提高GRE閱讀必須要過(guò)的第一關(guān)1

原則一：迅速讀懂
    原則二：利用語(yǔ)法、不靠語(yǔ)法
    即在Gre中，考生永遠(yuǎn)也不需要再考場(chǎng)上分析一句話的語(yǔ)法成分，也不要想這句話有沒(méi)有語(yǔ)法錯(cuò)誤，考生的任務(wù)就是現(xiàn)場(chǎng)迅速的讀懂文章。然而在初期可以少量的運(yùn)用語(yǔ)法，目的有二：一為初學(xué)者如果看不懂句子得結(jié)構(gòu)，往往會(huì)感到心情沮喪，或大腦混亂，根本就讀不盡文章，因此引入語(yǔ)法能夠給讀者以信心；二為運(yùn)用語(yǔ)法，可以了解文章的語(yǔ)法結(jié)構(gòu)，并終完全熟悉各種類型的句子，達(dá)到一遍就可以讀懂句子得效果。
    原則三：學(xué)練結(jié)合，以連為主
    訓(xùn)練的類別：1、難句閱讀訓(xùn)練；2、閱讀理解力訓(xùn)練；即“懂”3、閱讀速度與閱讀習(xí)慣訓(xùn)練，即“迅速”。
    實(shí)際上，對(duì)于英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法得學(xué)習(xí)，包括對(duì)英文單詞的中文釋意的記憶和對(duì)英語(yǔ)句子得中文翻譯，都只是我們學(xué)習(xí)英語(yǔ)的輔助工具；我們終的目的，是為了提高對(duì)英語(yǔ)的實(shí)際使用能力。具體到Gre的考試的應(yīng)用上，就是看到英語(yǔ)句子時(shí)，正確的做法不應(yīng)該是現(xiàn)場(chǎng)分析出其余法結(jié)構(gòu)，再背出每個(gè)單詞的中文釋意，再把這些中文單詞串成句子，后才根據(jù)翻譯出來(lái)的中文來(lái)想這句話的意思是什么，而是讀到每個(gè)單詞、每一句話的時(shí)候，大腦中的第一反映是其意思而不是中文釋意。
    同時(shí)，對(duì)于閱讀習(xí)慣的培養(yǎng)相當(dāng)重要，閱讀過(guò)程中絕對(duì)不可以出聲浪讀，也不可以心讀，而是意讀，也不能單單得對(duì)一個(gè)詞進(jìn)行死摳，要知道閱讀考的是句子和文章。為此，建議如下：
    要點(diǎn)一：在難巨資進(jìn)行的閱讀和訓(xùn)練中，只以在大腦中反映出所讀英文的意思（不是中文釋意）為目的。什么時(shí)候讀者發(fā)現(xiàn)自己完全消除了在閱讀過(guò)程中的在大腦中的中文釋意和語(yǔ)法分析過(guò)程，此要求即達(dá)到
    四種訓(xùn)練方式：a、意群訓(xùn)練；b、不回視訓(xùn)練；c、合理化原則推力訓(xùn)練；d、速度與理解力的平衡點(diǎn)訓(xùn)練
    a、 意群訓(xùn)練：以幾個(gè)相鄰的表示同類意思的詞為閱讀的對(duì)象，而不是單個(gè)的單詞。同時(shí)避免發(fā)聲閱讀，克服內(nèi)心的聲音和喉頭與嘴唇的顫動(dòng)，關(guān)鍵是：
    要點(diǎn)二：眼睛在閱讀材料上移動(dòng)的速度要比自己在心中或喉頭出生閱讀的速度要快
    b、 不回視訓(xùn)練：保證第一遍閱讀時(shí)的高度注意力，避免回視，關(guān)鍵是：
    要點(diǎn)三：在閱讀文章時(shí)，都要注意整句的回視現(xiàn)象，堅(jiān)持一遍就都下來(lái)
    c、 合理化訓(xùn)練：根據(jù)文章中得上下文的邏輯推理，將不懂得地方進(jìn)行合理推理。
    要點(diǎn)四：凡遇到不懂得地方，就用合理化推理進(jìn)行推理
    d、 速度與理解力的平衡點(diǎn)訓(xùn)練：
    一、 推出自己的速度與理解力的平衡點(diǎn)；二、在閱讀中根據(jù)所讀的內(nèi)容的難度和重要性程度，調(diào)整自己的現(xiàn)場(chǎng)閱讀速度
    要點(diǎn)五：貴在堅(jiān)持，不可半途而廢。
    難句概論
    GRE閱讀，包括數(shù)學(xué)和邏輯中的一些題干的一大特點(diǎn)，也就是一大難點(diǎn)，就是充斥著一些或很長(zhǎng)、或很怪異的句子，我們稱之為GRE難句。句子，作為任何閱讀文章基本的閱讀單位，其重要性不言而喻。換句話說(shuō)，句子讀不懂，想要讀懂文章，有如癡人說(shuō)夢(mèng)。可使GRE閱讀中的句子之繁難，超出其他所有的英語(yǔ)考試的范疇，其長(zhǎng)度更立人瞠目，往往讀到句末，已經(jīng)忘了前面在說(shuō)些什么，令很多初學(xué)者困惑不已，不得不放棄真正讀懂文章的想法。
    然而，GRE難句絕非不可攻克，只要訓(xùn)練方法得當(dāng)，并且能更每天半小時(shí)左右進(jìn)行練習(xí)，GRE難句完全可以在一個(gè)月甚至幾周內(nèi)被攻破，而做到這點(diǎn)，對(duì)我們GRE考生的意義是偉大的：第一，所有的長(zhǎng)句子之讀一遍就懂，避免了反復(fù)閱讀趙成的時(shí)間浪費(fèi)，可以大大的提高大家的閱讀速度；第二，可以順利地作出機(jī)考中的高分題，因?yàn)榕c難句對(duì)應(yīng)的閱讀題，包括數(shù)學(xué)和邏輯中讀起來(lái)較難的題目，一定對(duì)應(yīng)較高的分值；第三，可以增加閱讀文章時(shí)的理解力，提高對(duì)文章整體的把握能力；第四，可以增加我們的自信心，產(chǎn)生一種閱讀中的順暢的愉快感，使我們?cè)趯W(xué)習(xí)GRE中不再沉浸在一種煩躁的情緒之中，真正的與文章的內(nèi)容和作者的思路打交道。
    GRE難句的由來(lái)：我們知道，GRE文章都摘自美國(guó)的科學(xué)雜志或?qū)W術(shù)論文。我曾經(jīng)到網(wǎng)上去看過(guò)那些東西，往往結(jié)構(gòu)簡(jiǎn)單，句子流暢，絕不難讀。然而經(jīng)過(guò)ETS改編和壓縮之后，GRE句子變得句子冗長(zhǎng)、結(jié)構(gòu)復(fù)雜、信息量大，趙成讀者的困難；因此GRE的難句完全是人為的東西。
    GRE難句與文章內(nèi)容的對(duì)應(yīng)關(guān)系：我經(jīng)過(guò)長(zhǎng)期觀察發(fā)現(xiàn)，GRE的各種文章中，句子的難度與文章的內(nèi)容右移種對(duì)應(yīng)關(guān)系，也就是文章的內(nèi)容越簡(jiǎn)單，句子就越難；如生命科學(xué)和自然科學(xué)題材的文章，由于其內(nèi)容較難，細(xì)節(jié)較多，因此句子較短，較容易，以降低難度；而文學(xué)評(píng)論和社會(huì)科學(xué)的文章，引起內(nèi)容較少，作者態(tài)度較為明確，因而難句既多又難；我們很多考生因?yàn)闊o(wú)法讀懂這些句子，反而認(rèn)為這兩種文章比生物、物理文章更難。因此，對(duì)文學(xué)評(píng)論性文章比較害怕的同學(xué)們下一番功夫攻克GRE難句，就顯得更為重要了。
    GRE難句分析分為四大類：
    第一類：復(fù)雜修飾成分
    句子本不難，但是修飾成分多且長(zhǎng)。1、從句（定語(yǔ)、狀語(yǔ)、同位語(yǔ)從句等等）；2、介詞短語(yǔ)修飾；3、分詞修飾；4、不定式修飾。經(jīng)常是在同一個(gè)句子里既有從句又有介詞短語(yǔ)，且都不止一個(gè)。
    例：The methods that a community devises to perpetuate itself come into being to preserve aspects of the cultural legacy that that community perceives as essential.
    翻譯：一個(gè)社會(huì)設(shè)計(jì)出來(lái)保存自己的方法得以形成來(lái)保持那個(gè)社會(huì)認(rèn)為重要的一些方面。讀法：初級(jí)：讀出主謂賓來(lái)。分析：主語(yǔ)：The methods； 謂語(yǔ)：com into being；不定式to引導(dǎo)表示目的狀語(yǔ)。高級(jí)：直接讀，見(jiàn)后?？疾槟芰Γ嚎疾榭忌拇竽X容量。
    第二類：大段的插入與或同位語(yǔ)，打斷讀者的思路，割裂前后之間的語(yǔ)義，造成理解的困難。我們稱之為“打岔”。
    例：Moreover， I can feel strong emotions in response to objects of art that are interpretations，rather than representations， of reality.（LSAT）
    讀法：初級(jí)：跳過(guò)插入語(yǔ)； 高級(jí)：直接讀；查查能力：大腦容量+抗干擾能力
    第三類：倒裝：由于應(yīng)該放在句首的成分太長(zhǎng)，因此倒裝到句末。也是一種人為現(xiàn)象。例：That sex ratio will be favored which maximizes the number of descendants an individual will have and hence the number of gene copies transmitted.
    讀法：需要經(jīng)過(guò)訓(xùn)練后才能按正常語(yǔ)序讀。
    正常語(yǔ)序：
    That sex ratio which maximizes the number of descendants that an individual will have and hence the sex ratio which maximize the number of gene copies transmitted will be favered。
    高級(jí)讀法：直接讀，見(jiàn)后：考查能力：大腦的排序能力
    第四類：省略：相對(duì)以上三種來(lái)講比較簡(jiǎn)單，在短句中大家一般都可以看出。但是如果在長(zhǎng)句中出現(xiàn)，特別是如果與以上三種之一甚至幾種同時(shí)出現(xiàn)，也會(huì)給同學(xué)們帶來(lái)很大的困難。如上例原句中的省略，在第二個(gè)the number of 前省略了"sex ration which maximizes".
    Gre難句的典型結(jié)構(gòu)
    1、 長(zhǎng)成分
    1）、長(zhǎng)從句做主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)及其他成分
    a、 主語(yǔ)從句
    b、 賓語(yǔ)從句
    2）、長(zhǎng)狀語(yǔ)
    3）、層層修飾
    4）、并列成分
    2、 常見(jiàn)倒裝搭配
    （1）、及物動(dòng)詞加介詞：固定詞組的固定搭配中，經(jīng)常出現(xiàn)倒裝情況，如：bring A to B，寫(xiě)作：bring to B A
    例：Yet Waltzer’s argument , however deficient , does point to one of the most serious weaknesses of capitalism-namely , that it brings to predominant positions in a society people who ,no matter how legitimately they have earned their material rewards , often lack those other qualities that evoke affection or admiration.
    類似的情況：throw over , insert into , import into , infer from, establish for , advocate as 等
    （2）、及物動(dòng)詞加副詞
    例：make possible …(單詞或者句子)
    3、 省略的幾種情況
    （1）、重復(fù)的成分
    （2）、讓步轉(zhuǎn)折的省略：如although (but)
    （3）、定語(yǔ)從句引導(dǎo)詞的省略which（that ）
    （4）、定語(yǔ)從句的引導(dǎo)詞和系動(dòng)詞同時(shí)省略，變成后置定語(yǔ)
    如：qualities(such as “the capacity for hard work”) essential in producing wealth
    4、 短語(yǔ)被分割：如：such as, so that , too to , more than , from A to B , between A and B
    5、 多重否定：如：
    Despite these vague categories , one should not claim unequivocally that hostility between recognizable classes cannot be legitimately observed .
    GRE難句訓(xùn)練法:
    訓(xùn)練方法：凡讀過(guò)的GRE文章，凡有讀一兩遍不懂的句子，摘下或輸入電腦：每天花半小時(shí)來(lái)讀，讀懂讀順為止；開(kāi)始越窄越多，直到20句以后，越窄越少，一個(gè)月后幾乎沒(méi)有了。這時(shí)可以達(dá)到高級(jí)讀法：因?yàn)榇竽X已經(jīng)熟悉了這4種難句的結(jié)構(gòu)，因此可以預(yù)判和自動(dòng)整理語(yǔ)序，除了太長(zhǎng)的插入語(yǔ)之外（3行以上），均可以直接讀下來(lái)。這里面的道理在于，人的大腦對(duì)于語(yǔ)言的處理方式是高度自動(dòng)化的，一旦大腦熟悉了某種語(yǔ)言的結(jié)構(gòu)，他就會(huì)對(duì)以這樣的結(jié)構(gòu)出現(xiàn)的語(yǔ)句進(jìn)行自動(dòng)的處理，哪怕句子是語(yǔ)序到的，你也能在瞬間知道其意思，絕無(wú)混亂之感。
    令人頭疼的倒裝為例，舉一個(gè)中文的例子，比如“如之奈何”依據(jù)，學(xué)過(guò)古文的同學(xué)都知道這實(shí)際上是“奈何如之”的倒裝，意思是“如何來(lái)對(duì)付他？”然而讀完“如之奈何”再把它恢復(fù)成正常語(yǔ)序“奈何如之”，才能理解其含義。這是初學(xué)古文的人的做法，真正看古文書(shū)的人不會(huì)這么讀的。因?yàn)樗焯於甲x這種語(yǔ)言，早已熟悉了這種結(jié)構(gòu)，不管怎么看，他都知道這是在問(wèn)怎么辦的問(wèn)題。你要問(wèn)它為什么是這個(gè)意思，語(yǔ)法結(jié)構(gòu)是怎么回事，它還可能真說(shuō)不明白。
    其實(shí)語(yǔ)言本身就是為了表達(dá)含義的，只要你明白句子的意思，其語(yǔ)法結(jié)構(gòu)不提也罷。我們訓(xùn)練GRE難句，就是要達(dá)到上面所談的這種高級(jí)讀法的境界，直接讀下來(lái)（除了3行以上的插入語(yǔ)），就知道句子的意思。當(dāng)然，這種讀法必須以反復(fù)的、針對(duì)難句的訓(xùn)練為前提。而如果訓(xùn)練成功，ETS所考察你的種種大腦的能力也就通通無(wú)效了。GRE學(xué)習(xí)的一大秘訣，就在于把考場(chǎng)上考察你的難點(diǎn)和需要你花大量時(shí)間思考的東西兌換成考場(chǎng)下你的時(shí)間和努力。
    注意：貴在堅(jiān)持。GRE學(xué)習(xí)，當(dāng)然也包括GRE難句的訓(xùn)練，都好比逆水行舟，不進(jìn)則退。想要讀懂GRE難句，必須堅(jiān)持每天讀，把每一個(gè)你摘出來(lái)的句子徹底讀通，讀到這些句子就像是應(yīng)該這樣寫(xiě)、如果是你來(lái)寫(xiě)這些句子，你也要寫(xiě)一樣。特別提一下，經(jīng)過(guò)我的調(diào)查，凡是能夠真正堅(jiān)持用這種方法訓(xùn)練的同學(xué)，無(wú)一例外的都在數(shù)周之內(nèi)，閱讀能力和閱讀速度都得到了大幅度的提高，興奮地來(lái)找我，告訴我再?zèng)]有完全讀不懂的文章了。而大多數(shù)同學(xué)只練了幾天就放棄了，實(shí)在可惜。其實(shí)如果真的能夠每天都能認(rèn)真地讀上半小時(shí)，一個(gè)月之內(nèi)，必有突破。而克服GRE難句，對(duì)于提高大家的邏輯單體、填空能力也至關(guān)重要。可以毫不夸張地說(shuō)，只有克服了GRE難句，你的GRE學(xué)習(xí)才算真正入了門。
    為了節(jié)省同學(xué)們寶貴的學(xué)習(xí)時(shí)間，我在俞敏洪校長(zhǎng)之鼓勵(lì)下，將GRE NO4-No9 21套題84篇文章及GRE國(guó)內(nèi)題（90-94）14套56篇文章中的所有難句進(jìn)行了摘錄和分類，盡列于此。由于絕大多數(shù)同學(xué)對(duì)需要留下新10套模考，其句子沒(méi)有收錄，且由于新題閱讀難度下降，其句子收錄價(jià)值也十分有限。余日夜兼程，完工時(shí)驚覺(jué)所錄難句恰100整。此數(shù)暗合Tofel語(yǔ)法之100難句，此天意也？
    1. That sex ratio will be favored which maximizes the number of　descendants an individual will have and　hence the number of gene copies　transmitted. （難度系數(shù)5，下同）
    譯文：那種性別比例能在大程度上增加一個(gè)個(gè)體所能擁有的后代數(shù)量，并因此能在大程度上增加所傳遞到后代身上去的基因復(fù)制品的數(shù)量。
    難句類型：倒裝、省略
    a本句的正常語(yǔ)序應(yīng)當(dāng)是：That sex ratio which maximizes the number of descendnts an individuall will have and hence the number of gene copies transmited will be favored.但是因?yàn)橹髡Z(yǔ)That sex　ratio之后的以which引導(dǎo)的修飾它的定語(yǔ)從句，如果按照以上語(yǔ)序，則有頭重腳輕之感。所以原文將此長(zhǎng)長(zhǎng)的從句倒裝成謂語(yǔ)will be favored之后。
    b在which引導(dǎo)的從句中，有兩處省略：第一處在maximize的第一個(gè)賓語(yǔ)the number of descendants that an individuall will have中，　an individuall will have是修飾descendants的定語(yǔ)從句，但是，因?yàn)閐escendants在從句中作have的賓語(yǔ)，所以引導(dǎo)詞that可以省略。第二處省略是在第二個(gè)the number of 之前，省略了與前面一樣的成分that sex ratio which maximizes. And hence在此表示后面的成分作為前面“大化一個(gè)個(gè)體的后代的數(shù)目的”結(jié)果。
    意群訓(xùn)練：That sex ratio will be favored which maximizes the number of　descendants an individual will have and　hence the number of gene copies　transmitted.
    2. （This is ）A desire to throw over reality a light that never was might give away abruptly to the desire on the part of what we might consider a novelist-scientist to record exactly and concretely the structure and texture of a flower .(5++)復(fù)雜+倒裝+省略;
    （這是一種）照亮現(xiàn)實(shí)的欲望，此欲望從來(lái)就不會(huì)唐突的取代后面的那種欲望，后者是我們可以將其部分的理解為一個(gè)兼任小說(shuō)加和科學(xué)家的人想要去準(zhǔn)確并具體的記錄下一朵花的結(jié)構(gòu)和文理的那種意義上的欲望。
    解釋：本句子的難度在一切GRE、GMAT包括LSAT考試中所出現(xiàn)的難句中堪稱登峰造極，可以確定地講，類似此句子的難度的語(yǔ)言，在計(jì)算機(jī)考試的現(xiàn)場(chǎng)絕無(wú)可能出現(xiàn)。如果對(duì)此句話不感興趣，可以把其廢掉不讀。
    A、 這句話讀起來(lái)別扭的第一個(gè)原因，是因?yàn)樗揪筒皇且粋€(gè)句子。句首省略了this is 。這種用一個(gè)詞代替一個(gè)句子的方式如果在書(shū)面語(yǔ)中出現(xiàn)，只能出現(xiàn)在高級(jí)英語(yǔ)中，因此我們以前的英語(yǔ)學(xué)習(xí)中從未遇到過(guò)。其形式類似于我們中文的“精彩”是“這句話真是精彩”的省略形式。
    B、 desire后跟著兩個(gè)大的修飾成分，一個(gè)是to throw over reality a light，其中的a light 是被倒裝到了over reality之后，正常應(yīng)是throw a light over reality.不過(guò)這個(gè)便裝部分與throw距離不遠(yuǎn)，讀者看得還算懂。關(guān)鍵是第二個(gè)修飾成分。注意：從that開(kāi)始直到句尾結(jié)束的長(zhǎng)長(zhǎng)的定語(yǔ)從句不是修飾其前的light的，而是修飾一開(kāi)始的desire的。
    C、 第二個(gè)修飾成分中又來(lái)了一個(gè)倒裝，由于作者為了強(qiáng)調(diào)never,所以將其提前，引發(fā)了定語(yǔ)從句中的倒裝：正常語(yǔ)序應(yīng)該是that might never be given away，倒裝后系動(dòng)詞was被提前，given因?yàn)樵谇閼B(tài)動(dòng)詞might之后所以變成了原型give。A give way to B，是A讓位于B，而A be given way to B，　則是A取代B。on the part of 之后的部分修飾后面的desire，what引導(dǎo)的從句現(xiàn)場(chǎng)閱讀時(shí)可以看成一個(gè)名詞。What從句中的不定式to recored exactly and concretely the structure and texture of a flower中又有一個(gè)避免頭重腳輕的倒裝，正常語(yǔ)序應(yīng)該是to recored the structure and texture of a flower exactly and concretely。
    D、 就算能夠看懂這句話的結(jié)構(gòu)，可能仍然理解不了意思。本句的意思是，哈代(注：人名老的沖動(dòng)是一種簡(jiǎn)單的、說(shuō)明現(xiàn)實(shí)的欲望，新沖動(dòng)是一種即是小說(shuō)家又像科學(xué)家的仔細(xì)研究一個(gè)東西的特點(diǎn)那樣的欲望（新沖動(dòng)），前一種欲望是永遠(yuǎn)也不能取代后者的。
    意群訓(xùn)練：（This is ）A desire to throw over reality a light that never was might give away abruptly to the desire on the part of what we might consider a novelist-scientist to record exactly and concretely the structure and texture of a flower .
    3. Hardy’s weakness derived from his apparent inability to control the comings and goings of these divergent impulses and from his unwillingness to cultivate and sustain the energetic and　risky ones. （3）
    難句類型：復(fù)雜修飾、省略、抽象詞
    譯文：哈代的缺陷一方面緣起于他的某種明顯的無(wú)能，無(wú)法控制好那結(jié)不盡相同的創(chuàng)作沖動(dòng)的穿梭往來(lái)；另一方面緣起于他不愿意去培養(yǎng)和維持那些富于生機(jī)活力和風(fēng)險(xiǎn)性強(qiáng)的創(chuàng)作沖動(dòng)。
    解釋：介詞from的賓語(yǔ)有兩個(gè)并列的部分，由and所連接，在and之后的第二個(gè)from前，省略了前面一樣的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞derive。本句之所以難，有兩個(gè)原因，一是derived from 后面的成分太長(zhǎng)，初學(xué)者難以一下子看下來(lái)；二是作為一篇文科文章，用詞抽象，難以迅速理解。
    意群訓(xùn)練：Hardy's weakenss derived from his apparent inability to control the comings and goings of these divergent impulses and from his unwillingness to cultivate and sustain the energyetic and risky ones.
    4. Virginia Woolf’s provocative statement about her intentions in writing Mrs. Dalloway has regularly been　ignored by the critics，since it highlights an aspect of her literary interests very different from the traditional picture of the "poetic" novelist concerned with examining statesof reverie and vision and with following the intricate pathways of individual consciousness. （5）
    難句類型：復(fù)雜修飾、省略、抽象詞
    譯文：弗吉尼亞.伍爾夫（Virginia Woolf）在創(chuàng)作《黛洛維夫人》（Mrs. Dalloway）時(shí)有關(guān)其創(chuàng)作意圖的這番發(fā)人深思的陳述，迄今為止一貫為文學(xué)評(píng)論家們所忽略，因?yàn)樗怀龇从沉怂T多文學(xué)興趣中某一方面，而這一方面則與人們對(duì)“詩(shī)性”小說(shuō)家（poetic novelist）所形成的傳統(tǒng)見(jiàn)解大相徑庭。所謂的“詩(shī)性”小說(shuō)家，所關(guān)注的是審視想入非非和白日夢(mèng)幻的諸般狀態(tài)，并致力于追尋個(gè)體意識(shí)的通幽曲徑。
    解釋：本句逗號(hào)以前只有復(fù)雜修飾的長(zhǎng)主語(yǔ)有些難，但總的來(lái)講比較好懂，since引導(dǎo)的原因狀語(yǔ)從句較難。
    A、 since之后的it指前面的statement，highlight的賓語(yǔ)an aspect之后有兩個(gè)修飾成分，一個(gè)是of her literary interests，　另一個(gè)是以that引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句that is very different from the traditional picture of the poetic novelist，都是修飾an aspect的。Novelist后面又有由and 連接的兩個(gè)介詞結(jié)構(gòu)concerned with doing 修飾novelist.
    B、 句中有兩處省略，一是在her literary interests that is very different from當(dāng)中，修飾interests的定語(yǔ)從句中引導(dǎo)詞＋be that is 一起省略了。第二處在and之后，由于concerned with與前面的concerned with重復(fù)，所以concerned被省略。
    C、 本句另外一個(gè)難懂的地方，就是使用了大量的抽象詞。這是文學(xué)市評(píng)論題材的文章的一個(gè)特點(diǎn)。
    Virginia Woolf’s provocative statement about her intentions in writing Mrs. Dalloway has regularly been　ignored by the critics，since it highlights an aspect of her literary interests very different from the traditional picture of the "poetic" novelist concerned with examining statesof reverie and vision and with following the intricate pathways of individual consciousness.
    5. As she put it in The Common Reader , “It is safe to say that not a single law has been framed or one stone set upon another because of anything Chaucer said or wrote ; and yet , as we read him , we are absorbing morality at every pore .”（5-）
    抽象詞、抽象詞組、比喻
    就像她在《致普通讀者》一書(shū)中所表達(dá)的那樣，“盡管可以毫無(wú)疑問(wèn)的說(shuō)，沒(méi)有任何法律被指定出來(lái)，也沒(méi)有任何高樓大廈被建立起來(lái)是因?yàn)閱疼耪f(shuō)了什么或者寫(xiě)了什么；然而，當(dāng)我們讀它的書(shū)的時(shí)候，我們身上每一個(gè)毛孔都充滿了道德”
    這句話不但用了詞抽象，還用了比喻的修辭手法。是指沒(méi)有因?yàn)閱疼诺难哉摱a(chǎn)生任何實(shí)際的行為規(guī)則或政治機(jī)構(gòu)，但我們受其影響之深，以及其影響力之大。
    As she put it in The Common Reader , “It is safe to say that not a single law has been framed or one stone set upon another because of anything Chaucer said or wrote ; and yet , as we read him , we are absorbing morality at every pore .”
    6. With the conclusion of a burst activity , the lactic acid level is high in the body fluids , leaving the large animal vulnerable to attack until the acid is reconverted , via oxidative metabolism , by the liver into glucose , which is then sent (in part )back to the muscles for glycogen resynthesis .（4+）
    難句類型：復(fù)雜修飾、插入語(yǔ)、專有名詞
    譯文：隨著爆發(fā)出來(lái)的運(yùn)動(dòng)的結(jié)束，再體液中乳酸含量會(huì)變得很高，使得大型動(dòng)物處于容易受到攻擊的狀態(tài)，直到乳酸通過(guò)有氧新陳代謝，被肝臟轉(zhuǎn)化成（convert into）葡萄糖，而葡萄糖接下來(lái)又會(huì)（部分）傳送回肌肉中重新合成糖原 。
    解釋：本句中修飾成分極多，以分詞修飾和介詞結(jié)構(gòu)修飾為主，作各種類型的狀語(yǔ)。前面的狀語(yǔ)和主句還好理解，從leaving開(kāi)始句子變難；leaving引導(dǎo)的直到句末的結(jié)構(gòu)來(lái)做整個(gè)句子的狀語(yǔ)；分詞中又包含了三個(gè)狀語(yǔ)，其中的兩個(gè)via oxidative metabolism by the liver又起到了插入語(yǔ)的作用，把be converted into拆成兩段。
     本句的另外一個(gè)特征是其中充斥著專有名詞。其中的body fluids, oxidative和resynthesis通過(guò)字面的意思或者根據(jù)詞頭、詞根我們還是應(yīng)該猜出其意思的，lactic acid, metabolism和muscle這三個(gè)詞在生物類文章中極其常用，大家應(yīng)該背下來(lái)；而glycogen這種東西則沒(méi)辦法，只能作一個(gè)首字母提煉。但是請(qǐng)記住，GRE和GMAT文章中只要出現(xiàn)了這種專有名詞，出題者是一定會(huì)在文章中把它在文章中所乃至的詞義解釋清楚的，所以讀者遇到文章中做了解釋的專有名詞，應(yīng)該力求把解釋看懂。
    意群訓(xùn)練：With the conclusion of a burst activity , the lactic acid level is high in the body fluids , leaving the large animal vulnerable to attack until the acid is reconverted , via oxidative metabolism , by the liver into glucose , which is then sent (in part )back to the muscles for glycogen resynthesis .
    7. Although Gutman admits that forced separation by sale was frequent，he shows that the slaves’ preference，revealed most clearly on plantations where sale was infrequent，was very much for stable monogamy. （3+）
    難句類型：插入語(yǔ)
    譯文：雖然古特曼承認(rèn)，由于奴隸買賣而造成的被迫離散甚為頻繁，但他還是證明，奴隸的偏愛(ài)——在那些奴隸買賣并不頻繁的種植園上被為顯著地揭示出來(lái)——在很大程度上側(cè)重于穩(wěn)定的一夫一妻制（monogamy）。
    解釋：本句中插入語(yǔ)的使用revealed most clearly on plantations where sale wa infrequent, 后半個(gè)分句中的主語(yǔ)that slaves' preference與系動(dòng)詞was離得太遠(yuǎn)，造成閱讀的困難。
    意群訓(xùn)練：Although Gutman admits that forced separation by sale was frequent，he shows that the slaves’ preference，revealed most clearly on plantations where sale was infrequent，was very much for stable monogamy.
    8. Gutman argues convincingly that the stability of the Black family encouraged　the transmission of-and so was crucial in sustaining-the Black heritage of folklore，music，and religious expression from one generation to another，a heritage that slaves were continually fashioning out of their African and American experiences. （4）
    難句類型：復(fù)雜修飾、插入語(yǔ)
    譯文：古特曼人令人信服地論辨道，黑人家庭的穩(wěn)定有助于包括民間傳說(shuō)、音樂(lè)、及宗教表達(dá)在內(nèi)的黑人文化遺產(chǎn)一代一代傳遞下去，因而在維持文化遺產(chǎn)方面也起著至關(guān)重要的作用，而對(duì)于這種文化遺產(chǎn)，黑奴們不斷地從其非洲和美洲的經(jīng)歷中予以豐富發(fā)展。
    解釋：由that引導(dǎo)的賓語(yǔ)從句中，encouraged的賓語(yǔ)the transmission of the Black heritage被同時(shí)表示并列和轉(zhuǎn)折的and so 分開(kāi)，給讀者造成了閱讀上和理解上的困難。后一個(gè)逗號(hào)后面的部分是修飾前面的black heritage的同位語(yǔ)。
    意群訓(xùn)練：Gutman argues convincingly that the stability of the Black family encouraged　the transmission of-and so was crucial in sustaining-the Black heritage of folklore，music，and religious expression from one generation to another，a heritage that slaves were continually fashioning out of their African and American experiences.
    9. This preference for exogamy，Gutman suggests， may have derived from　West African rules governing marriage，which，though they differed from one tribal group to another，all involved some kind of prohibition against unions with close kin. （3+）
    難句類型：復(fù)雜修飾、插入語(yǔ)
    譯文：古特曼表示，這種對(duì)于外部通婚的偏愛(ài)很有可能緣起于西部非洲制約著婚姻的規(guī)定，盡管這些規(guī)定在一個(gè)和另一個(gè)部落群體之間不盡相同，但都涉及到某種對(duì)近親聯(lián)姻（union with close kin）的禁止。
    解釋：本句有兩個(gè)插入語(yǔ)，第一個(gè)插入語(yǔ)Gutman suggests割裂了主句的主語(yǔ)和謂語(yǔ)。West African rules后跟著兩個(gè)修飾成分，第一個(gè)是分詞修飾(governing marriage), 第二個(gè)是以which引導(dǎo)的非限定性定語(yǔ)從句，從句中出現(xiàn)了第二個(gè)插入語(yǔ)though they differed from one tribal group to another，又割裂了從句引導(dǎo)詞與謂語(yǔ)之間的聯(lián)系。
    意群訓(xùn)練：This preference for exogamy，Gutman suggests， may have derived from　West African rules governing marriage，which，though they differed from one tribal group to another，all involved some kind of prohibition against unions with close kin.
    10. His thesis works relatively well when applied to discrimination against Blacks in the United States，but his definition of racial prejudice as "racially-based negative prejudgments against a group generally accepted as a race in any given region of ethnic competition，" can be interpreted as also including hostility toward such ethnic groups as the Chinese in California and the Jews　in medieval Europe. （4+）
    難句類型：復(fù)雜修飾、插入語(yǔ)、抽象詞
    譯文：該社會(huì)學(xué)家的命題當(dāng)被應(yīng)用于針對(duì)美國(guó)黑人的歧視時(shí)，相對(duì)而言尚能適用，但他對(duì)種族偏見(jiàn)所下的定義——即“以種族為基礎(chǔ)的、針對(duì)某個(gè)群體的消級(jí)的先入之見(jiàn)，而該群體在任何特定的種族競(jìng)爭(zhēng)地區(qū)則被普遍認(rèn)作一種族”——可被理解成同樣也襄括了針對(duì)加利福尼亞州的中國(guó)人以及中世紀(jì)的*人這樣一些種族群體的敵視態(tài)度。
    解釋：本句長(zhǎng)度驚人，插入部分比較長(zhǎng)，再加上不乏抽象詞，所以較為難懂，在表示轉(zhuǎn)折的后半個(gè)分鐘中，長(zhǎng)長(zhǎng)的插入語(yǔ)as raciallybased negative prejudgments against a group generally accepted as a race in any given region of thnic competition作為主語(yǔ)his definition of racial prejudice的同位語(yǔ)，使分句中的主謂相隔千山萬(wàn)水。除此之外，本句用詞抽象，語(yǔ)義難以理解，對(duì)讀者的詞匯功底要求較高?？荚嚞F(xiàn)場(chǎng)如無(wú)法讀懂，宜用合理化原則中的取非讀法，but之前的分句說(shuō)的是其論點(diǎn)對(duì)美國(guó)黑人的種族歧視是較為管用，轉(zhuǎn)折后的內(nèi)容就應(yīng)該說(shuō)其理論對(duì)華人和*人相對(duì)無(wú)用。
    意群訓(xùn)練：His thesis works relatively well when applied to discrimination against Blacks in the United States，but his definition of racial prejudice as "racially-based negative prejudgments against a group generally accepted as a race in any given region of ethnic competition，" can be interpreted as also including hostility toward such ethnic groups as the Chinese in California and the Jews　in medieval Europe.
    11. Such variations in size， shape，chemistry， conduction speed， excitation threshold，and the like as had been demonstrated in nerve cells remained negligible in significance for anypossible correlation with the manifold dimensions of mental experience.（5）
    難免類型：復(fù)雜修飾
    譯文：類似于這些已經(jīng)被在神經(jīng)細(xì)胞中證明的在大小、形狀、化學(xué)過(guò)程、產(chǎn)生的速度、興奮閾值及其類似的方面上所發(fā)生變化，當(dāng)他們被用來(lái)與大腦的體驗(yàn)以可能的方式聯(lián)系起來(lái)的時(shí)候，他們?cè)谥匾陨先匀皇俏⒉蛔愕赖摹?BR>    解釋：即使是初練難免的人其實(shí)也很熟悉such thing as something這樣的語(yǔ)言方式，可是當(dāng)中間的小東西thing居然變成了一個(gè)長(zhǎng)達(dá)十二個(gè)單詞的大東西的時(shí)候，實(shí)在令人搞不清后面的as及其后的something 到底為哪方神圣。再加上以such as 為中心的長(zhǎng)主語(yǔ)距離系動(dòng)詞remain太遠(yuǎn)，更增加了本句的難度。請(qǐng)讀者反復(fù)閱讀，直到讀出這樣的感覺(jué)：順序閱讀原文時(shí)，原文似乎就是幾大塊，就好像是such things as a remain negligible in a certain sense.
    意群訓(xùn)練：Such variations in size, shape, chemistry, conduction speed, excitation threshold, and the like as had been deomnstrated in nerve cells remained negligible in significance for any possible correlation with the manifld dimensions of mental experience.
    12. It was possible to demonstrate by other methods refined structural differences among neuron types ; however , proof was lacking that the quality of the impulse or its condition was influenced by these differences , which seemed instead to influence the developmental patterning of the neural circuits .(5) 有可能通過(guò)其他方法來(lái)證明神經(jīng)元種類間的細(xì)微的結(jié)構(gòu)差異；可是，這樣的證據(jù)是缺乏的，即神經(jīng)沖動(dòng)的性質(zhì)或者狀態(tài)是受這些差異所影響的，而這些差異看起來(lái)卻能影響神經(jīng)網(wǎng)絡(luò)的發(fā)育模式。
    難免類型：復(fù)雜修飾、倒裝
    解釋：與很多人的印象相反，lack從來(lái)就不能作形容詞，它只有動(dòng)詞或名詞的詞性。其形容詞的形式是lacking,意思是缺乏的、不足的。
    本句的在however 之前和之后的兩個(gè)分句，是兩個(gè)倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)，前一個(gè)是小倒裝，正常語(yǔ)序是：to demonstrate refined structural differences among neuron types by other methods: however后面是個(gè)大倒裝，lacking之后的that引導(dǎo)的同位語(yǔ)人名是修飾主語(yǔ)proof的，但是因?yàn)樗L(zhǎng)，所以為了避免頭重腳輕，被放到lacking之后，正常的語(yǔ)序應(yīng)該是proof that the quality of ..was lacking
    意群訓(xùn)練：It was possible to demonstrate by other methods refined structural differences among neuron types; however, proof was lacking that the quality of the impulse or its condition was influenced by these differences, which seemed instead to influence the developmental patterning of the neural circuits.
    13. Although qualitative variance among nerve energies was never rigidly disproved，the doctrine was generally abandoned in favor of the opposing view，namely，that nerve impulses are essentially homogeneous in quality and are transmitted as "common currency" throughout the nervous system. （4）
    盡管在神經(jīng)能量上存在著質(zhì)的不同，這一點(diǎn)從來(lái)都沒(méi)有在嚴(yán)格的意義上被反對(duì)過(guò)，但是以上教條通常被拋棄掉，而轉(zhuǎn)向相反的觀點(diǎn)，即：神經(jīng)沖動(dòng)從根本上本質(zhì)相同，而且被當(dāng)作“一種普通流”在整個(gè)神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)中傳播。
    難句類型：復(fù)雜修飾、雙重否定
    解釋：前半個(gè)分句中有一個(gè)雙重否定，was never rigidly disproved,這種表示法用中文說(shuō)出來(lái)還是比較好懂的，原因是我們熟悉中文的這種表示法，但在英文中出現(xiàn)，因?yàn)樵谝郧暗膶W(xué)習(xí)中見(jiàn)得少，所以感覺(jué)上很別扭。因此，同學(xué)們的任務(wù)，就是通過(guò)反復(fù)閱讀此類句子來(lái)熟悉這樣的英語(yǔ)。其實(shí)在英文表達(dá)中，很多雙重否定與中文表達(dá)是一樣的，表示肯定；如not unlimited就等于limited。但是值得讀者注意的是在GRE和GMAT這兩種對(duì)考生的邏輯有苛刻要求的考試中，如果這種雙重否定中所涉及的概念不是dichotomous(即二分法的詞匯，比如上面例子中的limited和unlimited)，則雙重否定不一定表示肯定；比如本例中的not disprove, 不能理解為agree， 不反對(duì)者中，的確有人會(huì)同意，但通常心存疑慮，隨大流者居多。不但如此，大雙重否定中加上限定詞以后，在否定的范圍上也有所變化，如本句的be never rigidly disproved，沒(méi)有完全被反對(duì)，不能理解為從來(lái)都被嚴(yán)格支持的，而應(yīng)該理解成從來(lái)都可能有人支持的。綜上所述，對(duì)雙重否定的句子，簡(jiǎn)單的把其置換為肯定，不是精確的理解。而好的辦法，就是通過(guò)多讀、多練來(lái)熟悉其語(yǔ)言表達(dá)及其邏輯方式，按照其字面的表達(dá)理解成沒(méi)有完全否定，然后大腦中反應(yīng)出其目前的生存狀態(tài)是一個(gè)仍未消失的狀態(tài)；這種理解才是在考試現(xiàn)場(chǎng)既快速又精確的理解。
    運(yùn)用前面所說(shuō)的用合理化原則中的取非讀法，可以很容易的讀出作者在后半個(gè)分句中想說(shuō)前面的那種觀點(diǎn)被反對(duì)了。但是，初學(xué)者會(huì)對(duì)這個(gè)分句中的something be abandoned in favor of something else這種語(yǔ)言表達(dá)感到突然，如果理解成因?yàn)橄埠笳叨鴴仐壛饲罢撸m然也能說(shuō)得通，但是其實(shí)原文從來(lái)沒(méi)有這種因果關(guān)系，in favor of強(qiáng)調(diào)的是這兩種動(dòng)作的同時(shí)性；拋棄了前者，而轉(zhuǎn)向后者，namely之后的內(nèi)容是前面的opposing view的同位語(yǔ)。
    意群訓(xùn)練：Although qualitative variance among nerve energies was never rigidly disproved, the doctrine was generally abandoned in favor of the oppsiting view, namely, that nerve impulses are essentially homogeneous in quality and are transmitted as "common currency" throught the nervous system
    14. Other experiments revealed slight variations in the size，number，arrangement，and interconnection of the nerve cells，but as far as psycho neural correlations were concerned，the obvious similarities of these sensory fields to each other seemed much more remarkable than any of the minute differences. （4 -）
    盡管其他實(shí)驗(yàn)顯示在神經(jīng)細(xì)胞的大小、數(shù)量、排列和相互連接上有一些小的差異，但是就心理-神經(jīng)的關(guān)系而言，這些感官區(qū)域彼此之間的明顯的相似性看起來(lái)比起微小的差異更為令人注目。
    難句類型：復(fù)雜修飾、插入語(yǔ)
    解釋：在前后兩個(gè)分句之間有一個(gè)插入語(yǔ)as far as psychoneural correlations were concerned。在后面的分句中，主語(yǔ)the obvious similarities之后的、修飾主語(yǔ)的成分較長(zhǎng)、以至于有很多讀者看到相隔很遠(yuǎn)的more remarkable than時(shí)一下子反應(yīng)不過(guò)來(lái)是什么比后者更明顯。其簡(jiǎn)化形式應(yīng)為：similarities seemed more remarkable than differences。
    意群訓(xùn)練：Other experiments revealed slight variations in the size, number, arrangement, and interconnection of the nerve cells, but as far as psychoneural correlations were concerned, the obvious similarities of these sensory fileds to each other seemed much more remarkable than any of the minute differences.
    15. Although some experiments show that，as an object becomes familiar，its internal　representation becomes more holistic and　the recognition process correspondingly more parallel，the weight of evidence　seems to support the serial hypothesis，at least for objects that are not notably simple and familiar. （4+）
    雖然某些實(shí)驗(yàn)表明，隨著一個(gè)物體變得熟悉起來(lái)，其內(nèi)心再現(xiàn)圖像亦更具整體感，辨認(rèn)過(guò)程相應(yīng)地更趨于平行，但證據(jù)的砝碼似乎在支持序列假設(shè)（serial hypothesis），至少是對(duì)于那些不甚簡(jiǎn)單、不甚熟悉的物體來(lái)說(shuō)。
    難句類型：復(fù)雜修飾、插入語(yǔ)、省略
    解釋：在Although引導(dǎo)的分句中，謂語(yǔ)shows后面跟著一個(gè)長(zhǎng)長(zhǎng)的賓語(yǔ)從句，從句中先出現(xiàn)一個(gè)插入語(yǔ)as an object becomes familiar,之后的內(nèi)容是由and 連接的兩套并列的主謂賓。其實(shí)and前后就是兩個(gè)句子，只不過(guò)作者省略了后面的句子中與前面相同的引導(dǎo)詞that和謂語(yǔ)become。
    句子中有一個(gè)生詞holistic，其實(shí)即使不認(rèn)識(shí)，也能用合理化原則猜出它是后面serial的反義詞、parallel的同義詞，大約是統(tǒng)一、完整或同時(shí)的意思；其實(shí)只要能理解到其是與serial相反的意思即可。
    意群訓(xùn)練：Although some experiments show that，as an object becomes familiar，its internal　representation becomes more holistic and　the recognition process correspondingly more parallel，the weight of evidence　seems to support the serial hypothesis，at least for objects that are not notably simple and familiar.
    16. In large part as a consequence of　the feminist movement，historians have focused a great deal of attention in recent years on determining more accurately the status of women in　various periods. （3+）
    在很大程度上，由于女權(quán)主義運(yùn)動(dòng)（feminist movement）的緣故，史學(xué)家近年來(lái)匯聚了大量的注意力，來(lái)更為準(zhǔn)確地確定婦女在各個(gè)歷史時(shí)期的地位。 Focus A on B;
    難句類型：倒裝
    解釋：focus A on B指把A集中于B，本句中介詞on的賓語(yǔ)determining/more accurately the status of women invarious periods中有一個(gè)小倒裝，正常語(yǔ)序應(yīng)該是determining the status of women in various periods more accurately。
    意群訓(xùn)練：In large part as a consequence of the feminist movement, historians have focused a great deal of attention in recent years on determining more accurately the status of women in various periods.
    17. If one begins by examining why ancients refer to Amazons , it becomes clear that ancient Greek descriptions of such societies were meant not so much to represent observed historical fact –real Amazonian societies – but rather to offer “moral lessons” on the supposed outcome of women’s rule in their own society . (4)
    如果我們先研究一下為什么古人會(huì)提到亞馬遜人，下面的一點(diǎn)就變得清晰了，那就是古希臘對(duì)于這種社會(huì)的廟睡不是太多的被用來(lái)表達(dá)觀察的歷史事實(shí)——真正的亞麻遜社會(huì)的——而是為了對(duì)于婦女在其社會(huì)中的統(tǒng)治的預(yù)期后果提供一種“道德教導(dǎo)”。
    難句類型：復(fù)雜修飾、插入語(yǔ)、抽象詞
    解釋：有兩個(gè)詞匯需要先解釋一下：something be meant to represent是use something to mean的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。mean在這里不是常用的"……的意思是"的意思，而是表示做某事所表達(dá)的目的、意圖，其英文釋義為：to serve or intend to convey, show, or indicate。句中的結(jié)構(gòu)為：something be meant not so much to,,, but rather to, 實(shí)際上是把be meant to和not rather 的兩個(gè)固定搭配套在一起，意思是：不是為了...而是為了...
    另外，suppose的意思很抽象，不容易理解。此詞既有據(jù)信、被認(rèn)為的意思，也有預(yù)期的意思，還有表示貶義的假想的被想當(dāng)然的意思。
    本句的supposed用法極其特殊，在此處的意思，用以上任何一個(gè)釋義來(lái)理解居然都可以成立，既是在說(shuō)一個(gè)預(yù)期的社會(huì)狀態(tài)，又是在說(shuō)一個(gè)虛構(gòu)出來(lái)的、本來(lái)不存在的社會(huì)狀態(tài)，其用法類似于中文中的一語(yǔ)雙關(guān)，是文章作者自以為文筆精妙之處。
    意群訓(xùn)練：If one begins by examining why ancients refer to Amazons, it becomes clear that ancient Greek descriptions of such societies were meant not so much to represent observed historical fact- real Amazonian societies- but rather to offer"moral lessons" on the supposed outcome of women's rule in their own society.
    18. Thus，for instance，it may come as a shock to mathematicians to learn that the Schrodinger equation for the hydrogen atom is not a literally correct description of this atom，but only an approximation to a somewhat more correct equation taking account of spin，magnetic dipole，and relativistic effects；and that this corrected　equation is itself only an imperfect approximation to an infinite set of　quantum field-theoretical equations. （5）
    因此，舉例來(lái)說(shuō)，對(duì)數(shù)學(xué)家而言，了解到下述情形可能會(huì)令其驚愕不已，即薛定諤（Schrodinger）的氫原子方程式并非是對(duì)該原子作出的一種絕然正確的描述，而僅僅是個(gè)近似值，趨近于一個(gè)在某種程度上更為正確的將自旋、磁性偶極子、以及相對(duì)論效應(yīng)考慮在內(nèi)的方程式；而這個(gè)得以糾正的方程式就其本身而言也只是一個(gè)不完美的近似值，趨近于無(wú)窮無(wú)盡的一整套量子場(chǎng)論方程式。
    難句類型：復(fù)雜修飾、插入語(yǔ)、省略
    解釋：讀到此句時(shí)，數(shù)學(xué)家不見(jiàn)得震驚，暈倒的考生恐怕不在少數(shù)。不但句子結(jié)構(gòu)復(fù)雜，而且羅列了大量的專有名詞。對(duì)于不是理科的同學(xué)來(lái)講，在閱讀這篇文章的現(xiàn)場(chǎng)清楚地明白應(yīng)該讀到什么程度遠(yuǎn)比研究這些生僻的專有名詞更重要。其實(shí)是否知道薛定鄂方程對(duì)讀者來(lái)說(shuō)并不見(jiàn)得重要，GRE考試的出題者也不見(jiàn)得知道它；關(guān)鍵是要讀懂句子的主要意思；數(shù)學(xué)家不能理解不精確和近似值的偉大意義。不過(guò)在本書(shū)中，出現(xiàn)的句子均以閱讀訓(xùn)練為目的，所以讀者仍要把句子的結(jié)構(gòu)讀清楚。
    主句中的主語(yǔ)it是一個(gè)開(kāi)工主語(yǔ)，其具體的內(nèi)容應(yīng)該是從to learn開(kāi)始一直到句子結(jié)束的長(zhǎng)達(dá)八行的不定式，但是此不定式實(shí)在太長(zhǎng)，如果放在句首則句子無(wú)法平衡。Learn后面帶著兩個(gè)以that引導(dǎo)的賓語(yǔ)從句，中間以分號(hào)和and分開(kāi)，可以把分號(hào)以后的句子看成是and it may come as a shock to mathematicians to learn that的省略形式。
    意群訓(xùn)練：Thus, for instance, it may come as a shock to mathematiians to learn that the Schrodinger equation for the hydrogen atom is not a literally correct description of this atom, but only an approximation to a somewhat more correct equation taking account of spin, magnetic dipole, and relativistic effects; and that this corrected equation is itself only an imperfect approximation to an infinite set of quantum field-theoretical equations.
    19. The physicist rightly dreads precise argument，since an argument that is　convincing only if it is precise loses all its force if the assumptions on　which it is based are slightly changed，whereas an argument that is convincing though imprecise may well be stable under small perturbations of its underlying assumptions. （5+）
    物理學(xué)家恐懼于那些精確無(wú)誤的論據(jù)不無(wú)道理，因?yàn)槟撤N只有在它是精確無(wú)誤的條件下才令人置信的論據(jù)，一旦它賴于建立其上的假設(shè)稍有變化，便會(huì)失去它一部的作用；而與此相反，一個(gè)盡管并不精確無(wú)誤但卻令人置信的論據(jù)，在其基本假設(shè)（underlying assumption）稍微受干擾的情況下，仍然有可能是站得住腳的。
    難句類型：復(fù)雜修飾
    解釋：本句在文章中就是一個(gè)自然段，雖然長(zhǎng)度比不上前面第一章中所舉的那個(gè)長(zhǎng)達(dá)10行的例子，但是難度絕不在那句話之下。本句堪稱句子的大雜燴，連主句帶從句居然一共有八個(gè)。從大往小說(shuō)，由whereas連接了兩個(gè)大句子，whereas后面的句子中的主語(yǔ)an augument之后又跟了一個(gè)定語(yǔ)從句that is convincing though imprecise， 修飾augument。whereas前面共有六個(gè)句子，由the physicist作主語(yǔ)的主句；由since引導(dǎo)的原因狀語(yǔ)從句，修飾since從句中主語(yǔ)an augument的由that引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句，此定語(yǔ)從句中的條件狀語(yǔ)從句only if it is precise; since從句中的條件狀語(yǔ)從句if the assumptions on which it is based are slightly changed,以及修飾此從句中的主語(yǔ)assumptions的定語(yǔ)從句on which it is based一共八個(gè)句子，從句套從句，實(shí)在令人嘆為觀止。
    然而，在考試現(xiàn)場(chǎng)去數(shù)句子的數(shù)目，是只有呆子才會(huì)干的事，讀者們惟一要干的事就是反復(fù)閱讀這句話，什么時(shí)候練到不必去想其語(yǔ)法結(jié)構(gòu)就能按原文順序讀懂，才算初步掌握；再進(jìn)一步把它讀順，直到你看不出這個(gè)句子有什么特別的地方，看上去還挺舒服就算訓(xùn)練成功。
    意群訓(xùn)練：The physicist rightly dreads precise argument, since an argument that is convincing only if it is precise loses all its force if the assumptions on which it is based are slightly changed, whereas an argument that is convincing though imprecise may well be stable under small perturbations of its underlying assumptions.
    20. However，as they gained cohesion，the Bluestockings came to regard themselves as a women’s group and to possess a sense of female solidarity lacking in the salonnieres，who remained isolated from one another by the primacy each held in her own salon. （4-）
    起初，藍(lán)襪女們確實(shí)模仿了法國(guó)沙龍女主人，將男性襄括到其小圈子中來(lái)。然則，隨著她們獲得的凝聚力，她們漸趨將自己視作一女性團(tuán)體，并擁有了一種婦女團(tuán)結(jié)意識(shí)，而這種意識(shí)在法國(guó)沙龍女主人身上則蕩然無(wú)存，因?yàn)樗齻兠總€(gè)人在其自己的沙龍中自視甚高而彼此孤立隔絕開(kāi)來(lái)。
    難句類型：復(fù)雜修飾
    解釋：本句讀到表示并列的連詞and開(kāi)始變難。and之后的不定式與前面的不定式是并列的，to的前面省略了一個(gè)與前面一樣的謂語(yǔ)came?！acking之后的分詞作定語(yǔ)修飾a sense of female solidarity其后的由who引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句又修飾逗號(hào)前面的salonnieres此從句中又有一個(gè)定語(yǔ)從句that each salonniere held in her own salon修飾其前的primacy,但是由于引導(dǎo)詞that在從句中作賓語(yǔ)，因此被省略。
    意群訓(xùn)練：However, as they gained cohesion, the Bluestocking came to regard themselves as a women's group and to possess a sense of female solidarity lacking in the salonnieres, who remained isolated from one another by the primacy each held in her own salon.
    21. As my own studies have advanced，I have been increasingly impressed with the functionalsimilarities between insect and vertebrate societies and less so with the structural differences that seem，at first glance，to constitute such an immense gulf between them. （5）
    隨著我的研究不斷深入，我對(duì)昆蟲(chóng)和脊椎動(dòng)物群落之間的功能類似性印象愈來(lái)愈深刻，而對(duì)結(jié)構(gòu)上的差異印象愈發(fā)淡漠，雖然這些結(jié)構(gòu)上的差異初看上去似乎構(gòu)成了二者間一條無(wú)法愈越的鴻溝。
    難句類型：復(fù)雜修飾、插入語(yǔ)、省略
    解釋：本句子的中間一段impressed with the functional similarites between insect and vertebrate societies and less so with the structural differences容易令人看暈，其中的insect and vertebrate societies and less so with由兩個(gè)and連接了三個(gè)部分，然而它們其實(shí)不是同一層次的并列，第一個(gè)and實(shí)際上是between insect societies and vertebrate societies的一部分，是并列的，而and之后的less so with其實(shí)是對(duì)于一個(gè)完整的表達(dá)方式I have been increasingly less impressed with的省略形式，去掉了與前面重復(fù)的成分。
    后面修飾的structural differences的定語(yǔ)從句that seem, at first glance, to constitute such an immense gulf between them中，又出現(xiàn)了一個(gè)別扭的插入語(yǔ)at first glance，把應(yīng)該連在一起的seem to 粗暴地分開(kāi)，令人不熟悉此類難句的人倍感不適。
    意群訓(xùn)練：As my own studies have advanced, I have been increasingly impressed with the functional similarities between insect and vertebrate societies and less so with the structural differences that seem, at first glance, to constitute such an immense gulf between them.
    22. Although fiction assuredly springs from political circumstances，its authors react to those circumstances in ways other than ideological，and talking about novels and stories primarily as instruments of ideology circumvents much of the fictional enterprise.（4）
    雖然小說(shuō)無(wú)疑起源于政治情狀，但其作者則是以非意識(shí)形態(tài)的方式對(duì)這些政治情狀作出反應(yīng)的，而將小說(shuō)和故事主要地當(dāng)作意識(shí)形態(tài)的工具來(lái)探討，會(huì)在相當(dāng)程度上阻礙小說(shuō)事業(yè)。
    難句類型：復(fù)雜修飾
    解釋：本句從句子的結(jié)構(gòu)上來(lái)講，惟一的難度在于and之后的句子的主語(yǔ)talking about novels and stories primarily as instruments ofideology太長(zhǎng)，以至于看到謂語(yǔ)circumvent的時(shí)候已經(jīng)搞不清楚主謂了。更大的難度恐怕還在于對(duì)兩個(gè)詞匯的理解circumvent和enterprise。我們以前所背過(guò)的circumvent有兩個(gè)詞義，一個(gè)是規(guī)避，一是以計(jì)謀戰(zhàn)勝，但是這兩種意思放到此處都顯然不通；其實(shí)circumvent有一個(gè)我們沒(méi)有背過(guò)的常用的意思是包圍、限制或陷害；至于enterprise常用的意思是企業(yè)，這里的指事業(yè)。
    意群訓(xùn)練：Although fiction assuredly springs from political circumstances，its authors react to those circumstances in ways other than ideological，and talking about novels and stories primarily as instruments of ideology circumvents much of the fictional enterprise.
    23. Is this a defect，or are the authors working out of，or trying to forge，a different kind of aesthetic？ （3）
    這究竟是一種缺陷呢，還是這些作者想要按照一種與眾不同的美學(xué)體系進(jìn)行創(chuàng)作，抑或是在試圖創(chuàng)立一種與眾不同的美學(xué)體系？
    難句類型：插入語(yǔ)
    解釋：本句的句子既短，意思也不難理解，但插入語(yǔ)(or trying to forge)的干擾作用卻極強(qiáng)。
    意群訓(xùn)練：Is this a defect, or are the authors working out of, or trying to forge, a different kind of aesthetic?
    24. In addition, the style of some Black novels, like Jean Toomer’s Cane, verges on expressionism or surrealism ; does this technique provide a counterpoint to the prevalent theme that portrays the fate against which Black heroes are pitted , a theme usually conveyed by more naturalistic modes of expression ? （5）
    不僅如此，有些黑人小說(shuō)（比如JT的甘蔗）的風(fēng)格接近與表現(xiàn)主義和超現(xiàn)實(shí)主義；這種技巧是否為流行的主題提供了一個(gè)和諧的對(duì)應(yīng)呢？這種主題刻畫(huà)了黑人注意與之相抗?fàn)幍拿\(yùn)，這是一個(gè)通常用更為自然主義的表現(xiàn)手法所表達(dá)的主題。
    難句類型：復(fù)雜修飾、插入語(yǔ)
    解釋：在本句中有三個(gè)詞需要先解釋一番：verge on這個(gè)詞組是接近于、瀕于的意思，hero在文學(xué)作品中是主人公的意思，pit作動(dòng)詞時(shí)，除了挖坑、窖藏之外，還有使競(jìng)爭(zhēng)、使斗爭(zhēng)的意思，其英文釋義為：to set as gamecocks into or as if into a pit to fight, to set into opposition or rivalry usually used with against.在此用的是后一種語(yǔ)義的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)fate againt which Black heros are pitted.如果用主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)則是：pit black heros againt fate。
    另外本句的結(jié)構(gòu)復(fù)雜，分號(hào)之后是一個(gè)一般疑問(wèn)句，但是由于修飾成分過(guò)多，過(guò)長(zhǎng)，使得讀者看不清楚這個(gè)句子在問(wèn)什么。其實(shí)如果沒(méi)有后的那個(gè)prevalent theme的同位語(yǔ)a theme usually conveyed by more naturalistic modes of expression，本句會(huì)易懂得多。
    意群訓(xùn)練：In addition, the style of some Black novels, like Jean Toomer's Cane, verges on expressionism or surrealism； does this technique provide a counterpoint to the prevalent theme that portrays the fate against which Black heroes are pitted, a theme usually conveyed by more naturalistic modes of expression?
    25. Black Fiction surveys a wide variety of novels，bringing to our attention in the　process some fascinating and little-known works like James Weldon　Johnson’s Autobiography of an Ex-Colored Man. （4）注意：bring A to B ——〉bring to B A
    《黑人小說(shuō)》考察了極為廣泛的一系列小說(shuō)，在此過(guò)程中讓我們注意到了某些引人入勝但卻鮮為人知的作品，如詹姆斯。韋爾登。約翰遜（James Weldon Johnson）的《一個(gè)曾經(jīng)是有色人的自傳》（Autobiography of an Ex-Colored Man）。
    難句類型：倒裝
    解釋：在以bringing開(kāi)頭的作狀語(yǔ)的分詞中出現(xiàn)了倒裝，bring A to B被倒裝為bring to B A,其倒裝的原因仍是為了避免頭重腳輕，正常的語(yǔ)序應(yīng)該如下：bringing some fascinating and little-known works like James Weldon johnson's Autobiography of an Ex-Colored Man to our attention in the process.
    意群訓(xùn)練：Black Fiction surveys a wide variety of novels， bringing to our attention in the　process some fascinating and little-known works like James Weldon　Johnson's Autobiography of an Ex-Colored Man.
    26. Although these molecules allow radiation at visible wavelengths， where most of the energy of sunlight is concentrated，to pass through，they absorb some of the longer-wavelength，infrared emissions radiated from the Earth’s surface，radiation that would　otherwise be transmitted back into space. (4)
    雖然這些分子允許可見(jiàn)波長(zhǎng)（visible wavelength）的輻射——陽(yáng)光的絕大部分能量就匯集于此——不受阻擋地穿透，但它們卻會(huì)吸收某些較長(zhǎng)波長(zhǎng)（longer-wavelength），亦即從地球表面輻射出的紅外發(fā)射（infrared emission），這種輻射若不是二氧化碳的緣故就會(huì)被重新輸送回太空。
    難句類型：復(fù)雜修飾、抽象詞
    解釋：前面的分句中有一個(gè)不算很長(zhǎng)的插入語(yǔ)，但是因?yàn)樗迦氲奈恢谜迷诠潭ù钆鋋llow something to do somthing中間，將allow和to分得很遠(yuǎn)，所以讀起來(lái)讓人感覺(jué)很不舒服。
    后面的分句中的后一行radiation that would otherwise be transmitted back into space是其前面的infrared emissions的同位語(yǔ)。其中的otherwise是副詞作狀語(yǔ)，表示如果后面的分句所說(shuō)的they absorb some of the longer-waverlength, infrared emissions不發(fā)生時(shí)的后果。
    意群訓(xùn)練：Although these molecules allow radiation at visible wavelengths， where most of the energy of sunlight is concentrated， to pass through， they absorb some of the longer-wavelength， infrared emissions radiated from the Earth's surface， radiation that would　otherwise be transmitted back into space.
    27. The role those anthropologists ascribe to evolution is not of dictating　the details of human behavior but one　of imposing constraints—ways of　feeling，thinking，and acting that"come naturally" in archetypal situations in any culture. （4）
    這些人類學(xué)家所歸諸于生物進(jìn)化的作用，不是規(guī)定人類行為的種種細(xì)節(jié)，而是將各種限制強(qiáng)加于人類——即在任何文化的典型情景中都會(huì)“自然表露”的情感、思維、以及行動(dòng)方式。
    難句類型：復(fù)雜修飾、省略
    解釋：盡管我們很熟悉the role of something的這種表達(dá)，但本句中the role of被作者勝利很活。首先，在role后面有一個(gè)省略了引導(dǎo)詞that的定語(yǔ)從句(因?yàn)閞ole在從句中作ascribe的賓語(yǔ))，這樣就把role和系動(dòng)詞is隔得很遠(yuǎn)。其次，but前面的句子的主要結(jié)構(gòu)The role is not of doing something其實(shí)是The role is not the role of doing something的省略形式，因?yàn)楹竺娴膖he role與前面的完全重復(fù)，如果不把它省略掉，誰(shuí)看到都要覺(jué)得啰嗦。因?yàn)橥瑯拥牡览?，but之后的one of imposing constraints實(shí)際上是is one role of imposing constraints的省略形式。
    意群訓(xùn)練：The role those anthropologists ascribe to evolution is not of dictating　 the details of human behavior but one　of imposing constraints— ways of　feeling， thinking，and acting that"come naturally" in archetypal situations in any culture.
    28. Which of the following most probably provides an appropriate analogy from human morphology for the “details” versus “constraints” distinction made in the passage in relation to human behavior? （5）
    以下哪一個(gè)選項(xiàng)有可能為文章中所談到的與人類行為有關(guān)的“人類行為細(xì)節(jié)”相對(duì)“人類所受限制”之間的差異，從人類形態(tài)的角度上提供了一個(gè)合適的類比？
    難句類型：復(fù)雜修飾、抽象詞
    解釋：本句子在所有GRE或GMAT閱讀題的題干中是難讀懂的題干之一。本句不但結(jié)構(gòu)復(fù)雜，而且用詞抽象，使得讀者如果想根據(jù)語(yǔ)義來(lái)搞清楚誰(shuí)修飾誰(shuí)，也變得極為困難。分析如下：本句的主干是Which of the following provides an analogy for the details versus constraints distinction?. Versus是一個(gè)介詞，等于against，即體育比賽中的VS。其他的所有成分均是一些修飾成分。其中一個(gè)對(duì)答題重要的限制條件是from human morphology，　說(shuō)明這種類比的比較雙方所比的必須是人類形態(tài)上的特征。
    意群訓(xùn)練：Which of the following most probably provides an appropriate analogy from human morphology for the "details" versus "constraints" distinction made in the passage in relation to human behavior?
    29. A low number of algal cells in the presence of a high number of grazers suggested，but did not prove， that the grazers　had removed most of the algae. （3+）
    在存在大量食草動(dòng)物的同時(shí)卻只有少量的水藻花粉囊，這暗示出——但沒(méi)能證明——食草動(dòng)物已吞噬了大部分水藻。
    難句類型：插入語(yǔ)
    解釋：本句主語(yǔ)很長(zhǎng)，而且謂語(yǔ)suggested與that引導(dǎo)的賓語(yǔ)從句間被插入語(yǔ)but did not prove隔開(kāi)，造成閱讀障礙。當(dāng)suggest與but did not prove連在一起使用的時(shí)候，其意思不是建議，而是指一種基于主觀臆測(cè)的推理，中文翻譯成“暗示”。其英文釋義為：to call to mind by though or association the explosion suggested sabotage。GRE、GMAT及LSAT文章中，常用suggest，but do not prove來(lái)描述一種沒(méi)有真憑實(shí)據(jù)、可能有問(wèn)題的理論，然后在后面的敘述中把它否定掉。
    意群訓(xùn)練：A low number of algal cells in the presence of a high number of grazers suggested，but did not prove， that the grazers　had removed most of the algae.
    30. Perhaps the fact many of these first studies considered only algae of a size that could be collected in a net (net phytoplankton), a practice that overlooked the smaller phytoplankton (nannoplankton) that we now know grazers are most likely to feed on , led to a de-emphasis of the role of grazers in subsequent research. （5）
    可能這樣一個(gè)事實(shí)，那就是很多這樣的初的研究只是考慮了那些能夠用網(wǎng)撈起來(lái)的大小的水藻，這樣一個(gè)忽視了更小的浮游生物（而這些浮游生物我們現(xiàn)在知道是捕食者主要的食物）的做法，導(dǎo)致了在接下來(lái)的研究中對(duì)于捕食者的作用的貶低。
    難句類型：復(fù)雜修飾、插入語(yǔ)
    解釋：句子的結(jié)構(gòu)繁雜。句子的主語(yǔ)令人吃驚地長(zhǎng)，在后一個(gè)逗號(hào)后的led以前，全是主語(yǔ)！其實(shí)句子的主干簡(jiǎn)單，就是the fact led to a de-emphasis of the role of grazers。但是本句的主語(yǔ)the fact后面的修飾成分長(zhǎng)得嚇人，先是個(gè)定語(yǔ)從句；定語(yǔ)從句中又套了一個(gè)定語(yǔ)從句。然后逗號(hào)后面的a practice引導(dǎo)的部分是前面的主語(yǔ)的同位語(yǔ)兼任插入語(yǔ)，practice后面的修飾它的一大堆東西又是定語(yǔ)從句套著定語(yǔ)從句。本句是典型的層層修飾結(jié)構(gòu)。
    意群訓(xùn)練：Perhaps the fact that many of these first studies considered only algae of a size that could be collected in a net(net phytoplankton), a pratice that overlooked the smaller that we now know grazers are most likely to feed on, led to a de-emphasis of the role of grazers in subsequent research.
    31. Studies by Hargrave and Geen estimated natural community grazing rates by measuring feeding rates of　individual zooplankton species in the　laboratory and then computing community grazing rates for field conditions　using the known population density　of grazers. （5）
    由哈格雷夫（Hargrave）和吉恩（Geen）所進(jìn)行的研究，對(duì)自然條件下的群落捕食速率進(jìn)行了估計(jì)，其手段是通過(guò)測(cè)量出實(shí)驗(yàn)室內(nèi)單獨(dú)的浮游動(dòng)物種類的捕食速率，然后利用已知的食草動(dòng)物種群密度，計(jì)算出實(shí)地狀況下的群落捕食速率。
    難句類型：復(fù)雜修飾
    解釋：本句對(duì)閱讀者的閱讀能力提出了更高的要求，不但要求讀者讀清楚句子的復(fù)雜的結(jié)構(gòu)，而且對(duì)讀者的詞匯能力也提出了更高的要求。
    By以前結(jié)構(gòu)無(wú)需解釋，by以后有兩個(gè)作介詞賓語(yǔ)短語(yǔ)的動(dòng)名詞結(jié)構(gòu)，measuring和后面表示并列和順接的and then之后的computing，說(shuō)的是計(jì)算方法；前一個(gè)measuring說(shuō)的是先算出實(shí)驗(yàn)室中浮游動(dòng)物品種的單位捕食速率，后面的computing前其實(shí)省略了一個(gè)by，而且在這個(gè)動(dòng)名詞結(jié)構(gòu)中還包括一個(gè)分詞結(jié)構(gòu)using the known population density of grazers，用已知的捕食者的種群密度計(jì)算出其野外的群體捕食速率。整個(gè)的by以后的計(jì)算過(guò)程簡(jiǎn)單了就是：實(shí)驗(yàn)室單位速率×野外密度＝野外群體速率
    另外本句中的詞匯也頗有迷惑性；雖然沒(méi)有太難的單詞，但是很多單詞都是同義詞和反義詞，容易讓人讀混；（斜線分隔同義詞，冒號(hào)分隔反義詞）
    estimate/measure/compute; feeding rates/grazing rates; zooplankton/grazers; natureal/field; laboratory community; individuall
    意群訓(xùn)練：Studies by Hargrave and Geen estimated natural community graz-ing rates by measuring feeding rates of　individual zooplankton species in the　laboratory and then computing community grazing rates for field conditions　using the known population density　of grazers.
    32. In the periods　of peak zooplankton abundance，that is，in the late spring and in the summer，Haney recorded maximum daily community grazing rates，for nutrient-poor　lakes and bog lakes，respectively，of 6.6 percent and 114 percent of daily phytoplankton production. （3+）
    在浮游動(dòng)物數(shù)量激增的高峰期，亦即在春季后期以及夏季，哈尼記錄了大程度上的每日群落食草比率，對(duì)于營(yíng)養(yǎng)物不充足的湖和沼澤湖而言，分別為每日浮游植物繁殖量的6.6%和114%.
    難句類型：插入語(yǔ)
    解釋：句中有兩組插入語(yǔ)，每組兩個(gè)插入語(yǔ)，尤其是第二組，把rate of從中間劈開(kāi)。不過(guò)因?yàn)榫淞x尚好理解，所以本句只是有一點(diǎn)別扭，但不算太難。
    意群訓(xùn)練：In the periods　of 　peak zooplankton abundance，that is，in the late spring and in the summer，Haney recorded maximum daily community grazing rates，for nutrient-poor　lakes and bog lakes，respectively，of 6.6 percent and 114 percent of daily phytoplankton production.
    33. The hydrologic cycle，a major topic in this science，is the complete cycle of phenomena through which water passes，beginning as atmospheric water vapor，passing into liquid and solid form as precipitation，thence along and into the ground surface，and finally again returning to the form of atmospheric water vapor by means of evaporation and transpiration. （4）
    水文循環(huán)（hydrologic cycle），作為該學(xué)科中的一個(gè)主要課題，指的是水所經(jīng)過(guò)的諸現(xiàn)象的整個(gè)循環(huán)過(guò)程，開(kāi)始時(shí)是作為大氣中的水蒸氣，轉(zhuǎn)而作為雨、雪、露、雹一類的降水量經(jīng)過(guò)液體和固體形態(tài)，由此而沿著地層表面分布或進(jìn)入地層表面，終通過(guò)蒸發(fā)和散發(fā)作用再度回復(fù)到大氣水蒸氣的形態(tài)。
    難句類型：復(fù)雜修飾、插入語(yǔ)、省略
    水文循環(huán)（hydrologic cycle），作為該學(xué)科中的一個(gè)主要課題，指的是水所經(jīng)過(guò)的諸現(xiàn)象的整個(gè)循環(huán)過(guò)程，開(kāi)始時(shí)是作為大氣中的水蒸氣，轉(zhuǎn)而作為雨、雪、露、雹一類的降水量經(jīng)過(guò)液體和固體形態(tài)，由此而沿著地層表面分布或進(jìn)入地層表面，終通過(guò)蒸發(fā)和散發(fā)作用再度回復(fù)到大氣水蒸氣的形態(tài)。
    解釋：beginning開(kāi)始的一系列分詞都是修飾主語(yǔ)The hydrologic cycle的，分別是beginning/passing/passing/returning。值得注意的是，thence along and into the grund surfacee 是thence passing along and entering into the ground surfacee的省略形式，但是看上去意思卻很清楚。類似這樣的省略，是出題者合理地利用了省略來(lái)達(dá)到改編學(xué)術(shù)論文時(shí)壓縮文章篇幅的目的。
    意群訓(xùn)練：The hydrologic cycle，a major topic in this science，is the complete cycle of phenomena through which water passes，beginning as atmospheric water vapor，passing into liquid and solid form as precipitation，thence along and into the ground surface，and finally again returning to the form of atmospheric water vapor by means of evaporation and transpiration.
    34. Only when a system possesses natural or artificial boundaries that associate the water within it the hydrologic cycle may the entire system properly be termed hydrogeologic.（4）
    只有當(dāng)一個(gè)系統(tǒng)擁有自然的或人工形成的邊界來(lái)把邊界中的水與水文循環(huán)聯(lián)系起來(lái)的時(shí)候，才有可能把整個(gè)的系統(tǒng)恰當(dāng)?shù)某蔀榕c水文地質(zhì)學(xué)有關(guān)。
    難句類型：復(fù)雜修飾、倒裝
    解釋：only放在句首時(shí)，主句的情態(tài)動(dòng)詞may倒裝，這是我們高中就已經(jīng)學(xué)過(guò)的東西。然而句首的only與倒裝的may距離如此之遠(yuǎn)，這在以前卻沒(méi)有見(jiàn)過(guò)，所以讀上去讓人不習(xí)慣。另外一個(gè)難點(diǎn)在于，前面的由when所引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句中，賓語(yǔ)boundaries后面跟了一個(gè)定語(yǔ)從句，that associate the water within it with the hydrologic cycle,而且從句中的associate with又被water within it所分開(kāi)，讀者還要分神去考慮it所指的是什么，所以讀到后面倒裝的may的時(shí)候，難免不知所云。
    意群訓(xùn)練：Only when a system possesses natural or artificial boundaries that associate the water within it with the hydrologic cycle may the entire system properly be termed hydrogeologic.
    35. The historian Frederick J. Turner wrote in the 1890’s that the agrarian discontent that had been developing　steadily in the United States since about 1870 had been precipitated by theclosing of the internal frontier——that is，the depletion of available new land　needed for further expansion of the American farming system. （4）
    史學(xué)家弗雷德里克.杰.特納（Frederick J.Turner）于十九世紀(jì)九十年代著述道，美國(guó)約自18世紀(jì)70年代以來(lái)一直在持續(xù)不斷發(fā)展的農(nóng)民不滿，由于國(guó)內(nèi)邊遠(yuǎn)地區(qū)（internal frontier）的封閉而更趨加劇——亦即是說(shuō)，美國(guó)農(nóng)業(yè)系統(tǒng)進(jìn)一步擴(kuò)展所必需的可資利用的新土地幾近耗竭。
    難句類型：復(fù)雜修飾
    解釋：典型的句子套句子。主句是F.J.T. wrote that，賓語(yǔ)從句中主干是the agrarian discontent had been precipitated by the closing of the internal frontier，在從句的主語(yǔ)the agrarian discontent后面又來(lái)了一個(gè)定語(yǔ)從句。
    意群訓(xùn)練：The historian Frederick J. Turner wrote in the 1890’s that the agrarian discontent that had been developing　steadily in the United States 　since about 1870 had been precipitated by theclosing of the internal frontier——that is，the depletion of available new land　needed for further expansion of the American farming system.
    36. In the early 1950’s，historians who studied preindustrial Europe （which we may define here as Europe in the period from roughly 1300 to 1800） began， for the first time in large numbers，toinvestigate more of the preindustrial European population than the 2 or 3 percent who comprised the political　and social elite：the kings，generals，judges，nobles，bishops，and local　magnates who had hitherto usually filled history books. （4）
    難句類型：復(fù)雜修飾、插入語(yǔ)
    譯文：二十世紀(jì)五十年代早期，研究前工業(yè)化時(shí)代歐洲（此處我們可將其界定為約自1300年至1800年這一時(shí)期的歐洲）的史學(xué)家，首次以眾多的人數(shù)（楊鵬的書(shū)中：第以大量的數(shù)據(jù)），開(kāi)始調(diào)查前工業(yè)化時(shí)代歐洲人口中的大多數(shù)，而非那些構(gòu)成了政治與社會(huì)精英階層的百分之二或三的人口，即國(guó)王、將軍、法官、貴族、主教、以及地方上的達(dá)官顯貴，而正是這部分人一直到那時(shí)為止普遍充斥于史學(xué)著作。
    解釋：句子中有兩個(gè)插入語(yǔ)，一個(gè)是跟在preindustrial Europe之后的which we may define here as Europe in the period from roughly 1300 to 1800,這個(gè)插入語(yǔ)的直接作用是解釋前面的preindustrial Europe的年代，而起到的客觀作用則是把主句中的主語(yǔ)和謂語(yǔ)分割得很遠(yuǎn)；第二個(gè)插入語(yǔ)是在began，for the first time in large numbers, to investingate中間，把一個(gè)好好的began to斬為兩段。
    這句話另外一個(gè)難以理解的地方是more of the preindustrial European population than the 2 or 3 percent，表示的是在工業(yè)化以前的歐洲人口中超過(guò)了那2%到3%的人，亦即占97%到98%的人民群眾。
    意群訓(xùn)練：In the early 1950’s，historians who studied preindustrial Europe （which we may define here as Europe in the period from roughly 1300 to 1800） began， for the first time in large numbers，toinvestigate more of the preindustrial European population than the 2 or 3 percent who comprised the political　and social elite：the kings，generals，judges，nobles，bishops，and local　magnates who had hitherto usually filled history books.
    37. Historians such as Le Roy Ladurie　have used the documents to extract case　histories， which have illuminated the attitudes of different social groups （these attitudes include，but are notconfined to，attitudes toward crime and　the law）and have revealed how the authorities administered justice. （3+
    難句類型：復(fù)雜修飾、插入語(yǔ)
    譯文：象勒羅伊。拉迪里（Le Roy Ladurie）一類的史學(xué)家利用這些文獻(xiàn)史料從中挖掘出某些個(gè)案史（case history）來(lái)，闡明了不同社會(huì)群體的態(tài)度（這些態(tài)度包括，但并非局限于，對(duì)犯罪和法律的態(tài)度），并揭示出*是如何執(zhí)行審判的。
    解釋：逗號(hào)以后的內(nèi)容都是修飾逗號(hào)以前的case history的。在which引導(dǎo)的非限定性定語(yǔ)從句中有一個(gè)插入語(yǔ)(these attitudees includee, but are not confined to, attitudees toward crime and the law)，我們可以看到這個(gè)插入語(yǔ)中又套了一個(gè)插入語(yǔ)but not confined to。
    意群訓(xùn)練：Historians such as Le Roy Ladurie　have used the documents to extract case　histories， which have illuminated the attitudes of different social groups （these attitudes include，but are notconfined to，attitudes toward crime and　the law）and have revealed how the authorities administered justice.
    38. It can be inferred from the passage that a historian who wished to compare crime rates per thousand in a European city in one decade of the fifteenth century with crime rates in another decade of that century would probably be most aided by better information about which of the following? （5）
    難句類型：復(fù)雜修飾
    譯文：從文章中可以推斷出來(lái)，一個(gè)希望比較十五世紀(jì)以前一個(gè)十年的某個(gè)歐洲城市中的每千人的犯罪率與另外一個(gè)十年中的犯罪率的歷史學(xué)家將會(huì)被以下那種信息的提高所好的幫助？
    解釋：句首的it是形式主語(yǔ)，其具體內(nèi)容是從that開(kāi)始到句子結(jié)束的全部?jī)?nèi)容。That從句中，主語(yǔ)a historyian之后修飾它的超長(zhǎng)的定語(yǔ)從句是這個(gè)句子難以讀懂的原因。Compare crime rates with crime rates中間被修飾第一個(gè)crime rates的兩個(gè)修飾成分perthousand in a European city in one decade of the fifteenth century分隔得很遠(yuǎn)。在with之后的第二個(gè)crime rates后面，省略了與前面重復(fù)的per thousand in a European city。
    意群訓(xùn)練：It can be inferred from the passage that a historian who wished to compare crime rates per thousand in a European city in one decade of the fifteenth century with crime rates in another decade of that century would probably be most aided by better information about which of the following?
    39. My point is that its central　consciousness—its profound understanding of class and genderas shaping influences on people’s lives—owes much to that earlier literary heritage，a heritage that，in general，has not been sufficiently valued by most contemporary literary critics. （4）
    難句類型：復(fù)雜修飾、插入語(yǔ)
    譯文：我的論點(diǎn)是，其作品的中心意識(shí)——它將階級(jí)和性別作為人們生活的決定性影響而作出的深邃理解——在很大程度上借鑒了那個(gè)早期的文學(xué)遺產(chǎn)，而這一遺產(chǎn)就總體而言還尚未獲得大多數(shù)當(dāng)代文學(xué)評(píng)論家的足夠重視。
    解釋：賓語(yǔ)從句中的主語(yǔ)和謂語(yǔ)被長(zhǎng)插入語(yǔ)分開(kāi)，造成閱讀障礙。插入語(yǔ)中有一個(gè)固定搭配understanding of A as B，是把A理解成B的意思。不過(guò)本句中as的賓語(yǔ)不容易理解：shaping influences on people’s lives可以理解成“形成了對(duì)人們生活的影響”也可以理解成“對(duì)人們生活的塑造性(決定性)影響”。當(dāng)然后面的理解是正確的，然而在閱讀現(xiàn)場(chǎng)想要在瞬間做出正確判斷，還有賴于考生的閱讀理解力和詞匯功底的深淺。插入語(yǔ)后面還有一個(gè)固定搭配：A owes much to B，指前者有很多東西是來(lái)自于后者，得益于后者的。
    意群訓(xùn)練：My point is that its central　consciousness—its profound understanding of class and genderas shaping influences on people’s lives—owes much to that earlier literary heritage，a heritage that，in general，has not been sufficiently valued by most contemporary literary critics.
    40. Even the requirement that biomaterials processed from these materials be nontoxic to host tissue can be met by techniques derived from studying the reactions of tissue cultures to biomaterials or from short-term implants.（5）
    即使是這樣的要求，即從這些材料中加工出來(lái)的生物材料應(yīng)該對(duì)受移植者的組織無(wú)害，也能夠通過(guò)從研究組織培養(yǎng)對(duì)生物材料的反應(yīng)而來(lái)的，或從研究短期移植而來(lái)的技術(shù)來(lái)滿足。
    難句類型：復(fù)雜修飾、省略、專有名詞、固定搭配
    解釋：主語(yǔ)the requirement后面帶著一個(gè)長(zhǎng)長(zhǎng)的修飾主語(yǔ)的同位語(yǔ)；由于requirement的同位語(yǔ)中要求使用虛擬語(yǔ)氣，所以其中的系動(dòng)詞成了原型(should be省略了should)。如此之長(zhǎng)的修飾成分過(guò)后，謂語(yǔ)can be met與主語(yǔ)的關(guān)系已經(jīng)很難理清了。從by開(kāi)始的狀語(yǔ)結(jié)構(gòu)更為復(fù)雜；修飾techniques的后置的定語(yǔ)derived from studying the reactions of tissure cultures to biomaterials or derived from studying short-term implants實(shí)際上是由or所連接的兩個(gè)固定搭配the reactions of tissure cultures to biomaterials；第二個(gè)derive from中還套了另外一個(gè)固定搭配the reactions of tissure cultures to biomaterials；第二個(gè)derive from則干脆把derive給省略了。此外，本句的專有名詞奇多，這使得閱讀的難度非常高。
    意群訓(xùn)練：Even the requirement that biomaterials processed from these materials be nontoxic to host tissue can be met by techniques derived from studying the reactions of tissue cultures to biomaterials or from short-term implants.
    41. But achieving necessary matches in physical properties across interfaces between living andnonliving matter requires knowledge of which molecules control the bonding of cells to each other—an area that we have not yet explored thoroughly. （4）
    但是，要想沿著原生和非原生物質(zhì)之間的界面獲取生理特性的必要匹配，需要某種知識(shí)，即什么樣的分子控制著細(xì)胞彼此間的結(jié)合——而對(duì)這一領(lǐng)域，我們尚未進(jìn)行充分的探索。
    難句類型：復(fù)雜修飾
    解釋：本句這樣的復(fù)雜修飾和插入語(yǔ)的作用差不多；主語(yǔ)achieving necessary matches之后的修飾成分in physical properties across interfaces between living and nonliving matter把主語(yǔ)和謂語(yǔ)requires分開(kāi)。值得注意的是修飾賓主的of which molecules 中的which在此不是定語(yǔ)從句的引導(dǎo)詞，而是一個(gè)形容詞，意思是哪個(gè)。
    意群訓(xùn)練：But achieving necessary matches in physical properties across interfaces between living andnonliving matter requires knowledge of which molecules control the bonding of cells to each other—an area that we have not yet explored thoroughly.
    42. Islamic law is a phenomenon so different from all other forms of law—notwithstanding，of course，a　considerable and inevitable number of coincidences with one or the other　of them as far as subject matter and positive enactments are concerned—that its study is indispensable in order to　appreciate adequately the full range of　possible legal phenomena. （5）
    伊斯蘭法是一種如此不同于所有其它法律形式的現(xiàn)象——毋庸置疑，盡管就其主要內(nèi)容和有積極意義的法規(guī)而言，與其它法律形式中的這種或那種形式存在著相當(dāng)數(shù)量的且不可避免的巧合相似之處——以致于對(duì)它進(jìn)行研究便顯得不可或缺，以便充分理解有可能存在的法律現(xiàn)象的全部范圍。
    難句類型：復(fù)雜修飾、插入語(yǔ)、抽象詞
    解釋：這是一個(gè)被GRE考生尊稱為No.題三大難文章之一的伊斯蘭法中的臭名昭著的句子。本句插入語(yǔ)前后都不難，關(guān)鍵是如何對(duì)待這段插入語(yǔ)。
    首先，插入語(yǔ)很長(zhǎng)，在原文中有四行。筆者在前面不只提醒讀者，三行心目的插入語(yǔ)必須跳過(guò)，看懂前后的內(nèi)容再回頭來(lái)看插入語(yǔ)。插入語(yǔ)難懂的第一個(gè)原因是其中混有大量的抽象詞和法律術(shù)語(yǔ)；還有一個(gè)重要原因，那就是它其實(shí)不是一個(gè)完整的句子。把插入語(yǔ)中所有的修飾成分扒光，只剩下一個(gè)單詞：coinsidences，而主語(yǔ)和謂語(yǔ)it has則被作者省略。
    不管從哪個(gè)角度上來(lái)看，這句話中的那個(gè)插入語(yǔ)都極像是ETS布下的一個(gè)陷阱：首先，插入語(yǔ)的內(nèi)容對(duì)理解文章毫無(wú)作用；其次，考試中對(duì)插入語(yǔ)也出題；第三，其實(shí)這句話中的插入語(yǔ)根本不必讀。也可以根據(jù)插入語(yǔ)前后的內(nèi)容用合理化原則的取非讀法猜出其意思。插入語(yǔ)前后的內(nèi)容是伊斯蘭法與其他法律不同，插入部分以notwithstanding開(kāi)關(guān)，又有of course,可見(jiàn)插入部分一定是讓步證據(jù)，因此可以對(duì)前后的內(nèi)容取非，猜出插入部分一定是在說(shuō)伊斯蘭法與其他法律有相同之處。
    句末的in order to appreciate adequately the full range of possible legal phenomena中，包含一個(gè)倒裝；正常語(yǔ)序的appreciate the full range of possible legal phenomena adequately中的副詞adequately被提到appreciate的賓語(yǔ)之前。
    Islamic law is a phenomenon so different from all other forms of law-notwithstanding, of course, a considerable and inevitable number of coincidences with one or the other of them as far as subject matter and positive enactment are concerned-that its study is indispensable in order to appreciate adequately the full range of possible legal phenomena.
    43. （Both Jewish law and canon law are more uniform than Islamic law.）Though historically there is a discernible break between Jewish law of the sovereign state of ancient Israel and of the Diaspora （the dispersion of Jewish people after the conquest of Israel）， the spirit of the legal matter in later parts of the Old Testament is very close to that of the Talmud， one of the primary codifications of Jewish law in the Diaspora. （5）
    盡管從歷史角度來(lái)看，在古代以色列作為獨(dú)立主權(quán)國(guó)家的*教法與大流散時(shí)期（Diaspora，即以色列被征服后古代*人被巴比倫人逐出故土）的*教法之間存在著一個(gè)明晰可辨的斷裂，然則，《舊約全書(shū)》（Old Testament）后半部分中法律內(nèi)容的精神與《*教法典》（Talmud）極為一脈相承，而所謂的《*教法典》，是指大流散時(shí)期*教法的主要典籍輯錄之一。
    難句類型：復(fù)雜修飾、插入語(yǔ)、省略、專有名詞
    解釋：本句與上一句同來(lái)自于同一篇文章，本文的主題是伊斯蘭法，但作者反復(fù)用*法來(lái)嚇唬讀者，同樣ETS也未就此句話出題。
    這句話難讀是因?yàn)閮蓚€(gè)原因：第一、作者在between　Jewish law of the sovereign state of ancient Israel and of the Diaspora一句中的and之后省略了Jewish law,使人看到of the Diaspora ancient Israel and of the Diaspora一句中的and之后省略了jewish law，使人看到of the Diaspora時(shí)搞不清楚在什么與什么之間；第二個(gè)難懂的原因，是文中出現(xiàn)了大量的專有名詞、法律術(shù)語(yǔ)和歷史背景。其實(shí)讀者除了Israel 和Jewish兩個(gè)單詞有必要也有可能認(rèn)識(shí)之外，其他單詞既不需要了解也無(wú)法了解，像什么Diaspora(大流散時(shí)期)、Old Testament(舊約全書(shū))、Talmud(*教法典)等奇怪名詞，在非宗教國(guó)家的考生的大腦中，一點(diǎn)概念都沒(méi)有，更不要說(shuō)其英語(yǔ)的表達(dá)了。那么ETS的出題者在閱讀文章中搞出這種東西來(lái)，不是有意違背公平出題原則之嫌了嗎？
    其實(shí)出題者也并沒(méi)有要求讀者把這些內(nèi)容搞清，只需知道前面那句話是一個(gè)判斷句，說(shuō)*法和伊斯蘭法一致，后面這句話是對(duì)上面一句話的解釋，因此肯定也在說(shuō)它一致。再看第二句話的結(jié)構(gòu)，上來(lái)就是一個(gè)用though表示的讓步語(yǔ)氣，我們可以看出在一個(gè)break between，那么逗號(hào)后就應(yīng)該是省略了but的轉(zhuǎn)折語(yǔ)氣，該說(shuō)沒(méi)有break between，果然我們看到了very close to 的字樣。我們也知道，既有讓步又有轉(zhuǎn)折時(shí)，作者強(qiáng)調(diào)轉(zhuǎn)折之后的內(nèi)容。所以這句話仍是在說(shuō)*法一致。
    043 Both Jewish law and canon law are more uniform than Islamic law（這是作者加的便于理解的話）. Though historically there is a discernible break between Jewish law of the sovereign state of ancient Israel and of the Diaspora(the dispersion of Jewish people after the conquest of Israel), the spirit of the legal matter in later parts of the Old Testament is very close to that of the Talmud, one of the primary codifications of Jewish law in the Diaspora.
    44. Islam，on the other hand，represented a radical breakaway from the Arab paganism that preceded it；Islamic law is the result of an examination,　from a religious angle，(examination)of legal subject matter that was far from uniform，comprising as it did the various components of the laws of pre-Islamic　Arabia and numerous legal elements　taken over from the non-Arab peoples　of the conquered territories. （4）
    另一方面，伊斯蘭教則代表著與此前存在的阿拉伯異教（Arab paganism）的一種根本上的決裂；伊斯蘭法是從宗教的角度，對(duì)各種雜亂無(wú)章、絕無(wú)共同點(diǎn)的法律內(nèi)容進(jìn)行考察所致的結(jié)果，而這些法律內(nèi)容實(shí)際上是由前伊斯蘭阿拉伯國(guó)家（Pre-Islamic Arabia）法律的不盡相同的組成部分以及由從被征服的土地上非阿拉伯民族借鑒過(guò)來(lái)的無(wú)數(shù)法律因素所構(gòu)成。 (as it did )實(shí)際上是一句插入語(yǔ)。
    難句類型：復(fù)雜修飾、插入語(yǔ)
    解釋：這句話是接著上面的那句話寫(xiě)下來(lái)的，是在說(shuō)伊斯蘭法的不一致。句中有三個(gè)插入語(yǔ)，都起到了一定的干擾作用。第一個(gè)是on the other hand，隔開(kāi)了主語(yǔ)和謂語(yǔ)。第二個(gè)是from a religious angle，分開(kāi)了examination of ，第三個(gè)as it did，　根本就是句廢話，分?jǐn)嗔藙?dòng)詞comprise 和動(dòng)詞的賓語(yǔ)the various components。
    意群訓(xùn)練：Islam, on the other hand, represented a radical breakaway from the Arab paganism that preceded it; Islamic law is the result of an examination, from a religious angle, of legal subject matter that was far from uniform, comprising as it did the various components of the laws of pre-Islamic Arabia and numberous legal elements taken over from the non-Arab peoples of the conquered territories.
    45. One such novel idea is　that (idea) of inserting into the chromosomes of plants discrete genes that are not a part of the plants’ natural constitution：specifically，the idea of inserting intononleguminous plants the genes，if they can be identified and isolated，that fit the leguminous plants to be hosts for nitrogen-fixing bacteria. Hence，(there is ) the intensified research on legumes. （5），此句好能夠熟讀，更好的是背誦下來(lái)。（復(fù)雜修飾+插入+省略+倒裝）
    這其中的一個(gè)新穎思想就是，在植物的染色體（chromosome）內(nèi)注入并非是該植物自然構(gòu)造一個(gè)部分的那些不相關(guān)聯(lián)的因基：具體而言，這一思想是，在非豆科植物內(nèi)注入這樣一些基因，倘若這些基因可被辨識(shí)出來(lái)并被分離開(kāi)來(lái)，而這些基因業(yè)已使豆科植物宜于充當(dāng)那些具備固氮作用的細(xì)菌的寄主。由此，對(duì)豆科植物的研究日趨深入。
    難句類型：復(fù)雜修飾、插入語(yǔ)、倒裝、省略
    解釋：本句的難度以倒裝為主，復(fù)雜為輔；然而二者相互借力，難度更大，而且本句中有兩個(gè)省略，就更令讀者頭痛。
    句子一開(kāi)始的One such novel idea is that of 之中的that of, 是that　idea of 的省略形式。此外容易理解，后面開(kāi)始變難。Inserting into the chromosomes of plants discrete genes(that are not a part of the plants' natureal consttution)看上去不舒服的原因，是作者在此用了一個(gè)便裝；正常語(yǔ)序應(yīng)該是：inserting discrete genes(that are not a part of the plants' natureal constitution) into the chromosomes of plants，　即把非此植物的genes插入到該植物中。之所以倒裝，是因?yàn)閐iscrete genes加上復(fù)雜修飾的成分以后太長(zhǎng)之故。同樣，后面的the idea of inserting into nonleguminous plants the genes, if they can be identifyied and isolated, that fit the leguminous plants to be hosts for nitrogen-fixing bacteria一句，正常的語(yǔ)序也是the idea of inserting the genes, if they can be identifyied and isolated, that fit the leguminous plants to be hosts for nitro-fixing bacteria into nonleguminous plants,即把便利豆科植物成為固氮菌的寄主的基因（如果它們能夠被找到并分離出來(lái)的話）插入到非豆科植物的基因中去。這一回。Genes之后不但有定語(yǔ)從句的復(fù)雜修飾，而且在genes和that從句之間還有一個(gè)不短的插入語(yǔ)，增加了閱讀難度。
    后的一句話，Hence, the intensified research on legumes, 其實(shí)也不是一句話，只是一個(gè)詞：research。作者省略了there is ，其實(shí)引處即便看不清語(yǔ)法結(jié)構(gòu)，作者的意思還是可以懂的。因此，筆者在前面強(qiáng)調(diào)的“如果可以看懂意思，不必去分析語(yǔ)法”，在實(shí)戰(zhàn)的應(yīng)用中有其意義；GRE和GMAT中很多表達(dá)其實(shí)不嚴(yán)格遵守語(yǔ)法，或者有考生不懂的語(yǔ)法，讀者處心積慮地研究它們，不但沒(méi)有實(shí)戰(zhàn)意義，而且還令讀者徒增煩惱。
    本句是GRE和GMAT考試中集各種語(yǔ)言現(xiàn)象之大成者，包括了幾乎所有的難句類型，希望讀者一定把這句話讀熟；有心者好能把它背熟，一定對(duì)提高你的閱讀能力有好處。
    意群訓(xùn)練：One such novel idea is　that (idea) of inserting into the chromosomes of plants discrete genes that are not a part of the plants’ natural constitution：specifically，the idea of inserting into　nonleguminous plants the genes，if they can be identified and isolated，that fit the leguminous plants to be hosts for nitrogen-fixing bacteria. Hence，(there is ) the intensified research on legumes.
    46. It is　one of nature’s great ironies that the　availability of nitrogen in the soil frequently sets an upper limit on plant growth even though the plants’ leaves　are bathed in a sea of nitrogen gas.（3+）下述情形真可謂是自然界的一個(gè)莫大諷刺：土壤中所能獲得的氮肥量往往對(duì)植物的生長(zhǎng)構(gòu)成了一個(gè)上限，雖然植物的葉子被沐浴在一片氮?dú)獾暮Ｑ笾小?BR>    難句類型：復(fù)雜修飾
    解釋：It是形式主語(yǔ)，其真正的內(nèi)容是that之后的由even though連接的兩個(gè)句子。其實(shí)本句的真正難度倒不在于句子的結(jié)構(gòu)，而是對(duì)于其意思的理解：尤其是文科同學(xué)，可能缺乏必要的背景知識(shí)，就更不容易讀懂。句中的set an upper limit on plant growth直譯為”給植物的生成設(shè)立一個(gè)上限”，其真正的意思是“限制了植物的生長(zhǎng)”；因此the availability of nitrogen in the soil frequently sets an upper limit on plant growth之中的availability一定指的是氮的供給之少。整句話的意思是，土壤中的氮植物能夠利用，卻太少；而空氣中雖有大量的氮，植物卻不能利用，這豈不是自然界開(kāi)的一個(gè)大玩笑。
    It is　one of nature’s great ironies that the　availability of nitrogen in the soil frequently sets an upper limit on plant growth even though the plants’ leaves　are bathed in a sea of nitrogen gas.
    47. Unless they succeed，the　yield gains of the Green Revolution will be largely lost even if the genes in　legumes that equip those plants to enter　into a symbiosis with nitrogen fixers　are identified and isolated，and even if　the transfer of those gene complexes，once they are found， becomes possible. （4）
    除非他們能取得成功，不然的話，綠色革命的產(chǎn)量收益將在很大程度上損失殆盡，即使豆科植物中使這些植物有條件進(jìn)入到與固氮細(xì)菌共生關(guān)系的基因可被辨識(shí)出來(lái)和分離開(kāi)來(lái)的話，且即使這些基因綜合體（gene complex），一旦被發(fā)現(xiàn)之后，其移植得以成為可能的話。
    難句類型：復(fù)雜修飾、插入語(yǔ)
    解釋：主句比較簡(jiǎn)單，而后面跟著的由and連接的兩個(gè)表示讓步的條件狀語(yǔ)從句就相對(duì)復(fù)雜，第一個(gè)從句是用一個(gè)修飾主語(yǔ)的定語(yǔ)從句that equip those plants to enter into a symbiosis with nitrogen fixers把主謂隔開(kāi)；第二個(gè)從句則運(yùn)用了插入語(yǔ)once they are found把主謂隔開(kāi)。
    意群訓(xùn)練：Unless they succeed，the　yield gains of the Green Revolution will be largely lost even if the genes in　legumes that equip those plants to enter　into a symbiosis with nitrogen fixers　are identified and isolated，and even if　the transfer of those gene complexes，once they are found， becomes possible.
    48. Its subject（to use Maynard Mack’s categories）is　"life-as-spectacle，" for readers，diverted by its various incidents，observe its hero Odysseus primarily from without；the tragic Iliad，however，presents "life-as-experience"：readers　are asked to identify with the mind ofAchilles，whose motivations render him a not particularly likable hero. （5）
    其主題〔若借鑒梅納德。邁克（Maynard Mack）的兩個(gè)分類范疇的話〕是“人生作為外部景象”，因?yàn)樽x者的注意力被作品那形形色色的事件所分散，主要是從外部來(lái)觀察其主人公奧德修斯（Odyssus）的；然而，富于悲劇色彩的《伊利亞特》所表現(xiàn)的則是“人生作為內(nèi)心體驗(yàn)”：讀者被要求與阿基琉斯（Achilles）的心靈產(chǎn)生共鳴，而其行為動(dòng)機(jī)卻致使他變作一個(gè)并非特別惹人喜愛(ài)的主人公。 （從分號(hào)后的語(yǔ)句推理出前面的意思）
    注：hero:主人公；without:外部；likable:有吸引力的
    難句類型；復(fù)雜修飾、插入語(yǔ)、抽象詞、熟詞僻義
    請(qǐng)思考：如果看不懂分號(hào)前的without的意思，是否可以用合理化原則根據(jù)分號(hào)后的那句話推理出其意思？
    解釋：本句中盡管也存在一些復(fù)雜修飾和插入的內(nèi)容，但是本句話之所以難懂，與其說(shuō)是因?yàn)檫@些東西的影響，倒不如說(shuō)是因?yàn)橛迷~的抽象和語(yǔ)義的難以理解。作為一篇文學(xué)評(píng)論型的文章，文章中充斥著一些很抽象的詞匯；本句話中就有subject/category/spectacle/divert/incident/hero/primarily/without/present/identify/motivation/particularly/likable等。背過(guò)這些單詞的中文釋義，并不意味著在閱讀中能夠清楚地理解其真正含義。對(duì)于抽象詞的訓(xùn)練方法，請(qǐng)參見(jiàn)附錄中＜閱讀抽象詞提速法＞。這里僅解釋幾個(gè)對(duì)于這句話重要的單詞：
    hero:在此不是指英雄，在文學(xué)評(píng)論型的文章當(dāng)中，此單詞的意思是主人公。
    Without:在此處是一個(gè)熟詞僻義，意思是外部，等于outside。
    Likable:不可望文生義，它不是像什么東西的意思，而是有吸引力的意思，其同義詞有pleasant或attractive.
    本句中，對(duì)于理解全句起到大影響的，就是能否正確理解without這個(gè)單詞，然而問(wèn)題在于，如果不認(rèn)識(shí)without的熟詞僻義，是否可用合理化原則根據(jù)分號(hào)后的那句話推理出其意思？根據(jù)緊跟著分別的however，我們可以推斷出分號(hào)前后的兩句話所說(shuō)的內(nèi)容截然相反，因此可以從I戲劇的描述中推出，without的意思應(yīng)該是不去認(rèn)同其主人公的內(nèi)心世界。
    意群訓(xùn)練：Its subject（to use Maynard Mack’s categories）is　"life-as-spectacle，" for readers，diverted by its various incidents，observe its hero Odysseus primarily from without；the tragic Iliad，however，presents "life-as-experience"：readers　are asked to identify with the mind ofAchilles，whose motivations render him a not particularly likable hero.
    49. Most striking among the many asymmetries evident in an adult flatfish is eye placement： before maturity one eye migrates，so that in an adult flatfish both eyes are on the same side of the head. （3+）
    在一條成年比目魚(yú)身上顯著存在的諸多不對(duì)稱（asymmetry）特征中，為吸人注目的是眼睛的擺位：在成年之前，一只眼睛發(fā)生移動(dòng)，因此在成年比目魚(yú)身上，兩只眼睛均位于頭部的同一側(cè)面。
    難句類型：倒裝、省略
    解釋：本句的倒裝本質(zhì)上與我們?cè)缇偷囊环N倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)是一樣的，即形容詞放在句首時(shí)，主語(yǔ)和謂語(yǔ)倒裝。本句的主干的正常語(yǔ)序應(yīng)該是：Eye placement is most striking;倒裝后成了Most striking is eye placement。但是這種倒裝在GRE考試中出現(xiàn)，又有了新的特色，被提到句首的Most striking被長(zhǎng)長(zhǎng)的狀語(yǔ)among the many asymmetries evident in an adult flatfish與后面的主語(yǔ)和表語(yǔ)分開(kāi)，造成閱讀困難。
    意群訓(xùn)練：Most striking among the many asymmetries evident in an adult flatfish is eye placement： before maturity one eye migrates，so that in an adult flatfish both eyes are on the same side of the head.
    50. A critique of Handlin’s interpretation of why legal slavery did not appear until the 1660’s suggests that assumptions about the relation between slavery and racial prejudice should be reexamined , and that explanations for the different treatment of Black slaves in North and South America should be expanded .（4）
    一個(gè)對(duì)于H的關(guān)于為何法律上的奴隸制沒(méi)有在17世紀(jì)60年代以前出現(xiàn)的原因所作解釋的批評(píng)顯示，關(guān)于奴隸制和種族偏見(jiàn)之間的關(guān)系的假說(shuō)應(yīng)當(dāng)重新檢查，而且顯示出，對(duì)于在北美和南美之間的對(duì)黑怒的不同處理的解釋?xiě)?yīng)當(dāng)被擴(kuò)展。
    難句類型：復(fù)雜修飾、省略
    解釋：句子的主干清楚：A critique suggests that…, and suggests that…。但是因?yàn)榫渥拥慕Y(jié)構(gòu)復(fù)雜、修飾成分多，再加上后面的and 之后的suggests被省略，所以句子的結(jié)構(gòu)很難被讀出來(lái)的。
    本句的suggest不再是暗示，而是顯示、說(shuō)明的意思，其同義詞有point,indicate,imply。本句的兩個(gè)suggest之后的賓語(yǔ)從句都根據(jù)語(yǔ)法要求使用了虛擬語(yǔ)氣。
    意群訓(xùn)練：A critique of Handlin’s interpretation of why legal slavery did not appear until the 1660’s suggests that assumptions about the relation between slavery and racial prejudice should be reexamined , and that explanations for the different treatment of Black slaves in North and South America should be expanded .
    51. The best evidence for the layered-mantle thesis is the well-established fact that volcanic rocks found on oceanic islands，islands believed to result from mantle plumes arising from the lower mantle，are composed of material fundamentally different from that of the mid-ocean ridge system， whose source，most　geologists contend，is the upper mantle. （5 -）
    對(duì)于地幔分層論點(diǎn)來(lái)說(shuō)，好的證據(jù)乃這樣一個(gè)確認(rèn)的事實(shí)，即在那些海洋島嶼——這些島嶼據(jù)信是源于由下層地幔升上來(lái)的地幔柱狀溶巖流（mantle plume）——上發(fā)現(xiàn)的火山巖石，是由與海洋中部山脊系統(tǒng)的物質(zhì)根本不同的物質(zhì)構(gòu)成的，而這一海洋中部山脊系統(tǒng)的成因，大多數(shù)地質(zhì)學(xué)家論辯道，為上部地幔。
    難句類型：復(fù)雜修飾、插入語(yǔ)
    解釋：本句前面的主干并不算難，即the evidence is the fact that,難就難在fact之后說(shuō)明fact 的同位語(yǔ)從句。此從句中既有大段插入語(yǔ)，又有從句，較為難讀。同位語(yǔ)從句的主語(yǔ)是volcanic rocks，主語(yǔ)后面的found on oceanic islands是分詞修飾volcanic rocks的；islands后面又有一個(gè)說(shuō)明islands的同位語(yǔ)islands believed to result from mantle plumes arising from the lower mantle,此同位語(yǔ)實(shí)際起到一個(gè)分隔主謂的同位語(yǔ)的作用。其后是謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞are composed/of fundamentally different from that of the midocean ridge system, whose source, most geologists contend, is the upper mantle。
    句中有一些專有詞匯。如果拋開(kāi)文章不說(shuō)，單看這一個(gè)句子，則句首的layered mantle thesis就難以理解。但是如果讀者能夠讀懂句子的大致意思，看到layered mantle thesisr有力證據(jù)就是其材料fundamentally different from… the upper mantle,這應(yīng)該可以推測(cè)出，既然不同于上層地幔，則這個(gè)理論一定是在說(shuō)地幔有不同的層面。
    意群訓(xùn)練：The best evidence for the layered-mantle thesis is the well-established fact that volcanic rocks found on oceanic islands，islands believed to result from mantle plumes arising from the lower mantle，are composed of material fundamentally different from that of the mid-ocean ridge system， whose source，most　geologists contend，is the upper mantle.
    52. Some geologists，however，on the basis of observations concerning mantle　xenoliths， argue that the mantle is　not layered，but that heterogeneity is created by fluids rich in "incompatible elements" （elements tending toward　liquid rather than solid state）percolating upward and transforming　portions of the upper mantle　irregularly，according to the vagaries of the fluids’ pathways. （4+）
    但是，某些地質(zhì)學(xué)家，以對(duì)地幔捕虜巖體（xenolith）所作的觀察為依據(jù)，指出地幔并非是分層排列的，相反，地幔的異質(zhì)性是由那些富含“不相容成分”的流質(zhì)構(gòu)成的，這些成分趨向于流體而非固體的狀態(tài)，自下而上滲透擴(kuò)散，并依照這些流質(zhì)流向的任意性，不規(guī)則地將上部地幔的某些部分予以改變。
    難句類型：復(fù)雜修飾、插入語(yǔ)
    解釋：本句的主句中有一個(gè)長(zhǎng)插入語(yǔ)however,on the basis of observations concerning mantle xenoliths,割裂了主謂，但句子的主要難度還是在that引導(dǎo)的賓語(yǔ)從句中，從句中有由but 所連接的兩個(gè)句子，一起延續(xù)到句末。首選是rich in incompatible elements修飾fluids；后面又有一個(gè)同位語(yǔ)和一個(gè)分詞結(jié)構(gòu)，都是修飾incompatible elements的，后還有一個(gè)狀語(yǔ)來(lái)修飾那個(gè)分詞結(jié)構(gòu)，層層修飾，比較復(fù)雜。
    意群訓(xùn)練：Some geologists，however，on the basis of observations concerning mantle　xenoliths， argue that the mantle is　not layered，but that heterogeneity is created by fluids rich in "incompatible elements" （elements tending toward　liquid rather than solid state）percolating upward and transforming　portions of the upper mantle　irregularly，according to the vagaries of the fluids’ pathways.
    53. Fallois proposed that Proust had tried to begin a novel in 1908, abandoned it for what was to be a long demonstration of Saint-Beuve’s blindness to the real nature of great writing , found the essay giving rise to personal memories and fictional developments ,and allowed these to take over it a steadily developing novel. （5 -）
    F認(rèn)為，P在1908年試圖開(kāi)始寫(xiě)一部小說(shuō)，又為了寫(xiě)一部批判S-B的 偉大作品的真正本質(zhì)的視而不見(jiàn)的長(zhǎng)篇的證明而放棄了這部小說(shuō)，其后又發(fā)現(xiàn)這一論文又勾起了其個(gè)人記憶及小說(shuō)情節(jié)的萌生，使得后者取而代之形成了一部穩(wěn)定展開(kāi)的小說(shuō)。
    難句類型：復(fù)雜修飾、抽象詞
    解釋：本句來(lái)自歷來(lái)被GRE考生尊稱為所有GRE文科文章中難度第一的普魯斯特的追憶似水年華，這篇文章的難度遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)高于現(xiàn)在計(jì)算機(jī)考試的題目。普魯斯特是公認(rèn)的意識(shí)流小說(shuō)的先驅(qū)，據(jù)筆者推測(cè)，本文的原作者必定是研究普魯斯特的大家，因此其文章必然帶有思維的跳躍，、不連貫性、時(shí)空顛倒等意識(shí)流手法：經(jīng)過(guò)ETS的改編后，雖然可讀性略有嗇，然積重難返、無(wú)法救藥，于是墮落成一篇流水帳文章。從本句的結(jié)構(gòu)來(lái)看，也可以表現(xiàn)作者的這種敘事風(fēng)格：本句從that引導(dǎo)的賓語(yǔ)從句開(kāi)始，實(shí)際上是以普魯斯特的意識(shí)流向?yàn)榫€索，以列舉的方式描述其動(dòng)機(jī)的變化，從一開(kāi)始的寫(xiě)別的小說(shuō)，其英文為Prout had tried to…, abandoned…,found…,and allowed..。但是因?yàn)閍bandoned之后的狀語(yǔ)for…的結(jié)構(gòu)復(fù)雜、用詞抽象，所以這個(gè)結(jié)構(gòu)不太容易被看出來(lái)。Blindness在此不是指真盲，而是指缺乏辨認(rèn)能力difficult to discern, make out,or discover,視而不見(jiàn)。Give rise to 這個(gè)詞組的意思是引起，使發(fā)生。
    意群訓(xùn)練：Fallois proposed that Proust had tried to begin a novel in 1908, abandoned it for what was to be a long demonstration of Saint-Beuve’s blindness to the real nature of great writing , found the essay giving rise to personal memories and fictional developments ,and allowed these to take over in a steadily developing novel.
    54. The very richness and complexity of the　meaningful relationships that kept　presenting and rearranging themselves　on all levels，from abstract intelligence to profound dreamy feelings， made it difficult for Proust to set them out coherently. （5）
    各種有意義的聯(lián)系在所有的層次上，自抽象的理性至深刻的夢(mèng)幻般的情感，層出不窮并不斷重新組合排列；正是這些有意義的聯(lián)系的豐富性和復(fù)雜性，致使普魯斯特難于將它們錯(cuò)落有致地安排好。
    難句類型：復(fù)雜修飾、插入語(yǔ)、抽象詞
    解釋：請(qǐng)?jiān)徆P者在此所做中文翻譯的艱澀難懂，為了讓讀者能夠更好地理解句子的結(jié)構(gòu)，本書(shū)盡量把中文翻譯與英文原文的語(yǔ)序相對(duì)應(yīng)，而且盡可能的不用意譯。為了達(dá)到這個(gè)目的，可以說(shuō)絞盡腦汁，但本句之難懂也全非筆者之故，原文作者使用了大量的抽象詞。本句仍然來(lái)自于上面說(shuō)過(guò)的這篇關(guān)于普魯斯特的文章。句中的主語(yǔ)是The very richness and complexity,其后的修飾成分長(zhǎng)達(dá)三行，of the meaningful relationships that kept presenting and rearranging themselves on all levels from abstract intelligence to profound dreamy feelings,其中還夾雜著插入語(yǔ)，有效地分開(kāi)了主語(yǔ)和謂語(yǔ)。其實(shí)本句雖然結(jié)構(gòu)也比較復(fù)雜，但是不見(jiàn)得比前面的句子復(fù)雜得多，其真正的難點(diǎn)，還在于句子中大量的抽象詞的使用。由于筆者在附錄中所提到的原因，抽象詞可以嚴(yán)重地占據(jù)大腦資源，因此帶有大量的抽象詞的結(jié)構(gòu)復(fù)雜的句子就更為難懂，比如本句就是一個(gè)很好的例子，復(fù)雜修飾與抽象詞狼狽為*，句意另人難以理解。
    意群訓(xùn)練：The very richness and complexity of the　meaningful relationships that kept　presenting and rearranging themselves　on all levels，from abstract intelligence to profound dreamy feelings， made it difficult for Proust to set them out coherently.
    55. But those of who hoped, with Kolb, that Kolb’s newly published complete edition of Proust’s correspondence for 1909 would document the process in greater detail are disappointed. (4)
    但是我們當(dāng)中的那些希望（也算上K本人）K新出版的P1909年書(shū)信的全集能夠更加詳細(xì)的記錄下這一過(guò)程的人都大失所望。
    難句類型：復(fù)雜修飾、插入語(yǔ)
    解釋：本句中從句套從句，致使主語(yǔ)those of us與謂語(yǔ)的距離很遠(yuǎn)，而且中間的成分又極多，使得句子很難讀懂。修飾主語(yǔ)those of us的定語(yǔ)從句who hoped之中又套了一個(gè)賓語(yǔ)從句，賓語(yǔ)從句的主語(yǔ)complete edition又被一前一后的兩個(gè)定語(yǔ)所修飾，之后才依次是賓語(yǔ)從句的謂語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)：主句的系動(dòng)詞、表語(yǔ)。
    意群訓(xùn)練：But those of us who hoped, with Kolb, that Kolb’s newly published complete edition of Proust’s correspondence for 1909 would document the process in greater detail are disappointed.
    56. Now we must also examine the culture as we Mexican Americans have experienced it , passing from a sovereign people to compatriots with newly arriving settlers to , finally ，a conquered people – a charter minority on our own land. （5 -）
    現(xiàn)在我們必須也按照我們墨西哥裔的美國(guó)人的經(jīng)歷來(lái)審視這個(gè)文化，我們的經(jīng)歷是從一個(gè)主權(quán)的民族變成了新來(lái)的定居者的同胞，在終淪落成為一個(gè)被征服的民族——在我們自己的土地上的契約的少數(shù)民族。
    難句類型：復(fù)雜修飾、插入語(yǔ)、固定搭配
    解釋：主句中的as we Mexican Americans have experienced it 是examine的狀語(yǔ)，說(shuō)明審視的角度；后面直至句尾的分詞結(jié)構(gòu)又是experience的狀語(yǔ)，詳述了經(jīng)歷的具體過(guò)程。就是這個(gè)分詞有些難懂，因?yàn)槲覀兪熘慕Y(jié)構(gòu)是from…to…沒(méi)有見(jiàn)過(guò)，也沒(méi)有想到過(guò)后面居然還有一個(gè)to,因此看到這個(gè)套了一個(gè)插入語(yǔ)的newly arriving settlers to , finally, a conquered people的時(shí)候頭腦發(fā)生混亂，不明所以、不知所措。這里的to還是與前面的from搭配的，也就是說(shuō)，原文的結(jié)構(gòu)是from…to…to…
    意群訓(xùn)練：Now we must also examine the culture as we Mexican Americans have experienced it , passing from a sovereign people to compatriots with newly arriving settlers to , finally ，a conquered people – a charter minority on our own land.
    57. It is possible to make specific complementary DNA’s （cDNA’s）that can serve as molecular probes to seek out the messenger RNA’s （mRNA’s）of the peptide hormones. If brain cells are making the hormones，the cells will contain these Mrna’S. If the products the brain cells make resemble the hormones but are not identical to them，then the cDNA’s should still bind tothese mRNA’s，but should not bind as tightly as they would to mRNA’s for the true hormones. （4）
    科學(xué)家可以制造出特異的（specific）互補(bǔ)DNA’s（cDNA’s），以此作為分子探子（molecular probe），探覓出肽激素的信使RNA’s（mRNA’s）。如果大腦正在制造著肽激素，則細(xì)胞就會(huì)含有這些信使RNA’s.假若細(xì)胞所制造的產(chǎn)品類似于肽激素但并非與這些肽激素全然相同，那么，互補(bǔ)cDNA’s應(yīng)仍然和這些信使mDNA’s粘結(jié)的程度。含有這些mRNA’s的腦細(xì)胞然后就可以被分離開(kāi)來(lái)，研究者可對(duì)其信使RNA’s進(jìn)行解碼，以確定它們的蛋白質(zhì)產(chǎn)品究竟是什么，并確定這些蛋白質(zhì)產(chǎn)品在何種程度上類似于真正的肽激素。
    難句類型：易混詞
    解釋：與其他的難句不同的是，心上的英文不止一句。筆者之所以在本句中不設(shè)標(biāo)志和翻譯，是因?yàn)檫@三句話從結(jié)構(gòu)和意思上來(lái)說(shuō)并不難。然而很少有人能夠真正的把這段話讀清楚，原因在于兩個(gè)容易混淆的單詞cDNA’s和mRNA’s在文中交替出現(xiàn)，而且相互作用；再加上brain cell和hormones從中搗亂，更難讀清楚原文的意思。原文的主要意思如下：可以用cDNA’s來(lái)探測(cè)mRNA’s。如果腦細(xì)胞產(chǎn)生了荷爾蒙，則其中必有mRNA’s意味著可用cDNA探測(cè)荷爾蒙。如果腦細(xì)胞制造的不是真荷爾蒙，則可以用cDNA’s與其中的mRNA’s附著的情況來(lái)確定此荷爾蒙的真假。
    意群訓(xùn)練：It is possible to make specific complementary DNA’s （cDNA’s）that can serve as molecular probes to seek out the messenger RNA’s （mRNA’s）of the peptide hormones. If brain cells are making the hormones，the cells will contain these Mrna’S. If the products the brain cells make resemble the hormones but are not identical to them，then the cDNA’s should still bind tothese mRNA’s，but should not bind as tightly as they would to mRNA’s for the true hormones.
    58. The molecular approach to detecting peptide hormones using cDNA probes should also be much faster than the immunological method because it can　take years of tedious purificationsto isolate peptide hormones and then develop antiserums to them. （4）
    采用cDNA探子來(lái)測(cè)定肽激素的這一分子生物學(xué)方法同時(shí)也應(yīng)該比免疫學(xué)的方法速度來(lái)得快，因?yàn)閷?duì)于免疫的方法來(lái)說(shuō)，需耗費(fèi)好幾年枯燥的提純進(jìn)程，方能將肽素分離了出來(lái)，然后再培養(yǎng)出針對(duì)它們的抗血清。
    難句類型：復(fù)雜修飾、易混指代
    解釋：主語(yǔ)后的修飾成分同樣隔開(kāi)了主語(yǔ)和謂語(yǔ)，但本句的難度主要在because從句中。按照一般的習(xí)慣，作為從句主語(yǔ)的it應(yīng)該指主句的主語(yǔ)，但本句的主句是一個(gè)比較結(jié)構(gòu)，A should be faster than B because it…,此處it也可以指B。但是因?yàn)檫@種指代不符合和我們以前所形成的習(xí)慣，所以閱讀現(xiàn)場(chǎng)不得不邊讀邊根據(jù)句意來(lái)判斷，這就增加了閱讀理解的難度?，F(xiàn)場(chǎng)閱讀時(shí)，類似antiserums的這種專有名詞不必理會(huì)，僅需從詞頭anti推出這是一個(gè)反p荷爾蒙的東西即可。
    意群訓(xùn)練：The molecular approach to detecting peptide hormones using cDNA probes should also be much faster than the immunological method because it can　take years of tedious purificationsto isolate peptide hormones and then develop antiserums to them.
    59. Nevertheless, researchers of the Pleistocene epoch have developed all sorts of more or less fanciful model schemes of how they would have arranged the Ice Age had they been in charge of events.（3+）
    然而，研究P時(shí)代的研究者發(fā)展除了各種各樣的或多或少有些奇怪思想的模型系統(tǒng)，用來(lái)顯示如果由他們來(lái)決定地質(zhì)事件的話他們將會(huì)如何安排冰川紀(jì)。
    難句類型：復(fù)雜修飾、倒裝、修辭
    解釋：句末的由how引導(dǎo)的名詞性從句中包括了雙重的倒裝，正常的語(yǔ)序本來(lái)是：If they had been in charge of events, they would have arranged the Ice Age in certain model schemes。本句中由于arrange的方式被提前，就造成了arrange的動(dòng)作執(zhí)行者也要提前，前面的if they had been 則必須后置；這樣一來(lái)又造成了if被省略，成為had they been的倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)。
    另外，作者為了表達(dá)其對(duì)于這些研究者的模型的負(fù)態(tài)度，并炫耀其幽默感，在本句中使用了虛擬語(yǔ)氣，并使用了fanciful這個(gè)詞以表示這些研究的不負(fù)責(zé)任、異想天開(kāi)的幼童心理。
    意群訓(xùn)練：Nevertheless, researchers of the Pleistocene epoch have developed all sorts of more or less fanciful model schemes of how they would have arranged the Ice Age had they been in charge of events.
    60. This succession was based primarily on a series of deposits　and events not directly related toglacial and interglacial periods，rather　than on the more usual modern method of studying biological remains found in interglacial beds themselves interstratified within glacial deposits. （4）
    這一序列演替（succession）所依據(jù)的，主要是一系列與冰川期和間冰期并不直接相關(guān)的地質(zhì)沉積物和地質(zhì)事件，而不是依據(jù)更為普遍的現(xiàn)代方法，去研究間冰層（interglacial bed）中所發(fā)現(xiàn)的生物殘留物，而這些間冰層本身又在冰川沉積物發(fā)生間層化（interstatified）。
    難句類型：復(fù)雜修飾、省略、易淆指代
    解釋：句子中的rather than 之后省略了與前面重復(fù)的being based,直接加上了介詞on。Modern method后面的部分都是修飾method的。其中的remains既可以作動(dòng)詞也可以作名詞，此處是名詞的用法，biological remains指的是類似于動(dòng)物化石之類的遺跡。讀到這里我們看到了句子的難點(diǎn)，themselves既可以指前面離得很遠(yuǎn)的modern method(當(dāng)然，在語(yǔ)法上來(lái)講單復(fù)數(shù)不一致)，也可以指前面離得較遠(yuǎn)的biological remains，亦可以指緊挨著的interglacial beds，到底是指代哪一個(gè)，只有通過(guò)理解句意，才能確定在此處指biological remains。
    意群訓(xùn)練：This succession was based primarily on a series of deposits　and events not directly related toglacial and interglacial periods，rather　than on the more usual modern method of studying biological remains found in interglacial beds themselves interstratified within glacial deposits.
    61. There have been attempts to explain these taboos in terms of inappropriate socialrelationships either between those who are involved and those who are　not simultaneously involved in the satisfaction of a bodily need，or　between those already satiated and　those who appear to be shamelessly gorging.（5）
    人們?cè)噲D對(duì)這些禁忌作出解釋，所依據(jù)的要么是那些正置身于某一身體需要滿足的人與那些并置身于某一身體需要之滿足的人之間的，要么是那些早已酒足飯飽的人與那些正在不知羞恥地狼吞虎咽失之間的不相稱的社會(huì)關(guān)系。
    難句類型：復(fù)雜修飾、省略
    解釋：前面的主架構(gòu)There have been attempts to explain these taboos很簡(jiǎn)單，從in terms of inappropriate social relationships開(kāi)始句子變難，ralationship后面跟著一個(gè)一直延續(xù)到句末的長(zhǎng)長(zhǎng)的修飾成分，其中有兩個(gè)固定搭配，either…or…和between…and…，不但如此，原文把這兩個(gè)搭配又套在一起，變成了either between…and…,or between…and…;再加上每一個(gè)between…and之后都是those who這樣的結(jié)構(gòu)，就愈發(fā)令人眼花繚亂了。
    意群訓(xùn)練：There have been attempts to explain these taboos in terms of inappropriate socialrelationships either between those who are involved and those who are　not simultaneously involved in the satisfaction of a bodily need，or　between those already satiated and　those who appear to be shamelessly gorging.
    62. Many critics of Family Bronte’s novel Wuthering Heights see its second　part as a counterpoint that comments on，if it does not reverse，the first part，where a "romantic" reading receives more confirmation. （5）
    研究艾米麗。勃朗特（Emily Bronte）小說(shuō)《呼嘯山莊》（Wuthering Heights）的許多文學(xué)評(píng)論家，將小說(shuō)的第二部分視作一種對(duì)比物，即使沒(méi)有將第一部分予以逆轉(zhuǎn)的話，也是在對(duì)第一部分作出一種詮釋評(píng)判，而在小說(shuō)第一部分中，一種“浪漫的”的讀解能獲得更為充分的確證。
    難句類型：復(fù)雜修飾、插入語(yǔ)
    解釋：上面的翻譯中為了符合中文習(xí)慣不得不把修飾the first part的where引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句翻譯到中括號(hào)以外。本句主要難在兩個(gè)地方，一個(gè)是插入語(yǔ)if it does not reverse如何理解，另一個(gè)是counterpoint的意思是什么。產(chǎn)生，插入語(yǔ)的位置比較討厭，把comments on the first part這樣一個(gè)連貫的說(shuō)法割成兩段，增加了閱讀的難度。而且它的意思容易理解錯(cuò)；if既可以理解成如果的意思，也可以理解成即使的意思。如果理解成即使的意思，則上下文的意思則要理解成即使不反對(duì)第一部分，也要給予第一部分一個(gè)負(fù)面的評(píng)論。然而此處不能這樣理解，因?yàn)閠hat之前的counterpoint的意思不是相反、對(duì)立，而是指和諧的組成部分的意思。這個(gè)詞來(lái)源于一個(gè)音樂(lè)術(shù)語(yǔ)，指音樂(lè)中的對(duì)位法、旋律配合，引伸為形容兩個(gè)不同的東西彼此和諧一致，同義詞是harmony。因此文中的if it does not reverse的意思是假如不反對(duì)第一部分，則是與第一部分和諧一致的評(píng)論的意思。這種情況下，插入語(yǔ)純屬?gòu)U話。
    意群訓(xùn)練：Many critics of Family Bronte’s novel Wuthering Heights see its second　part as a counterpoint that comments on，if it does not reverse，the first part，where a "romantic" reading receives more confirmation.