二、國(guó)際貿(mào)易和國(guó)內(nèi)貿(mào)易的差異
1、成本差異
英文原文：International trade is typically more costly than domestic trade. The reason is that crossing a national border typically involves additional costs such as tariffs, time costs due to border delays, and costs associated with country differences such as language, the legal system, or a different culture.
注釋：typically: (typical) 代表性地，典型地 costly: (cost) 昂貴的, 代價(jià)(費(fèi)用)高的, 費(fèi)用大的 domestic trade：國(guó)內(nèi)貿(mào)易 national border: 國(guó)界 involve: 包括, 使陷于,卷入，涉及 additional: 附加的，另外的 tariff: 關(guān)稅 due to: 由于 delay: 耽擱，延遲 associate with: 與…聯(lián)系在一起，聯(lián)合 difference: 差異 legal system: 法律制度，法律體系
中文意思：國(guó)際貿(mào)易中的成本通常會(huì)明顯高于國(guó)內(nèi)貿(mào)易。原因是國(guó)際貿(mào)易通過一個(gè)國(guó)境時(shí)通常會(huì)產(chǎn)生附加的成本，比如關(guān)稅，邊境延誤產(chǎn)生的時(shí)間成本，以及由于國(guó)與國(guó)之間語言、法律體制或者文化等方面的差異所產(chǎn)生的成本。
2、生產(chǎn)要素差異來www.Examw.com
英文原文：Another difference between domestic and international trade is that factors of production such as capital and labor are typically more mobile within a country than across national borders.
注釋：factors of production: 生產(chǎn)要素 capital and labor: 資本和勞動(dòng)力 mobile: 移動(dòng)的，流動(dòng)的
中文意思：國(guó)內(nèi)貿(mào)易與國(guó)際貿(mào)易的另一個(gè)差異在于生產(chǎn)要素的流動(dòng)，比如資本和勞動(dòng)力在一國(guó)國(guó)內(nèi)的流動(dòng)比跨越國(guó)境的流動(dòng)要容易得多。
英文原文：Thus, international trade is mostly restricted to trade in goods and services.
注釋：mostly: (most) 主要地 be restricted to: 僅限于…，限制在… (restrict: 限制，約束)
中文意思：如此一來，國(guó)際貿(mào)易主要限于貨物和服務(wù)的交易。
英文原文：Then, trade in goods and services can serve as a substitute for trade in factors of production. Instead of importing the factor of production, a country can import goods that make intensive use of the factor of production and are thus embodying the respective factor.
注釋：serve as: 被用作..., 充當(dāng)..., 起...的作用 substitute: 代替品，代替物 instead of: 代替，而不是… intensive: 密集的，精深的，加強(qiáng)的 embodying (embody): 體現(xiàn)，包括，包含 respective: 各自的，分別的
中文意思：那么，貨物與服務(wù)的貿(mào)易可替代生產(chǎn)要素的貿(mào)易。一國(guó)可進(jìn)口生產(chǎn)要素密集型的貨物，這一貨物分別包含了各生產(chǎn)要素，而不用進(jìn)口生產(chǎn)要素。
英文原文：An example is the import of labor-intensive goods by the United States from China. Instead of importing labor, the United States is importing goods from China that were produced with Chinese labor.
注釋：an example: 舉例，例子 labor-intensive: 勞動(dòng)密集型的 United States: 美國(guó)
中文意思：例如美國(guó)從中國(guó)進(jìn)口勞動(dòng)密集型的貨物。美國(guó)從中國(guó)進(jìn)口的是用中國(guó)勞動(dòng)力生產(chǎn)的貨物而不是進(jìn)口勞動(dòng)力。
3、國(guó)際經(jīng)濟(jì)的命脈
英文原文：International trade is also a branch of economics, which, together with international finance, forms the larger branch of international economics.
注釋：branch: 分支，支系 together with: 和，加之;共同，一起 international finance: 國(guó)際金融 form: 構(gòu)成，形成，組成
中文意思：國(guó)際貿(mào)易是經(jīng)濟(jì)的一條命脈，它與國(guó)際金融共同構(gòu)成了國(guó)際經(jīng)濟(jì)更大的命脈。
三、國(guó)際貿(mào)易的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)
國(guó)際貿(mào)易主要包括了兩個(gè)方面的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)：經(jīng)濟(jì)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)和政治風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。
1、經(jīng)濟(jì)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)
英文原文：Economic risks include the risk of insolvency of the buyer; the risk of the failure of the buyer to pay the amount due within six months after the due date; the risk of non-acceptance; the risk of exchange rate, and so on.
注釋：include: 包括，包含 insolvency: 無力償還，破產(chǎn) failure: 失敗，無支付能力 amount: 金額，款額 due: 到期的，應(yīng)付的 non-acceptance: 不接受, 不兌現(xiàn), 拒絕承兌 exchange rate: 外匯匯率，外匯匯價(jià)
中文意思：經(jīng)濟(jì)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)包括：買方破產(chǎn);買方到期日后六個(gè)月內(nèi)不支付應(yīng)付款額;拒絕承兌;外匯風(fēng)險(xiǎn)等。
2、政治風(fēng)險(xiǎn)
英文原文：Political risks include the risk of cancellation or non-renewal of export or import licenses; war risks; risk of expropriation or confiscation of the importer’s company; risk of the imposition of an import ban after the shipment of the goods; transfer risk — imposition of exchange controls by the importer’s country or foreign currency shortages; and influence of political parties on an importer’s company.
注釋：cancellation: 注銷，作廢，取消 non-renewal ：不更換license: 許可(證)，執(zhí)照 expropriation: 征用, 收用, 征收 confiscation: 沒收, 充公, 征用 importer: 進(jìn)口商，輸入者 imposition: 強(qiáng)迫接受，征稅，負(fù)擔(dān) import ban: 進(jìn)口禁令(ban: 禁令)shipment: 裝船，裝運(yùn) transfer risk: 轉(zhuǎn)讓風(fēng)險(xiǎn)(transfer: 交付，轉(zhuǎn)讓(財(cái)產(chǎn)等))exchange controls: 外匯管制 foreign currency ：外幣 shortage: 缺乏，不足influence: 影響力, 權(quán)力, 勢(shì)力 political parties: 政黨
中文意思：政治風(fēng)險(xiǎn)主要包括：取消或不更換出口或進(jìn)口許可證;戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)風(fēng)險(xiǎn);進(jìn)口商公司被征用或者充公;貨物裝船后強(qiáng)制實(shí)施進(jìn)口禁令;轉(zhuǎn)讓風(fēng)險(xiǎn)——進(jìn)口商所在國(guó)家采取的強(qiáng)制性的外匯管制或者外幣緊缺;以及該國(guó)政黨對(duì)進(jìn)口商公司的影響。
1、成本差異
英文原文：International trade is typically more costly than domestic trade. The reason is that crossing a national border typically involves additional costs such as tariffs, time costs due to border delays, and costs associated with country differences such as language, the legal system, or a different culture.
注釋：typically: (typical) 代表性地，典型地 costly: (cost) 昂貴的, 代價(jià)(費(fèi)用)高的, 費(fèi)用大的 domestic trade：國(guó)內(nèi)貿(mào)易 national border: 國(guó)界 involve: 包括, 使陷于,卷入，涉及 additional: 附加的，另外的 tariff: 關(guān)稅 due to: 由于 delay: 耽擱，延遲 associate with: 與…聯(lián)系在一起，聯(lián)合 difference: 差異 legal system: 法律制度，法律體系
中文意思：國(guó)際貿(mào)易中的成本通常會(huì)明顯高于國(guó)內(nèi)貿(mào)易。原因是國(guó)際貿(mào)易通過一個(gè)國(guó)境時(shí)通常會(huì)產(chǎn)生附加的成本，比如關(guān)稅，邊境延誤產(chǎn)生的時(shí)間成本，以及由于國(guó)與國(guó)之間語言、法律體制或者文化等方面的差異所產(chǎn)生的成本。
2、生產(chǎn)要素差異來www.Examw.com
英文原文：Another difference between domestic and international trade is that factors of production such as capital and labor are typically more mobile within a country than across national borders.
注釋：factors of production: 生產(chǎn)要素 capital and labor: 資本和勞動(dòng)力 mobile: 移動(dòng)的，流動(dòng)的
中文意思：國(guó)內(nèi)貿(mào)易與國(guó)際貿(mào)易的另一個(gè)差異在于生產(chǎn)要素的流動(dòng)，比如資本和勞動(dòng)力在一國(guó)國(guó)內(nèi)的流動(dòng)比跨越國(guó)境的流動(dòng)要容易得多。
英文原文：Thus, international trade is mostly restricted to trade in goods and services.
注釋：mostly: (most) 主要地 be restricted to: 僅限于…，限制在… (restrict: 限制，約束)
中文意思：如此一來，國(guó)際貿(mào)易主要限于貨物和服務(wù)的交易。
英文原文：Then, trade in goods and services can serve as a substitute for trade in factors of production. Instead of importing the factor of production, a country can import goods that make intensive use of the factor of production and are thus embodying the respective factor.
注釋：serve as: 被用作..., 充當(dāng)..., 起...的作用 substitute: 代替品，代替物 instead of: 代替，而不是… intensive: 密集的，精深的，加強(qiáng)的 embodying (embody): 體現(xiàn)，包括，包含 respective: 各自的，分別的
中文意思：那么，貨物與服務(wù)的貿(mào)易可替代生產(chǎn)要素的貿(mào)易。一國(guó)可進(jìn)口生產(chǎn)要素密集型的貨物，這一貨物分別包含了各生產(chǎn)要素，而不用進(jìn)口生產(chǎn)要素。
英文原文：An example is the import of labor-intensive goods by the United States from China. Instead of importing labor, the United States is importing goods from China that were produced with Chinese labor.
注釋：an example: 舉例，例子 labor-intensive: 勞動(dòng)密集型的 United States: 美國(guó)
中文意思：例如美國(guó)從中國(guó)進(jìn)口勞動(dòng)密集型的貨物。美國(guó)從中國(guó)進(jìn)口的是用中國(guó)勞動(dòng)力生產(chǎn)的貨物而不是進(jìn)口勞動(dòng)力。
3、國(guó)際經(jīng)濟(jì)的命脈
英文原文：International trade is also a branch of economics, which, together with international finance, forms the larger branch of international economics.
注釋：branch: 分支，支系 together with: 和，加之;共同，一起 international finance: 國(guó)際金融 form: 構(gòu)成，形成，組成
中文意思：國(guó)際貿(mào)易是經(jīng)濟(jì)的一條命脈，它與國(guó)際金融共同構(gòu)成了國(guó)際經(jīng)濟(jì)更大的命脈。
三、國(guó)際貿(mào)易的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)
國(guó)際貿(mào)易主要包括了兩個(gè)方面的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)：經(jīng)濟(jì)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)和政治風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。
1、經(jīng)濟(jì)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)
英文原文：Economic risks include the risk of insolvency of the buyer; the risk of the failure of the buyer to pay the amount due within six months after the due date; the risk of non-acceptance; the risk of exchange rate, and so on.
注釋：include: 包括，包含 insolvency: 無力償還，破產(chǎn) failure: 失敗，無支付能力 amount: 金額，款額 due: 到期的，應(yīng)付的 non-acceptance: 不接受, 不兌現(xiàn), 拒絕承兌 exchange rate: 外匯匯率，外匯匯價(jià)
中文意思：經(jīng)濟(jì)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)包括：買方破產(chǎn);買方到期日后六個(gè)月內(nèi)不支付應(yīng)付款額;拒絕承兌;外匯風(fēng)險(xiǎn)等。
2、政治風(fēng)險(xiǎn)
英文原文：Political risks include the risk of cancellation or non-renewal of export or import licenses; war risks; risk of expropriation or confiscation of the importer’s company; risk of the imposition of an import ban after the shipment of the goods; transfer risk — imposition of exchange controls by the importer’s country or foreign currency shortages; and influence of political parties on an importer’s company.
注釋：cancellation: 注銷，作廢，取消 non-renewal ：不更換license: 許可(證)，執(zhí)照 expropriation: 征用, 收用, 征收 confiscation: 沒收, 充公, 征用 importer: 進(jìn)口商，輸入者 imposition: 強(qiáng)迫接受，征稅，負(fù)擔(dān) import ban: 進(jìn)口禁令(ban: 禁令)shipment: 裝船，裝運(yùn) transfer risk: 轉(zhuǎn)讓風(fēng)險(xiǎn)(transfer: 交付，轉(zhuǎn)讓(財(cái)產(chǎn)等))exchange controls: 外匯管制 foreign currency ：外幣 shortage: 缺乏，不足influence: 影響力, 權(quán)力, 勢(shì)力 political parties: 政黨
中文意思：政治風(fēng)險(xiǎn)主要包括：取消或不更換出口或進(jìn)口許可證;戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)風(fēng)險(xiǎn);進(jìn)口商公司被征用或者充公;貨物裝船后強(qiáng)制實(shí)施進(jìn)口禁令;轉(zhuǎn)讓風(fēng)險(xiǎn)——進(jìn)口商所在國(guó)家采取的強(qiáng)制性的外匯管制或者外幣緊缺;以及該國(guó)政黨對(duì)進(jìn)口商公司的影響。