調(diào)查問卷式圖表作文的典型詞句總結(jié)

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【摘要】
    雅思A類小作文里有一類特殊的圖表,筆者把它們稱作“調(diào)查問卷式”圖表。這類圖表的形式可以是柱圖、線圖、餅圖或表格,但它們的共同特點是數(shù)據(jù)來源于針對一部分人群所做的調(diào)查問卷,數(shù)據(jù)的體現(xiàn)是對調(diào)查問卷問題回答的統(tǒng)計。此類題型從圖表特征分析的角度來說與一般的傳統(tǒng)題型沒有什么太大的區(qū)別,我們同樣必須關(guān)注數(shù)據(jù)的趨勢、總數(shù)、極值、數(shù)據(jù)比較等。但是從語言上說,此類圖表具有其獨特的詞匯和句式。一些基礎(chǔ)不是很扎實的學生,如果不對這些詞匯句式做專門的關(guān)注與練習,考試時很可能會答非所問甚至跑題。本文中,朗閣海外考試研究中心將對這些調(diào)查問卷式圖表作文常用的詞匯句式做一些總結(jié)。
    一,調(diào)查問卷式圖表的特征。
    (1) 以抽樣調(diào)查的形式反映社會全體人群的想法
    調(diào)查問卷式圖表一般都是針對一個抽樣群體(a sample)做問卷調(diào)查(questionnaire)或訪問(interview),涉及的調(diào)查問題一般是關(guān)于對某種事物的喜好程度、重要性認識或?qū)δ愁愂录l(fā)生原因的個人意見。被進行問卷調(diào)查或訪問的群體的回答被認為代表了社會全體人群對這些問題的看法和意見。
    (2) 圖表內(nèi)的數(shù)據(jù)是以抽樣群體的人數(shù)作為計數(shù)基礎(chǔ)
    調(diào)查問卷式圖表的數(shù)據(jù)一般是以“人數(shù)”或者“人數(shù)百分比”作為形式體現(xiàn)。如果是前者,那么必須注意,這些人數(shù)的計數(shù)基礎(chǔ)是被調(diào)查人群,不能理解為全體社會人群中有同樣數(shù)量的人。如果是后者,那么因為抽樣人群被認為具有代表性,數(shù)據(jù)也可以適用于社會全體人群。下面以一個表格題的局部作為例子:
    The chart below shows the results of a survey, which sampled a cross-section of 100,000 people, asking if they traveled abroad…
    Visits abroad by UK residents by purpose of visit (1994~98)
     1994 1995 1996 1997 1998
    holiday 15246 14898 17896 19703 20700
    該圖表中的數(shù)據(jù)形式是“人數(shù)”,但必須注意這個人數(shù)的計數(shù)基礎(chǔ)是抽樣的100,000人,而不是全體人群。舉15246這個數(shù)據(jù)為例,嚴格說來, “15246 people traveled for holiday in 1994.”這樣的句子是錯誤的,因為15246不能代表全體人群的數(shù)據(jù)。
    二,調(diào)查問卷式圖表的典型詞匯和句式。
    u 和“調(diào)查”有關(guān)的詞匯:
    survey / interview / questionnaire
    u 調(diào)查問卷顯示的結(jié)果一般可以表達為:
    result of / response to a survey / questionnaire
    u 被抽樣調(diào)查的人群可以稱為“樣本”
    sample
    u 被問卷調(diào)查或訪問的個體可以被稱為:
    the people interviewed, 或respondent
    u 引出數(shù)據(jù)的動詞:
    此類詞匯是調(diào)查問卷式圖表作文的重點,因為此類圖表的數(shù)據(jù)反映的是在一個抽樣人群種有多少人或多少百分比的人對調(diào)查問卷的問題有著某種回答,所以關(guān)鍵的一個動詞就是“回答”。所以和“回答”有關(guān)的詞匯要在此類圖表作文中反復(fù)出現(xiàn),現(xiàn)總結(jié)如下:
    answer – 15246 people out of the sample answered that holiday was their main purpose of traveling.
    在這樣的句子里answer還可以被如下動詞所替代:
    say, feel, mention, think, consider
    另外,還有一些動詞可以以被動語態(tài)的形式出現(xiàn):
    rate: Drinks and meals are rated number one (the most important consideration) by 26% of the younger women.
    choose: Entertainment is chosen by 14% of the younger people as the most important consideration when taking the flight.
    cite: Two other factors, driving when tired and driving too close to the vehicle in front, were cited by 44% and 36% of respondents respectively.
    最后,還有一些名詞詞組也經(jīng)常被使用,比如:
    approval / disapproval rating:
    The disapproval rating for mobile phones is higher among females than among males.
    The “***” reply
    The “no” reply makes up just under 30% in answer to this question.
    三,總結(jié)和相關(guān)練習。
    調(diào)查問卷式的圖表作文在真實考試中也屢次出現(xiàn),這類題目本身并不難,關(guān)鍵是要熟悉常用的詞匯和句式,這樣數(shù)據(jù)的引用才能準確無誤。朗閣海外考試研究中心在最后附上一些調(diào)查問卷式考題作為補充學習資料。
    SAMPLE GRAPH 1
    You should spend about 20 minutes on this task
    The charts below show the result of a public survey on the use of mobile phones.
    Summarise the information by selecting and reporting the main features, and make comparisons where relevant.
    You should write at least 150 words.
    Generally speaking, do you approve of mobile phones?
    
    SAMPLE GRAPH 2
    You should spend about 20 minutes on this task
    The table below shows the results of an airline survey in 2002 of economy class business travelers. The numbers indicate how many male or female passengers in each age group rated a particular feature as their most important in-flight consideration.
    Summarise the information by selecting and reporting the main features, and make comparisons where relevant.
    You should write at least 150 words.
    IN-FLIGHT FEATURE RANKED FIRST
    IN-FLIGHT FEATURE RANKED FIRST Females Males
    Age 25-45 45 + 25-45 45+
    SEAT / LEG ROOM 30 35 39 46
    MEALS / DRINKS 26 31 20 24
    ATTENDANT SERVICE 34 30 27 26
    MOVIES / IN-FLIGHT ENTERTAINMENT 10 4 14 4
    TOTALS INTERVIEWED 100 100 100 100