提高GRE閱讀必須要過(guò)的第一關(guān)2

63. Granted that the presence　of these elements need not argue an　authorial awareness of novelistic　construction comparable to that of Henry James， their presence does（15） encourage attempts to unify the novel’s　heterogeneous parts. （4+）
    誠(chéng)然，這些因素的存在并不能證明作者對(duì)小說(shuō)架構(gòu)的意識(shí)可與亨利。詹姆斯（Henry James）的那種意識(shí)相比擬；然則，任何力圖將小說(shuō)所有形形色色的因素統(tǒng)一起來(lái)的做法，在某種程度上注定是無(wú)法令人信服的。 Granted that:大家都統(tǒng)一、當(dāng)然，表讓步，=admitted , of course.
    難句類型：復(fù)雜修飾、抽象詞
    解釋：本句的結(jié)構(gòu)固然復(fù)雜，但造成大的閱讀難度的，主要還是對(duì)一些抽象詞的理解。正面是對(duì)一些關(guān)鍵詞匯的解釋：
    Granted that出現(xiàn)在句首，其意思是大家都同意、當(dāng)然，實(shí)際上是一種讓步語(yǔ)氣，等于admitted,of course。
    Need not argue中的argue在此不是表示常用的那個(gè)辯論、爭(zhēng)論的意思，而是表示意味著或證實(shí)的意思，其同義詞是maintain或prove。
    Camparable的詞義有兩個(gè)，除了讀者熟悉的that can be compared之外，還有一個(gè)意思是worthy of comparison，其同義詞是as good as。本文中用的是后面的那個(gè)意思，對(duì)于這個(gè)詞義的理解，后面的第18題考到了。
    意群訓(xùn)練：Granted that the presence　of these elements need not argue an　authorial awareness of novelistic　construction comparable to that of Henry James， their presence does（15） encourage attempts to unify the novel’s　heterogeneous parts.
    64. This is not because such an interpretation necessarily stiffens into a thesis（although rigidity in any interpretation of this or of any novel is always a　danger），but because Wuthering Heights has recalcitrant elements of undeniable power that，ultimately，resist inclusion in an all-encompassing　interpretation. (5)
    這倒不是因?yàn)檫@樣的一種解釋必定會(huì)僵化成為一個(gè)命題（盡管對(duì)這部或任何一部小說(shuō)的解釋中，僵化死板總是一種危險(xiǎn)），而是因?yàn)椤逗魢[山莊》擁有一些極難駕御的因素，以其無(wú)可辯駁的力度，終拒絕被囿于一個(gè)囊括無(wú)遺的解釋中。
    難句類型：復(fù)雜修飾、插入語(yǔ)、抽象詞
    解釋：本句的兩個(gè)插入語(yǔ)雖然有一些干擾性，但是為主要的難點(diǎn)在于成批出現(xiàn)的抽象詞，如interpretation/necessarily/stiffen/thesis/rigidity/recalcitrant/element/undeniable/power/ultimately/resist/inclusion/all-encompassing等。據(jù)筆者估測(cè)，對(duì)于初學(xué)GRE或GMAT的學(xué)習(xí)者而言，在一句話中出現(xiàn)了三個(gè)心上的抽象詞就會(huì)使閱讀理解造成障礙，而這句話中出現(xiàn)了十三個(gè)這樣的單詞，讀不懂也不足為怪。
    訓(xùn)練：This is not because such an interpretation necessarily stiffens into a thesis（although rigidity in any interpretation of this or of any novel is always a　danger），but because Wuthering Heights has recalcitrant elements of undeniable power that，ultimately，resist inclusion in an all-encompassing　interpretation.
    65. The isotopic composition of lead often varies from one source of common copper ore to another，with variations exceeding the measurement error；and preliminary studies indicatevirtually uniform is topic composition of the lead from a single copper-ore source. (4)
    鉛的同位素構(gòu)成經(jīng)常在一種普通銅礦石來(lái)源與另一種銅礦石來(lái)源之間存在差異，其差異程度超出測(cè)量誤差；而初的研究表明，對(duì)于來(lái)自單獨(dú)一個(gè)銅礦石來(lái)源的鉛來(lái)說(shuō)，其同位素構(gòu)成幾乎是毫無(wú)二致的。
    難句類型：復(fù)雜修飾、插入語(yǔ)、專業(yè)抽象詞
    解釋：本句是一個(gè)怪異的現(xiàn)象的典型例子：句子的結(jié)構(gòu)談不上復(fù)雜，所用單詞也不難，但是除非讀者有理工科的科研（好是材料科學(xué)的科研）背景，否則句子雖然能夠得讀下來(lái)，但是卻搞不清句子說(shuō)的是什么意思。首先，句子中出現(xiàn)的一些詞匯雖然也都比較常見(jiàn)，但是在理科文章中出現(xiàn)，就有了專有名詞的意味，同時(shí)還帶有很抽象的學(xué)術(shù)含義，筆者稱之為專業(yè)抽象詞，如isotopic composition;source;variation;measurement error;preliminary study等。認(rèn)識(shí)這些單詞，并不意味著懂得它們?cè)谖恼碌囊饬x和作用。比如說(shuō)measurement error，大家都可以望文生義地理解成測(cè)量錯(cuò)誤、測(cè)量誤差，但是在對(duì)文章的閱讀中這種字面上的理解是遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)不夠的。其實(shí)此處強(qiáng)調(diào)的并不是測(cè)量中出現(xiàn)的錯(cuò)誤和毛病，而是指那些每次測(cè)量都會(huì)發(fā)生的、永遠(yuǎn)也無(wú)法避免的、在測(cè)量值和實(shí)際值之間的正常的差異。因此，本句話的真實(shí)含義也難以理解。句子只是羅列了一堆事實(shí)，而作者真正想說(shuō)的意思是什么呢？其實(shí)variations exceeding the measurement error的言外之意是這些不同variations是真正有意義的不同，而不是試驗(yàn)的誤差；那么不同礦源的銅礦的鉛同位素成分真的不同，相同的礦源的鉛同位素幾乎相同，就意味著我們可以通過(guò)測(cè)量鉛同位素的成分來(lái)確定銅礦的礦源(挖掘地)。
    意群訓(xùn)練：The isotopic composition of lead often varies from one source of common copper ore to another，with variations exceeding the measurement error；and preliminary studies indicatevirtually uniform is topic composition of the lead from a single copper-ore source.
    66. More probable is bird transport，either externally，by accidental attachment of the seeds to feathers，or internally，by the swallowing of fruit and subsequent　excretion of the seeds. （3+）
    更有可能的是鳥(niǎo)類運(yùn)輸：或者是通過(guò)外部途徑，即由于種籽偶然粘附在羽毛上；或者是通過(guò)內(nèi)部方式，即由于鳥(niǎo)類吞食果子并隨后將種籽排泄出來(lái)。
    難句類型：復(fù)雜修飾、插入語(yǔ)、倒裝
    解釋：句首有一個(gè)倒裝，正常語(yǔ)序是bird transport is more probable。后面的句子中由于插入部分的頻繁出現(xiàn)使句子顯得十分凌亂。
    意群訓(xùn)練：More probable is bird transport，either externally，by accidental attachment of the seeds to feathers，or internally，by the swallowing of fruit and subsequent　excretion of the seeds.
    67. A long-held view of the history of English colonies that became the United States has been that England’s policy toward these colonies before 1763 was dictated by commercial interests and that a change to a more imperial policy , dominated by expansionist militarist objectives , generated the tensions that ultimately led to the American Revolution . （4+）
    一個(gè)對(duì)于后來(lái)成了美國(guó)的英國(guó)殖民地的歷史的長(zhǎng)久以來(lái)的觀點(diǎn)，認(rèn)為英國(guó)在1763年以前對(duì)于這些殖民地的政策被經(jīng)濟(jì)利益所支配，而且認(rèn)為一種向著更大程度帝國(guó)制度的政策上的轉(zhuǎn)變——為擴(kuò)張主義的軍事目標(biāo)所左右——產(chǎn)生了終導(dǎo)致美國(guó)革命的緊張氣氛。
    難句類型：復(fù)雜修飾、插入語(yǔ)
    解釋：主架構(gòu)簡(jiǎn)單，可是主語(yǔ)和表語(yǔ)從句都不讓人省心。句子的主干其實(shí)就是：A long-held view has been that..。但是主語(yǔ)A long-held view之后卻是修飾它的一個(gè)三層的定語(yǔ)：of the history of the english colonies that became the United States。系動(dòng)詞has been之后所接的表語(yǔ)從句其實(shí)不止一個(gè)，其實(shí)原句是用了and來(lái)連接兩個(gè)并列的表語(yǔ)從句，has been that…and has been that…。后面的has been照例被省略。
    意群訓(xùn)練：A long-held view of the history of English colonies that became the United States has been that England’s policy toward these colonies before 1763 was dictated by commercial interests and that a change to a more imperial policy , dominated by expansionist militarist objectives , generated the tensions that ultimately led to the American Revolution .
    68. It is not known how rare this resemblance is，or whether it is most often seen in　inclusions of silicates such as garnet，whose crystallography is generally somewhat similar to that of diamond；but when present，the resemblance is regarded as compelling evidence that the diamonds and inclusions are truly cogenetic. （4）
    現(xiàn)在尚不知這種類似稀少到何種地步，也不知道是否它常見(jiàn)于象石榴石一類的硅酸鹽內(nèi)含物中，而這類物質(zhì)的晶體結(jié)構(gòu)普遍地在某種程度上類似于金剛石的晶體結(jié)構(gòu)。但一旦存在，這種類似就被視作極有說(shuō)服力的證據(jù)，證明金剛石與內(nèi)含物確是同源的。
    難句類型：復(fù)雜修飾、插入語(yǔ)
    解釋：本句的句子既長(zhǎng)，專有名詞又多，從句層出不窮，故而難懂。在本句中出現(xiàn)的專有名詞中，除了silicates硅酸鹽這個(gè)單詞常常出現(xiàn)于理科文章中，需要記憶之外，其他單詞閱讀現(xiàn)場(chǎng)簡(jiǎn)單處理一番既可：inclusions可以猜出是被包含的物質(zhì)；garnet作首字母提煉叫g(shù):crystallography只要能從詞頭推出這個(gè)單詞與晶體有關(guān)即可。
    意群訓(xùn)練：It is not known how rare this resemblance is，or whether it is most often seen in　inclusions of silicates such as garnet，whose crystallography is generally somewhat similar to that of diamond；but when present，the resemblance is regarded as compelling evidence that the diamonds and inclusions are truly cogenetic.
    69. Even the "radical" critiques　of this mainstream research model，such as the critique developed in Divided Society，attach the issue of ethnic assimilation too mechanically to factors of economic and social　mobility and are thus unable to illuminate the cultural subordination　of Puerto Ricans as a colonial minority. （4+）
    即使是對(duì)這一主流研究模型的“激進(jìn)”批評(píng)，諸如《分裂的社會(huì)》（Divided Society）一書中所提出的那種批判，亦將少數(shù)民族同化問(wèn)題過(guò)分機(jī)構(gòu)地與經(jīng)濟(jì)和社會(huì)移動(dòng)性的因素聯(lián)系起來(lái)，因此無(wú)從闡明波多黎各人作為一個(gè)殖民地少數(shù)民族的文化從屬關(guān)系。
    難句類型：復(fù)雜修飾、插入語(yǔ)、省略、抽象詞
    解釋：本句實(shí)際上是由and連接的兩個(gè)句子，閱讀的一個(gè)難度在于，and之后省略了they(此處指前面的主語(yǔ)the radical critiques，)而are thus able to 又與前面離得太遠(yuǎn)，使讀者難以找到主語(yǔ)。
    另外，句中的固定搭配attach A to B和illuminate C as D當(dāng)中的A、B、C，全部既長(zhǎng)又抽象，理解起來(lái)較為困難。
    意群訓(xùn)練：Even the "radical" critiques　of this mainstream research model，such as the critique developed in Divided Society，attach the issue of ethnic assimilation too mechanically to factors of economic and social　mobility and are thus unable to illuminate the cultural subordination　of Puerto Ricans as a colonial minority.
    70. They are called virtual particles in order to distinguish them from real particles，whose lifetimes are not constrained　in the same way，and which can be detected. （3）
    它們被稱為“虛粒子”（virtual particle），以便與實(shí)粒子（real particle）區(qū)分開(kāi)來(lái)，而實(shí)粒子則不會(huì)以這種方式受到制約，并且其存在可得以測(cè)定。
    難句類型：復(fù)雜修飾、插入語(yǔ)
    解釋：本句的怪異在于：real particles后面跟著兩個(gè)定語(yǔ)從句，都是同時(shí)修飾real particles的，而且兩個(gè)從句之間不用逗號(hào)隔開(kāi)，卻又加上and連接，令人一眼看上去極不習(xí)慣。
    意群訓(xùn)練：They are called virtual particles in order to distinguish them from real particles，whose lifetimes are not constrained　in the same way，and which can be detected.
    71. Open acknowledgement of the existence of women’s oppression was too radical for the United Stated in the fifties, and Beauvoir’s conclusion , that change in women’s economic condition , though insufficient by itself , “remains the basic factor ” in improving women’s situation , was particularly unacceptable . （4+）
    公開(kāi)對(duì)婦女壓迫的存在的承認(rèn)對(duì)于50年代的美國(guó)而言有些過(guò)分激進(jìn)，而且B的結(jié)論，即婦女經(jīng)濟(jì)狀況的變化，經(jīng)管它本身不是一個(gè)充分的因素，但是“仍然是提高婦女地位的根本因素”的觀點(diǎn)，尤其無(wú)法令人接受。
    難句類型：復(fù)雜修飾、插入語(yǔ)
    解釋：本句是由and所連接的兩個(gè)分句，前一個(gè)分句的主語(yǔ)雖然有一些修飾成分，但整體而言還算好讀；后面的分句中的修飾成分就比較難讀；主語(yǔ)Beauvoir’s conclusion后面被加上了同位語(yǔ)從句that change in…,而且在從句的主語(yǔ)和謂語(yǔ)之間還加了一個(gè)插入語(yǔ)；我們好不容易把同位語(yǔ)從句中的成分補(bǔ)齊，后面又看到系表結(jié)構(gòu)was particularly unacceptable的時(shí)候，想不起來(lái)主語(yǔ)是誰(shuí)，不禁心中茫然；如果是沒(méi)有練習(xí)過(guò)難句的人，也只好黯然神傷。
    意群訓(xùn)練：Open acknowledgement of the existence of women’s oppression was too radical for the United Stated in the fifties, and Beauvoir’s conclusion , that change in women’s economic condition , though insufficient by itself , “remains the basic factor ” in improving women’s situation , was particularly unacceptable .
    72. Other theorists propose that the Moon was ripped out of the Earth’s rocky　mantle by the Earth’s collision with another large celestial body after much of the Earth’s iron fell to its　core. （4）其他的理論家提出，在地球的大部分鐵沉入到地核之后，由于地球與另一個(gè)龐大的天體發(fā)生碰撞，月亮便從地球那石質(zhì)的地幔中撕裂開(kāi)來(lái)而形成的。 Rip:撕開(kāi)；撥去；在本文是撕開(kāi)的意思。
    難句類型：復(fù)雜修飾
    解釋：這個(gè)句子雖然還算短，但結(jié)構(gòu)并不簡(jiǎn)單，句中共有三介詞結(jié)構(gòu)作狀語(yǔ)。結(jié)構(gòu)的復(fù)雜在本句中給讀者帶來(lái)了真正的閱讀困難：月亮、地球、大型天體之間的關(guān)系如何？三個(gè)事件之間的先后順序怎樣？另外的一個(gè)難點(diǎn)在于，在the Moon was ripped out of the Earth’s rocky mantle這段話中，be ripped out of something可以作兩種解釋。Rip既有撕開(kāi)的意思，又有剝?nèi)サ囊馑?，而此處的be ripped out of something很被讀者理解成被剝奪走某物的意思。實(shí)際上，根據(jù)對(duì)上下文的理解，這里應(yīng)該理解成從某物中撕裂出來(lái)的意思。
    意群訓(xùn)練：Other theorists propose that the Moon was ripped out of the Earth’s rocky　mantle by the Earth’s collision with another large celestial body after much of the Earth’s iron fell to its　core.
    73. However , recent scholarship has strongly suggested that those aspects of early New England culture that seem to have been most distinctly Puritan, such as the strong religious orientation and the communal impulse, were not even typical of New England as a whole, but were largely confined to the two colonies of Massachusetts and Connecticut. （4）
    然而，進(jìn)來(lái)的學(xué)術(shù)研究強(qiáng)烈的顯示那些看來(lái)為明確的請(qǐng)教徒的早期新英格蘭文化的一些方面，比如強(qiáng)烈的宗教導(dǎo)向和團(tuán)體意識(shí)，就整體而言卻不是新英格蘭的典型特征，而是在很大程度上只局限與馬薩諸賽和康涅狄格兩個(gè)州。
    難句類型：復(fù)雜修飾、插入語(yǔ)
    解釋：賓語(yǔ)從句的主語(yǔ)those aspects后面跟著長(zhǎng)長(zhǎng)的修飾成分of early New England culture that seem to have been most distinctly Puritan。不但如此，主語(yǔ)和表語(yǔ)之間又被長(zhǎng)長(zhǎng)的插入語(yǔ)such as分開(kāi)，而且表語(yǔ)也不是一個(gè)，而是were not,but were的結(jié)構(gòu)，使得句子十分難讀。
    意群訓(xùn)練：However , recent scholarship has strongly suggested that those aspects of early New England culture that seem to have been most distinctly Puritan, such as the strong religious orientation and the communal impulse, were not even typical of New England as a whole, but were largely confined to the two colonies of Massachusetts and Connecticut.
    74. Thus，what in contrast to the Puritan colonies appears to Davis to be peculiarly Southern— acquisitiveness，a strong interest in politics and the law，and　a tendency to cultivate metropolitan　cultural models—was not only more typically English than the culturalpatterns exhibited by Puritan Massachusetts and Connecticut，but also almost certainly characteristic　of most other early modern British　colonies from Barbados north to RhodeIsland and New Hampshire. （4）
    因此，那些與（北方）清教殖民地形成鮮明對(duì)比、并在戴維斯教授的心目中顯得具有特殊南方色彩的特征——占有欲、對(duì)政治和法律的濃厚興趣、以及培養(yǎng)大都市文化模式的傾向——不僅僅要比清教的馬薩諸塞州和康乃涅克州所展現(xiàn)出來(lái)的文化模式更具有典型的英國(guó)色彩，并且?guī)缀鹾翢o(wú)疑問(wèn)地構(gòu)成了絕大多數(shù)其它早期近代英國(guó)殖民地的特征，從巴巴多斯北至羅得島和新罕布什爾州。
    難句類型：復(fù)雜修飾、插入語(yǔ)
    解釋：這個(gè)頗長(zhǎng)的句子是由一個(gè)what從句做主語(yǔ)，此主語(yǔ)what in contrast to the Puritan colonies appears to davins to be peculialy Southern中有又一些插入語(yǔ)的修飾成分，其實(shí)主干很簡(jiǎn)單，就是what appears to be Southern。Southern后的兩個(gè)破折號(hào)之間的內(nèi)容是主語(yǔ)的同位語(yǔ)，實(shí)際起到了一個(gè)插入語(yǔ)的作用。一直到句子寫了五行之后，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞was才姍然出現(xiàn)，難怪讀者看得不舒服。But also之后，省略了與前面一樣的was.
    筆者在此再次提醒讀者，筆者之所以對(duì)此類句子做語(yǔ)法分析，是為了讓讀者熟悉這些語(yǔ)法結(jié)構(gòu)，而不是希望讀者在現(xiàn)場(chǎng)閱讀進(jìn)也去分析其語(yǔ)法，正確的方法是通過(guò)熟讀本書中的種種難句，使大腦習(xí)慣這些語(yǔ)言結(jié)構(gòu)；實(shí)戰(zhàn)的現(xiàn)場(chǎng)閱讀把注意力集中在句子的意思上，比如這句話，只要讀出“與D的觀念相反，南方的州與清教的殖民地一樣，都是有著英國(guó)風(fēng)格的”意思即可。
    意群訓(xùn)練：Thus，what in contrast to the Puritan colonies appears to Davis to be peculiarly Southern— acquisitiveness，a strong interest in politics and the law，and　a tendency to cultivate metropolitan　cultural models—was not only more typically English than the culturalpatterns exhibited by Puritan Massachusetts and Connecticut，but also almost certainly characteristic　of most other early modern British　colonies from Barbados north to RhodeIsland and New Hampshire.
    75. Portrayals of the folk of Mecklenburg County, North Carolina, whom he remembers from early childhood, of the jazz musicians and tenement roofs of his Harlem days, of Pittsburgh steelworkers, and his reconstruction of classical Greek myths in the guise of the ancient Black kingdom of Benin, attest to this.（5）
    一些描述，關(guān)于他從小就記得的北卡羅來(lái)納州的M縣的人民、關(guān)于他在H的日子里的爵士樂(lè)手和公寓的房頂、關(guān)于匹茲堡的鋼鐵工人的描述和他的假借古代B國(guó)對(duì)古希臘神話得寵俗，都表現(xiàn)了這一點(diǎn)。In the guise of :”假借、在…的幌子下，假裝”。
    難句類型：復(fù)雜修飾
    解釋：本句主語(yǔ)之長(zhǎng)，主語(yǔ)的長(zhǎng)度與謂語(yǔ)長(zhǎng)度的比例之大，是極為罕見(jiàn)的，在后的三個(gè)單詞attest to this之前的所有內(nèi)容，全是主語(yǔ)，主語(yǔ)和謂語(yǔ)的比例達(dá)到了46比3。不熟秋GRE和GMAT句式的人是很難把這句讀懂的。句子的主語(yǔ)實(shí)際上是一個(gè)由and連接的并列結(jié)構(gòu)，而真正的主語(yǔ)只有兩個(gè)：Portrayals 和his reconstruction。Portrayals后面長(zhǎng)度驚人的修飾成分以三個(gè)大列舉的方式說(shuō)出了其描述的對(duì)象，其中第一個(gè)列舉中又包含了一個(gè)定語(yǔ)從句，修飾前面的folk（人、人們、人民、民族），第二個(gè)主語(yǔ)的修飾成分中使用了一抽象詞組：in the guise of，相當(dāng)于一個(gè)介詞，其意思是假借，在….的幌子下，假裝。
    意群訓(xùn)練：Portrayals of the folk of Mecklenburg County, North Carolina, whom he remembers from early childhood, of the jazz musicians and tenement roofs of his Harlem days, of Pittsburgh steelworkers, and his reconstruction of classical Greek myths in the guise of the ancient Black kingdom of Benin, attest to this.
    76. A very specialized feeding adaptation in zooplankton is that of the tadpolelike appendicularian who lives in a walnut-sized （or smaller） balloon of mucus equipped with filters that　capture and concentrate phytoplankton. （4）
    浮游動(dòng)物體內(nèi)一種極特殊的進(jìn)食適應(yīng)性變化是蝌蚪狀的尾海鞘綱動(dòng)物（appendicularian）的那種適應(yīng)性變化，而尾海鞘綱動(dòng)物則存活于核桃大小（或更?。┑酿ひ呵蚰覂?nèi)，裝備有過(guò)濾器，用以捕捉和集中浮游植物。
    難句類型：復(fù)雜修飾
    解釋：GRE和GMAT考試中比較有特色的一個(gè)語(yǔ)言現(xiàn)象是that (those) of的頻繁出現(xiàn)。That(those) of的作用是省略掉與前面一樣的名詞性成分，從而起到簡(jiǎn)化句子的結(jié)構(gòu)、縮短句子的長(zhǎng)度的作用。然而對(duì)于初學(xué)GRE和GMAT的人來(lái)說(shuō)，由于以前較少遇到這種結(jié)構(gòu)，而且即使遇到也是在比較簡(jiǎn)單的句子中間遇到的，所以在復(fù)雜句式中一旦遇到，往往一下子搞不清楚這個(gè)that(或those)指的是前面眾多名詞性成分中間的哪一個(gè)。解決這個(gè)問(wèn)題的辦法，就是多讀、反復(fù)讀這樣的句子，熟能生巧。
    意群訓(xùn)練：A very specialized feeding adaptation in zooplankton is that of the tadpolelike appendicularian who lives in a walnut-sized （or smaller） balloon of mucus equipped with filters that　capture and concentrate phytoplankton.
    77. These historians，however，have analyzed less fully the development of specifically feminist ideas and　activities during the same period. （3+）
    但是，這些史學(xué)家還不曾充分地分析同一時(shí)期中那些具體的女權(quán)主義思想和活動(dòng)的發(fā)展。
    難句類型：倒裝
    解釋：本句看著別扭的原因是句子的語(yǔ)序顛倒，正常的語(yǔ)序應(yīng)該是：However, these historians have analyzed the development of specifically feminist ideas and activities during the same period less fully.但是這種語(yǔ)序仍然令人費(fèi)解：為什么作者不說(shuō)these historians haven’t fully analyzed the development of feminist ideas?既明確又好懂，何樂(lè)而不為？
    其實(shí)這里倒不見(jiàn)得是ETS故意作梗，不讓讀者讀懂，而是因?yàn)樾纳系膬煞N說(shuō)法之間存在著細(xì)微差別：前者強(qiáng)調(diào)的是有分析，但與文中的其他研究相比不夠完整；后者則是強(qiáng)調(diào)沒(méi)有怎么去研究。GRE和GMAT中使用的英語(yǔ)屬于中高級(jí)英語(yǔ)，其中的細(xì)微之處請(qǐng)讀者細(xì)心體會(huì)。
    意群訓(xùn)練：These historians，however，have analyzed less fully the development of specifically feminist ideas and　activities during the same period.
    78. Apparently most massive stars manage to lose sufficient material that their masses drop below the critical value of 1.4 M before they exhaust their nuclear fuel. (5)
    顯然，大多數(shù)的巨星能夠失去足夠多的物質(zhì)以至于在燃盡其核燃料以前他們的質(zhì)量下降到關(guān)鍵值1.4M以下。難在：sufficient …that… = so much (many ) … that…
    難句類型：特殊省略、固定搭配
    解釋：我們中國(guó)考生顯然沒(méi)有見(jiàn)過(guò)sufficient…that…這樣的結(jié)構(gòu)，因此習(xí)慣性的把that以及其后的內(nèi)容看成了一個(gè)定語(yǔ)從句來(lái)修飾material，但是這樣讀下來(lái)發(fā)現(xiàn)意思不通，于是發(fā)生思維混亂，大腦拒絕工作，以至當(dāng)場(chǎng)暈厥。
    實(shí)際上原文相當(dāng)于在sufficient之前省略了such,與后面的that構(gòu)成了一個(gè)such…that…的結(jié)構(gòu)，但是這種省略不是可以隨便使用的：本句之所以能夠這樣表述，是因?yàn)閟ufficient本身就是一個(gè)enough to meet the need of a situation的意思；而enough的意思是occurring in such quantity as to fully meet demands, needs, or expectations.所以，把這兩個(gè)詞義串在一起，sufficient material that…的詞義就變成了material occurring in such large quantity that the need of …be fully met。所以我們除了可以把原句看成是省略了such以外，還可以把sufficient …that…看成了一個(gè)固定的搭配，相當(dāng)于so much …that…的意思。
    意群訓(xùn)練：Apparently most massive stars manage to lose sufficient material that their masses drop below the critical value of 1.4 M before they exhaust their nuclear fuel.
    79. This is so even though armed forces operate in an ethos of institutional change oriented toward occupational equality and under the federal sanction of equal pay for equal work.（5）
    即使是武裝部隊(duì)是在一種趨向職業(yè)平等的制度變遷的風(fēng)氣中運(yùn)作的時(shí)候，而且即使部隊(duì)是在聯(lián)邦政府的同工同酬的約束下運(yùn)行的時(shí)候，情況仍然是這樣。
    難句類型：倒裝、省略
    解釋：不論筆者把這句話算成倒裝還是省略，其實(shí)都有些牽強(qiáng)。閱讀能力較高的讀者應(yīng)該可以看出，文中的語(yǔ)序和表達(dá)都是完全符合英文規(guī)則的，但問(wèn)題在于它極不符合漢語(yǔ)習(xí)慣：按照中文的習(xí)慣，even though之后的長(zhǎng)長(zhǎng)的從句應(yīng)當(dāng)放在句首，而This is so則應(yīng)該放到后來(lái)說(shuō)，而且，如果要用and來(lái)連接這么長(zhǎng)的兩個(gè)狀語(yǔ)，也應(yīng)該在其中補(bǔ)充上主語(yǔ)用來(lái)和謂語(yǔ)才能讓人看懂。但是這就是考試中的英語(yǔ)，也是英語(yǔ)國(guó)家的高級(jí)知識(shí)分子們天天用來(lái)做學(xué)問(wèn)的英語(yǔ)，既然他們可以看懂，并能寫出來(lái)，我們也一定可以看懂，需要的時(shí)候也一定能夠?qū)懗鰜?lái)。
    意群訓(xùn)練：This is so even though armed forces operate in an ethos of institutional change oriented toward occupational equality and under the federal sanction of equal pay for equal work.
    80、An impact (on the Mars) capable of ejecting a fragment of the Martian surface into an Earth-intersecting orbit is even less probable than such an event on the Moon, in view of the Moon’s smaller size and closer proximity to Earth. （5）
    一個(gè)能夠把活性表面的碎片射入地球交叉軌道的碰撞發(fā)生的可能性甚至小于這種事件在月亮上發(fā)生的可能性，考慮到月亮更小的尺寸及其與地球接近的程度。
    難句類型：復(fù)雜修飾、省略、易淆指代
    解釋：in view of的意思是考慮到、由于，等于because of,本句粗看上去十分簡(jiǎn)單，可是你看完之后會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)本句十分難懂。這句話的意思很容易被理解成：如果考慮到月亮的尺寸和與地球的距離的話，火星碎片被撞擊所發(fā)射到地球的幾率，要小于發(fā)射到月亮上的幾率，有點(diǎn)常識(shí)的人就會(huì)知道這是不可能的：月亮比地球小得多，而且與火星的距離也與地球類似，碎片射到月亮上的幾率怎么會(huì)反而高呢？這里的關(guān)鍵在于such an event在文章中指什么，如果是指把火星碎片射到月亮上，那么本句的意思當(dāng)然是荒謬的；可是如果是指把月亮的碎片發(fā)射到地球上，那么本句的意思就對(duì)了，實(shí)際上句首的An impact之后被省略了一個(gè)on mars，所以原文的such an event on moon，指的是An impact on moon capable of ejecting a fragment of the lunar surface into an Earth-intersecting orbit.因此如果把原文補(bǔ)全，則句子就變成了下面的樣子：An impact capable of ejecting a fragment of the martian surface into an Earth-ibntersecting orbit is even less probable than an impact on moon capable of ejecting a fragment of the lunar surface into an Earth-intersecting orbit, in view of the Moon’s smaller size and closer proximiy to Earth.
    意群訓(xùn)練：An impact (on the Mars) capable of ejecting a fragment of the Martian surface into an Earth-intersecting orbit is even less probable than such an event on the Moon, in view of the Moon’s smaller size and closer proximity to Earth.
    81、 Not only are liver transplants never rejected，but they even induce a state of donor-specific unresponsiveness in　which subsequent transplants of other organs，such as skin，from thatdonor are accepted permanently. （4）
    但是，我們已經(jīng)發(fā)現(xiàn)，在許多種老鼠之間，這些移植法的“常規(guī)”并沒(méi)有被肝臟移植物所遵循。肝臟移植物非但從沒(méi)遭到過(guò)排斥，甚至還誘發(fā)了一種供者特異性無(wú)應(yīng)答狀態(tài)（donor-specific unresponsiveness），在此狀態(tài)中，隨后來(lái)自那個(gè)供者其它器官的移植物，如皮膚，會(huì)永久地被接受。
    難句類型：復(fù)雜修飾、插入語(yǔ)、倒裝
    解釋：Not only放在句首時(shí)謂語(yǔ)被提前，這種倒裝對(duì)我們的讀者來(lái)講不算什么新鮮事。干擾度比較大的是在修飾unresponsiveness的定語(yǔ)從句in which subsequent transplants of other organs, such as skin, from that donor are accepted permanently中，插入語(yǔ)such as skin和前面的transplants搭配的from that donor共同作用，反復(fù)地打斷讀者的思路，使得從句中主語(yǔ)和謂語(yǔ)不能連貫。
    意群訓(xùn)練：Not only are liver transplants never rejected，but they even induce a state of donor-specific unresponsiveness in　which subsequent transplants of other organs，such as skin，from thatdonor are accepted permanently.
    82、 As rock interface are crossed, the elastic characteristics encountered （by seismic waves）generally change abruptly, which causes part of the energy to be reflected back to the surface, where it is recorded by seismic instruments. （4）
    當(dāng)巖石界面被穿過(guò)的時(shí)候，震波所遇到的彈性性質(zhì)通常會(huì)發(fā)生突然的變化，這就使得一部分能量被反射回地面，在地面反射回來(lái)的波被震波紀(jì)錄儀記錄下來(lái)。
    難句類型：復(fù)雜修飾、省略、過(guò)去分詞與謂語(yǔ)易混
    解釋：絕大多數(shù)人讀到the elastic characteristics encountered generally change abruptly這一句的時(shí)候，第一反應(yīng)都是把encountered看成了謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞，再看到change abruptly的時(shí)候又搞不苾?cè)趺磿?huì)跑出來(lái)兩個(gè)動(dòng)詞，反復(fù)看上n遍才看清楚這句話的結(jié)構(gòu)。本句難就難在主語(yǔ)the elastic characteristics后面的表示袪的過(guò)去分詞encountered的動(dòng)作發(fā)出者在句子中根本就沒(méi)有出現(xiàn)過(guò)，相當(dāng)于原文在encountered后面省略了一個(gè)by seismic waves,倡讀者卻沒(méi)有心理準(zhǔn)備，同時(shí)也不熟悉這種分詞修飾的方式，因此也難以讀懂。
    意群訓(xùn)練：As rock interface are crossed, the elastic characteristics encountered （by seismic waves）generally change abruptly, which causes part of the energy to be reflected back to the surface, where it is recorded by seismic instruments.
    83、 While the new　doctrine seems almost certainly correct，the one papyrus fragment raises the specter that another may be unearthed，showing，for instance，that　it was a posthumous production of the　Danaid tetralogy which bested Sophocles，and throwing the date oncemore into utter confusion. （4）
    數(shù)據(jù)資料已被統(tǒng)計(jì)出來(lái)，或被重新統(tǒng)計(jì)出來(lái)，以便證明在文體學(xué)這方面，《乞援衰女》實(shí)際上確實(shí)在《波斯人》和《七雄攻忒拜》（后兩者現(xiàn)在則變成了“原始”的劇作）之后以及在軸殘片卻喚起了一種幽靈似的疑慮，即另一塊殘片有可能再度被挖掘出來(lái)，并證明，比如說(shuō)，《乞援衰女》是作者藉以擊敗索?？死账沟摹哆_(dá)那特四部曲》的一部死后出版之作，從而將創(chuàng)作年代再度置于極度的混亂之中.
    注：best:擊敗,=defeat, overcome, outdo
    難句類型：復(fù)雜修飾、插入語(yǔ)
    解釋：specter之后的that從句是specter的同位語(yǔ)，從句中有兩個(gè)分詞作狀語(yǔ)，中間由and 連接。其中以第一個(gè)分詞結(jié)構(gòu)showing that it was a posthumous production of the Danaid tetralogy which bested Sophocles的意思較為難懂，有兩個(gè)地方要解釋一下：
    首先，best 在這里的用法我們以前很少見(jiàn)到，用作及物動(dòng)詞，是擊敗后者的意思，等于defeat,overcome或outdo。
    其次，a posthumous production of the Danaid tetralogy這種說(shuō)法不符合我們的常規(guī)想法，我們看到　a posthumous production of 的時(shí)候，根據(jù)中文的語(yǔ)言習(xí)慣，慣性的到of之后去找人名，但是看到后面跟著的是作品名，就想不通了，與中文不同的是，英文中的遺作后面不一定只能接人名，接作品名的時(shí)候指的是作品在作者死前未發(fā)表的那一部分，比如本文的四部曲，可能作者死前全部寫好，但只發(fā)表了三部，但是死后發(fā)表的遺作第四部擊敗了S。
    意群訓(xùn)練：While the new　doctrine seems almost certainly correct，the one papyrus fragment raises the specter that another may be unearthed，showing，for instance，that　it was a posthumous production of the　Danaid tetralogy which bested Sophocles，and throwing the date oncemore into utter confusion.
    84、 The methods that a community　devises to perpetuate itself come into being to preserve aspects of the cultural legacy that that community perceives as essential. (3+)
    一個(gè)社會(huì)所創(chuàng)造出來(lái)藉以使其自身生生不息、恒久不衰的方法得以形成產(chǎn)生，以保存在這個(gè)社會(huì)看來(lái)具有本質(zhì)意義的文化遺產(chǎn)的各個(gè)方面。
    難句類型：復(fù)雜修飾
    解釋：本句是前面所舉的復(fù)雜修飾類難句的例句，已經(jīng)有所詳述。
    意群訓(xùn)練：The methods that a community　devises to perpetuate itself come into being to preserve aspects of the cultural legacy that that community perceives as essential.
    85、 Traditionally, pollination by wind has been viewed as a reproductive process marked by random events in which the vagaries of the wind are compensated for by the generation of vast quantities of pollen, so that the ultimate production of new seeds is assured at the expense of producing much more pollen than is actually used. （4）
    傳統(tǒng)上，風(fēng)媒傳粉被看成是這樣的繁殖過(guò)程：其特征就是由一些隨即事件的發(fā)生，在這些隨機(jī)事件里，風(fēng)的反復(fù)無(wú)常被大量的產(chǎn)生花粉所補(bǔ)償，以至于新種子的終產(chǎn)生被保證了，其代價(jià)是產(chǎn)生遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)多于實(shí)際使用量的花粉。
    難句類型：復(fù)雜修飾
    解釋：筆者曾經(jīng)遇到過(guò)一個(gè)同學(xué)，下課以后來(lái)找我，說(shuō)這篇文章讀得不好，因?yàn)槭锥蔚膬删湓捒床欢?。這篇文章的首段很長(zhǎng)，但僅由兩句話構(gòu)成，不但講述了老觀點(diǎn)的內(nèi)容，而且解釋了這篇文章的主題的所在，從這里我們可以看出在現(xiàn)場(chǎng)迅速讀懂難句的重要性。Marked by之后的內(nèi)容修飾reproductive process的。其后的random events后面又跟著一個(gè)定語(yǔ)從句來(lái)修飾它。從句中的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)the vagaries of the wind are compensated for by the generation of vast quantities of pollen有些特殊，因?yàn)槲闹胁皇前凑罩形牡牧?xí)慣說(shuō)are compensated，而是說(shuō)compensated for，這是由于主語(yǔ)the vagaries of the wind并不是被補(bǔ)償?shù)膶?duì)象，而是補(bǔ)償?shù)膶?duì)象，后面的at the expense of是以…為代價(jià)的意思。
    意群訓(xùn)練：Traditionally, pollination by wind has been viewed as a reproductive process marked by random events in which the vagaries of the wind are compensated for by the generation of vast quantities of pollen, so that the ultimate production of new seeds is assured at the expense of producing much more pollen than is actually used.
    86、 Because the potential hazards pollen grains are subject to as they are transported over long distances are enormous，wind pollinated plants have，in the view above，compensated for theensuing loss of pollen through happenstance by virtue of producing an amount of pollen that is one to three orders of magnitude greater than the amount produced by species pollinated by insects. （5）
    由于花粉粒在其長(zhǎng)距離的運(yùn)輸過(guò)程中所要面臨的潛在危險(xiǎn)是巨大的，按上述觀點(diǎn)來(lái)看，由風(fēng)授粉的植物補(bǔ)償了通過(guò)偶發(fā)事件而伴隨造成的花粉損失。其途徑是，制造出大于昆蟲(chóng)授粉的植物種類所產(chǎn)生的花粉量的一至三個(gè)數(shù)量級(jí)的花粉量。
    難句類型：復(fù)雜修飾、插入語(yǔ)、省略
    解釋：本句就是上面所說(shuō)的構(gòu)成本篇文章首段的第二句話，而且本句的難度超過(guò)上一句。本句一上來(lái)就不好讀，Because the potential hazards that pollen grains are subject to as they are transported over long distances are enormous,其中主語(yǔ)后的pollen grains are subject to本來(lái)就是一個(gè)定語(yǔ)從句，但是由于主語(yǔ)the potential hazards在從句中作介詞to的賓語(yǔ)，所以引導(dǎo)詞that被省略，這就顯得句子的結(jié)構(gòu)模糊不清，再加上as引導(dǎo)的狀語(yǔ)從句，隔開(kāi)了主語(yǔ)和謂語(yǔ)，給讀者造成了較大的閱讀困難。后面的分句中，句子的結(jié)構(gòu)更為復(fù)雜：插入語(yǔ)、定語(yǔ)和狀語(yǔ)層層相套。有兩個(gè)詞組需要解釋一下：orders of magnitude指的是數(shù)量級(jí)，其中order是等級(jí)、級(jí)別的意思，而magnitude在此不是指重要、星球的光亮度，指的是尺寸大小和數(shù)量多少的程度，同義詞是size,quantity,number。后面的speciespollinated by insects特指蟲(chóng)媒植物。
    意群訓(xùn)練：Because the potential hazards pollen grains are subject to as they are transported over long distances are enormous，wind pollinated plants have，in the view above，compensated for theensuing loss of pollen through happenstance by virtue of producing an amount of pollen that is one to three orders of magnitude greater than the amount produced by species pollinated by insects.
    87、 For example，the spiral arrangement of　scale-bract complexes on ovule-bearing pine cones，where the female reproductive organs of conifers are located，is important to the production of airflow patterns that spiral over the cone’s surfaces，thereby passing airborne pollen　from one scale to the next. （5）
    例如，帶有胚珠的松球的鱗苞綜合體的螺旋狀安排，亦即松柏目植物雌性殖器官的所在位置，對(duì)于氣流模式的形成與產(chǎn)生殊為重要，而這些氣流模式在松球的表現(xiàn)盤旋上升，從而把在空氣中飛行的花粉從一個(gè)鱗苞傳播至下一個(gè)鱗苞。
    難句類型：復(fù)雜修飾、插入語(yǔ)、專有名詞
    解釋：本句的兩大難點(diǎn)中，一是結(jié)構(gòu)復(fù)雜，二是專有名詞較多。在主語(yǔ)the spiral arrangement之后，出現(xiàn)了長(zhǎng)長(zhǎng)的定語(yǔ)，其中套了三層修飾，這樣讀者就難以把主語(yǔ)和謂語(yǔ)聯(lián)系到一塊。另外，句中的大量生詞也明顯干擾了我們的理解，spiral arrangment(螺旋狀安排)、scale-bract complexes(鱗苞綜合體)、ovule-bearing(攜帶胚珠的)、pine cones(松果)、female reproductive organ(雌性生殖器官)、airflow pattern(氣流模式)等。其中只有后面的三個(gè)單詞我們有可能根據(jù)常識(shí)大概猜出其含義。那么現(xiàn)場(chǎng)閱讀時(shí)遇到這種東西又該如何處理呢？
    可以肯定的是ETS的出題者并沒(méi)有期望讀者都是生物學(xué)家或物理學(xué)家，而且從眾多的出題的情況來(lái)看，也根本不可能考到任何必須對(duì)專有名詞作精確理解的內(nèi)容。讀到這種東西的時(shí)候，讀者的首要任務(wù)是從聯(lián)系文章出題的角度，讀出這句話與文章主題有關(guān)的意思，從而理解它在文章中的作用。比如這個(gè)句子，讀者只要能夠讀出the arrangement of female reproductive organs of conifers are important to reduce the ollen waste這個(gè)意思即可。
    意群訓(xùn)練：For example，the spiral arrangement of　scale-bract complexes on ovule-bearing pine cones，where the female reproductive organs of conifers are located，is important to the production of airflow patterns that spiral over the cone’s surfaces，thereby passing airborne pollen　from one scale to the next.
    88、 Friedrich Engels, however, predicted that women would be liberated from the “social, legal, and economic subordination” of the family by technological developments that made possible the recruitment of “the whole female sex into public industry”. （3+）
    FE,卻預(yù)測(cè)婦女們將被從家庭的“社會(huì)、法律和經(jīng)濟(jì)壓迫”中解放出來(lái)，只是通過(guò)使得征召“整個(gè)女性階層進(jìn)入公共的工業(yè)中去”成為可能的技術(shù)進(jìn)步的方式做到的。
    難句類型：復(fù)雜修飾、倒裝
    解釋：本句的前半部分簡(jiǎn)單，后面的賓語(yǔ)從句中的第二個(gè)狀語(yǔ)by technological developments 后面跟著的定語(yǔ)從句中出現(xiàn)了倒裝：the made/possible/the recruitment of the whole female sex into public industry的正常語(yǔ)序應(yīng)該是that made the recruiment of the whole female sex into public industry/possible/，固定搭配make…possible中的副詞possible被倒裝到了前面。
    意群訓(xùn)練：Friedrich Engels, however, predicted that women would be liberated from the “social, legal, and economic subordination” of the family by technological developments that made possible the recruitment of “the whole female sex into public industry”.
    89、 It was not the change in office technology，but rather the separation of secretarial work，previously seen as an apprenticeship for beginning managers，from administrative　work that in the 1880’s created a new class of "dead-end" jobs，thenceforth considered "women’s work." （5）十九世紀(jì)八十年代，產(chǎn)生了新的一類“沒(méi)前途”的職業(yè)，這并不是因?yàn)檗k公室技術(shù)發(fā)生了改變，而是由于秘書工作——在此之前被視作是初起步的經(jīng)理們的一種習(xí)見(jiàn)訓(xùn)練——與行政工作的分離。自此以后，這類“沒(méi)前途”的職業(yè)便被視作是“女人的工作?！?BR>    難句類型：復(fù)雜修飾、插入語(yǔ)
    解釋：這句話的結(jié)構(gòu)是It was something that,,,It是形式主語(yǔ)，其真正的內(nèi)容是was之后、that、之前的something的內(nèi)容。本句的something結(jié)構(gòu)復(fù)雜、長(zhǎng)度驚人，并且包含了一個(gè)較長(zhǎng)的插入語(yǔ)，把固定搭配separation from分開(kāi)，造成了極大的閱讀困難，其實(shí)這個(gè)句子說(shuō)得簡(jiǎn)單就是It was the separation of secretarial work from administrative work that created a new class of jobs。
    意群訓(xùn)練：It was not the change in office technology，but rather the separation of secretarial work，previously seen as an apprenticeship for beginning managers，from administrative　work that in the 1880’s created a new class of "dead-end" jobs，thenceforth considered "women’s work."
    注：本文難度再分不清separation … from 的搭配關(guān)系
    90、 The increase in the numbers of married women employed outside the home in the twentiethcentury had less to do with the mechanization of housework and an increase in leisure time for these women than it did with their own economic necessity and with high marriage rates that shrank the available pool of single women workers，previously，in many cases，the only women employers would hire. （5）
    二十世紀(jì)已婚婦女在家庭以外就業(yè)的人數(shù)不斷增加，這與家務(wù)的機(jī)械化及這些婦女閑暇時(shí)間的增加并無(wú)多大聯(lián)系，更多地是與婦女自身的經(jīng)濟(jì)需要和高婚姻率相關(guān)。高婚姻率致使所能雇傭的單身女工的總量縮減，而在此之前的許多情形中，單身女性則是雇主們所愿雇傭的—一類婦女。 The pool of 如果后面跟著一群人，則表示勞動(dòng)力資源
    難句類型：復(fù)雜修飾、插入語(yǔ)
    解釋：主語(yǔ)the increase之后照例來(lái)了一堆修飾成分。后面的had less to do with…than do with…的意思是與前面的東西的關(guān)系不如與后面的關(guān)系那么重要，相當(dāng)于中文的與其說(shuō)還不如說(shuō)…。但是本句的比較雙方都是又臭又長(zhǎng)的由and所連接的兩個(gè)名詞性短語(yǔ)，令讀者閱讀時(shí)的思維難以連貫。The pool of如果后面跟著一種人群，則這個(gè)詞組指勞動(dòng)力資源。
    意群訓(xùn)練：The increase in the numbers of married women employed outside the home in the twentiethcentury had less to do with the mechanization of housework and an increase in leisure time for these women than it did with their own economic necessity and with high marriage rates that shrank the available pool of single women workers，previously，in many cases，the only women employers would hire.
    91、 For one thing, no population can be driven entirely by density-independent factors all the time.（5）難句類型：正話反說(shuō)
    請(qǐng)思考：如果文中說(shuō)這句話的前提是：all population are driven by two (and only two) categories of growth parameters, one is density-independent factors, and the other is density-independent factors. 那么作者說(shuō)上面的這句話有什么用意。
    解釋：本句雖然貌不驚人，但本書既然將其收錄進(jìn)來(lái)，并標(biāo)出難度5，就意味著其中有怪異之處。值得一提的是，本文前面曾把控制種群密度的因素分為兩種，一種叫做density-dependent factors(這里簡(jiǎn)稱d-d因素)，另一種叫做dentsity-independent factors(簡(jiǎn)稱d-I因素)。原文的直譯雖然好懂，但是總令人感覺(jué)說(shuō)得不甚明白。顯然，GRE或GMAT的作者不可能隨便說(shuō)一句無(wú)關(guān)痛癢的話，那么沒(méi)有任何種群能夠在所有的時(shí)間全被d-I因素所控制，其真正意思是什么呢？就是：一切種群都必然在某個(gè)時(shí)間內(nèi)受到d-d因素的控制。本句是ETS在考試中慣用的正話反說(shuō)的典型例子，請(qǐng)讀者深沉體會(huì)。本句在文章中也是理解作者態(tài)度的關(guān)鍵所在。
    意群訓(xùn)練：For one thing, no population can be driven entirely by density-independent factors all the time.
    92、 In order to understand the nature of the ecologist’s investigation，we may think of the density-dependent effects on growth parameters as the "signal" ecologists are trying to isolate and interpret，one that tends to make the population increase from relatively low values or decrease from relatively high ones，while the density-independent effects act to produce "noise" in the population dynamics. （5）
    為了能理解生態(tài)學(xué)家們所從事的研究的性質(zhì)，我們可以把那些作用于增長(zhǎng)參數(shù)的密度依賴效應(yīng)視作生態(tài)學(xué)家們力圖將其分離并予以解釋的“信號(hào)”，正是這一信號(hào)傾向于使種群從相對(duì)較低的數(shù)值遞增，或從相對(duì)較高的數(shù)值遞減；而與此同時(shí)，那些密度獨(dú)立效應(yīng)起到的作用則構(gòu)成了種群動(dòng)態(tài)變化中的“噪音”。
    難句類型：復(fù)雜修飾、插入語(yǔ)、省略
    解釋：句子不僅很長(zhǎng)，而且有兩個(gè)地方看上去不舒服，第一：think of ..as…不是很常見(jiàn)，其實(shí)think of 這個(gè)詞組就等于consider,imagine,加上后面的as就是把….認(rèn)為是…的意思。第二個(gè)不習(xí)慣的地方是signal后面的大段修飾語(yǔ)，不但長(zhǎng)度很長(zhǎng)，而且在signal后面還省略了一個(gè)that，正常應(yīng)該是the signal that ecologists are trying to isolate and interpret,,與前面見(jiàn)過(guò)對(duì)that的省略不同的是，這次that在句中不是句子的賓語(yǔ)，而是不定式動(dòng)詞的賓語(yǔ)。
    意群訓(xùn)練：In order to understand the nature of the ecologist’s investigation，we may think of the density-dependent effects on growth parameters as the "signal" ecologists are trying to isolate and interpret，one that tends to make the population increase from relatively low values or decrease from relatively high ones，while the density-independent effects act to produce "noise" in the population dynamics.
    93、 But the play’s complex view of Black self-esteem and human solidarity as compatible is no more "contradictory" than Du Bois’ famous，well-considered ideal of ethnic self-awarenesscoexisting with human unity，or Fanon’s emphasis on an ideal internationalism that also accommodates national identities and roles. （5）
    但該劇有關(guān)黑人自尊可與人類團(tuán)結(jié)相融合這一復(fù)雜觀點(diǎn)，絲毫都不比杜波伊斯（Du Bois）的理想或法儂（Fanon）的強(qiáng)調(diào)來(lái)得更為“矛盾”：杜波伊斯提出的的、深思熟慮的理想是，民族的自覺(jué)可以和人類大同共存；法儂則對(duì)理想的國(guó)際主義進(jìn)行了強(qiáng)調(diào)，而這一理想的國(guó)際主義同樣也能兼容民族身份與角色。 No more … than :一樣不
    注：view Black self-esteem and human solidarity
    ideal ethnic self-awareness coexisting with human unity
    emphasis national identities and roles accommodates internationalism
    難句類型：復(fù)雜修飾、抽象詞
    解釋：本句的一個(gè)大難點(diǎn)就是對(duì)A no more “contradictory” than B的理解，與我們想當(dāng)然的意思正相反，其意思不是A不如B更矛盾，而是A與B同樣都不矛盾。A no more…than B這個(gè)固定搭配的意思是A與B一樣都不….例如：I can no more swim than a hammar并不是說(shuō)我游泳不如錘子游得好，而是說(shuō)我與錘子一樣都無(wú)法游泳。
    另一個(gè)難點(diǎn)在于句子中大量的抽象詞，給讀者的詞匯能力提出了較高的要求。但是功底較好的讀者應(yīng)該可以發(fā)現(xiàn)，句中用來(lái)比較的前后項(xiàng)中的描述三個(gè)作家的九組詞匯形成了一個(gè)3×4的同義詞矩陣，如上述的注。每一列都是同義詞，可以看出，這三個(gè)人的觀點(diǎn)是相同的，也可以看出作者英語(yǔ)功底之深。
    意群訓(xùn)練：But the play’s complex view of Black self-esteem and human solidarity as compatible is no more "contradictory" than Du Bois’ famous，well-considered ideal of ethnic self-awarenesscoexisting with human unity，or Fanon’s emphasis on an ideal internationalism that also accommodates national identities and roles.
    94、 In which of the following does the author of the passage reinforce his criticism of responses such as Isaacs’ to Raisin in the Sun？難句類型：復(fù)雜修飾、題干圈套 （5）
    在以下哪一個(gè)選項(xiàng)中，文章的作者加強(qiáng)了她對(duì)類似這樣的對(duì)于做出的反應(yīng)的批判呢？
    解釋：為了對(duì)應(yīng)原文，以上中文的翻譯顯得很笨拙，請(qǐng)讀者原諒。需要說(shuō)明的是，本題號(hào)稱GRE五大難題之一。對(duì)于此題的市面上眾說(shuō)紛紜，皆不得要領(lǐng)，筆者很高興能通過(guò)這本書把此題講清楚，一來(lái)以正視聽(tīng)，二來(lái)解決同學(xué)們的疑難，三來(lái)提示ETS出題者的叵測(cè)居心。
    此題之所以難解，是因?yàn)轭}干中藏有圈套。請(qǐng)仔細(xì)觀察題干，它問(wèn)的是作者對(duì)誰(shuí)的批評(píng)？是對(duì)I一伙的所有批評(píng)家的responses還是對(duì)I個(gè)人的responses做出的批評(píng)呢？當(dāng)然是對(duì)所有的responses。出題者在此設(shè)下陷阱，讓讀者怎么看都像是對(duì)I的responses的批評(píng)，可是文章中對(duì)于I的描述并沒(méi)有能和選項(xiàng)匹配的說(shuō)法，因此用I到文中去定位，這道題當(dāng)然無(wú)法做出：而文中對(duì)與I抱有相同觀點(diǎn)的全體評(píng)論家們對(duì)＜太陽(yáng)下的葡萄干＞一書的反應(yīng)的描述十分清楚：Indeed, a curiously persistent refusal to credit Hansberry with a capacity for intentional irony has led some critics to interpret the play’s thematic conflicts as mere confusion,contradiction, or eclecticism.Isaac, for exmaple,…
    評(píng)論家們從一個(gè)錯(cuò)誤的前提（即H不能intentianl icrony）推出一個(gè)錯(cuò)誤結(jié)論，那么我們的作者應(yīng)該怎么批評(píng)他們呢？當(dāng)然要駁倒其assumption，說(shuō)H是能作intentinal irony的。我們于是看到了D選項(xiàng)，intentianal 的完美的同義詞：well-considered.從本題中可以體會(huì)到，對(duì)于句子的閱讀能力是多么重要。
    意群訓(xùn)練：In which of the following does the author of the passage reinforce his criticism of responses such as Isaacs’ to Raisin in the Sun？
    95、 Inheritors of some of the　viewpoints of early twentieth-century Progressive historians such as Beard and Becker，these recent historians have put forward arguments that deserve evaluation. （3+）
    作為二十世紀(jì)早期“進(jìn)步派”史學(xué)家（如Beard和Becker）等人某些觀點(diǎn)的繼承者，這些近期的史學(xué)家所提出的觀點(diǎn)值得我們予以評(píng)價(jià)。
    難句類型：復(fù)雜修飾
    解釋：看夠了后置的修飾成分，我們來(lái)看一個(gè)放在前面的同位語(yǔ)。Inheritors之后的長(zhǎng)長(zhǎng)的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)是主句的主語(yǔ)these recent historians的同位語(yǔ)。本句稍微有些難的地方在于，很容易把B和B與recent historians的關(guān)系看錯(cuò)。正確的理解是：recent historians是B和B的后繼者，而不是相反。
    意群訓(xùn)練：Inheritors of some of the　viewpoints of early twentieth-century Progressive historians such as Beard and Becker，these recent historians have put forward arguments that deserve evaluation.
    96、 Despite these vague categories，one should not claim unequivocally that hostility between recognizable classes cannot be legitimately observed. （5）
    盡管存在這些模糊范疇，但我們不應(yīng)該斷然聲稱，在各個(gè)易于辨認(rèn)出的階層之間所存在的敵對(duì)態(tài)度就無(wú)法被合理地觀察到。
    難句類型：復(fù)雜修飾、三重否定
    解釋：從這個(gè)例子可以看出，句子的難度也不全是與其長(zhǎng)度成正比。比如這句話，既不算長(zhǎng)又沒(méi)有什么不認(rèn)識(shí)的單詞，但是偏偏很難看懂。看不懂的原因，是寫文章的人使用了三重否定，should not unequivocally, cannot。在這里，可以明顯看出ETS在考查我們的閱讀能力，因?yàn)槿绻氚丫渥涌隙ǖ恼Z(yǔ)氣而不改變句子的意思是很容易的。Despite these vage categories, one may still claim definitely that hostility between discernable classes can be validely observed.
    意群訓(xùn)練：Despite these vague categories，one should not claim unequivocally that hostility between recognizable classes cannot be legitimately observed.
    97、 Yet those who stress the achievement of a general consensus among the colonists cannot fully understand that consensus without understanding the conflicts that had to be overcome or repressed in order to reach it. （5+）
    然而，有些史學(xué)家強(qiáng)調(diào)在殖民者之間曾出現(xiàn)過(guò)一種普遍的一致意見(jiàn)。這些史學(xué)家如果不認(rèn)識(shí)到各種矛盾的存在，就無(wú)法充分地理解這種一致意見(jiàn)，而所有那些矛盾只有在被克服或壓制之后才有可能獲得那種一致意見(jiàn)。 It 指代：general consensus
    難句類型：復(fù)雜修飾、雙重否定
    解釋：本句同樣不算長(zhǎng)，但是難度卻超乎尋常，而且本句在文章中是后一句，文章的作者用本句話給出了他對(duì)文章中心論題的后態(tài)度，不可謂不重要。據(jù)筆者觀察，能夠現(xiàn)場(chǎng)讀懂這句話的讀者絕不超過(guò)20%。
    本句之所以難，是因?yàn)槿齻€(gè)原因，第一，句子中的復(fù)雜修飾帶給讀者思維上的困難。第二，本句without引導(dǎo)的條件狀語(yǔ)的表述不符合讀者大腦中的語(yǔ)言及思維習(xí)慣。Without引導(dǎo)的介詞結(jié)構(gòu)作條件狀語(yǔ)，在中文里面不一定要像筆者上面給出的翻譯一樣，要放在其推出的結(jié)論的前面，相當(dāng)于，如果不…則…，而在英文中，它既可以放在前面，也可以后面，而且以出現(xiàn)在后面的情況居多。這就造成了中國(guó)讀者的思維上的不習(xí)慣。不但如此，without之后的表達(dá)也讓人看得不舒服，我們習(xí)慣的表達(dá)是without understanding that the conflicts had to be overcome or repressed in order to reach it.而句中把the conflicts和that調(diào)換了一下，變成了without understanding the conflict that had to be overcome or repressed in oreder to reach it，從語(yǔ)法上可通，但從句義上卻看起來(lái)別扭。作者為什么不用看起來(lái)更通順的前一種說(shuō)法呢？這是因?yàn)閮烧叩囊馑忌洗嬖诩?xì)微的差別。前者強(qiáng)調(diào)的是要去理解泛指的矛盾被克服這件事，而后者強(qiáng)調(diào)的是要去正確理解特指的需要被克服才是理解整個(gè)抗英斗爭(zhēng)的著急。
    另外，句中的consensus和后的it都是指殖民者的一致抗英的共識(shí)。
    本句給讀者造成的大困難還在于它使用了雙重否定，如果不理解那些必須被克服的矛盾，就不能理解這些共識(shí)，其意思就是只有理解了那些必須被克服的矛盾，才有可能理解這些共識(shí)。請(qǐng)讀者反復(fù)閱讀，以熟練掌握這種對(duì)于多重否定的思維轉(zhuǎn)換。
    意群訓(xùn)練：Yet those who stress the achievement of a general consensus among the colonists cannot fully understand that consensus without understanding the conflicts that had to be overcome or repressed in order to reach it.
    98、 It can be inferred from the passage that the author would be most likely to agree with which of the following statements regarding socioeconomic class and support for the rebel and Loyalist causes during the American Revolutionary War？（5）插入語(yǔ)多
    從文章中可以推斷出來(lái)，作者有可能同意以下哪一個(gè)關(guān)于在美國(guó)革命戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)中的社會(huì)經(jīng)濟(jì)各階層及其對(duì)叛黨和保王黨的支持的陳述？
    難句類型：復(fù)雜修飾
    解釋：句子是在regarding之后才開(kāi)始難懂的。Regarding引導(dǎo)一個(gè)分詞結(jié)構(gòu)，修飾statement。分詞中regard的賓語(yǔ)有兩個(gè)，一個(gè)是socioeconomic class，另一個(gè)是support for the rebel and Loyallist caused,中間由and相連接，本句的不好懂之處在于，我們對(duì)support 的第一反應(yīng)是把它當(dāng)成動(dòng)詞，這樣就有可能理解成and support for是與前面的agree with并列的謂語(yǔ)，當(dāng)然這種理解在語(yǔ)法上是成立的，然而在邏輯上不成立。正確的理解是support作名詞，與socioeconomic class并列。其實(shí)本題干的意思就是在問(wèn)哪個(gè)階層的人會(huì)支持哪一方。
    意群訓(xùn)練：It can be inferred from the passage that the author would be most likely to agree with which of the following statements regarding socioeconomic class and support for the rebel and Loyalist causes during the American Revolutionary War？
    99、 She wished to discard the traditional methods and established vocabularies of such dance forms as ballet and to explore the internal sources of human expressiveness.（5）
    她希望拋棄傳統(tǒng)的方法和像芭蕾舞這樣已經(jīng)確立的舞蹈語(yǔ)言，而希望探索人類表現(xiàn)力的內(nèi)在源泉。
    難句類型：復(fù)雜修飾、省略、抽象詞、易淆結(jié)構(gòu)
    解釋：本句盡管用詞抽象，但給讀者帶來(lái)直接威脅的還是句子的結(jié)構(gòu)，句中由兩個(gè)and連接起三部分內(nèi)容，這在語(yǔ)法上似乎說(shuō)不通，可實(shí)際上這兩個(gè)and在句子中所處的層次其實(shí)是不同的，第一個(gè)and連接了discard的兩個(gè)賓語(yǔ)，也可以看成是and后面省略了不定式to discard,也就是說(shuō)第一個(gè)and 是在不定式中的并列，而第二個(gè)and的層次要高于前面的第一個(gè)and。
    讀者讀到established的時(shí)候容易犯兩種錯(cuò)誤，一是把a(bǔ)nd之后的established看成是與wished并列的謂語(yǔ)，二是把established看成是與discard并列的不定式。其實(shí)這兩種理解在語(yǔ)法上都行不通；如果與wished并列，則后面要加不定式，如果與discard并列，它本身就必須是動(dòng)詞原型。
    其實(shí)在閱讀的現(xiàn)場(chǎng)，考生根本就沒(méi)有時(shí)間去考慮其語(yǔ)法，上面所說(shuō)的把established讀錯(cuò)，還是因?yàn)樽x者很少見(jiàn)到established作形容詞的用法及兩個(gè)and居于不同層次的情況。
    意群訓(xùn)練：She wished to discard the traditional methods and established vocabularies of such dance forms as ballet and to explore the internal sources of human expressiveness.
    100、 Although it has been possible to infer from the goods and services actually produced what manufactures and servicing trades thought their customers wanted，only a study of relevant personal documents written by actual consumers will provide a precise picture of who wanted what. （5）
    盡管有可能從實(shí)際制造的商品和服務(wù)中可推知制造商和服務(wù)業(yè)認(rèn)為他們的顧客所需要的是什么，但只有對(duì)由實(shí)際顧客撰寫的相關(guān)的個(gè)人文件進(jìn)行一番研究，方能提供一幅精確的圖畫，藉以說(shuō)明“什么樣的人”需要什么樣的東西。
    難句類型：復(fù)雜修飾、倒裝
    解釋：前面的it是形式主語(yǔ)，主語(yǔ)真正的內(nèi)容在不定式中。不定式中的大規(guī)模倒裝，是這個(gè)句子讀不懂的主要原因：infer的賓語(yǔ)是what從句，而infer和從句之間被以from為首的作狀語(yǔ)的介詞結(jié)構(gòu)所分隔。正常語(yǔ)序應(yīng)該是：to infer what manufactures and servicing trades thought their customers wanted from the goods and services actually produced.后面的分句也不好讀：主語(yǔ)很長(zhǎng)，而且句末的賓語(yǔ)precise picture后面的修飾成分of who wanted what也是比較少見(jiàn)的。
    意群訓(xùn)練：Although it has been possible to infer from the goods and services actually produced what manufactures and servicing trades thought their customers wanted，only a study of relevant personal documents written by actual consumers will provide a precise picture of who wanted what.
    101、 With regard to this last question, we might note in passing that Thompson, while rightly restoring laboring people to the stage of eighteen-century English history, has probably exaggerated the opposition of these people to the inroads of capitalist consumerism in general: for example, laboring people in eighteen-century England readily shifted from home-brewed beer to standardized beer produced by huge, heavily capitalized urban breweries.（4）
    關(guān)于這個(gè)后的問(wèn)題，我們可以順便指出，T盡管正確的使勞動(dòng)人民重返十八世紀(jì)英國(guó)的歷史舞臺(tái)，但是她又可能吹噓了這些人對(duì)于資本主義消費(fèi)觀在普遍意義上的敵視態(tài)度；比如說(shuō)，十八世紀(jì)的英國(guó)勞動(dòng)人民就很容易從家釀的啤酒轉(zhuǎn)而引用由大型的、資本密集的城市釀酒廠生產(chǎn)的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)啤酒。In passing:順便的、隨便的、偶然的
    難句類型：復(fù)雜修飾、插入語(yǔ)
    解釋：本句的難點(diǎn)就在于句子開(kāi)始的we might note in passing that Thompson…一句中，不認(rèn)識(shí)in passing這個(gè)詞組，現(xiàn)場(chǎng)就無(wú)法讀懂這句話的結(jié)構(gòu)和含義；好在這里這個(gè)詞組沒(méi)有什么特別重要的意思，即使跳過(guò)也不耽誤大事。
    In passing的意思是：順便地，隨便地或偶然地，其在英文中的同義詞就是briefly,incidentally。句子中的note in passing that…就是“順便提一下”，“簡(jiǎn)單說(shuō)一句”的意思。
    意群訓(xùn)練：With regard to this last question, we might note in passing that Thompson, while rightly restoring laboring people to the stage of eighteen-century English history, has probably exaggerated the opposition of these people to the inroads of capitalist consumerism in general: for example, laboring people in eighteen-century England readily shifted from home-brewed beer to standardized beer produced by huge, heavily capitalized urban breweries.
    102、 The correlation of carbon dioxide with temperature, of course, does not establish whether changes in atmospheric composition caused the warming and cooling trends or were caused by their.（4+）
    當(dāng)然二氧化碳與大氣溫度之間的相互聯(lián)系并不能確定到底是大氣成分的變化引起了氣候的變暖和變冷的趨勢(shì)，還是大氣成分的變化是由氣候的冷暖變化造成的。
    難句類型：復(fù)雜修飾、插入語(yǔ)、省略
    解釋：本句主句中的謂語(yǔ)establish在GRE、GMAT和LSAT的閱讀文章中除了可以作建立的意思以外，還有一個(gè)更常用的意思，就是確定、確證的意思，等于determine, prove或confirm，另外，本句的省略很容易使讀者將指代關(guān)系搞混：在后的or were caused by their當(dāng)中，存在兩處省略：or之后省略了與whether一句中相同的主語(yǔ)changes (in atmospheric composition)；后的their之后又省略了與whether從句中的主語(yǔ)一樣的changes。這里不管將their之后被省略的內(nèi)容看成是warming and cooling trends還是看成composition都是錯(cuò)誤理解。
    意群訓(xùn)練：The correlation of carbon dioxide with temperature, of course, does not establish whether changes in atmospheric composition caused the warming and cooling trends or were caused by their.
    103、 Such philosophical concerns as the mind-body problem or，more generally，the nature ofhuman knowledge they believe，are basic human questions whose tentative philosophical solutions have served as the necessary foundations on which all other intellectual speculation has rested. （5 -）
    他們相信，諸如靈與肉的問(wèn)題，或更普遍而言，人類知識(shí)的性質(zhì)等此類哲學(xué)關(guān)注，均是一些基本的人類問(wèn)題，其探索性的哲學(xué)答案已構(gòu)成一個(gè)必要的基礎(chǔ)，其它所有的智力思辯均賴以建立其上。
    難句類型：復(fù)雜修飾、插入語(yǔ)、倒裝、抽象詞
    解釋：本篇文章所討論的主題就是哲學(xué)的起源問(wèn)題，因此在這篇文章中出現(xiàn)大量的抽象詞，是理所當(dāng)然的。
    然而本句的開(kāi)始的結(jié)構(gòu)比較特殊，出現(xiàn)了一個(gè)倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)，正常的語(yǔ)序應(yīng)該是：They believe that such philosophical concerns as the mind-body problem or, more generrally, the nature of human knowledge, are basic human question…。筆者說(shuō)此結(jié)構(gòu)特殊，并不是因?yàn)槲覀兯究找?jiàn)慣了的倒裝本身，而是因?yàn)閺木渥拥慕Y(jié)構(gòu)來(lái)講，此倒裝毫無(wú)必要，并無(wú)頭重腳輕之虞。作者之所以這樣寫，一是為了強(qiáng)調(diào)句首的、作為文章主題的哲學(xué)，二是為了使句式有所變化，不至于過(guò)分單一，三是為了為難一下考生，看看讀者看懂了沒(méi)有，后面就對(duì)這句話出了一道題。
    意群訓(xùn)練：Such philosophical concerns as the mind-body problem or，more generally，the nature ofhuman knowledge they believe，are basic human questions whose tentative philosophical solutions have served as the necessary foundations on which all other intellectual speculation has rested.
    104、 The idea of an autonomous discipline called "philosophy，" distinct from and sitting in judgment on such pursuits as theology and science turns out， on close examination，to be of quite recent origin. （4）
    細(xì)作審視，我們便不難發(fā)現(xiàn)，一種被稱為“哲學(xué)”的獨(dú)立學(xué)科——既有別于神學(xué)和科學(xué)諸般學(xué)科，并高高在上地對(duì)其予以評(píng)判——的思想，其淵源卻是甚為近期的事。
    難句類型：復(fù)雜修飾、插入語(yǔ)、抽象詞
    解釋：本句與上面那句話出自同一篇文章，因此用戶仍很抽象，在此解釋幾個(gè)對(duì)讀句子比較重要的單詞。
    sit in judgment on :審視，做出判斷，本文中特指文章前面所說(shuō)的superior to；
    pursuit:不是追求，而是指被從事的事業(yè)=occupation, career, interest, etc.
    turn out:被證明是，實(shí)際是，同義詞有：prove to be, be discovered to be。
    這句話除了單詞的問(wèn)題之外，兩個(gè)插入語(yǔ)把主謂賓全部隔開(kāi)，尤其是第一個(gè)插入語(yǔ)還很長(zhǎng)，造成了我們閱讀的困難。
    意群訓(xùn)練：The idea of an autonomous discipline called "philosophy，" distinct from and sitting in judgment on such pursuits as theology and science turns out， on close examination，to be of quite recent origin.
    105、 They were fighting, albeit discreetly, to open the intellectual world to the new science and to liberate intellectual life from ecclesiastical philosophy and envisioned their work as contributing to the growth, not of philosophy, but of research in mathematics and physics.（5-）他們戰(zhàn)斗著，盡管是謹(jǐn)慎的，來(lái)為學(xué)術(shù)界打開(kāi)新科學(xué)的大門，而且去把學(xué)術(shù)生活從宗教哲學(xué)中解脫出來(lái)，而且他們把自己的工作看成是對(duì)科學(xué)和物理學(xué)而不是對(duì)哲學(xué)成長(zhǎng)做出了貢獻(xiàn)。
    難句類型：復(fù)雜修飾、插入語(yǔ)、省略、抽象詞
    解釋：本句再出現(xiàn)兩個(gè)and連接三個(gè)不屬于同一層面的成分的情況：第一個(gè)and 連接兩個(gè)并列的不定式，第二個(gè)and的級(jí)別較高，連接前后兩個(gè)并列的句子，and之后相當(dāng)于省略了主語(yǔ)they.第二個(gè)插入語(yǔ)起到的干擾作用比較大，把the growth of分割成了the growth, not of philosophy, but of…。
    意群訓(xùn)練：They were fighting, albeit discreetly, to open the intellectual world to the new science and to liberate intellectual life from ecclesiastical philosophy and envisioned their work as contributing to the growth, not of philosophy, but of research in mathematics and physics.
    106、 But the recent discovery of detailed similarities in the skeletal structure of the flippers in all three groups undermines the attempt to explain away superficial resemblance as due to convergentevolution — the independent development of similarities between unrelated groups in response to similar environmental pressures. （4）
    但是，近在所有這三類動(dòng)物身上，對(duì)鰭肢的骨骼結(jié)構(gòu)所存在的細(xì)致共同點(diǎn)的發(fā)現(xiàn)足以削弱這樣一種企圖，即把表面上的近似作為趨同進(jìn)化所致的結(jié)果來(lái)將其解釋掉。而所謂的趨同進(jìn)化（convergent evolution），是指在互不相關(guān)的生物群體之間，作為對(duì)類似的環(huán)境壓力作出的反應(yīng)，彼此獨(dú)立的發(fā)展形成某些相同特征。
    難句類型：復(fù)雜修飾
    解釋：讀者大概也看出來(lái)了，本句的大特點(diǎn)就是長(zhǎng)，復(fù)雜修飾的長(zhǎng)主語(yǔ)，復(fù)雜修飾的長(zhǎng)賓語(yǔ)，中間以謂語(yǔ)undermines相連。修飾attempt的不定式中的to explain away something as…意思是把某件事情當(dāng)作后面的東西解釋掉。本句在文中起到了一個(gè)極為重要的作用，后面有一道題專門對(duì)本句提問(wèn)。現(xiàn)場(chǎng)這種句子能否順利看懂，會(huì)對(duì)考生考試的分?jǐn)?shù)起到直接影響。
    意群訓(xùn)練：But the recent discovery of detailed similarities in the skeletal structure of the flippers in all three groups undermines the attempt to explain away superficial resemblance as due to convergentevolution — the independent development of similarities between unrelated groups in response to similar environmental pressures.
    107、 Human genes contain too little information even to specify which hemisphere of the braineach of a human’s 10’’ neurons should occupy，let alone the hundreds of connections that each neuron makes. （5）
    人類因基所包含的信息是如此之少，以致于就連去具體規(guī)定人類1011的神經(jīng)細(xì)胞中任意一個(gè)細(xì)胞應(yīng)占據(jù)大腦的哪個(gè)半腦都無(wú)法做到，更不用提每個(gè)神經(jīng)細(xì)胞所會(huì)形成的數(shù)百種連接。
    難句類型：倒裝、省略
    解釋：本句在固定搭配too little information even to specify之后，是一個(gè)大型倒裝，正常的語(yǔ)序應(yīng)該是:
    Human genes contain too little information even to specify that each of a human’s 10’’ neurons should occupy which hemisphere of the brain, let alone the hundreds of connections that each neuron makes.
    固定搭配too..to是太怎么樣以至不能如何的意思，其后的specify后面的內(nèi)容實(shí)際上是一個(gè)賓語(yǔ)從句。文章的作者把從句中的賓語(yǔ)提到主語(yǔ)和謂語(yǔ)之前，并省略引導(dǎo)詞that，使得句子非常難以讀懂。后的let alone的意思是表示遞進(jìn)的“更不要說(shuō)，何況”。
    意群訓(xùn)練：Human genes contain too little information even to specify which hemisphere of the braineach of a human’s 10’’ neurons should occupy，let alone the hundreds of connections that each neuron makes.
    108、 For the woman who is a practitioner of feminist literary criticism, the subjectivity versus objectivity, or critic-as-artist-or-scientist, debate has special significance; for her, the question is not only academic, but political as well, and her definition will court special risks whichever side of the issue it favors.（5）
    對(duì)于一個(gè)從事女權(quán)主義文學(xué)評(píng)論的婦女來(lái)說(shuō)，主觀性還是客觀性，或者說(shuō)評(píng)論家應(yīng)該做藝術(shù)家還是作科學(xué)家的爭(zhēng)論有著特殊的重要性；對(duì)她來(lái)說(shuō)，此問(wèn)題不僅僅是學(xué)術(shù)上的，而且還是政治上的，并且她所給出的定義，不管有利于問(wèn)題的哪一方面，都會(huì)招致特殊的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。
    難句類型：復(fù)雜修飾、插入語(yǔ)、倒裝、省略、抽象詞、易淆指代
    解釋：首先解釋一下幾個(gè)詞匯：versus:在這里不是前面的against的意思，它和后面的or都是“是….還是…”的意思，其英文釋義為：in contrast to or as the alternative of free trade versus pretection 。court:招致（風(fēng)險(xiǎn)、失?。⑽尼屃x：to act as to invite or provoke (courts disaster)。
    分號(hào)前面的句子的主語(yǔ)被插入語(yǔ)”or critic-as-artist-or-scientist”分開(kāi)，正常情況下應(yīng)該是the subjectivity versus objectivity debate。這種名詞修飾名詞的情況在GRE和GMAT考試中是常見(jiàn)的，如前面講過(guò)的句子中出現(xiàn)的mind-body problem。
    后的條件狀語(yǔ)從句whichever side of the issue it favors看上去不難，但卻不好理解，首先是whichever被提前的表示方法，相當(dāng)于no matter it favors which side of the issue 的倒裝，no matter被省略，which提前并改成了whichever，后面的side of the issue也被提前到主謂it favors之前，issue在此之前面的主要問(wèn)題，即主觀性還是客觀性的問(wèn)題，而it前面的名詞太多，一下子不好辨別，其實(shí)就是指本句的主語(yǔ)her definition。
    意群訓(xùn)練：For the woman who is a practitioner of feminist literary criticism, the subjectivity versus objectivity, or critic-as-artist-or-scientist, debate has special significance; for her, the question is not only academic, but political as well, and her definition will court special risks whichever side of the issue it favors.
    109、 If she defines feminist criticism as objective and scientific – a valid, verifiable, intellectual method that anyone, whether man or woman , can perform – the definition not only precludes the critic-as-artist approach, but may also impede accomplishment of the utilitarian political objectives of those who seek to change the academic establishment and its thinking, especially about sex roles.（4）假如她把女權(quán)主義文學(xué)評(píng)論定義為客觀的和科學(xué)性的——一個(gè)有效的、可證實(shí)的、理性的、無(wú)論男女都可以使用的方法——那么，這個(gè)定義不僅將排擠掉批評(píng)家作為藝術(shù)家的方法，而且可能會(huì)阻礙那些尋求改變學(xué)術(shù)界的現(xiàn)狀的及其思維，特別是有關(guān)性別角色的思維的人們的實(shí)用主義的政治目標(biāo)的成就。
    難句類型：復(fù)雜修飾、插入語(yǔ)、抽象詞
    解釋：這句話在原文中緊接著上例的難句，句中的插入語(yǔ)雖然長(zhǎng)，但是并不打斷正常的語(yǔ)義，因此不算難懂；但是but also之后的分句中的賓語(yǔ)accomplishment的修飾成分實(shí)在太復(fù)雜，而且充斥著各色的極端抽象的詞匯，沒(méi)有一定的詞匯功底，這句話的意思是不容易看懂的。
    意群訓(xùn)練：If she defines feminist criticism as objective and scientific – a valid, verifiable, intellectual method that anyone, whether man or woman , can perform – the definition not only precludes the critic-as-artist approach, but may also impede accomplishment of the utilitarian political objectives of those who seek to change the academic establishment and its thinking, especially about sex roles.
    110、 These questions are political in the sense that the debate over them will inevitably be less an exploration of abstract matters in a spirit of disinterested inquiry than an academic power struggle in which the careers and professional fortunes of many women scholars-only now entering the academic profession in substantial numbers-will be at stake，and with them the chances for a distinctive contribution to humanistic understanding，a contribution that might be an important influence against sexism in our society. （5+）
    這些問(wèn)題之所以帶有政治性質(zhì)，因?yàn)椴豢杀苊獾?，圍繞這些問(wèn)題展開(kāi)的爭(zhēng)論與其說(shuō)是一種在客觀冷靜科研精神指導(dǎo)下對(duì)抽象問(wèn)題的探索，倒不如說(shuō)是一種學(xué)術(shù)上的權(quán)力斗爭(zhēng)。在此斗爭(zhēng)中，許多女學(xué)者中——只是在現(xiàn)在才開(kāi)始以眾多的人數(shù)進(jìn)入學(xué)術(shù)界——的學(xué)術(shù)生涯和職業(yè)命運(yùn)將處于存亡攸關(guān)的危急關(guān)頭，與她們相伴隨的是對(duì)人文理解作出一種獨(dú)特貢獻(xiàn)的機(jī)遇，這一貢獻(xiàn)則很有可能成為消除我們社會(huì)中所存在的性別主義的一股重要影響。
    難句類型：復(fù)雜修飾、插入語(yǔ)、省略、抽象詞
    解釋：相信有不少同學(xué)在閱讀現(xiàn)場(chǎng)看到這個(gè)長(zhǎng)達(dá)10行，不算標(biāo)點(diǎn)就有81個(gè)單詞的龐然大句的時(shí)候，不禁心為之顫、色為之變、氣為之短、膽為之寒。曾經(jīng)有人把GRE戲稱為God Read English，我們果然在這個(gè)句子中看到了“天書”的風(fēng)采。
    經(jīng)筆者認(rèn)真的統(tǒng)計(jì)，本句是一切英語(yǔ)考試中所出現(xiàn)的長(zhǎng)的句子。而值得一提的是，筆者自己當(dāng)初在模考中讀到此處時(shí)，卻根本沒(méi)有感覺(jué)到這個(gè)句子的長(zhǎng)短，只是在?？冀Y(jié)束以后回頭看文章的時(shí)候，才發(fā)覺(jué)這個(gè)文章中的第三段整個(gè)就是一句話。其原因在于筆者當(dāng)時(shí)已經(jīng)對(duì)GRE考試中出現(xiàn)的閱讀難句做過(guò)認(rèn)真的、系統(tǒng)的訓(xùn)練，而經(jīng)過(guò)難句訓(xùn)練的人在讀文章的時(shí)候、既不看句子的長(zhǎng)短，也不想句子的結(jié)構(gòu)，只看句子的意思。其道理在于，他讀過(guò)太多遍的長(zhǎng)句子，以至于對(duì)句子的長(zhǎng)度早已麻木，而且也太熟悉這些句子的語(yǔ)法結(jié)構(gòu)，不用想就知道這些結(jié)構(gòu)所表達(dá)的含義，這才是我們訓(xùn)練難句的終目的。
    本句的主句極短，難就難在從in the sense that開(kāi)始到整句話結(jié)束為止的狀語(yǔ)上。That引導(dǎo)的從句作sense的同位語(yǔ)，從句中的主架構(gòu)還是前面曾經(jīng)講過(guò)的less…than…的結(jié)構(gòu)，譯成“與其說(shuō)是…還不如說(shuō)是”and后面是一個(gè)獨(dú)立的介詞結(jié)構(gòu)，作者用它來(lái)強(qiáng)調(diào)女評(píng)論家的重要性?？梢岳斫獬勺髡咴趙ith them are the chances.中省略了系動(dòng)詞are.
    意群訓(xùn)練：These questions are political in the sense that the debate over them will inevitably be less an exploration of abstract matters in a spirit of disinterested inquiry than an academic power struggle in which the careers and professional fortunes of many women scholars-only now entering the academic profession in substantial numbers-will be at stake，and with them the chances for a distinctive contribution to humanistic understanding，a contribution that might be an important influence against sexism in our society.
    111、 Perhaps he believed that he could not criticize American foreign policy without endangering the support for civil rights that he had won from the federal government.（4-）他有可能相信，他不能夠即批評(píng)美國(guó)的對(duì)外政策，同時(shí)又不危及到他從聯(lián)邦政府那里已經(jīng)獲得的對(duì)民權(quán)運(yùn)動(dòng)的支持。
    難句類型：復(fù)雜修飾、正話反說(shuō)（雙重否定）
    解釋：?jiǎn)螐恼Z(yǔ)言上來(lái)講，這句話并不難，但是我們可發(fā)覺(jué)作者在句子中拐彎抹角的，雙重否定的表達(dá)，想說(shuō)的一定不是字面上的意思：這是一個(gè)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的正話反說(shuō)“他有可能相信，他不能夠既批評(píng)美國(guó)的對(duì)外政策，同時(shí)又不危及到他從聯(lián)邦政府那里已經(jīng)獲得的對(duì)民權(quán)運(yùn)動(dòng)的支持。”的實(shí)際意思就是：他可能相信，如果他批評(píng)美國(guó)的對(duì)外政策，就有可能會(huì)危及到（他從聯(lián)邦政府那里已經(jīng)獲得的）對(duì)民權(quán)運(yùn)動(dòng)的支持。其實(shí)這是一個(gè)較為簡(jiǎn)單的思維轉(zhuǎn)換，也是GRE和GMAT的閱讀和邏輯中經(jīng)常出現(xiàn)的表達(dá)方法。希望讀者通過(guò)反復(fù)的訓(xùn)練，迅速習(xí)慣這種語(yǔ)言方式。
    意群訓(xùn)練：Perhaps he believed that he could not criticize American foreign policy without endangering the support for civil rights that he had won from the federal government.
    112、 However, some broods possess a few snails of the opposing hand, and in predominantly sinistral broods, the incidence of dextrality is surprisingly high.（5）可是，一些窩中會(huì)有一些相反旋向的蝸牛，而且在主要是左旋的窩種，出現(xiàn)右旋的幾率是令人驚奇的高。
    難句類型：正話反說(shuō)（或暗含的強(qiáng)對(duì)比）
    解釋：本句貌不驚人，實(shí)無(wú)難句之偉岸雄姿，然而不知在考試中難倒了多少英雄好漢，原文的表面意思簡(jiǎn)單至極，一些窩中會(huì)有一些相反旋向的蝸牛，在左旋為主的窩當(dāng)中，出現(xiàn)右旋的幾率是令人驚奇地高，關(guān)鍵是作者只是單純地想說(shuō)左旋窩的右旋幾率嗎？什么是高，是絕對(duì)值還是相對(duì)值？如果是相對(duì)值，那么是與什么相比呢？
    這么一提示，讀者可能會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)作者的言外之意，作者的真實(shí)意圖，是想將兩種窩的情況做一個(gè)對(duì)比，把句子補(bǔ)全就是：在左旋窩中會(huì)出現(xiàn)右旋，右旋窩中有左旋，而左旋窩中的右旋數(shù)量遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)高于右旋窩中的左旋數(shù)量，這篇文章對(duì)這句話出了一道題，答案就是右旋窩中的左旋數(shù)量少于左旋窩中的右旋數(shù)量。
    ETS的出題者的語(yǔ)言表述常常像初戀中的靦腆少女，言語(yǔ)間閃爍其辭，留有余味。讓我們的考生自己云猜想，恐怕不是出于羞澀；其真實(shí)用心和正確含義，關(guān)乎讀者的考試成敗，不可不察。
    意群訓(xùn)練：However, some broods possess a few snails of the opposing hand, and in predominantly sinistral broods, the incidence of dextrality is surprisingly high.
    113、 In experiments，an injection of cytoplasm from dextral eggs changes the pattern of sinistral eggs，but an injection from sinistral eggs does not influence dextral eggs.
    在實(shí)驗(yàn)中，用取自右旋卵子的細(xì)胞質(zhì)進(jìn)行的注射，可改變左旋卵子的模式；用取自左旋卵子的細(xì)胞質(zhì)進(jìn)行的注射卻不能影響到右旋卵子。
    難句類型：省略、易淆詞
    解釋：本句與上一句來(lái)自于同一篇文章，蝸牛的右旋與左旋，在閱讀這篇文章的過(guò)程當(dāng)中，所有同學(xué)都在竭盡全力地分清左、右的區(qū)別，然而這里的時(shí)候，ETS的出題者終于突破了讀者的心理防線，徹底地搞混了左右之間的關(guān)系。
    其實(shí)在這里之所以容易搞混，還有一個(gè)人為的重要原因，就是這句話使用了大量的省略；方中的changes the pattern of sinisteral eggs后面，實(shí)際上省略了一個(gè)to dextral，而后的分句an injection from sinisteral eggs does not influencee dextral eggs,則是an injection of cytoplasm from sinisteral eggs does not influencee the pattern of dextral eggs的省略形式。
    意群訓(xùn)練：In experiments，an injection of cytoplasm from dextral eggs changes the pattern of sinistral eggs，but an injection from sinistral eggs does not influence dextral eggs.
    114、 Recently some scientists have concluded that meteorites found on Earth and long believed to have a Martian origin might actually have been blasted free of Mars’s gravity by the impact onMars of other meteorites. （4+）
    近，某些科學(xué)家得出結(jié)論認(rèn)為，那些在地球上發(fā)現(xiàn)的并一直被相信源自火星的隕石（meteorite），實(shí)際上有可能是由于其它的隕石撞擊火星而致使其被震離火星的重力作用范圍。
    難句類型：復(fù)雜修飾
    解釋：這個(gè)句子難就難在以that引導(dǎo)的賓語(yǔ)從句，從句中的主語(yǔ)是meteorites，修飾它的成分有兩個(gè)，一個(gè)是found on Earth，另一個(gè)是long believed to have a Martian origin，兩個(gè)凍死的成分之間以and 相連接。注意，這里不能把原句理解成是meteorites found on Earth and meteorites long believed to have a Martian origin的省略形式，這個(gè)表達(dá)是說(shuō)有兩種隕石，一種是地球上發(fā)現(xiàn)的，另一種來(lái)自于火星，原文所指的是同一批隕石的兩個(gè)特征，發(fā)現(xiàn)于地球，來(lái)自于火星。
    句子后的by the impact on Mars of other meteorites讀上云令人感到不舒服的原因，是the impact of other meteorites中的impact of 被修飾impact的on Mars分隔開(kāi)了。
    意群訓(xùn)練：Recently some scientists have concluded that meteorites found on Earth and long believed to have a Martian origin might actually have been blasted free of Mars’s gravity by the impact onMars of other meteorites.
    115、 Under the force of this view，it was perhaps inevitable that the art of rhetoric should pass from the status of being regarded as of questionable worth （because although it might be both a source of pleasure and a means to urge people to right action，it might also be a means to distort truth and a source of misguided action）to the status of being wholly condemned. （4）
    在這種觀點(diǎn)的力量作用下，一件或許是不可避免的事情發(fā)生了：修辭藝術(shù)竟然從被視和具有讓人懷疑的價(jià)值這樣一種地位（因?yàn)楸M管它有可能既構(gòu)成一種歪曲真理的手段和誤導(dǎo)行為的來(lái)源）轉(zhuǎn)變到徹底遭譴責(zé)的地位。
    難句類型：插入語(yǔ)
    解釋：本句的插入語(yǔ)堪稱GRE和GMAT考試中長(zhǎng)的插入語(yǔ)之一。筆者曾在本書前面的講解中強(qiáng)調(diào)過(guò)，這種插入語(yǔ)(三行以上)一定要在閱讀中毫不猶豫地跳過(guò)，讀完整個(gè)句子后再來(lái)讀它。否則不但句意無(wú)法銜接，而且類似于本句中的from…to…的固定搭配，也會(huì)在插入語(yǔ)的干擾下遠(yuǎn)隔千山萬(wàn)水，在讀者的大腦中永無(wú)聚首之日。
    意群訓(xùn)練：Under the force of this view，it was perhaps inevitable that the art of rhetoric should pass from the status of being regarded as of questionable worth （because although it might be both a source of pleasure and a means to urge people to right action，it might also be a means to distort truth and a source of misguided action）to the status of being wholly condemned.
    116、 None of these translations to screen and stage，however，dramatize the anarchy at theconclusion of A Connecticut Yankee，which ends with the violent overthrow　of Morgan’s three-year-old progressive order and his return to the nineteenth century，where he apparently commits suicide after being labeled a lunatic for his incoherent babblings about drawbridges and battlements. （4）
    然則，在所有這些被搬上銀幕和舞臺(tái)的改編作品中，沒(méi)有任何一部作品能生動(dòng)地再現(xiàn)《康乃涅克州的美國(guó)佬》結(jié)尾處的無(wú)政府狀態(tài)。而在原作結(jié)尾處所描述的情節(jié)是，摩根歷時(shí)三年之久苦心經(jīng)營(yíng)的進(jìn)步事業(yè)被暴力*，他又重返于十九世紀(jì)，在由于他的那些有關(guān)吊橋和城垛的語(yǔ)無(wú)倫次的嘮叨而被列為瘋子之后，顯然自殺身亡。
    難句類型：復(fù)雜修飾、
    解釋：本句是典型的層層修飾的例子，主句的賓語(yǔ)anarchy被修飾得不像話，以至于筆者用光了三層修飾符號(hào)也沒(méi)有把所有的層次標(biāo)全(anarchy)與at the conclusion of 之間未做標(biāo)記，是后者修飾前者)，其實(shí)這種句子無(wú)它，惟長(zhǎng)而已，多練即可。
    意群訓(xùn)練：None of these translations to screen and stage，however，dramatize the anarchy at theconclusion of A Connecticut Yankee，which ends with the violent overthrow　of Morgan’s three-year-old progressive order and his return to the nineteenth century，where he apparently commits suicide after being labeled a lunatic for his incoherent babblings about drawbridges and battlements.
    117、 Calculations of the density of alloys based on Bernal-type models of the alloys metal component agreed fairly well with the experimentally determined values from measurements on alloys consisting of a noble metal together with a metalloid，such as alloys of palladium and silicon，or alloys consisting of iron，phosphorus，and carbon，although small discrepancies remained. （5）
    以伯納爾所建立的旨在研究合金中金屬成分的那類模型為基礎(chǔ)，研究人員對(duì)合金密度進(jìn)行了計(jì)算，這些計(jì)算相當(dāng)程度上與某些合金測(cè)量中通過(guò)實(shí)驗(yàn)確定的數(shù)據(jù)趨于一致，盡管一些細(xì)小的差異依然存在。實(shí)驗(yàn)中測(cè)量的那類合金由一貴金屬和一準(zhǔn)金屬構(gòu)成，例如，鈀和硅的合金，或由鐵、磷、和碳組成的合金。
    難句類型：復(fù)雜修飾、插入語(yǔ)
    解釋：前面的分句中同時(shí)有兩個(gè)成分修飾主語(yǔ)Calculations。賓語(yǔ)the experimentally determined value之后的、從from開(kāi)始一直到although之前的內(nèi)容修飾賓語(yǔ)，說(shuō)明賓語(yǔ)中determine的具體方法。
    值得注意的是后面的分句中的although。在由兩個(gè)分句組成的句子中，although如果出現(xiàn)在后面的分句的句首，則其不是表示讓步，而是一種委婉地表示轉(zhuǎn)折的語(yǔ)氣，相當(dāng)于but.
    意群訓(xùn)練：Calculations of the density of alloys based on Bernal-type models of the alloys metal component agreed fairly well with the experimentally determined values from measurements on alloys consisting of a noble metal together with a metalloid，such as alloys of palladium and silicon，or alloys consisting of iron，phosphorus，and carbon，although small discrepancies remained.
    118、 And Walzer advocates as the means of eliminating this tyranny and of restoring genuine equality “the abolition of the power of money outside its sphere”.（4）
    而起，W倡議把“在金錢的圈子之外廢除金錢的力量”作為笑出這種*并且重新獲得真正的平等的方法。
    難句類型：倒裝
    解釋：本句是典型的倒裝，本句的正常語(yǔ)序應(yīng)該是：And Walzer advocates “the abolition of the power of money outside its sphere” as the means of eliminating this tyranny and of restoring genuine equality/,而句中則把a(bǔ)dvocates的賓語(yǔ)”the abolition of the poer of money outside its sphere”倒裝到了句末。
    意群訓(xùn)練：And Walzer advocates as the means of eliminating this tyranny and of restoring genuine equality “the abolition of the power of money outside its sphere”.
    119、 It is now established that the Milky Way is far more extended and of much greater mass than was hitherto thought.
    現(xiàn)在，這已成為一個(gè)不爭(zhēng)的事實(shí)：銀河系要比迄今為止所想象的要來(lái)得遠(yuǎn)為浩瀚廣闊，并具有遠(yuǎn)高得多的質(zhì)量。（原書無(wú)此句）
    120、 Is it not tyrannical, in Pascal’s sense, to insist that those who excel in “sensitivity” or “the ability to express compassion” merit equal wealth with those who excel in qualities (such as “the capacity for hard work”) essential in producing wealth? （5）
    按照P的觀點(diǎn)，堅(jiān)持那些在“敏感性”或“表達(dá)同情心的能力”上突出的人應(yīng)該與那些在對(duì)賺錢很重要的能力（比如“刻苦工作的能力”）上突出的人得到同樣的財(cái)富，難道這種做法就不是*么？
    難句類型：復(fù)雜修飾、插入語(yǔ)
    解釋：句首的it是形式主語(yǔ)，其真正的內(nèi)容在不定式中，insist引導(dǎo)的賓語(yǔ)從句中的謂語(yǔ)merit是句子的中心難點(diǎn)。因?yàn)槲覀兺ǔＶ恢續(xù)erit的名詞詞義，并不知道它也可以被用作動(dòng)詞，所以此處不容易看懂。其動(dòng)詞的意思是:應(yīng)該得到……，值得….，英文釋義為to deserve, be worthy of。另外，句子作為一個(gè)疑問(wèn)句，卻結(jié)構(gòu)復(fù)雜，冗長(zhǎng)不堪，也是本句難以讀懂的一個(gè)重要原因。
    意群訓(xùn)練：Is it not tyrannical, in Pascal’s sense, to insist that those who excel in “sensitivity” or “the ability to express compassion” merit equal wealth with those who excel in qualities (such as “the capacity for hard work”) essential in producing wealth?
    121、 Yet Waizer’s argument，however deficient，does point to one of the most serious weak-nesses of capitalism-namely，that it brings to predominant positions in a society people who，no matter how legitimately they have earned their material rewards，often lack those　other qualities that evoke affection or admiration. （5）
    然則，沃爾澤的論點(diǎn)，無(wú)論它不充分到何種地步，確實(shí)揭示了資本主義體制中嚴(yán)重的一個(gè)弱點(diǎn)，即它將某一類人置于社會(huì)中的顯赫地位置，這類人無(wú)論以怎樣合法的方式獲得了其物質(zhì)報(bào)償，卻常常缺乏其它那些能喚起他人受戴和欽佩的品質(zhì)。
    難句類型：復(fù)雜修飾、插入語(yǔ)、倒裝
    解釋：第一個(gè)插入語(yǔ)however deficient 中的however在此不是轉(zhuǎn)折連詞，而是副詞，等于no matter how，但是因?yàn)楹竺娉霈F(xiàn)了no matter how，而作者又追求語(yǔ)言表述的多樣性，所以作者在此使用了however deficient這樣較為少見(jiàn)的(但在GRE考試中多見(jiàn))的語(yǔ)言。
    盡管本句的插入語(yǔ)較多，第二個(gè)插入語(yǔ)很長(zhǎng)，但是本句的真正難點(diǎn)在倒裝上。破折號(hào)后面的部分是主句賓語(yǔ)的同位語(yǔ)從句，此從句中固定搭配bring A to B被倒裝成了bring to BA。如果把這句話恢復(fù)成正常語(yǔ)序，則是it brings people who, no matter how legitimately they have earned their materiall rewards, often lask those other qualities that evoke affection or admiration to predominant positions in a society。很明顯，這樣的語(yǔ)序會(huì)顯得頭重腳輕。
    意群訓(xùn)練：Yet Waizer’s argument，however deficient，does point to one of the most serious weak-nesses of capitalism-namely，that it brings to predominant positions in a society people who，no matter how legitimately they have earned their material rewards，often lack those　other qualities that evoke affection or admiration.
    122、 The appreciation of traditional oral American Indian literature has been limited，hampered by poor translations and by the difficulty，even in the rare culturally sensitive and aestheticallysatisfying translation，of completely conveying the original’s verse structure，tone，and syntax.（4 - ）對(duì)美國(guó)印第安人傳統(tǒng)口頭文學(xué)的欣賞，一直被質(zhì)量低劣的翻譯所限制和妨礙，并且即使是那種不可多得的既體現(xiàn)著文化敏感性，又在美學(xué)上令人滿意的譯作，也難以完全傳遞出原作的詩(shī)體結(jié)構(gòu)、語(yǔ)調(diào)和句法。
    注：the difficulty (….) of：括號(hào)中的是插入語(yǔ)
    難句類型：復(fù)雜修飾、插入語(yǔ)
    解釋：本句的插入語(yǔ)不好對(duì)付，一來(lái)它的長(zhǎng)度比較長(zhǎng)，而且修飾層次多，內(nèi)容也不甚好懂，二來(lái)這個(gè)插入語(yǔ)正好嵌在difficulty of的中間，割裂了句意。
    意群訓(xùn)練：The appreciation of traditional oral American Indian literature has been limited，hampered by poor translations and by the difficulty，even in the rare culturally sensitive and aestheticallysatisfying translation，of completely conveying the original’s verse structure，tone，and syntax.
    123、 Mores， which embodied each culture’s ideal principles for governing every citizen， were developed in the belief that the foundation of a community lies in the cultivation of individual powers to be placed in service to the community. （4+）“風(fēng)俗習(xí)慣”，體現(xiàn)了每一文化制約每個(gè)公民的理想準(zhǔn)則，它是在這種信仰中發(fā)展而來(lái)的，即一個(gè)社會(huì)的基礎(chǔ)在于個(gè)人能力的培養(yǎng)，并將這些個(gè)人能力置于對(duì)社會(huì)的服務(wù)之中。
    難句類型：復(fù)雜修飾、插入語(yǔ)、抽象詞
    解釋：與前面的絕大多數(shù)句子相比，本句的結(jié)構(gòu)算不上復(fù)雜。但是由于句意抽象，所以讀到the cultivation of individuall powers to be placed in servicee to the comm.unity的時(shí)候容易讀不懂，因?yàn)楹竺娴倪@個(gè)不定式既有可能是修飾cultivation的，也有可能是修飾individual powers的。這里修飾的是后者。而且這里的individual powers to be placed in servicee to the comm.unity不應(yīng)翻譯成“individuall powers to serve the comm.unity”即可。此文強(qiáng)調(diào)這種individual power被置于一種位置、一種定位。當(dāng)然這種細(xì)微的差別不一定會(huì)影響答題，但有時(shí)會(huì)對(duì)文章的理解產(chǎn)生影響。
    意群訓(xùn)練：Mores， which embodied each culture’s ideal principles for governing every citizen， were developed in the belief that the foundation of a community lies in the cultivation of individual powers to be placed in service to the community.
    124、 Only in the case of　the February Revolution do we lack　a useful description of participantsthat might characterize it in the light of what social history has taught us about the process of revolutionary mobilization. （5）
    唯獨(dú)在二月革命（the February Revolution）這一情形中，我們?nèi)狈σ环N有用的有關(guān)參加者的描述，而這一描述則有可能按照社會(huì)歷史有關(guān)革命動(dòng)員過(guò)程所教給我們的內(nèi)容來(lái)勾畫出這場(chǎng)革命的性質(zhì)。
    難句類型：復(fù)雜修飾、倒裝、易淆指代
    解釋：句首雖有一個(gè)倒裝，但是這種簡(jiǎn)單結(jié)構(gòu)并不能給我們的讀者帶來(lái)大的影響；倒是主句賓語(yǔ)a useful descryiption of participants之后的定語(yǔ)從句that might characterize it中的兩個(gè)易混指代及其后的狀語(yǔ)in the light of給我們的理解造成了巨大的困難。
    首先，that從句所修飾的不是participants，而是description。緊隨其后的it指的則是前面的February Revolution。判斷這兩點(diǎn)的惟一方法就是通過(guò)句子的意思，沒(méi)有任何其他途徑。后面的in the light of…是按照…、根據(jù)….的意思，其英文解釋為from the point of view。后面的層層修飾雖然有一定的難度，但是我們已經(jīng)在前面的句子中司空見(jiàn)慣，在此不多做解釋。
    意群訓(xùn)練：Only in the case of　the February Revolution do we lack　a useful description of participantsthat might characterize it in the light of what social history has taught us about the process of revolutionary mobilization.
    125、 As a consequence, it may prove difficult or impossible to establish for a successful revolution a comprehensive and trustworthy picture of those who participated, or to answer even the most basic questions one might pose concerning the social origins of the insurgents.（5）
    作為一個(gè)結(jié)果，有兩件事就變得很困難或者根本不可能，1、為成功的革命建立起一個(gè)詳盡的并可信的關(guān)于參加者的描述；2、回答人們會(huì)問(wèn)的、關(guān)于起義者的社會(huì)背景的甚至是為基本的問(wèn)題。
    難句類型：復(fù)雜修飾、倒裝、省略
    解釋：主句的主語(yǔ)it是形式主語(yǔ)，其真正內(nèi)容在后面的兩個(gè)由or連接的并列的不定式中，前一個(gè)不定式中出現(xiàn)了一個(gè)大型倒裝，to establish /for a successful revolution/ a comprehensivee and trustworthy picture of those who participated 的正常語(yǔ)序是to establish a comprehensivee and trustworthy picture(of those who participated)/for a successful revolution。對(duì)于類似的結(jié)構(gòu)，讀者如果按照筆者的要求認(rèn)真地過(guò)前面的難句，訓(xùn)練到現(xiàn)在已經(jīng)有所感覺(jué)。正確的現(xiàn)場(chǎng)感覺(jué)是這樣：看到established之后沒(méi)有出現(xiàn)賓語(yǔ)，而是直接出現(xiàn)表示目的的for，句意不完整，大腦就會(huì)根據(jù)前面訓(xùn)練得出的經(jīng)驗(yàn)自動(dòng)判斷可能有倒裝的結(jié)構(gòu)；讀者本人的反應(yīng)就是隱隱覺(jué)得后面應(yīng)該有established的具體內(nèi)容。因?yàn)橛羞@種預(yù)期，讀到a comprehensivee and trustworthy picture的時(shí)候，正好可以把它與沒(méi)有說(shuō)完的established連在一起。
    后面的不定式的賓語(yǔ)even the most basic questions之后有兩個(gè)并列的賓語(yǔ)，第一個(gè)是省略了引導(dǎo)詞的定語(yǔ)從句that one might pose，第二個(gè)分詞修飾concerning the sociall origins of the insurgents。
    意群訓(xùn)練：As a consequence, it may prove difficult or impossible to establish for a successful revolution a comprehensive and trustworthy picture of those who participated, or to answer even the most basic questions one might pose concerning the social origins of the insurgents.
    126、 Anthropologists and others are on much firmer ground when they attempt to describe thecultural norms for a small homogeneous tribe or village than when they undertake the formidable task of discovering the norms that exist in a complex modern nation state composed of many disparate groups.（4）
    當(dāng)人類學(xué)家和其他人試圖去描述一個(gè)小規(guī)模的同一性質(zhì)（homogeneous）部落或村落的文化標(biāo)準(zhǔn)時(shí)，他們處在一種要堅(jiān)實(shí)得多的基礎(chǔ)上。相對(duì)而言，當(dāng)他們著手從事這樣一個(gè)艱巨的任務(wù)，即去揭示存在于一個(gè)復(fù)雜的、由許多彼此間毫無(wú)聯(lián)系的群體所構(gòu)成的現(xiàn)代單一民族的獨(dú)立國(guó)家（nation-state）時(shí)，他們就具備一個(gè)同樣堅(jiān)實(shí)的基礎(chǔ)。
    難句類型：復(fù)雜修飾
    解釋：句子的結(jié)構(gòu)拉得很長(zhǎng)，主要原因是用來(lái)比較的兩個(gè)when引導(dǎo)的狀語(yǔ)從句都太長(zhǎng)，句子的主干是Anthroplogists are on much firmer ground/when…/than/when…/。結(jié)果more than的結(jié)構(gòu)被長(zhǎng)長(zhǎng)的狀語(yǔ)從句分隔得很遠(yuǎn)。
    另外，第二個(gè)when 引導(dǎo)的從句中的賓語(yǔ)也很復(fù)雜，解釋一個(gè)單詞：nation-state指單一民族的國(guó)家。此單詞的詞義不必背下來(lái)。
    解釋：Anthropologists and others are on much firmer ground when they attempt to describe thecultural norms for a small homogeneous tribe or village than when they undertake the formidable task of discovering the norms that exist in a complex modern nation state composed of many disparate groups.
    127、 The Italian influence is likely, whatever Valdez immediate source: the Mexican carpas themselves are said to have originated from the theater pieces of a sixteenth-century Spanish writer inspired by encounters with Italian commedia dell’arte troupes on tour in Spain.（4+）
    不管V的直接來(lái)源是什么，意大利的影響都有可能存在：墨西哥的C戲劇本身就被認(rèn)為來(lái)自于16世紀(jì)的西班牙作家的戲劇作品，而那些作家的靈感來(lái)自與他們與在西班牙巡回演出的意大利cd劇團(tuán)的遭遇。
    難句類型：復(fù)雜修飾
    解釋：本句的冒號(hào)以后的分句中的from 引導(dǎo)的狀語(yǔ)的結(jié)構(gòu)又是典型的層層修飾，再加上主句的內(nèi)容，整個(gè)句子的意思很難理順。到底是什么來(lái)自于什么？
    意群訓(xùn)練：The Italian influence is likely, whatever Valdez immediate source: the Mexican carpas themselves are said to have originated from the theater pieces of a sixteenth-century Spanish writer inspired by encounters with Italian commedia dell’arte troupes on tour in Spain.
    128、 It has thus generally been by way of the emphasis on oral literary creativity that these Chicano writers，whose English language works are sometimes uninspired，developed the powerful and arresting language that characterized their Spanish-language works. 因此，一般而言，正是通過(guò)對(duì)口頭文學(xué)創(chuàng)造性的強(qiáng)調(diào)，這些奇卡諾作家——其英語(yǔ)作品時(shí)常顯得缺乏靈感——才得以發(fā)展一種強(qiáng)有力的和富于吸引力的語(yǔ)言，并以此構(gòu)成了他們西班牙語(yǔ)作品的特征。
    難句類型：復(fù)雜修飾、插入語(yǔ)
    解釋：讀者們閱讀本句的時(shí)候一定感覺(jué)極其別扭。首先，我們盡管知道It has been …that..。這種結(jié)構(gòu)是一種強(qiáng)調(diào)語(yǔ)氣，但是It has thus generally been by way of the emphasis on oral literary creativeity that…看上去就極不舒服。當(dāng)然從語(yǔ)法上講這么說(shuō)是可以的，可是我們確實(shí)很少見(jiàn)到it has been 和that之間插入這么多東西的說(shuō)法。解釋一下by way of的意思，就是通過(guò)什么樣的方法、通過(guò)某種手段的意思。其英文釋義為by the route of，同義詞是via。
    That以后的內(nèi)容看上去更費(fèi)勁，既有長(zhǎng)插入語(yǔ)分開(kāi)主謂，又有復(fù)雜修飾的賓語(yǔ)。本句之所以結(jié)構(gòu)怪異，意思費(fèi)解，其原因是作者為了強(qiáng)調(diào)這個(gè)口頭文學(xué)的方法。否則，句子可以寫得比較好懂:
    Thus, these Chicano writers, whose English-language works are sometimes uninspired, developed the powerfull and arresting languagee that characterized their Spanish-language works.generally by way of the emphasis on oral literary creativeity.
    意群訓(xùn)練：It has thus generally been by way of the emphasis on oral literary creativity that these Chicano writers，whose English language works are sometimes uninspired，developed the powerful and arresting language that characterized their Spanish-language works.
    129、 To measure them properly，monitoring equipment would have to be laid out on a grid at intervals of at most 50 kilometers，with sensors at each grid point lowered deep in the ocean and kept there for many months.
    為了恰當(dāng)?shù)販y(cè)量它們，監(jiān)測(cè)設(shè)備必須被設(shè)置在一網(wǎng)絡(luò)上，彼此的間距多為五十公里，位于每個(gè)網(wǎng)點(diǎn)的感應(yīng)器沉放至海洋深處，并在許多個(gè)月中一直固定在那里。 (原書無(wú)此句)
    130、 This declaration，which was echoed in the text of the Fourteenth Amendment，was designed primarily to counter the Supreme Court’s ruling in Dred Scott v. Sandford that Black people in the United States could be denied citizenship. （3）
    這一在第十四條修正案的文本中被復(fù)述的宣言，主要是旨在對(duì)抗高法院在“Dred Scott訴Sandford”一案中的判決，此判決裁定，在美國(guó)的黑人可被剝奪公民權(quán)。
    難句類型：復(fù)雜修飾、插入語(yǔ)
    解釋：句中的兩個(gè)插入語(yǔ)分別起到了兩個(gè)有效的分割作用：第一個(gè)隔開(kāi)了主句的主語(yǔ)和謂語(yǔ)；第二個(gè)分開(kāi)了作狀語(yǔ)的不定式中的賓語(yǔ)及其同位語(yǔ)從句。
    意群訓(xùn)練：This declaration，which was echoed in the text of the Fourteenth Amendment，was designed primarily to counter the Supreme Court’s ruling in Dred Scott v. Sandford that Black people in the United States could be denied citizenship.
    131、 The broad language of the amendment strongly suggests that its framers were proposing to write into the Constitution not a laundry list of specific civil rights but a principle of equal citizenship that forbids organized society from treating any individual as a member of an inferior class. （4）第十四條修正案的寬泛籠統(tǒng)的語(yǔ)言強(qiáng)烈地暗示，其制定者所意欲載入憲法的不是一張具體民法的細(xì)目清單，而是一種平等公民權(quán)的原則，這一原則禁止有組織的社會(huì)將任何一個(gè)個(gè)人作為劣等階層的成員來(lái)對(duì)待。
    難句類型：復(fù)雜修飾、倒裝
    解釋：本句的倒裝還算友好，into的介詞賓語(yǔ)the Constitution比較短，然后馬上是write的賓語(yǔ)。而且本句的結(jié)構(gòu)也算合理，避免了頭重腳輕。如果真按照正常語(yǔ)序來(lái)寫，那么句子只有更難讀懂。即：
    The broad languagee of the amendment strongly suggests that its framers were proposing to write not a laundry list of specific civil rights but a principle of equal citizenship that forbids organized society from treating any individuall as a member of an inferior class into the Constitution.
    意群訓(xùn)練：The broad language of the amendment strongly suggests that its framers were proposing to write into the Constitution not a laundry list of specific civil rights but a principle of equal citizenship that forbids organized society from treating any individual as a member of an inferior class.
    132、 This doctrine has broadened the application of the Fourteenth Amendment to other，nonracial forms of discrimination，for while some justices have refused to find，any legislativeclassification other than race to be constitutionally disfavored，most have been receptive to arguments that at least some nonracial discriminations. sexual Discrimination in particular，are "suspect" and deserve this heightened scrutiny by the courts. （5）
    所謂“懷疑分類”，意指那種在有可能被理解成以種族為基礎(chǔ)，針對(duì)某一群體進(jìn)行的歧視這一信條擴(kuò)展了第十四條修正案的適用范圍，使其同樣也適用于其它的、非種族形式的歧視。因?yàn)殡m然某些法官拒不將除種族以外的立法分類裁定為非法的，但絕大多數(shù)法官已經(jīng)接受了這樣一個(gè)論點(diǎn)，即至少某些非種族性質(zhì)的歧視，尤其是性別歧視，是“值得懷疑的”，并理應(yīng)接受法庭這種更高程度上的審視。
    難句類型：復(fù)雜修飾、插入語(yǔ)、三重否定、抽象詞
    解釋：句子雖然長(zhǎng)，結(jié)構(gòu)卻不是太難，相信堅(jiān)持訓(xùn)練到這里的讀者不會(huì)再感到句子太長(zhǎng)、或者結(jié)構(gòu)太難了。不過(guò)這句話還有兩個(gè)難點(diǎn)的。一個(gè)是其中大量的法律方面的抽象詞，另一個(gè)就是其中的一個(gè)三重否定：some justices have refused to find any legislative classification other than race to be constitutionally disfavored,實(shí)際上就是：some justices believe that only racial classification may be constitutionally disfavored或者some justices regard nonraciall discrimination to be constitutionally legitimate。
    意群訓(xùn)練：This doctrine has broadened the application of the Fourteenth Amendment to other，nonracial forms of discrimination，for while some justices have refused to find，any legislativeclassification other than race to be constitutionally disfavored，most have been receptive to arguments that at least some nonracial discriminations. sexual Discrimination in particular，are "suspect" and deserve this heightened scrutiny by the courts.