[導(dǎo)讀]2011年托福閱讀加試機(jī)經(jīng)：蘇美爾文明與埃及文明
托福加試是很多人的噩夢(mèng)，但是這種閱讀加試還是有規(guī)律可循的。小編為大家整理了在2011年托福閱讀加試機(jī)經(jīng)：蘇美爾文明與埃及文明，供大家借鑒參考。
2011年托福閱讀加試機(jī)經(jīng)：蘇美爾文明與埃及文明
Mesopotamia 的背景：美索不達(dá)米亞亞洲西南部 Tigris['taigris]底格里斯河和 Euphrates[ju:'freiti:z] 幼發(fā)拉底河 兩河流域間的古王國(guó),美索不達(dá)米亞古代西南亞介于底格里斯河和幼發(fā)拉底河之間的一個(gè)地區(qū)，位于現(xiàn)在的伊拉克境內(nèi)?？赡茉诠?5000 年以前就開始有人在此定居。這一地區(qū)孕育了眾多的人類早期文明，其中包括蘇美爾文明、阿卡德文明、巴比倫文明和亞述文明。蒙古侵略者在公元 1258年破壞了該地區(qū)發(fā)達(dá)的灌溉系統(tǒng)之后，這一地區(qū)的重要性就此減小。其中巴比倫Babylon 文明以其成就斐然而成為兩河流域文明的典范，古巴比倫王國(guó)與古埃及、古印度和中國(guó)構(gòu)成了人們所說(shuō)的世界四大文明古國(guó)。
尼羅河文明：發(fā)源于非洲尼羅河(Nile)流域，又稱古埃及文明，其歷史也可追溯到公元前 4000 年。公元前 3100 年左右，上埃及國(guó)王美尼斯統(tǒng)一上下埃及，開始了史稱的埃及王朝時(shí)期，也就代表了古埃及文明的正式開始。
文章
第一段：美文化和埃及文化同時(shí)，但因?yàn)槊赖牡赜蛳拗埔恢睕]有統(tǒng)一。 (有題)平塬，經(jīng)常受到入侵，四周沙漠，生活好，不統(tǒng)一。開頭，it is astonishing that...兩個(gè)地方在同一時(shí)間產(chǎn)生了兩種文化，并且互有交流。一個(gè)是尼羅河的埃及文化，一個(gè)是兩河流域的 M 地文化。埃及文化仰仗尼羅河，河水孕育了富饒的土地，兩岸有沙漠作為自然屏障。M地不一樣，河水土地 narrow and shallow,周圍沒有起保護(hù)作用的天然屏障
第二段：直到一種S人來(lái)統(tǒng)一，說(shuō)了他們的來(lái)源和歷史，他們建立了一種s文化
第三段：S 文化的實(shí)物遺跡少，這又兩方面塬因：一當(dāng)?shù)厥喜回S富二當(dāng)?shù)厝藳]有厚葬的習(xí)慣。所以對(duì) S的了解主要基于文字。當(dāng)初美索不達(dá)米亞的居民生活好像挺好的，所以一直沒有人提出統(tǒng)一的想法，很久以后才有，可是由于大量的花費(fèi)在戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)上什么的，很快就覆滅了。由于當(dāng)時(shí)的環(huán)境條件，那里的人們都用泥土/木頭蓋房子，所以和埃及不一樣，現(xiàn)在我們沒找到什么當(dāng)初留下的建筑物。 我們現(xiàn)在還挖出了許多陶器石板，上面刻著文字，只能通過(guò)這些推知?dú)v史。后來(lái)又變成什么蘇美爾了，這是從外面遷徙過(guò)來(lái)的民族。
第四段：在S文化中最重要的是宗教，每一個(gè)城市有一個(gè)local god, god無(wú)比神圣擁有一切， 代表本城在她的fellow 中議事。 (有題)社會(huì)的經(jīng)濟(jì)市場(chǎng)就是以寺廟為中心，由牧師組織交易，所以很多的牧師紀(jì)錄都與此有關(guān)。
Mesopotamia culture一種 civilization(文明社會(huì))
還和埃及比較了一下。關(guān)于兩河 civilization 和 Egypt civilization(埃及社會(huì))的。他們同時(shí)存在，有交流，
但沒有一方壓倒另一方。Egypt 的體制根兩河的政治體制不一樣，一個(gè)united under 一個(gè)聯(lián)合體制下，另外一個(gè)則由于地理?xiàng)l件的制約不存在united format 聯(lián)合體制。另外兩河的文明很少有tangible substance (確實(shí)的物質(zhì))留下來(lái)，因?yàn)樗麄兊腶rchitecture structure(建筑結(jié)構(gòu)) 與Egypt不一樣，對(duì)他們文字的研究也是通過(guò)發(fā)掘fragment(碎片)的方法研究的。還講了兩河的 local lord(封建地主),這人不是 fiction 的，他對(duì)他那個(gè)city state 具有很大的influence，文中講到的是economic aspect(經(jīng)濟(jì)方面)同時(shí)，他傳話通過(guò)一個(gè)叫做人君的人傳話。講Mesopotamia 的culture，和Egypt的文化對(duì)比。因?yàn)閮烧呤莾珊恿饔虻耐瑫r(shí)發(fā)展起來(lái)的文化(考：Mesopotamia 文化是獨(dú)立于independence Egypt的文化)然后講述Mesopotamia culture的特點(diǎn)： 建筑物沒有Egypt的牢固，文化沒有文字記載等。好像有個(gè)考題：locationof Ur。)
題目
1.The word astonishing in the passage is closest in meaning to
(A) important (B) unknown (C) amazing (D) interesting
2.Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.
(A) A great civilization arose in Mesopotamia, the “l(fā)and between the rivers” under pharaonic rule.
(B) Egypt and another great civilization both developed in Mesopotamia between 3500 and 3000 B.C.
(C) A great civilization arose in Mesopotamia between 3500 and 3000 B.C. at the same time that ancient Egypt was being united.
(D) As Egypt was being united under pharaonic rule, a great civilization arose there.
3.The phrase its substance refers to
(A) the political history of ancient Mesopotamia
(B) divine kingship
(C) Egypt
(D) the sudden collapse of military power
4.The word obscure in the passage is closest in meaning to
(A) unclear (B) unique (C) controversial (D) important
5.The author mentions Nor did they share the Egyptians’ concern with the hereafter, in order to
(A) To provide one explanation for the relatively few physical remains of ancient Sumerian society.
(B) To explain why ancient Sumerian built with mud brick and wood rather than with stone.
(C) To help account for the fact that tombs and vaulted chambers have been found only at Ur.
(D) To counter the claim that all ancient societies paid great attention to the afterlife.
6.According to the passage, it can be inferred that the City of Ur is located in Ur
(A) Egypt (B) Persia (C) northern Mesopotamia
(D) near the confluence of Tigris and Euphrates
7.The word vast in the passage is closest in meaning to
(A) random (B) very large (C) surprising (D) relatively small
8.According to paragraph 2 and 3, the physical characteristics of Mesopotamia affected Sumerian
civilization in all of the following ways EXCEPT:
(A) Foreign invasions were made easy.
(B) Creating and maintaining political stability was made difficult.
(C) Continuity of cultural and artistic traditions could not be achieved.
(D) Sumerian architecture could not produce long-lasting structures
9.Look at the four [■] that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage. Click on a square [■] to add the sentence to the passage.
Despite these achievements, scholars know much less about Sumerian life than they would like. 盡管這些成就，學(xué)者們對(duì)于蘇美爾人的生活知道的更少，比起他們愛好什么而言 Where would the sentence best fit? 選第四方塊
10.According to paragraph 4, what evidence is used to support the claim that the idea of divine ownership was not “a mere pious fiction”?
(A) The idea of divine ownership originated with the kings of Sumerian city-state.
(B) The idea of divine ownership was the reason why a large part of the harvest was offered to the god.
(C) The idea of divine ownership eventually came to replace “theocratic socialism”.
(D) The idea of divine ownership served as the basis for the economic organization of Sumerian society.
11.，The word considerable in the passage is closest in meaning to
(A) substantial (B) fixed (C) valuable (D) limited.
12，In the above passage, all of the following were true of the local god EXCEPT
(A) The local god owned everything and everyone in the city-state.
(B) The local god represented the subjects of the city-state to other gods.
(C) The local god communicated with the people of the city-state through a human ruler.
(D) The local god sometimes fought against the local gods of rival city-states
13，fill in a table問題
Ancient Egyptian Civilization
(1)政治統(tǒng)一了很久時(shí)間 (2)有相當(dāng)多建筑物遺址
Sumerian Civilization
(1) 城邦city-state國(guó)家是一個(gè)特色(2)從文件中所記載(3)這一個(gè)文明受到外部侵略
答案
1.c, 2.c, 3.a, 4.a, 5.a 6.d 7.b 8.c 9.d 10.a 11.d 12.d 13.a, f / c, d, g
以上是小編整理的2011年托福閱讀加試機(jī)經(jīng)：蘇美爾文明與埃及文明，預(yù)?？加褌冺樌ㄟ^(guò)考試！
托福加試是很多人的噩夢(mèng)，但是這種閱讀加試還是有規(guī)律可循的。小編為大家整理了在2011年托福閱讀加試機(jī)經(jīng)：蘇美爾文明與埃及文明，供大家借鑒參考。
2011年托福閱讀加試機(jī)經(jīng)：蘇美爾文明與埃及文明
Mesopotamia 的背景：美索不達(dá)米亞亞洲西南部 Tigris['taigris]底格里斯河和 Euphrates[ju:'freiti:z] 幼發(fā)拉底河 兩河流域間的古王國(guó),美索不達(dá)米亞古代西南亞介于底格里斯河和幼發(fā)拉底河之間的一個(gè)地區(qū)，位于現(xiàn)在的伊拉克境內(nèi)?？赡茉诠?5000 年以前就開始有人在此定居。這一地區(qū)孕育了眾多的人類早期文明，其中包括蘇美爾文明、阿卡德文明、巴比倫文明和亞述文明。蒙古侵略者在公元 1258年破壞了該地區(qū)發(fā)達(dá)的灌溉系統(tǒng)之后，這一地區(qū)的重要性就此減小。其中巴比倫Babylon 文明以其成就斐然而成為兩河流域文明的典范，古巴比倫王國(guó)與古埃及、古印度和中國(guó)構(gòu)成了人們所說(shuō)的世界四大文明古國(guó)。
尼羅河文明：發(fā)源于非洲尼羅河(Nile)流域，又稱古埃及文明，其歷史也可追溯到公元前 4000 年。公元前 3100 年左右，上埃及國(guó)王美尼斯統(tǒng)一上下埃及，開始了史稱的埃及王朝時(shí)期，也就代表了古埃及文明的正式開始。
文章
第一段：美文化和埃及文化同時(shí)，但因?yàn)槊赖牡赜蛳拗埔恢睕]有統(tǒng)一。 (有題)平塬，經(jīng)常受到入侵，四周沙漠，生活好，不統(tǒng)一。開頭，it is astonishing that...兩個(gè)地方在同一時(shí)間產(chǎn)生了兩種文化，并且互有交流。一個(gè)是尼羅河的埃及文化，一個(gè)是兩河流域的 M 地文化。埃及文化仰仗尼羅河，河水孕育了富饒的土地，兩岸有沙漠作為自然屏障。M地不一樣，河水土地 narrow and shallow,周圍沒有起保護(hù)作用的天然屏障
第二段：直到一種S人來(lái)統(tǒng)一，說(shuō)了他們的來(lái)源和歷史，他們建立了一種s文化
第三段：S 文化的實(shí)物遺跡少，這又兩方面塬因：一當(dāng)?shù)厥喜回S富二當(dāng)?shù)厝藳]有厚葬的習(xí)慣。所以對(duì) S的了解主要基于文字。當(dāng)初美索不達(dá)米亞的居民生活好像挺好的，所以一直沒有人提出統(tǒng)一的想法，很久以后才有，可是由于大量的花費(fèi)在戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)上什么的，很快就覆滅了。由于當(dāng)時(shí)的環(huán)境條件，那里的人們都用泥土/木頭蓋房子，所以和埃及不一樣，現(xiàn)在我們沒找到什么當(dāng)初留下的建筑物。 我們現(xiàn)在還挖出了許多陶器石板，上面刻著文字，只能通過(guò)這些推知?dú)v史。后來(lái)又變成什么蘇美爾了，這是從外面遷徙過(guò)來(lái)的民族。
第四段：在S文化中最重要的是宗教，每一個(gè)城市有一個(gè)local god, god無(wú)比神圣擁有一切， 代表本城在她的fellow 中議事。 (有題)社會(huì)的經(jīng)濟(jì)市場(chǎng)就是以寺廟為中心，由牧師組織交易，所以很多的牧師紀(jì)錄都與此有關(guān)。
Mesopotamia culture一種 civilization(文明社會(huì))
還和埃及比較了一下。關(guān)于兩河 civilization 和 Egypt civilization(埃及社會(huì))的。他們同時(shí)存在，有交流，
但沒有一方壓倒另一方。Egypt 的體制根兩河的政治體制不一樣，一個(gè)united under 一個(gè)聯(lián)合體制下，另外一個(gè)則由于地理?xiàng)l件的制約不存在united format 聯(lián)合體制。另外兩河的文明很少有tangible substance (確實(shí)的物質(zhì))留下來(lái)，因?yàn)樗麄兊腶rchitecture structure(建筑結(jié)構(gòu)) 與Egypt不一樣，對(duì)他們文字的研究也是通過(guò)發(fā)掘fragment(碎片)的方法研究的。還講了兩河的 local lord(封建地主),這人不是 fiction 的，他對(duì)他那個(gè)city state 具有很大的influence，文中講到的是economic aspect(經(jīng)濟(jì)方面)同時(shí)，他傳話通過(guò)一個(gè)叫做人君的人傳話。講Mesopotamia 的culture，和Egypt的文化對(duì)比。因?yàn)閮烧呤莾珊恿饔虻耐瑫r(shí)發(fā)展起來(lái)的文化(考：Mesopotamia 文化是獨(dú)立于independence Egypt的文化)然后講述Mesopotamia culture的特點(diǎn)： 建筑物沒有Egypt的牢固，文化沒有文字記載等。好像有個(gè)考題：locationof Ur。)
題目
1.The word astonishing in the passage is closest in meaning to
(A) important (B) unknown (C) amazing (D) interesting
2.Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.
(A) A great civilization arose in Mesopotamia, the “l(fā)and between the rivers” under pharaonic rule.
(B) Egypt and another great civilization both developed in Mesopotamia between 3500 and 3000 B.C.
(C) A great civilization arose in Mesopotamia between 3500 and 3000 B.C. at the same time that ancient Egypt was being united.
(D) As Egypt was being united under pharaonic rule, a great civilization arose there.
3.The phrase its substance refers to
(A) the political history of ancient Mesopotamia
(B) divine kingship
(C) Egypt
(D) the sudden collapse of military power
4.The word obscure in the passage is closest in meaning to
(A) unclear (B) unique (C) controversial (D) important
5.The author mentions Nor did they share the Egyptians’ concern with the hereafter, in order to
(A) To provide one explanation for the relatively few physical remains of ancient Sumerian society.
(B) To explain why ancient Sumerian built with mud brick and wood rather than with stone.
(C) To help account for the fact that tombs and vaulted chambers have been found only at Ur.
(D) To counter the claim that all ancient societies paid great attention to the afterlife.
6.According to the passage, it can be inferred that the City of Ur is located in Ur
(A) Egypt (B) Persia (C) northern Mesopotamia
(D) near the confluence of Tigris and Euphrates
7.The word vast in the passage is closest in meaning to
(A) random (B) very large (C) surprising (D) relatively small
8.According to paragraph 2 and 3, the physical characteristics of Mesopotamia affected Sumerian
civilization in all of the following ways EXCEPT:
(A) Foreign invasions were made easy.
(B) Creating and maintaining political stability was made difficult.
(C) Continuity of cultural and artistic traditions could not be achieved.
(D) Sumerian architecture could not produce long-lasting structures
9.Look at the four [■] that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage. Click on a square [■] to add the sentence to the passage.
Despite these achievements, scholars know much less about Sumerian life than they would like. 盡管這些成就，學(xué)者們對(duì)于蘇美爾人的生活知道的更少，比起他們愛好什么而言 Where would the sentence best fit? 選第四方塊
10.According to paragraph 4, what evidence is used to support the claim that the idea of divine ownership was not “a mere pious fiction”?
(A) The idea of divine ownership originated with the kings of Sumerian city-state.
(B) The idea of divine ownership was the reason why a large part of the harvest was offered to the god.
(C) The idea of divine ownership eventually came to replace “theocratic socialism”.
(D) The idea of divine ownership served as the basis for the economic organization of Sumerian society.
11.，The word considerable in the passage is closest in meaning to
(A) substantial (B) fixed (C) valuable (D) limited.
12，In the above passage, all of the following were true of the local god EXCEPT
(A) The local god owned everything and everyone in the city-state.
(B) The local god represented the subjects of the city-state to other gods.
(C) The local god communicated with the people of the city-state through a human ruler.
(D) The local god sometimes fought against the local gods of rival city-states
13，fill in a table問題
Ancient Egyptian Civilization
(1)政治統(tǒng)一了很久時(shí)間 (2)有相當(dāng)多建筑物遺址
Sumerian Civilization
(1) 城邦city-state國(guó)家是一個(gè)特色(2)從文件中所記載(3)這一個(gè)文明受到外部侵略
答案
1.c, 2.c, 3.a, 4.a, 5.a 6.d 7.b 8.c 9.d 10.a 11.d 12.d 13.a, f / c, d, g
以上是小編整理的2011年托福閱讀加試機(jī)經(jīng)：蘇美爾文明與埃及文明，預(yù)?？加褌冺樌ㄟ^(guò)考試！