2011高考一輪復(fù)習(xí):英語(yǔ)必須知曉十大錦囊

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[導(dǎo)讀]2011高考一輪復(fù)習(xí)必須知曉的十大英語(yǔ)錦囊。
    2011高考一輪復(fù)習(xí)必須知曉的十大英語(yǔ)錦囊
    --單項(xiàng)填空篇
    錦囊一:名詞作定語(yǔ)的其他特殊情況
    用名詞來(lái)作定語(yǔ),往往用其單數(shù)形式。但有些特殊情況下必須用其復(fù)數(shù)形式來(lái)作定語(yǔ)。如:sports meeting運(yùn)動(dòng)會(huì);students reading room學(xué)生閱覽室;talks table談判桌等。man, woman, gentleman 等作定語(yǔ)時(shí),其單復(fù)數(shù)依其修飾的名詞的單復(fù)數(shù)而定。如:a woman doctor;men workers;women teachers;gentlemen officials等。
    錦囊二:代詞解題通法
    通過(guò)對(duì)近三年語(yǔ)法填空試題的分析來(lái)看,代詞除了主要考查it的用法之外,考查的其他代詞比較多,也比較復(fù)雜,所以在解答此類(lèi)試題時(shí)。要注意以下幾個(gè)方面。
    1.牢記代詞的基本用法,這是很關(guān)鍵的。由于代詞比較復(fù)雜,每類(lèi)代詞都有其使用的特點(diǎn),如形容詞性物主代詞和名詞性物主代詞。
    2.在具體的語(yǔ)境中要能夠判斷出屬于哪種代詞,同時(shí)要準(zhǔn)確地使用。
    3.對(duì)于代詞中一些容易混淆的知識(shí)點(diǎn)要特別地加以記憶,如both, all;neither, none;other, another等。
    錦囊三:三招攻克動(dòng)詞難點(diǎn)
    1.結(jié)合語(yǔ)境,推敲狀語(yǔ),確定動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)
    語(yǔ)法填空常需要結(jié)合語(yǔ)境來(lái)確定答案。如果文章的整體時(shí)態(tài)為過(guò)去時(shí),動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)應(yīng)是與過(guò)去相關(guān)的時(shí)態(tài):一般過(guò)去時(shí), 過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí),過(guò)去完成時(shí)等。此外,熟記各種時(shí)態(tài)的常用時(shí)間狀語(yǔ),對(duì)于確定時(shí)態(tài)有極大的幫助。如:since, so far, up till now, in the past years等是現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的標(biāo)志;years ago, yesterday, last night是一般過(guò)去時(shí)態(tài)的標(biāo)志詞;by the end of last (next) month, when he got/gets to the station, before he did sth.常用于過(guò)去(將來(lái))完成時(shí)態(tài);always 常用于一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)和帶有感情色彩的進(jìn)行時(shí)等。但是,做題時(shí)仍需結(jié)合語(yǔ)境,切忌教條主義。如:
    I was in Hangzhou on business for a week last month.There I was greatly struck by the beauty of the West Lake.
    2.熟記句型提高速度
    (1)It's time sb. did/should do sth. 
    (2)sb. would rather did/had done sth. 
    (3)was/were doing sth....when...
    (4)no sooner ...than... hardly...when... scarcely...when...句型中主句用過(guò)去完成時(shí),從句用一般過(guò)去時(shí)。如:No sooner had he arrived than it began to rain.
    (5)had wanted/hoped to do sth.
    (6)It won't be long before...
    (7)It's/has been+some time+ since sb. did sth. 
    (8)Would you mind if I did sth.?
    (9)be (was/were) about to do sth....when...
    3.借助構(gòu)詞法掌握動(dòng)詞
    常用動(dòng)詞前綴: 
    dis- 不,非,相反 如:dislike, disagree, discontinue 
    en- 置于……之中,使成為 如:enable, endanger, enlarge, enrich
    fore- 先于,預(yù)先 如:foretell, foresee 
    mis- 壞(或錯(cuò)),糟糕(或錯(cuò)誤) 如:misuse, mistake, misfortune, misspell, misunderstand 
    over- 過(guò)于,反轉(zhuǎn) 如:overeat, overdressed, oversleep, overpraise, overuse, overdrink, overpay, overturn, overthrow
    trans-橫穿,進(jìn)入(另一地方),成為(另一狀態(tài)) 如:translate, transform, transcontinental
    re- 又,再,重新 如:retell, rewrite
    un- 相反 如:unload, uncover 
    de- ……的反義,向下 如:descend, degrade 
    out- 超過(guò),過(guò)分 如:outdo, outbid 
    co- 共同,一起 如:coexist, cooperate
    常用動(dòng)詞后綴: 
    -ize, -ise 成為,使,使像 如:modernize, mechanize, democratize, organize 
    -en 使成為,變得 如:quicken, weaken, soften, harden 
    -fy 使得,變成 如:beautify, purify, intensify, signify, simplify
    錦囊四:淺談比較等級(jí)
    1.由介詞in或of構(gòu)成的短語(yǔ)說(shuō)明比較的范圍,如果在一定的地域空間內(nèi)用in;如果在同一類(lèi)事物范圍內(nèi)進(jìn)行比較用of。 例如:
    The Yangtze River is the longest river in China. 長(zhǎng)江是中國(guó)最長(zhǎng)的河流。
    The Yangtze River is the longest river of all the rivers in China. 長(zhǎng)江是中國(guó)所有河流中最長(zhǎng)的。
    2."never...+比較級(jí)...或not...ever...+比較級(jí)..."也表示級(jí)。例如:I have never read a better book than this. (=This is the best book I have ever read.) 我從未讀過(guò)比這本更好的書(shū)。 
    I didn't think I have ever been angrier in my life. 我想我一生中從沒(méi)有比這次更生氣的了。 
    3.在級(jí)前加a,不表示"最……",只是用來(lái)加強(qiáng)語(yǔ)氣,有"很,非常"之意。例如:This is a most interesting book. 這是一本非常有趣的書(shū)。 
    I think this method is simplest and easiest. 我認(rèn)為這個(gè)辦法最簡(jiǎn)易不過(guò)的了。
    4.幾個(gè)特殊的形容詞和副詞的比較級(jí)、級(jí):good/well:better,best;bad/ill/badly:worse,worst; many/much:more,most;little:less,least;far:farther/further,farthest/furthest;old:older/elder,oldest/eldest
    錦囊五:在下列短語(yǔ)或表達(dá)中須用不定冠詞a(n)
    1.have a swim/walk/talk/look; have a good time;keep a diary;in a hurry;have/lead/live a...life;once in a while;at a loss;once upon a time;tell a lie;all of a sudden;do sb. a favor;a mouthful of;at a distance等;
    2.what/such/quite/rather a(n)+形容詞+ 單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞;
    3.too/as/how/however+形容詞+a(n)+單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞;
    4.many a(n)+單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞;
    5.not a(n)+單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞;
    6.half a(n)+單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞。
    錦囊六:夯實(shí)基礎(chǔ),注重積累
    介詞是英語(yǔ)中最活躍的詞類(lèi)之一,其使用頻率相當(dāng)高,用法多而雜。幾乎每一個(gè)介詞都可用來(lái)表示多種不同的含義,不同的介詞往往又有十分相似的用法。因此,在平時(shí)的復(fù)習(xí)中,考生應(yīng)從基礎(chǔ)著手,逐一學(xué)會(huì)常見(jiàn)介詞的基本用法,弄清易混介詞的用法。在掌握常見(jiàn)介詞的基本用法的基礎(chǔ)上,通過(guò)廣泛閱讀和細(xì)心揣摩,認(rèn)真比較、歸納不同介詞的不同用法,以期收到良好的效果。
    1.名詞與介詞的固定搭配
    (1)要求接介詞to的名詞: key, answer, visit, apology, introduction
    (2)要求接介詞in的名詞: interest, satisfaction, expert
    (3)要求接介詞on的名詞: mercy, congratulation
    (4)要求接其他介詞的名詞:prize for, respect for, victory over, struggle with
    2.形容詞與介詞的固定搭配
    (1)要求接介詞at的形容詞:angry, good, bad, clever, surprised, excited, puzzled, frightened
    (2)要求接介詞of的形容詞:afraid, sure, certain, full, fond, proud, worthy
    (3)要求接介詞with的形容詞:angry, strict, careful, busy, popular
    (4)要求接介詞in的形容詞:weak, rich, interested, successful
    (5)要求接介詞to的形容詞:next, polite, kind, cruel, rude, close, similar, due (6)要求接介詞for的形容詞:sorry, famous, fit, unfit, eager, anxious, hungry (7)要求接介詞from的形容詞:far, different, free, safe, absent
    (8)要求接介詞about的形容詞:worried, anxious, careful, sure, certain
    錦囊七:其他情況下謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的數(shù)
    1.由"a kind of /this kind of /many kinds of+名詞" "名詞+of this kind "或與kind類(lèi)似的表示單位、度量的名詞(如type, sort, series, form, pair, cup, glass, load, block, box, handful, ton, metre)構(gòu)成的短語(yǔ)作主語(yǔ)時(shí),謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞與of前面的名詞保持一致。
    2.由"some of/plenty of/a lot of/lots of/most of/the rest of/part of/half (of)/all (of)+名詞"或"分?jǐn)?shù)/百分?jǐn)?shù)+名詞"作主語(yǔ)時(shí),謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞與of后面的名詞保持一致。 3."a number of+復(fù)數(shù)名詞"(很多,若干)作主語(yǔ)時(shí),謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)形式;"the number of+復(fù)數(shù)名詞"(……的數(shù)量)作主語(yǔ)時(shí),謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)形式。
    錦囊八:并列連詞的其他用法
    1.not only...but also...連接并列分句時(shí),not only常放于句首,不過(guò)此時(shí)not only引導(dǎo)的句子用部分倒裝結(jié)構(gòu),即要將助動(dòng)詞提到主語(yǔ)之前。如:Not only can Jane play the piano wonderfully, but she can (also) dance very well. 簡(jiǎn)不僅鋼琴?gòu)椀闷?,舞跳得也好。?BR>    2.while/whereas在表示轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系時(shí),往往連接內(nèi)容和結(jié)構(gòu)對(duì)稱(chēng)的句子,常用來(lái)強(qiáng)調(diào)前后鮮明的對(duì)比。如:I love strong tea while my father loves coffee. 我喜歡濃茶,然而我爸爸卻喜歡咖啡。
    錦囊九:虛擬語(yǔ)氣在其他從句中的用法小結(jié)
    1.虛擬語(yǔ)氣用于賓語(yǔ)從句。 
    (1)wish后面的賓語(yǔ)從句
    wish后面的賓語(yǔ)從句一般用虛擬語(yǔ)氣,表示一種不可能實(shí)現(xiàn)的愿望。其謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的構(gòu)成形式為:①表示與現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反,用一般過(guò)去時(shí);②表示與過(guò)去事實(shí)相反,用過(guò)去完成時(shí);③表示將來(lái)沒(méi)有把握或不太可能實(shí)現(xiàn)的愿望,用would/could/might+動(dòng)詞原形。(wish后的賓語(yǔ)從句不用should)。如:
    I wish I were a boy. 要是我是個(gè)男孩就好了。
    How I wish I had taken my mother's advice! 要是我聽(tīng)從母親的勸告,那該多好!
    (2)recommend, desire, demand, insist, suggest, advise, command, request, require, order, propose等及物動(dòng)詞后面的賓語(yǔ)從句常用虛擬語(yǔ)氣, 其形式為"should+動(dòng)詞原形", 其中should可以省略。
    [HTH]注意:[HTF]suggest意為"暗示,表明",insist意為"堅(jiān)持說(shuō),堅(jiān)持認(rèn)為"時(shí),從句中應(yīng)用陳述語(yǔ)氣。例如:
    The smile on his face suggested that he agreed to this plan. 他臉上的微笑表明他同意這項(xiàng)計(jì)劃。
    The boy insisted that he hadn't broken the window. 小男孩堅(jiān)持說(shuō)他沒(méi)打碎窗戶(hù)。
    2.虛擬語(yǔ)氣用于as if/as though從句。在as if/as though引導(dǎo)的從句中,謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的變化與wish后面的賓語(yǔ)從句情況一樣。如:
    It looks as if he were drunk. 他看上去好像喝醉了。
    The pencil seems as though it were broken when it is partly put in the water. 
    當(dāng)把鉛筆的一部分放入水中時(shí),看上去好像折了一樣。
    The material feels as if it were cotton. 這種材料摸上去好像是棉質(zhì)的。
    3.虛擬語(yǔ)氣用于定語(yǔ)從句。 
    在"It is (high/about) time that..."的句型中,定語(yǔ)從句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用一般過(guò)去時(shí)或"should+動(dòng)詞原形"(should不能省略),意為"現(xiàn)在該到……的時(shí)候了"。如:
    It's high time we should have a rest. 我們?cè)缭撔菹⒘?。?BR>    It's time that you made up your mind. 你該下定決心了。
    4.虛擬語(yǔ)氣用于would rather后面的句子中。在would rather后面的從句中,用一般過(guò)去時(shí)表示現(xiàn)在或?qū)?lái)的愿望;用過(guò)去完成時(shí)表示過(guò)去的愿望。如:
    5."(should)+動(dòng)詞原形"用于其他名詞性從句中。
    (1)在It is ordered/desired/decided/requested/suggested/advised that...句型中,主語(yǔ)從句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用"(should)+動(dòng)詞原形"。
    (2)在It is necessary/ important/ strange/ natural that...句型中,主語(yǔ)從句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用"(should)+動(dòng)詞原形"。
    (3) 在advice, idea, order, plan, demand, proposal, suggestion, request等名詞之后的表語(yǔ)從句或同位語(yǔ)從句中,謂語(yǔ)用"(should)+動(dòng)詞原形"。如:
    My suggestion is that we (should) walk home instead of taking a taxi. 
    我的建議是我們走著回去,不用坐出租車(chē)。
    錦囊十:狀語(yǔ)從句中的時(shí)態(tài)、語(yǔ)氣、強(qiáng)調(diào)和成分省略問(wèn)題
    1.狀語(yǔ)從句的時(shí)態(tài)
    (1)當(dāng)主句是一般將來(lái)時(shí)時(shí),在時(shí)間、條件、讓步等狀語(yǔ)從句中用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)表示將來(lái)的時(shí)間。
    (2)when, before, after引導(dǎo)的從句的動(dòng)作與主句動(dòng)作的先后關(guān)系:若主從句的動(dòng)作先后發(fā)生在過(guò)去,通常先發(fā)生的動(dòng)作用過(guò)去完成時(shí)表示,后發(fā)生的動(dòng)作用一般過(guò)去時(shí)。before, after本身已能表達(dá)動(dòng)作的先后關(guān)系,所以在含有before, after從句的句子中,主從句的動(dòng)作都可用一般過(guò)去時(shí)。
    2.狀語(yǔ)從句的語(yǔ)氣 (見(jiàn)虛擬語(yǔ)氣)
    (1)as if /as though引導(dǎo)的從句以及if only...(但愿,要是……就好了)句子的虛擬情況:用一般過(guò)去時(shí)表示對(duì)現(xiàn)在的虛擬,用過(guò)去完成時(shí)表示對(duì)過(guò)去的虛擬。
    (2)if引導(dǎo)的非真實(shí)條件句中的虛擬情況。
    3.狀語(yǔ)從句的成分省略
    在時(shí)間、條件、原因、讓步、方式等狀語(yǔ)從句中,當(dāng)從句的主語(yǔ)與主句的主語(yǔ)相同,且從句中含有be動(dòng)詞時(shí),我們可將從句的主語(yǔ)(或作主語(yǔ)的代詞it)連同be動(dòng)詞一起省略。
    4.狀語(yǔ)從句的強(qiáng)調(diào)
    not until引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句和because引導(dǎo)的原因狀語(yǔ)從句可用于強(qiáng)調(diào)句型。句型構(gòu)成分別是:"It was not until ... that ..."和"It is/was because ... that..."。