Simulated National Entrance Test of English for MA/MS Candidates （2011）
Section ⅠUse of English
Directions：
Read the following text. Choose the best word（s） for each numbered blank and mark A， B， C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. （10 points）
Many foreigners who have not visited Britain call all the inhabitants English， for they are used to thinking of the British Isles as England. 1， the British Isles contain a variety of peoples， and only the people of England call themselves English. The others 2 to themselves as Welsh， Scottish， or Irish， 3 the case may be； they are often slightly annoyed 4 being classified as “English”。
Even in England there are many 5 in regional character and speech. The chief 6 is between southern England and northern England. South of a 7 going from Bristol to London， people speak the type of English usually learnt by foreign students， 8 there are local variations.
Further north regional speech is usually “9”than that of southern Britain. Northerners are 10 to claim that they work harder than Southerners， and are more 11. They are open-hearted and hospitable； foreigners often find that they make friends with them 12. Northerners generally have hearty 13： the visitor to Lancashire or Yorkshire， for instance， may look forward to receiving generous 14 at meal times.
In accent and character the people of the Midlands 15 a gradual change from the southern to the northern type of Englishman.
In Scotland the sound 16 by the letter “R” is generally a strong sound， and “R” is often pronounced in words in which it would be 17 in southern English. The Scots are said to be a serious， cautious， thrifty people， 18 inventive and somewhat mystical. All the Celtic peoples of Britain （the Welsh， the Irish， the Scots） are frequently 19 as being more “fiery” than the English. They are 20 a race that is quite distinct from the English. （289 words）
Notes： fiery暴躁的，易怒的。
1. ［A］In consequence［B］In brief［C］In general［D］In fact
2. ［A］confine［B］attach［C］refer［D］add
3. ［A］as［B］which［C］for［D］so
4. ［A］with［B］by［C］at［D］for
5. ［A］similarities［B］differences［C］certainties［D］features
6. ［A］factor［B］virtue［C］privilege［D］division
7. ［A］line［B］row［C］border［D］scale
8. ［A］who［B］when［C］though［D］for
9. ［A］wider［B］broader［C］rarer［D］scarcer
10. ［A］used［B］apt［C］possible［D］probable
11. ［A］perfect［B］notorious［C］superior［D］thorough
12. ［A］swiftly［B］promptly［C］immediately［D］quickly
13. ［A］appetites［B］tastes［C］interests［D］senses
14. ［A］helpings［B］offerings［C］fillings［D］findings
15. ［A］designate［B］demonstrate［C］represent［D］reckon
16. ［A］delivered［B］denoted［C］depicted［D］defined
17. ［A］quiet［B］obscure［C］faint［D］silent
18. ［A］rather［B］still［C］somehow［D］even
19. ［A］rendered［B］thought［C］impressed［D］described
20. ［A］with［B］of［C］among［D］against
Section ⅡReading Comprehension
Part A
Directions：
Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A， B， C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. （40 points）
Text1
We have known for a long time that the organization of any particular society is influenced by the definition of the sexes and the distinction drawn between them. But we have realized only recently that the identity of each sex is not so easy to pin down， and that definitions evolve in accordance with different types of culture known to us， that is， scientific discoveries and ideological revolutions. Our nature is not considered as immutable， either socially or biologically. As we approach the beginning of the 21st century， the substantial progress made in biology and genetics is radically challenging the roles， responsibilities and specific characteristics attributed to each sex， and yet， scarcely twenty years ago， these were thought to be “beyond dispute”。
We can safely say， with a few minor exceptions， that the definition of the sexes and their respective functions remained unchanged in the West from the beginning of the 19th century to the 1960s. The role distinction， raised in some cases to the status of uncompromising dualism on a strongly hierarchical model， lasted throughout this period， appealing for its justification to nature， religion and customs alleged to have existed since the dawn of time. The woman bore children and took care of the home. The man set out to conquer the world and was responsible for the survival of his family， by satisfying their needs in peacetime and going to war when necessary.
The entire world order rested on the divergence of the sexes. Any overlapping or confusion between the roles was seen as a threat to the time-honored order of things. It was felt to be against nature， a deviation from the norm.
Sex roles were determined according to the “place”appropriate to each. Women‘s place was， first and foremost， in the home. The outside world， i.e. workshops， factories and business firms， belonged to men. This sex-based division of the world （private and public） gave rise to a strict dichotomy between the attitudes， which conferred on each its special identity. The woman， sequestered at home， “cared， nurtured and conserved”。 To do this， she had no need to be daring， ambitious， tough or competitive. The man， on the other hand， competing with his fellow men， was caught up every day in the struggle for survival， and hence developed those characteristics which were thought natural in a man.
Today， many women go out to work， and their reasons for doing so have changed considerably. Besides the traditional financial incentives， we find ambition and personal fulfillment motivating those in the most favorable circumstances， and the wish to have a social life and to get out of their domestic isolation influencing others. Above all， for all women， work is invariably connected with the desire for independence. （454 words）
Notes： pin down 把…講明確；確定。immutable不可改變的。dualism雙重論。divergence分歧，偏離。overlapping部分巧合、一致。 time-honored 由來已久的。dichotomy 一分為二，對立。sequester使隔離。be caught up in 被纏住于，如：He is caught up in the trivia （瑣事） of everyday things. unduly過度地，不恰當(dāng)?shù)亍?BR> 21. It is only in recent years that we have recognized that
［A］there is almost no clue to the identity of both sexes.
［B］the role distinction between different sexes is conspicuous.
［C］the different definitions of sexes bears on the development of culture.
［D］the progress of civilization greatly influences the role definitions of sexes.
22. From paragraph 1 we can infer that it is now possible for women to embark on a career because
［A］the change in sex roles is out of the question.
［B］women‘s lib has been going on for many years.
［C］ideas about the roles of women have been changing.
［D］the expansion of sciences scarcely remolds the women‘s roles.
23. The author believes that sex discrimination in the West before the 1960s was
［A］preferable.
［B］prevalent.
［C］presumable.
［D］precedent.
24. According to the fourth paragraph， the author seems to think that
［A］female passivity is natural.
［B］men and women are physically identical.
［C］men are born competitive and aggressive.
［D］some different sex identity is acquired.
25. According to the author， which of the following is the most important reason for women to go to work？
［A］Wish to claim their rights and freedom.
［B］Ambition and self-fulfillment.
［C］Financial incentives.
［D］Desire for a social life.
Text2
The domestic economy in the United States expanded in a remarkably vigorous and steady fashion. The revival in consumer confidence was reflected in the higher proportion of incomes spent for goods and services and the marked increase in consumer willingness to take on installment debt. A parallel strengthening in business psychology was manifested in a stepped-up rate of plant and equipment spending and a gradual pickup in expenses for inventory. Confidence in the economy was also reflected in the strength of the stock market and in the stability of the bond market. For the year as a whole， consumer and business sentiment benefited from the ease in East-West tensions.
The bases of the business expansion were to be found mainly in the stimulative monetary and fiscal policies that had been pursued. Moreover， the restoration of sounder liquidity positions and tighter management control of production efficiency had also helped lay the groundwork for a strong expansion. In addition， the economic policy moves made by the President had served to renew optimism on the business outlook while boosting hopes that inflation would be brought under more effective control. Finally， of course， the economy was able to grow as vigorously as it did because sufficient leeway existed in terms of idle men and machines.
The United States balance of payments deficit declined sharply. Nevertheless， by any other test， the deficit remained very large， and there was actually a substantial deterioration in our trade account to a sizable deficit， almost two-thirds of which was with Japan. While the overall trade performance proved disappointing， there are still good reasons for expecting the delayed impact of devaluation to produce in time a significant strengthening in our trade picture. Given the size of the Japanese component of our trade deficit， however， the outcome will depend importantly on the extent of the corrective measures undertaken by Japan. Also important will be our own efforts in the United States to fashion internal policies consistent with an improvement in our external balance.
The underlying task of public policy for the year ahead—and indeed for the longer run—remained a familiar one： to strike the right balance between encouraging healthy economic growth and avoiding inflationary pressures. With the economy showing sustained and vigorous growth， and with the currency crisis highlighting the need to improve our competitive posture internationally， the emphasis seemed to be shifting to the problem of inflation. The Phase Three program of wage and price restraint can contribute to reducing inflation. Unless productivity growth is unexpectedly large， however， the expansion of real output must eventually begin to slow down to the economy‘s larger run growth potential if generalized demand pressures on prices are to be avoided. （449 words）
Notes： inventory 存貨。East-West tensions 東西方緊張局勢。fiscal （與國庫的錢有關(guān)的）財(cái)務(wù)的（常指稅收）。liquidity 周轉(zhuǎn)率，清償力。leeway 余地。given 鑒于，由于。the Phase Three program 第三階段計(jì)劃。
26. The author mentions increased installment debt in the first paragraph in order to show
［A］the continuing expansion of the economy.
［B］the growth of consumer purchasing power.
［C］the consumers‘confidence in the economy.
［D］the soaring consumer incomes for spending.
27. Paragraph 2 mainly deals with
［A］the revival of stronger liquidity positions.
［B］the stimulative monetary and fiscal policies.
［C］the causes of business development for the period.
［D］economic policy measures suggested by the President.
28. It can be inferred from the third paragraph that the author‘s attitude toward the reduction of the international payments deficit seems
［A］bitter-sweet.
［B］optimistic.
［C］sympathetic
［D］depressing.
29. Part of the public policy task， as outlined in the text， is to
［A］prevent payments deficit.
［B］avoid inflationary pressures.
［C］devalue the dollar.
［D］increase the balance of trade.
30. It can be learned from the last paragraph that the Phase Three program contained
［A］reduced government spending.
［B］devaluation of the dollar.
［C］productivity measures.
［D］wage and price controls.
Text3
Shopping has always been something of an impulse activity， in which objects that catch our fancy while strolling are immediately bought on a whim. Advertisers and sellers have taken advantage of this fact， carefully positioning inexpensive but attractive items on paths that we are most likely to cross， hoping that our human nature will lead to a greater profit for them. With the dawn of the Internet and its exploding use across the world， the same tactics apply.
Advertisers now place “banners”， links to commercial web sites decorated with attractive pictures designed to catch our eyes while browsing the webs， on key web sites with heavy traffic. They pay top dollar for the right， thus creating profits for the hosting web site as well. These actions are performed in the hopes that during the course of our casual and leisurely web surfing， we‘ll click on that banner that sparks our interest and thus， in theory， buy the products advertised.
Initial results have been positive. Web sites report a huge inflow of cash， both from the advertisers who tempt customers in with the banners and the hosting web sites， which are paid for allowing the banners to be put in place. As trust and confidence in Internet buying increases and information security is heightened with new technology， the volume of buying is increasing， leading to even greater profits.
The current situation， however， is not quite as optimistic. Just as magazine readers tend to unconsciously ignore advertisements in their favorite periodicals， web browsers are beginning to allow banners to slip their notice as well. Internet users respond to the flood of banners by viewing them as annoyances， a negative image that is hurting sales， since users are now less reluctant to click on those banners， preferring not to support the system that puts them in place. If Internet advertising is to continue to be a viable and profitable business practice， new methods will need to be considered to reinvigorate the industry.
With the recent depression in the technology sector and slowing economy， even new practices may not do the trick. As consumers are saving more and frequenting traditional real estate businesses over their Internet counterparts， the fate of Internet business is called into question. The coming years will be the only reliable indication of whether shopping on the world wide web is the wave of the future or simply an impulse activity whose whim has passed. （404 words）
Notes： on a whim 心血潮。surf v. 沖浪。in theory在理論上，順理成章。hosting訪問率高的。call.。。into question質(zhì)疑，對…提出疑問。
31. It can be learned from the first paragraph that Internet advertising
［A］ has taken the place of more traditional methods of advertising.
［B］ is one of the most effective ways to make profits on the web.
［C］ is paralleling advertising methods in traditional business settings.
［D］ seeks to tempt customers through impulse shopping methods.
32. The second and third paragraphs are written in order to illustrate
［A］ the policy Internet advertisers design to lure clientele and its outcome.
［B］ the process and mixed consequences of Internet advertising and shopping.
［C］ the biggest splash Internet advertisers have recently made in sales promotions.
［D］ the banners Internet advertisers take advantage of to arouse customers‘interest.
33. Analyzing the current state of the online advertising in paragraph 4， the author implies that
［A］ it has to be modified over time to remain effective.
［B］ for all its current profits， it will fade in the long run.
［C］ banners are beginning to lose their advertising efficiency.
［D］ Internet advertising methods will continue to decrease sales.
34.The expression “do the trick” in the last paragraph most probably means
［A］ come to the point.
［B］ fulfill their purpose.
［C］ fail of their success.
［D］ live up to their promise.
35. The author‘s attitude toward online advertising can be summarized as
［A］ reserved consent but discontent.
［B］ objective analysis void of opinions.
［C］ enthusiastic support but slight contempt.
［D］ approval so far but uncertainty in the future.
Text4
Picture-taking is a technique both for reflecting the objective world and for expressing the singular self. Photographs depict objective realities that already exist， though only the camera can disclose them. And they depict an individual photographer‘s temperament， discovering itself through the camera’s cropping of reality. That is， photography has two directly opposite ideals： in the first， photography is about the world and the photographer is a mere observer who counts for little； but in the second， photography is the instrument of fearlessness， questing subjectivity and the photographer is all.
These conflicting ideals arise from uneasiness on the part of both photographers and viewers of photographs toward the aggressive component in “taking” a picture. Accordingly， the ideal of a photographer as observer is attracting because it implicitly denies that picture-taking is an aggressive act. The issue， of course， is not so clear-cut. What photographers do cannot be characterized as simply predatory or as simply， and essentially， benevolent. As a consequence， one ideal of picture-taking or the other is always being rediscovered and championed.
An important result of the coexistence of these two ideals is a recurrent ambivalence toward photography‘s means. Whatever are the claims that photography might make to be a form of personal expression just like painting， its originality is closely linked to the power of a machine. The steady growth of these powers has made possible the extraordinary informativeness and imaginative formal beauty of many photographs， like Harold Edgerton’s high-speed photographs of a bullet hitting its target or of the swirls and eddies of a tennis stroke. But as cameras become more sophisticated， more automated， some photographers are tempted to disarm themselves or to suggest that they are not really armed， preferring to submit themselves to the limit imposed by pre-modern camera technology because a cruder， less high-powered machine is thought to give more interesting or emotive results， to leave more room for creative accident. For example， it has been virtually a point of honor for many photographers， including Walker Evans and Cartier Bresson， to refuse to use modern equipment. These photographers have come to doubt the value of the camera as an instrument of “fast seeing”。 Cartier Bresson， in fact， claims that the modern camera may see too fast.
This ambivalence toward photographic means determines trends in taste. The cult of the future （of faster and faster seeing） alternates over time with the wish to return to a purer past when images had a handmade quality. This longing for some primitive state of the photographic enterprise is currently widespread and underlies the present-day enthusiasm for daguerreotypes and the work of forgotten nineteenth-century provincial photographers. Photographers and viewers of photographs， it seems， need periodically to resist their own knowingness. （451 words）
Notes： crop vt. 播種，修剪（樹木），收割。count for little 無關(guān)緊要。predatory 掠奪成性的。champion n. 冠軍；vt. 支持。benevolent好心腸的，行善的。ambivalence 矛盾心理。make （+不定式）似乎要： He makes to begin. （他似乎要開始了。）swirls and eddies 漩渦。cult狂熱崇拜。daguerreotypes （初期的）銀板照相法。
36. The two directly opposite ideals of photography differ primarily in the
［A］emphasis that each places on the emotional impact of the finished product.
［B］degree of technical knowledge that each requires of the photographer.
［C］way in which each defines the role of the photographer.
［D］extent of the power that each requires of the photographer‘s equipment.
37. According to paragraph 2， the interest among photographers in each of the photography‘s two ideals can be described as
［A］steadily growing.
［B］cyclically recurring.
［C］continuously altering.
［D］spontaneously occurring.
38. The text states all of the following about photographs EXCEPT：
［A］They can display a cropped reality.
［B］They can convey information.
［C］They can depict the photographer‘s temperament.
［D］They can change the viewer‘s sensibilities.
39. The author mentions the work of Harold Edgerton in order to provide an example of
［A］the relationship between photographic originality and technology.
［B］how the content of photographs has changed from the nineteenth century to the twentieth.
［C］the popularity of high-speed photography in the twentieth century.
［D］how a controlled ambivalence toward photography‘s means can produce outstanding pictures.
40. The author is primarily concerned with
［A］describing how photographers‘individual temperaments are reflected in their work.
［B］establishing new technical standards for contemporary photography.
［C］analyzing the influence of photographic ideals on picture-taking.
［D］explaining how the technical limitations affect photographers‘work.
Part B
Directions：
In the following article， some sentences have been removed. For Questions 41—45， choose the most suitable one from the list A—G to fit into each of the numbered blanks. There are two extra choices， which do not fit in any of the gaps. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. （10 points）
The first two stages in the development of civilized man were probably the invention of primitive weapons and the discovery of fire， although nobody knows exactly when he acquired the use of the latter.
41）______________________ Animals have a few cries that serve as signals， but even the highest apes have not been found able to pronounce words， even with the most intensive professional instruction. The superior brain of man is apparently a necessity for the mastering of speech. When man became sufficiently intelligent， we must suppose that he gradually increased the number of cries for different purposes. It was a great day when he discovered that speech could be used for narrative. There are those who think that in this respect picture language preceded oral language. A man could draw a picture on the wall of his cave to show in which direction he had gone， or what prey he hoped to catch. 42）_________________________
Two important stages came not so long before the dawn of written history. The first was the domestication of animals； the second was agriculture. Agriculture made possible an immense increase in the number of the human species in the regions where it could be successfully practiced. 43）___________________________
44）______________________________
These inventions and discoveries—fire， speech， weapons domestic animals， agriculture， and writing—made the existence of civilized communities possible. From about 3000 B.C. until the beginning of the Industrial Revolution less than two hundred years ago there was no technical advance comparable to these. During this long period man had time to become accustomed to his technique， and to develop the beliefs and political organizations appropriate to it. There was， of course， an immense extension in the area of civilized life. At first it had been confined to the Nile， the Euphrates， the Tigris， and the Indus， but at the end of the period in question it covered much the greatest part of the inhabitable globe. I do not mean to suggest that there was no technical progress during the time. 45）______________________ （512 words）
Notes： ape 猿。pastoral nomad 田園式的游牧部落的人。the Euphrates 幼發(fā)拉底河。the Tigris 底格里斯河。the Indus 印度河。in question所談的（在名詞后作后置定語）。
［A］ Probably picture language and oral language developed side by side. I am inclined to think that language has been the most important single factor in the development of man.
［B］ Another fundamental technical advance was writing， which， like spoken language， developed out of pictures， but as soon as it had reached a certain stage， it was possible to keep records and transmit information to people who were not present when the information was given.
［C］ With the development of civilization， primitive people who lived in caves at that time badly needed a language， which would help them to communicate with one another.
［D］ The origin of language is also obscure. No doubt it began very gradually.
［E］ In fact， there was progress—there were even two inventions of very great importance， namely， gunpowder and the mariner‘s compass—but neither of these can be compared in their revolutionary power to such things as speech and writing and agriculture.
［F］ These were， at first， only those in which nature fertilized the soil after each harvest. Agriculture met with violent resistance from the pastoral nomads， but the agricultural way of life prevailed in the end because of the physical comforts it provided.
［G］ But industry was a step in human progress to which subsequently there was nothing comparable until our own machine age.
Part C
Directions：
Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET 2. （10 points）
Our daily existence is divided into two phases， as distinct as day and night. We call them work and play. We work many hours a day and we allow the necessary minimum for such activities as eating and shopping. 46） The rest we spend in various activities which are known as recreations， an elegant word which disguises the fact that we usually do not even play in our hours of leisure， but spend them in various forms of passive enjoyment or entertainment.
We need to make， therefore， a hard-and-fast distinction not only between work and play but， equally， between active play and passive entertainment. 47） It is， I suppose， the decline of active play — of amateur sport — and the enormous growth of purely receptive entertainment which have given rise to a sociological interest in the problem. If the greater part of the population， instead of indulging in sport， spend their hours of leisure “viewing” television programs， there will inevitably be a decline in health and physique. In addition， we have yet to trace the mental and moral consequences of prolonged diet of sentimental or sensational spectacles on the screen. 48） There is， if we are optimistic， the possibility that the diet is too thin and unnourishing to have much permanent effect on anybody. Nine films out of ten seem to leave absolutely no impression on the mind or imagination of those who have seen them.
49） It is only when entertainment is active， participated in， practiced， that it can properly be called play， and as such it is a natural use of leisure. In that sense play stands in contrast to work， and is usually regarded as an activity that alternates with work.
Work itself is not a single concept. We say quite generally that we work in order to make a living. Some of us work physically， tilling the land， minding the machines， digging the coal； others work mentally， keeping accounts， inventing machines， teaching and preaching， managing and governing. 50） There does not seem to be any factor common to all these diverse occupations， except that they consume our time， and leave us little leisure.（356 words）
Section ⅢWriting
Part A
51. Directions：
Read the following Chinese text and write an abstract of it in 80—100 English words on ANSWER SHEET 2. （10 points）
幫助孩子重新振作
孩子得不到幫助，后果可能很嚴(yán)重。根據(jù)一次全國性調(diào)查，父母離婚或分居的小孩在接下來的3年內(nèi)比別的小孩更有可能出現(xiàn)健康問題。父母離婚的小孩留級率或停學(xué)率可能是別的小孩的兩倍， 需要咨詢的概率很可能比別的小孩多3倍。
僅僅靠時間無法愈合這類精神創(chuàng)傷，這些孩子需要成年人的幫助。下面提供3項(xiàng)策略，是我在為這類有問題的家庭提供咨詢時總結(jié)出來的：
一、 盡早將真相告訴小孩。我們提出了以下幾個辦法：
親自向孩子透露令人沮喪的消息。當(dāng)孩子意識到自己和他所熟悉并信任的某個人共同分享真相時，他能正確面對幾乎任何事。如果有可能，離婚的父母雙方在孩子聽到他們離婚的消息時都應(yīng)在場。
如果家庭壓力與一個意外事故有關(guān)，要說清楚事故的原委。否則，有些孩子會產(chǎn)生無端的負(fù)罪感。
如果有較大的突發(fā)事件，要小心地解釋家庭生活可能會發(fā)生的變化。對孩子來說，了解任何事實(shí)比不明就里強(qiáng)。
二、 鼓勵孩子將自己的情緒講出來，但如果孩子還沒準(zhǔn)備好，也別強(qiáng)迫他們。小孩子和成年人一樣，也需要談?wù)勛约旱娜焙丁Ｄ憧梢杂孟旅鎺讉€方法幫他們敞開心扉：
發(fā)生悲劇時，首先跟孩子聊聊你自己的感受和煩惱，以便使孩子更容易表達(dá)出他們的感受。然后問些能引導(dǎo)進(jìn)一步討論的問題。
跟孩子談話要挑選適當(dāng)?shù)臅r機(jī)和場合。
如果你無法用言語表達(dá)痛苦或擔(dān)憂，可以考慮給你的孩子寫一封信。讓孩子理解你的內(nèi)心感受很重要，這樣他們才能更好地理解他們自己的感受。
三、 著眼于未來。我在伊利諾伊州的幾個朋友改建了住房。改建工程完成一個星期后，一場大火毀滅了房子，全家人差點(diǎn)兒葬身火海。
過后，父母和孩子們坐下來談話?！耙磺卸歼^去了，”母親說，“以后的生活絕不會跟以前一樣，一定會再好起來的?！苯?jīng)過一年的努力，全家人搬進(jìn)了新居，新房子就建在原先房子的所在地。他們的財(cái)產(chǎn)比以前少多了，但是他們感情上變堅(jiān)強(qiáng)了，決心在生活上翻開新的一頁。
當(dāng)危機(jī)襲來時，不健康的家庭會分崩離析，健康的家庭會向前看，重新構(gòu)建，他們通常會遵照下面的3條基本原則：
做父母的得先治愈自己的創(chuàng)傷。如果父母中的一方或父母雙方帶頭的話，孩子就比較容易從一次較大的家庭挫折中重新振作起來。衣阿華州立大學(xué)的一些研究人員在研究中西部450個家庭的青少年受家庭經(jīng)濟(jì)困難的影響時發(fā)現(xiàn)，家庭經(jīng)
濟(jì)問題對十幾歲少年的影響比其父母對家庭經(jīng)濟(jì)問題的反應(yīng)要小。
把注意力重新放到家庭的價值上。不要哀嘆因?yàn)槟愕呐渑紒G掉了他或她的工作你就再也不能享受某些活動了，不要喋喋不休地談?wù)摎в谝粓龊樗蚧馂?zāi)的家庭錄影集。
讓小孩子參與對某些事情的決策，讓他們感到自己在做貢獻(xiàn)。一年春天，一個有幾個小孩的朋友意識到，她那有病的、上了年紀(jì)的祖母再也無法自理，將不得不搬到他們那棟3個臥室的簡陋房子里。父母立即和7歲的兒子、兩歲的女兒討論這個問題?！拔覀兌急仨毐M力幫助她?！?母親說，“曾祖母需要一個自己的房間?！彼龑?歲的兒子說：“你妹妹還在睡嬰兒床，所以曾祖母只有睡你的床了。”
這男孩將不得不睡在客廳的沙發(fā)床上?！疤昧耍 蹦泻⒄f，他為能參與這一重要的家庭決定而感到高興，“我要讓她住我的房間?！崩咸徇M(jìn)來后，孩子們似乎能感受到她的需求，無論什么時候，只要她在場，他們甚至?xí)Ｖ箲T常的爭吵。
2007年，在做了14年的單身母親后，我再婚了。這件事并沒有給我那3個已成年的兒子帶來很大的壓力，但這畢竟是一個很大的調(diào)整。我耐心地等待著他們對這一重大變化完全適應(yīng)的跡象。
一天晚上，兒子們晚飯后要一起出去，他們一一跟我吻別道晚安。當(dāng)他們走近我的丈夫馬蒂時，我料想他們要和平時一樣依次跟他握手。然而，先是邁克爾，然后是湯姆和蒂姆，走到馬蒂跟前，第一次和他擁抱。那個簡單動作表明他們完全接受了這個繼父和我們新的家庭組合。我自豪地笑了，他們做得很好。他們能處理好他們未來人生道路上的任何問題。為人父母，最感到知足的莫過于此。（1552字）
注：重新振作bounce back.
Part B
52. Directions：
Write an essay of 160—200 words based on the following picture. In your essay， you should
1） describe the cartoon briefly，
2） interpret the social phenomenon reflected by the cartoon， and
3） give your point of view.
You should write it neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2. （20 points）
Section ⅠUse of English
Directions：
Read the following text. Choose the best word（s） for each numbered blank and mark A， B， C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. （10 points）
Many foreigners who have not visited Britain call all the inhabitants English， for they are used to thinking of the British Isles as England. 1， the British Isles contain a variety of peoples， and only the people of England call themselves English. The others 2 to themselves as Welsh， Scottish， or Irish， 3 the case may be； they are often slightly annoyed 4 being classified as “English”。
Even in England there are many 5 in regional character and speech. The chief 6 is between southern England and northern England. South of a 7 going from Bristol to London， people speak the type of English usually learnt by foreign students， 8 there are local variations.
Further north regional speech is usually “9”than that of southern Britain. Northerners are 10 to claim that they work harder than Southerners， and are more 11. They are open-hearted and hospitable； foreigners often find that they make friends with them 12. Northerners generally have hearty 13： the visitor to Lancashire or Yorkshire， for instance， may look forward to receiving generous 14 at meal times.
In accent and character the people of the Midlands 15 a gradual change from the southern to the northern type of Englishman.
In Scotland the sound 16 by the letter “R” is generally a strong sound， and “R” is often pronounced in words in which it would be 17 in southern English. The Scots are said to be a serious， cautious， thrifty people， 18 inventive and somewhat mystical. All the Celtic peoples of Britain （the Welsh， the Irish， the Scots） are frequently 19 as being more “fiery” than the English. They are 20 a race that is quite distinct from the English. （289 words）
Notes： fiery暴躁的，易怒的。
1. ［A］In consequence［B］In brief［C］In general［D］In fact
2. ［A］confine［B］attach［C］refer［D］add
3. ［A］as［B］which［C］for［D］so
4. ［A］with［B］by［C］at［D］for
5. ［A］similarities［B］differences［C］certainties［D］features
6. ［A］factor［B］virtue［C］privilege［D］division
7. ［A］line［B］row［C］border［D］scale
8. ［A］who［B］when［C］though［D］for
9. ［A］wider［B］broader［C］rarer［D］scarcer
10. ［A］used［B］apt［C］possible［D］probable
11. ［A］perfect［B］notorious［C］superior［D］thorough
12. ［A］swiftly［B］promptly［C］immediately［D］quickly
13. ［A］appetites［B］tastes［C］interests［D］senses
14. ［A］helpings［B］offerings［C］fillings［D］findings
15. ［A］designate［B］demonstrate［C］represent［D］reckon
16. ［A］delivered［B］denoted［C］depicted［D］defined
17. ［A］quiet［B］obscure［C］faint［D］silent
18. ［A］rather［B］still［C］somehow［D］even
19. ［A］rendered［B］thought［C］impressed［D］described
20. ［A］with［B］of［C］among［D］against
Section ⅡReading Comprehension
Part A
Directions：
Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A， B， C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. （40 points）
Text1
We have known for a long time that the organization of any particular society is influenced by the definition of the sexes and the distinction drawn between them. But we have realized only recently that the identity of each sex is not so easy to pin down， and that definitions evolve in accordance with different types of culture known to us， that is， scientific discoveries and ideological revolutions. Our nature is not considered as immutable， either socially or biologically. As we approach the beginning of the 21st century， the substantial progress made in biology and genetics is radically challenging the roles， responsibilities and specific characteristics attributed to each sex， and yet， scarcely twenty years ago， these were thought to be “beyond dispute”。
We can safely say， with a few minor exceptions， that the definition of the sexes and their respective functions remained unchanged in the West from the beginning of the 19th century to the 1960s. The role distinction， raised in some cases to the status of uncompromising dualism on a strongly hierarchical model， lasted throughout this period， appealing for its justification to nature， religion and customs alleged to have existed since the dawn of time. The woman bore children and took care of the home. The man set out to conquer the world and was responsible for the survival of his family， by satisfying their needs in peacetime and going to war when necessary.
The entire world order rested on the divergence of the sexes. Any overlapping or confusion between the roles was seen as a threat to the time-honored order of things. It was felt to be against nature， a deviation from the norm.
Sex roles were determined according to the “place”appropriate to each. Women‘s place was， first and foremost， in the home. The outside world， i.e. workshops， factories and business firms， belonged to men. This sex-based division of the world （private and public） gave rise to a strict dichotomy between the attitudes， which conferred on each its special identity. The woman， sequestered at home， “cared， nurtured and conserved”。 To do this， she had no need to be daring， ambitious， tough or competitive. The man， on the other hand， competing with his fellow men， was caught up every day in the struggle for survival， and hence developed those characteristics which were thought natural in a man.
Today， many women go out to work， and their reasons for doing so have changed considerably. Besides the traditional financial incentives， we find ambition and personal fulfillment motivating those in the most favorable circumstances， and the wish to have a social life and to get out of their domestic isolation influencing others. Above all， for all women， work is invariably connected with the desire for independence. （454 words）
Notes： pin down 把…講明確；確定。immutable不可改變的。dualism雙重論。divergence分歧，偏離。overlapping部分巧合、一致。 time-honored 由來已久的。dichotomy 一分為二，對立。sequester使隔離。be caught up in 被纏住于，如：He is caught up in the trivia （瑣事） of everyday things. unduly過度地，不恰當(dāng)?shù)亍?BR> 21. It is only in recent years that we have recognized that
［A］there is almost no clue to the identity of both sexes.
［B］the role distinction between different sexes is conspicuous.
［C］the different definitions of sexes bears on the development of culture.
［D］the progress of civilization greatly influences the role definitions of sexes.
22. From paragraph 1 we can infer that it is now possible for women to embark on a career because
［A］the change in sex roles is out of the question.
［B］women‘s lib has been going on for many years.
［C］ideas about the roles of women have been changing.
［D］the expansion of sciences scarcely remolds the women‘s roles.
23. The author believes that sex discrimination in the West before the 1960s was
［A］preferable.
［B］prevalent.
［C］presumable.
［D］precedent.
24. According to the fourth paragraph， the author seems to think that
［A］female passivity is natural.
［B］men and women are physically identical.
［C］men are born competitive and aggressive.
［D］some different sex identity is acquired.
25. According to the author， which of the following is the most important reason for women to go to work？
［A］Wish to claim their rights and freedom.
［B］Ambition and self-fulfillment.
［C］Financial incentives.
［D］Desire for a social life.
Text2
The domestic economy in the United States expanded in a remarkably vigorous and steady fashion. The revival in consumer confidence was reflected in the higher proportion of incomes spent for goods and services and the marked increase in consumer willingness to take on installment debt. A parallel strengthening in business psychology was manifested in a stepped-up rate of plant and equipment spending and a gradual pickup in expenses for inventory. Confidence in the economy was also reflected in the strength of the stock market and in the stability of the bond market. For the year as a whole， consumer and business sentiment benefited from the ease in East-West tensions.
The bases of the business expansion were to be found mainly in the stimulative monetary and fiscal policies that had been pursued. Moreover， the restoration of sounder liquidity positions and tighter management control of production efficiency had also helped lay the groundwork for a strong expansion. In addition， the economic policy moves made by the President had served to renew optimism on the business outlook while boosting hopes that inflation would be brought under more effective control. Finally， of course， the economy was able to grow as vigorously as it did because sufficient leeway existed in terms of idle men and machines.
The United States balance of payments deficit declined sharply. Nevertheless， by any other test， the deficit remained very large， and there was actually a substantial deterioration in our trade account to a sizable deficit， almost two-thirds of which was with Japan. While the overall trade performance proved disappointing， there are still good reasons for expecting the delayed impact of devaluation to produce in time a significant strengthening in our trade picture. Given the size of the Japanese component of our trade deficit， however， the outcome will depend importantly on the extent of the corrective measures undertaken by Japan. Also important will be our own efforts in the United States to fashion internal policies consistent with an improvement in our external balance.
The underlying task of public policy for the year ahead—and indeed for the longer run—remained a familiar one： to strike the right balance between encouraging healthy economic growth and avoiding inflationary pressures. With the economy showing sustained and vigorous growth， and with the currency crisis highlighting the need to improve our competitive posture internationally， the emphasis seemed to be shifting to the problem of inflation. The Phase Three program of wage and price restraint can contribute to reducing inflation. Unless productivity growth is unexpectedly large， however， the expansion of real output must eventually begin to slow down to the economy‘s larger run growth potential if generalized demand pressures on prices are to be avoided. （449 words）
Notes： inventory 存貨。East-West tensions 東西方緊張局勢。fiscal （與國庫的錢有關(guān)的）財(cái)務(wù)的（常指稅收）。liquidity 周轉(zhuǎn)率，清償力。leeway 余地。given 鑒于，由于。the Phase Three program 第三階段計(jì)劃。
26. The author mentions increased installment debt in the first paragraph in order to show
［A］the continuing expansion of the economy.
［B］the growth of consumer purchasing power.
［C］the consumers‘confidence in the economy.
［D］the soaring consumer incomes for spending.
27. Paragraph 2 mainly deals with
［A］the revival of stronger liquidity positions.
［B］the stimulative monetary and fiscal policies.
［C］the causes of business development for the period.
［D］economic policy measures suggested by the President.
28. It can be inferred from the third paragraph that the author‘s attitude toward the reduction of the international payments deficit seems
［A］bitter-sweet.
［B］optimistic.
［C］sympathetic
［D］depressing.
29. Part of the public policy task， as outlined in the text， is to
［A］prevent payments deficit.
［B］avoid inflationary pressures.
［C］devalue the dollar.
［D］increase the balance of trade.
30. It can be learned from the last paragraph that the Phase Three program contained
［A］reduced government spending.
［B］devaluation of the dollar.
［C］productivity measures.
［D］wage and price controls.
Text3
Shopping has always been something of an impulse activity， in which objects that catch our fancy while strolling are immediately bought on a whim. Advertisers and sellers have taken advantage of this fact， carefully positioning inexpensive but attractive items on paths that we are most likely to cross， hoping that our human nature will lead to a greater profit for them. With the dawn of the Internet and its exploding use across the world， the same tactics apply.
Advertisers now place “banners”， links to commercial web sites decorated with attractive pictures designed to catch our eyes while browsing the webs， on key web sites with heavy traffic. They pay top dollar for the right， thus creating profits for the hosting web site as well. These actions are performed in the hopes that during the course of our casual and leisurely web surfing， we‘ll click on that banner that sparks our interest and thus， in theory， buy the products advertised.
Initial results have been positive. Web sites report a huge inflow of cash， both from the advertisers who tempt customers in with the banners and the hosting web sites， which are paid for allowing the banners to be put in place. As trust and confidence in Internet buying increases and information security is heightened with new technology， the volume of buying is increasing， leading to even greater profits.
The current situation， however， is not quite as optimistic. Just as magazine readers tend to unconsciously ignore advertisements in their favorite periodicals， web browsers are beginning to allow banners to slip their notice as well. Internet users respond to the flood of banners by viewing them as annoyances， a negative image that is hurting sales， since users are now less reluctant to click on those banners， preferring not to support the system that puts them in place. If Internet advertising is to continue to be a viable and profitable business practice， new methods will need to be considered to reinvigorate the industry.
With the recent depression in the technology sector and slowing economy， even new practices may not do the trick. As consumers are saving more and frequenting traditional real estate businesses over their Internet counterparts， the fate of Internet business is called into question. The coming years will be the only reliable indication of whether shopping on the world wide web is the wave of the future or simply an impulse activity whose whim has passed. （404 words）
Notes： on a whim 心血潮。surf v. 沖浪。in theory在理論上，順理成章。hosting訪問率高的。call.。。into question質(zhì)疑，對…提出疑問。
31. It can be learned from the first paragraph that Internet advertising
［A］ has taken the place of more traditional methods of advertising.
［B］ is one of the most effective ways to make profits on the web.
［C］ is paralleling advertising methods in traditional business settings.
［D］ seeks to tempt customers through impulse shopping methods.
32. The second and third paragraphs are written in order to illustrate
［A］ the policy Internet advertisers design to lure clientele and its outcome.
［B］ the process and mixed consequences of Internet advertising and shopping.
［C］ the biggest splash Internet advertisers have recently made in sales promotions.
［D］ the banners Internet advertisers take advantage of to arouse customers‘interest.
33. Analyzing the current state of the online advertising in paragraph 4， the author implies that
［A］ it has to be modified over time to remain effective.
［B］ for all its current profits， it will fade in the long run.
［C］ banners are beginning to lose their advertising efficiency.
［D］ Internet advertising methods will continue to decrease sales.
34.The expression “do the trick” in the last paragraph most probably means
［A］ come to the point.
［B］ fulfill their purpose.
［C］ fail of their success.
［D］ live up to their promise.
35. The author‘s attitude toward online advertising can be summarized as
［A］ reserved consent but discontent.
［B］ objective analysis void of opinions.
［C］ enthusiastic support but slight contempt.
［D］ approval so far but uncertainty in the future.
Text4
Picture-taking is a technique both for reflecting the objective world and for expressing the singular self. Photographs depict objective realities that already exist， though only the camera can disclose them. And they depict an individual photographer‘s temperament， discovering itself through the camera’s cropping of reality. That is， photography has two directly opposite ideals： in the first， photography is about the world and the photographer is a mere observer who counts for little； but in the second， photography is the instrument of fearlessness， questing subjectivity and the photographer is all.
These conflicting ideals arise from uneasiness on the part of both photographers and viewers of photographs toward the aggressive component in “taking” a picture. Accordingly， the ideal of a photographer as observer is attracting because it implicitly denies that picture-taking is an aggressive act. The issue， of course， is not so clear-cut. What photographers do cannot be characterized as simply predatory or as simply， and essentially， benevolent. As a consequence， one ideal of picture-taking or the other is always being rediscovered and championed.
An important result of the coexistence of these two ideals is a recurrent ambivalence toward photography‘s means. Whatever are the claims that photography might make to be a form of personal expression just like painting， its originality is closely linked to the power of a machine. The steady growth of these powers has made possible the extraordinary informativeness and imaginative formal beauty of many photographs， like Harold Edgerton’s high-speed photographs of a bullet hitting its target or of the swirls and eddies of a tennis stroke. But as cameras become more sophisticated， more automated， some photographers are tempted to disarm themselves or to suggest that they are not really armed， preferring to submit themselves to the limit imposed by pre-modern camera technology because a cruder， less high-powered machine is thought to give more interesting or emotive results， to leave more room for creative accident. For example， it has been virtually a point of honor for many photographers， including Walker Evans and Cartier Bresson， to refuse to use modern equipment. These photographers have come to doubt the value of the camera as an instrument of “fast seeing”。 Cartier Bresson， in fact， claims that the modern camera may see too fast.
This ambivalence toward photographic means determines trends in taste. The cult of the future （of faster and faster seeing） alternates over time with the wish to return to a purer past when images had a handmade quality. This longing for some primitive state of the photographic enterprise is currently widespread and underlies the present-day enthusiasm for daguerreotypes and the work of forgotten nineteenth-century provincial photographers. Photographers and viewers of photographs， it seems， need periodically to resist their own knowingness. （451 words）
Notes： crop vt. 播種，修剪（樹木），收割。count for little 無關(guān)緊要。predatory 掠奪成性的。champion n. 冠軍；vt. 支持。benevolent好心腸的，行善的。ambivalence 矛盾心理。make （+不定式）似乎要： He makes to begin. （他似乎要開始了。）swirls and eddies 漩渦。cult狂熱崇拜。daguerreotypes （初期的）銀板照相法。
36. The two directly opposite ideals of photography differ primarily in the
［A］emphasis that each places on the emotional impact of the finished product.
［B］degree of technical knowledge that each requires of the photographer.
［C］way in which each defines the role of the photographer.
［D］extent of the power that each requires of the photographer‘s equipment.
37. According to paragraph 2， the interest among photographers in each of the photography‘s two ideals can be described as
［A］steadily growing.
［B］cyclically recurring.
［C］continuously altering.
［D］spontaneously occurring.
38. The text states all of the following about photographs EXCEPT：
［A］They can display a cropped reality.
［B］They can convey information.
［C］They can depict the photographer‘s temperament.
［D］They can change the viewer‘s sensibilities.
39. The author mentions the work of Harold Edgerton in order to provide an example of
［A］the relationship between photographic originality and technology.
［B］how the content of photographs has changed from the nineteenth century to the twentieth.
［C］the popularity of high-speed photography in the twentieth century.
［D］how a controlled ambivalence toward photography‘s means can produce outstanding pictures.
40. The author is primarily concerned with
［A］describing how photographers‘individual temperaments are reflected in their work.
［B］establishing new technical standards for contemporary photography.
［C］analyzing the influence of photographic ideals on picture-taking.
［D］explaining how the technical limitations affect photographers‘work.
Part B
Directions：
In the following article， some sentences have been removed. For Questions 41—45， choose the most suitable one from the list A—G to fit into each of the numbered blanks. There are two extra choices， which do not fit in any of the gaps. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. （10 points）
The first two stages in the development of civilized man were probably the invention of primitive weapons and the discovery of fire， although nobody knows exactly when he acquired the use of the latter.
41）______________________ Animals have a few cries that serve as signals， but even the highest apes have not been found able to pronounce words， even with the most intensive professional instruction. The superior brain of man is apparently a necessity for the mastering of speech. When man became sufficiently intelligent， we must suppose that he gradually increased the number of cries for different purposes. It was a great day when he discovered that speech could be used for narrative. There are those who think that in this respect picture language preceded oral language. A man could draw a picture on the wall of his cave to show in which direction he had gone， or what prey he hoped to catch. 42）_________________________
Two important stages came not so long before the dawn of written history. The first was the domestication of animals； the second was agriculture. Agriculture made possible an immense increase in the number of the human species in the regions where it could be successfully practiced. 43）___________________________
44）______________________________
These inventions and discoveries—fire， speech， weapons domestic animals， agriculture， and writing—made the existence of civilized communities possible. From about 3000 B.C. until the beginning of the Industrial Revolution less than two hundred years ago there was no technical advance comparable to these. During this long period man had time to become accustomed to his technique， and to develop the beliefs and political organizations appropriate to it. There was， of course， an immense extension in the area of civilized life. At first it had been confined to the Nile， the Euphrates， the Tigris， and the Indus， but at the end of the period in question it covered much the greatest part of the inhabitable globe. I do not mean to suggest that there was no technical progress during the time. 45）______________________ （512 words）
Notes： ape 猿。pastoral nomad 田園式的游牧部落的人。the Euphrates 幼發(fā)拉底河。the Tigris 底格里斯河。the Indus 印度河。in question所談的（在名詞后作后置定語）。
［A］ Probably picture language and oral language developed side by side. I am inclined to think that language has been the most important single factor in the development of man.
［B］ Another fundamental technical advance was writing， which， like spoken language， developed out of pictures， but as soon as it had reached a certain stage， it was possible to keep records and transmit information to people who were not present when the information was given.
［C］ With the development of civilization， primitive people who lived in caves at that time badly needed a language， which would help them to communicate with one another.
［D］ The origin of language is also obscure. No doubt it began very gradually.
［E］ In fact， there was progress—there were even two inventions of very great importance， namely， gunpowder and the mariner‘s compass—but neither of these can be compared in their revolutionary power to such things as speech and writing and agriculture.
［F］ These were， at first， only those in which nature fertilized the soil after each harvest. Agriculture met with violent resistance from the pastoral nomads， but the agricultural way of life prevailed in the end because of the physical comforts it provided.
［G］ But industry was a step in human progress to which subsequently there was nothing comparable until our own machine age.
Part C
Directions：
Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET 2. （10 points）
Our daily existence is divided into two phases， as distinct as day and night. We call them work and play. We work many hours a day and we allow the necessary minimum for such activities as eating and shopping. 46） The rest we spend in various activities which are known as recreations， an elegant word which disguises the fact that we usually do not even play in our hours of leisure， but spend them in various forms of passive enjoyment or entertainment.
We need to make， therefore， a hard-and-fast distinction not only between work and play but， equally， between active play and passive entertainment. 47） It is， I suppose， the decline of active play — of amateur sport — and the enormous growth of purely receptive entertainment which have given rise to a sociological interest in the problem. If the greater part of the population， instead of indulging in sport， spend their hours of leisure “viewing” television programs， there will inevitably be a decline in health and physique. In addition， we have yet to trace the mental and moral consequences of prolonged diet of sentimental or sensational spectacles on the screen. 48） There is， if we are optimistic， the possibility that the diet is too thin and unnourishing to have much permanent effect on anybody. Nine films out of ten seem to leave absolutely no impression on the mind or imagination of those who have seen them.
49） It is only when entertainment is active， participated in， practiced， that it can properly be called play， and as such it is a natural use of leisure. In that sense play stands in contrast to work， and is usually regarded as an activity that alternates with work.
Work itself is not a single concept. We say quite generally that we work in order to make a living. Some of us work physically， tilling the land， minding the machines， digging the coal； others work mentally， keeping accounts， inventing machines， teaching and preaching， managing and governing. 50） There does not seem to be any factor common to all these diverse occupations， except that they consume our time， and leave us little leisure.（356 words）
Section ⅢWriting
Part A
51. Directions：
Read the following Chinese text and write an abstract of it in 80—100 English words on ANSWER SHEET 2. （10 points）
幫助孩子重新振作
孩子得不到幫助，后果可能很嚴(yán)重。根據(jù)一次全國性調(diào)查，父母離婚或分居的小孩在接下來的3年內(nèi)比別的小孩更有可能出現(xiàn)健康問題。父母離婚的小孩留級率或停學(xué)率可能是別的小孩的兩倍， 需要咨詢的概率很可能比別的小孩多3倍。
僅僅靠時間無法愈合這類精神創(chuàng)傷，這些孩子需要成年人的幫助。下面提供3項(xiàng)策略，是我在為這類有問題的家庭提供咨詢時總結(jié)出來的：
一、 盡早將真相告訴小孩。我們提出了以下幾個辦法：
親自向孩子透露令人沮喪的消息。當(dāng)孩子意識到自己和他所熟悉并信任的某個人共同分享真相時，他能正確面對幾乎任何事。如果有可能，離婚的父母雙方在孩子聽到他們離婚的消息時都應(yīng)在場。
如果家庭壓力與一個意外事故有關(guān)，要說清楚事故的原委。否則，有些孩子會產(chǎn)生無端的負(fù)罪感。
如果有較大的突發(fā)事件，要小心地解釋家庭生活可能會發(fā)生的變化。對孩子來說，了解任何事實(shí)比不明就里強(qiáng)。
二、 鼓勵孩子將自己的情緒講出來，但如果孩子還沒準(zhǔn)備好，也別強(qiáng)迫他們。小孩子和成年人一樣，也需要談?wù)勛约旱娜焙丁Ｄ憧梢杂孟旅鎺讉€方法幫他們敞開心扉：
發(fā)生悲劇時，首先跟孩子聊聊你自己的感受和煩惱，以便使孩子更容易表達(dá)出他們的感受。然后問些能引導(dǎo)進(jìn)一步討論的問題。
跟孩子談話要挑選適當(dāng)?shù)臅r機(jī)和場合。
如果你無法用言語表達(dá)痛苦或擔(dān)憂，可以考慮給你的孩子寫一封信。讓孩子理解你的內(nèi)心感受很重要，這樣他們才能更好地理解他們自己的感受。
三、 著眼于未來。我在伊利諾伊州的幾個朋友改建了住房。改建工程完成一個星期后，一場大火毀滅了房子，全家人差點(diǎn)兒葬身火海。
過后，父母和孩子們坐下來談話?！耙磺卸歼^去了，”母親說，“以后的生活絕不會跟以前一樣，一定會再好起來的?！苯?jīng)過一年的努力，全家人搬進(jìn)了新居，新房子就建在原先房子的所在地。他們的財(cái)產(chǎn)比以前少多了，但是他們感情上變堅(jiān)強(qiáng)了，決心在生活上翻開新的一頁。
當(dāng)危機(jī)襲來時，不健康的家庭會分崩離析，健康的家庭會向前看，重新構(gòu)建，他們通常會遵照下面的3條基本原則：
做父母的得先治愈自己的創(chuàng)傷。如果父母中的一方或父母雙方帶頭的話，孩子就比較容易從一次較大的家庭挫折中重新振作起來。衣阿華州立大學(xué)的一些研究人員在研究中西部450個家庭的青少年受家庭經(jīng)濟(jì)困難的影響時發(fā)現(xiàn)，家庭經(jīng)
濟(jì)問題對十幾歲少年的影響比其父母對家庭經(jīng)濟(jì)問題的反應(yīng)要小。
把注意力重新放到家庭的價值上。不要哀嘆因?yàn)槟愕呐渑紒G掉了他或她的工作你就再也不能享受某些活動了，不要喋喋不休地談?wù)摎в谝粓龊樗蚧馂?zāi)的家庭錄影集。
讓小孩子參與對某些事情的決策，讓他們感到自己在做貢獻(xiàn)。一年春天，一個有幾個小孩的朋友意識到，她那有病的、上了年紀(jì)的祖母再也無法自理，將不得不搬到他們那棟3個臥室的簡陋房子里。父母立即和7歲的兒子、兩歲的女兒討論這個問題?！拔覀兌急仨毐M力幫助她?！?母親說，“曾祖母需要一個自己的房間?！彼龑?歲的兒子說：“你妹妹還在睡嬰兒床，所以曾祖母只有睡你的床了。”
這男孩將不得不睡在客廳的沙發(fā)床上?！疤昧耍 蹦泻⒄f，他為能參與這一重要的家庭決定而感到高興，“我要讓她住我的房間?！崩咸徇M(jìn)來后，孩子們似乎能感受到她的需求，無論什么時候，只要她在場，他們甚至?xí)Ｖ箲T常的爭吵。
2007年，在做了14年的單身母親后，我再婚了。這件事并沒有給我那3個已成年的兒子帶來很大的壓力，但這畢竟是一個很大的調(diào)整。我耐心地等待著他們對這一重大變化完全適應(yīng)的跡象。
一天晚上，兒子們晚飯后要一起出去，他們一一跟我吻別道晚安。當(dāng)他們走近我的丈夫馬蒂時，我料想他們要和平時一樣依次跟他握手。然而，先是邁克爾，然后是湯姆和蒂姆，走到馬蒂跟前，第一次和他擁抱。那個簡單動作表明他們完全接受了這個繼父和我們新的家庭組合。我自豪地笑了，他們做得很好。他們能處理好他們未來人生道路上的任何問題。為人父母，最感到知足的莫過于此。（1552字）
注：重新振作bounce back.
Part B
52. Directions：
Write an essay of 160—200 words based on the following picture. In your essay， you should
1） describe the cartoon briefly，
2） interpret the social phenomenon reflected by the cartoon， and
3） give your point of view.
You should write it neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2. （20 points）