[C] 攻擊更加激烈 [D] 停止協(xié)作[精解] 本題考查詞義的理解。第四段開始講到矛盾的爆發(fā)。第三句but轉(zhuǎn)折指出,……there were the first signs of a thaw,下文又以塞萊拉公司創(chuàng)始人認為對抗不好的講話和一次癌癥會議上雙方的互相稱贊為例,對該句話進行論證??梢娝麄兊年P(guān)系是改善了,所以[B]項正確。單詞thaw意為“解凍”,與[B]項一致。其他項均是說不好的方面,與文意不符。
     5.科學家們面臨的最緊迫的事情是要 _____.[A] 把新發(fā)現(xiàn)的知識用來為人類服務(wù)[B] 為了科學的勝利結(jié)束他們之間的競爭[C] 潛心進行他們的基因組研究[D] 將他們的分歧先擱置到一邊[精解] 本題考查事實細節(jié)。文章最后一句話提到,現(xiàn)在把分歧拋在了背后,或者至少暫時放在了一邊,科學家們應(yīng)該能夠開始好好研究這個有趣的問題了:考慮怎樣利用那些數(shù)據(jù)。
     [A]項與該句同義,正確。[D]項是已經(jīng)做到的事情,不能選。現(xiàn)階段敵對已經(jīng)結(jié)束,基因測序也已完成,所以[B]、[C]項都不再是迫切需要做的事情。
     核心詞匯或超綱詞匯(1)grudge(n.)忌恨,妒忌(v.)嫉妒;吝惜,不愿意給或承認~ the tuition money不愿付學費(2)genome(n.)基因組,染色體組(3)dead beat勝負不分的賽跑或競賽,平局(4)reconciliation(n.)調(diào)解,調(diào)和;和諧,一致;reconcile(v.)調(diào)和,調(diào)停;使和解;(to)使接受be ~ed to the loss of his wife接受了喪妻的事實;(with)使符合,使一致~ their words with their actions使他們的言行一致(5)hostility(n.)敵意,敵對,反對;(復數(shù)形式)戰(zhàn)斗,戰(zhàn)爭(6)arbitrary(a.)任意的,武斷的;*的,專斷的;arbitrate(v.)作出公斷,仲裁(7)thaw(n.)解凍,解凍期(v.)融化,解凍;(態(tài)度、感情等)趨于和緩(8)hammer(v.)用錘敲打;錘打,敲打~ at the door敲門;~ out經(jīng)過仔細研究訂出或達成(9)get down to開始處理;認真做~ business 辦正經(jīng)事
     全文翻譯基因組之戰(zhàn)是太空時代以來科學的一場積怨引發(fā)的斗爭。這場戰(zhàn)爭里什么都有:兩組人馬各自擁有重量級人物,在科學領(lǐng)域中準備進行一場勝負難料的戰(zhàn)斗;他們爭取優(yōu)先解讀人體30億DNA中的每一個“字母”,在這場戰(zhàn)斗中,他們把科技和語言技巧用到了極限。該項目的科學重要性是毋庸置疑的。完整的基因排序?qū)⒂型麨榭茖W家研究人體的工作原理提供前所未有的啟迪,給醫(yī)學和生物學帶來革命。但這場政府的人類基因組項目和馬里蘭州洛克維爾市塞萊拉基因組公司之間的競爭本身至少具有部分的象征意義——公私矛盾在基因?qū)嶒炇疑涎荨?BR>     現(xiàn)在競賽結(jié)束了。經(jīng)過幾年的公開抨擊和多次試圖和解的失敗,現(xiàn)在雙方正走向一個和平時期。人類基因組項目的首領(lǐng)弗朗西絲??铝炙梗ê驼矫孀钪匾囊粋€合作者,能源部的阿里。派翠諾斯)和塞萊拉的創(chuàng)始人奎格。文特同意本周一在華盛頓聯(lián)合召開一次記者招待會,以宣布:競爭已經(jīng)結(jié)束(從某些方面說),雙方都取得了勝利(在某種程度上),而且戰(zhàn)爭已經(jīng)消失(暫時地)。
     沒人完全確定現(xiàn)在情形有何不同。任何一方都不會很快停止其基因圖譜研究 ——雙方跨過的“終點線”基本上是武斷的,是“初稿”而不是定稿。盡管這次聯(lián)合宣言使原先的基因組勇士們比幾年來任何時候都更關(guān)系密切,但內(nèi)部人士說:未來的一致性將更可能以協(xié)調(diào)的形式出現(xiàn),而不是直接的合作。
     矛盾爆發(fā)于今年2月,當時人類基因組項目的一個參與者英國韋爾科姆基金會公布了一份給塞萊拉的信件,概述了人類基因組項目的抱怨。文特把這一舉動稱為“低級動物的作為”。但是到了春天,出現(xiàn)了“解凍”的曙光。文特三月份告訴《新聞周刊》說:“這些攻擊和污*的行為對科學和我們的投資者都是不利的,反擊也于事無補?!痹诒驹鲁醯囊淮伟┌Y會議上,文特和柯林斯相互稱贊彼此的方法,而且表達了希望所有參與人類基因組測序的科學家都能分享功勞的愿望。到了上周后幾天,關(guān)于周一發(fā)表聯(lián)合聲明的細節(jié)經(jīng)過仔細考慮被敲定后,這一愿望成為了現(xiàn)實。雙方的科學家都歡迎對抗的結(jié)束。“如果賽馬就此結(jié)束,科學取得了勝利?!爆F(xiàn)在把分歧拋在了背后,或者至少暫時放在了一邊,科學家們應(yīng)該能夠開始好好研究這個有趣的問題了:考慮怎樣利用那些數(shù)據(jù)。