2011年天津市初中學業(yè)考查
歷史參考答案及評分標準
評分說明：
1．各題均按參考答案及評分標準評分。
2．若考生的非選擇題答案與參考答案不完全相同但言之有理，可酌情評分，但不得超過該題所分配的分數(shù)。
第Ⅰ卷共23題，每小題2分，共46分。
1．C
2．A
3．B
4．B
5．D
6．C
7．D
8．A
9．B
10．A
11．C
12．B
13．B
14．A
15．C
16．B
17．A
18．D
19．B
20．D
21．A
22．C
23．B
第Ⅱ卷共3題，共54分。
24．（22分）
（1）伏爾泰（或盧梭、孟德斯鳩）（2分）
（2）表1（8分）
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width=60>
style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 21pt; TEXT-ALIGN: center; mso-line-height-rule: exactly"
align=center> style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"> style="FONT-FAMILY: 微軟雅黑; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">國 face="Times New Roman"> style="FONT-FAMILY: 微軟雅黑; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">家 style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"> lang=EN-US>
style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; BORDER-: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; BORDER-LEFT-COLOR: #f0f0f0; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; WIDTH: 117pt; PADDING-: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt"
width=156>
style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 21pt; TEXT-ALIGN: center; mso-line-height-rule: exactly"
align=center> style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"> style="FONT-FAMILY: 微軟雅黑; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">法律文獻 style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"> lang=EN-US>
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width=296>
style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 21pt; TEXT-ALIGN: center; mso-line-height-rule: exactly"
align=center> style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"> style="FONT-FAMILY: 微軟雅黑; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">主 lang=EN-US> face="Times New Roman"> style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"> style="FONT-FAMILY: 微軟雅黑; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">張 lang=EN-US> face="Times New Roman"> style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"> style="FONT-FAMILY: 微軟雅黑; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">或 lang=EN-US> face="Times New Roman"> style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"> style="FONT-FAMILY: 微軟雅黑; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">意 lang=EN-US> face="Times New Roman"> style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"> style="FONT-FAMILY: 微軟雅黑; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">義
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style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BORDER-LEFT: windowtext 1pt solid; WIDTH: 44.75pt; BORDER--COLOR: #f0f0f0; PADDING-: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt"
width=60 rowSpan=2>
style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 21pt; TEXT-ALIGN: center; mso-line-height-rule: exactly"
align=center> style="FONT-FAMILY: 微軟雅黑; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">美國
style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; BORDER-LEFT-COLOR: #f0f0f0; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; WIDTH: 117pt; BORDER--COLOR: #f0f0f0; PADDING-: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt"
vAlign=top width=156>
style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 21pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly"> style="FONT-SIZE: small"> style="FONT-FAMILY: 微軟雅黑; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">《獨立宣言》（ lang=EN-US>2 style="FONT-FAMILY: 微軟雅黑; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">分）
style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; BORDER-LEFT-COLOR: #f0f0f0; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; WIDTH: 222.25pt; BORDER--COLOR: #f0f0f0; PADDING-: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt"
vAlign=top width=296>
style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 21pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly"> style="FONT-SIZE: small"> style="FONT-FAMILY: 微軟雅黑; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">宣告美利堅合眾國誕生
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vAlign=top width=156>
style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 21pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly"> style="FONT-SIZE: small"> style="FONT-FAMILY: 微軟雅黑; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">《 lang=EN-US> face="Times New Roman">1787 style="FONT-FAMILY: 微軟雅黑; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">年憲法》（ lang=EN-US> face="Times New Roman">2 style="FONT-FAMILY: 微軟雅黑; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">分） lang=EN-US>
style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; BORDER-LEFT-COLOR: #f0f0f0; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; WIDTH: 222.25pt; BORDER--COLOR: #f0f0f0; PADDING-: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt"
width=296>
style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 21pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly"> style="FONT-SIZE: small"> style="FONT-FAMILY: 微軟雅黑; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">確立美國是一個聯(lián)邦制國家
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width=60 rowSpan=2>
style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 21pt; TEXT-ALIGN: center; mso-line-height-rule: exactly"
align=center> style="FONT-FAMILY: 微軟雅黑; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">法國
style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; BORDER-LEFT-COLOR: #f0f0f0; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; WIDTH: 117pt; BORDER--COLOR: #f0f0f0; PADDING-: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt"
width=156>
style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 21pt; TEXT-ALIGN: center; mso-line-height-rule: exactly"
align=center> style="FONT-FAMILY: 微軟雅黑; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">《人權宣言》（ lang=EN-US>2 style="FONT-FAMILY: 微軟雅黑; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">分）
style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; BORDER-LEFT-COLOR: #f0f0f0; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; WIDTH: 222.25pt; BORDER--COLOR: #f0f0f0; PADDING-: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt"
vAlign=top width=296>
style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 21pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly"> style="FONT-SIZE: small"> style="FONT-FAMILY: 微軟雅黑; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">宣稱人們生來自由，權利平等，私有財產(chǎn)神圣不可侵犯。
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width=156>
style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 21pt; TEXT-ALIGN: center; mso-line-height-rule: exactly"
align=center> style="FONT-FAMILY: 微軟雅黑; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">《拿破侖法典》（ lang=EN-US>2 style="FONT-FAMILY: 微軟雅黑; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">分）
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vAlign=top width=296>
style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 21pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly"> style="FONT-SIZE: small"> style="FONT-FAMILY: 微軟雅黑; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">是一部典型的資產(chǎn)階級法典，后來成為近代歐洲資產(chǎn)階級法典的范本。
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style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 22pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0"> style="FONT-SIZE: small"> style="FONT-FAMILY: 微軟雅黑; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">（ lang=EN-US>3 style="FONT-FAMILY: 微軟雅黑; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">）表 lang=EN-US>2 style="FONT-FAMILY: 微軟雅黑; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">（ lang=EN-US> face="Times New Roman">12 style="FONT-FAMILY: 微軟雅黑; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">分）
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cellSpacing=0 cellPadding=0 border=1>
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width=97>
style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 21pt; TEXT-ALIGN: center; mso-line-height-rule: exactly"
align=center> style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"> style="FONT-FAMILY: 微軟雅黑; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">運 lang=EN-US>
style="FONT-FAMILY: 微軟雅黑; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">動 style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"> lang=EN-US>
style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; BORDER-: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; BORDER-LEFT-COLOR: #f0f0f0; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; WIDTH: 98.05pt; PADDING-: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt"
width=131>
style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 21pt; TEXT-ALIGN: center; mso-line-height-rule: exactly"
align=center> style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"> style="FONT-FAMILY: 微軟雅黑; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">綱領或口號 style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"> lang=EN-US>
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width=284>
style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 21pt; TEXT-ALIGN: center; mso-line-height-rule: exactly"
align=center> style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"> style="FONT-FAMILY: 微軟雅黑; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">意 lang=EN-US> face="Times New Roman">
style="FONT-FAMILY: 微軟雅黑; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">義 style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"> lang=EN-US>
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style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BORDER-LEFT: windowtext 1pt solid; WIDTH: 72.4pt; BORDER--COLOR: #f0f0f0; PADDING-: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt"
width=97>
style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 21pt; TEXT-ALIGN: center; mso-line-height-rule: exactly"
align=center> style="FONT-FAMILY: 微軟雅黑; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">辛亥革命
style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; BORDER-LEFT-COLOR: #f0f0f0; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; WIDTH: 98.05pt; BORDER--COLOR: #f0f0f0; PADDING-: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt"
width=131>
style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 21pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-line-height-rule: exactly"
align=left> style="FONT-FAMILY: 微軟雅黑; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">三民主義（或民族、民權、民生三大主義）（ lang=EN-US>6 style="FONT-FAMILY: 微軟雅黑; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">分）
style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; BORDER-LEFT-COLOR: #f0f0f0; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; WIDTH: 212.95pt; BORDER--COLOR: #f0f0f0; PADDING-: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt"
width=284>
style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 21pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly"> style="FONT-SIZE: small"> style="FONT-FAMILY: 微軟雅黑; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">成為孫中山領導辛亥革命的指導思想
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style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BORDER-LEFT: windowtext 1pt solid; WIDTH: 72.4pt; BORDER--COLOR: #f0f0f0; PADDING-: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt"
width=97>
style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 21pt; TEXT-ALIGN: center; mso-line-height-rule: exactly"
align=center> style="FONT-FAMILY: 微軟雅黑; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">新文化運動
style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; BORDER-LEFT-COLOR: #f0f0f0; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; WIDTH: 98.05pt; BORDER--COLOR: #f0f0f0; PADDING-: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt"
width=131>
style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 21pt; TEXT-ALIGN: center; mso-line-height-rule: exactly"
align=center> style="FONT-FAMILY: 微軟雅黑; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">民主、科學（ lang=EN-US>6 style="FONT-FAMILY: 微軟雅黑; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">分）
style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; BORDER-LEFT-COLOR: #f0f0f0; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; WIDTH: 212.95pt; BORDER--COLOR: #f0f0f0; PADDING-: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt"
vAlign=top width=284>
style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 21pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly"> style="FONT-SIZE: small"> style="FONT-FAMILY: 微軟雅黑; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">成為新文化運動的兩面大旗
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25．（18分）
（1）
①鴉片戰(zhàn)爭（4分）
②《辛丑條約》（4分）
（2）
①新中國成立（或開國大典）（4分）
②中國恢復聯(lián)合國合法席位、中日建交、中美建交。（答出任意一點即可得分 4分）
（3）
改革開放以來，隨著社會主義建設的迅速發(fā)展和綜合國力的提高，我國在國際事務中發(fā)揮越來越重要的作用。（言之成理即可得分 2分）
26．（14分）
（1）
第二次世界大戰(zhàn)后期，為敦促日本早日投降，1945年8月，美國向日本的廣島、長崎投放原子彈，造成大批平民傷亡，兩座城市頃刻變成廢墟。（4分）
（2）
①近代百年，中華民族屢遭外國侵略，飽受戰(zhàn)爭災難。新中國成立后，仍受到戰(zhàn)爭威脅，包括核武器的威脅。中國研制和發(fā)展少量核武器，不是為了威脅別人，而是為了維護國家主權，保衛(wèi)人民安寧生活。（3分）
②核武器的研制成功，打破了帝國主義的核壟斷，加強了我國的國防力量。同時，對維護世界和平，防止核戰(zhàn)爭，最終實現(xiàn)消滅核武器具有重要意義。（3分）
（3）
①切實加強核安全國際合作，世界各國共同攜手努力。
②加強相關立法和監(jiān)督管理機制，采取有效措施保護核材料和核設施安全。
③通過科技創(chuàng)新，提高核能安全開發(fā)與生產(chǎn)能力。
④努力尋找新的能源，研發(fā)獲取能量的新技術。
（言之成理即可得分 4分）
