1. 要求考生理解全文的主旨;
2. 要求考生理解全文的邏輯框架;
3. 要求考生理解段落與段落之間的邏輯關(guān)系;
4. 要求考生在理解段落細(xì)節(jié)以后，能夠?qū)ζ溥M(jìn)行類比;
5. 要求考生在理解段落細(xì)節(jié)以后，能夠?qū)ζ溥M(jìn)行推理判斷;
6. 要求考生理解作者或某人物對(duì)所述事例的觀點(diǎn)、態(tài)度和看法;
7. 要求考生理解段落內(nèi)論點(diǎn)與論據(jù)、細(xì)節(jié)與主題之間的邏輯關(guān)系。
美國(guó)《GMAT閱讀理解題》 與 考研命題思路的 對(duì)比
一、GMAT的閱讀文章(一般有450字左右，緊接著7 – 9道測(cè)試題)
Historians have only recently begun to note the increase in demand for luxury goods and services that took place in eighteenth-century England. McKendrick has explored the Wedgwood firm’s remarkable success in marketing luxury pottery; Plumb has written about the rapid increase of provincial theaters, musical festivals, and children’s toys and books. While the fact of this consumer revolution is hardly in doubt, three key questions remain: Who were the consumers? What were their motives? And what were the effects of the new demand for luxuries?
An answer to the first of these has been difficult to obtain. Although it has been possible to infer from the goods and services actually produced what manufacturers and servicing trades thought their customers wanted, only a study of relevant personal documents written by actual consumers will provide a precise picture of who wanted what. We still need to know how large this consumer market was and how far down the social scale the consumer demand for luxury goods penetrated. With regard to this last question, we might note in passing that Thompson, while rightly restoring laboring people to the stage of eighteenth-century English history, has probably exaggerated the opposition of these people to the sudden attacks of capitalist consumerism in general. For example, laboring people in eighteenth-century England readily shifted from home-brewed beer to standardized beer produced by huge, heavily capitalized urban breweries.
To answer the question of why consumers became so eager to buy, some historians have pointed to the ability of manufacturers to advertise in a relatively uncensored press. This, however, hardly seems a sufficient answer. McKendrick favors a Veblen model of conspicuous consumption stimulated by competition for status. The “middling sort” bought goods and services because they wanted to follow fashions set by the rich. Again, we may wonder whether this explanation is sufficient. Do not people enjoy buying things as a form of self-gratification? If so, consumerism could be seen as a product of the rise of new concepts of individualism and materialism, but not necessarily of the frenzy for conspicuous competition.
Finally, what were the consequences of this consumer demand for luxuries? McKendrick claims that it goes a long way toward explaining the coming of the Industrial Revolution. But does it? What, for example, does the production of high-quality pottery and toys have to do with the development of iron manufacture or textile mills? It is perfectly possible to have the psychology and reality of a consumer society without a heavy industrial sector. (414 words)
1. In the first paragraph, the author mentions McKendrick and Plumb most probably to
[A] compare their interest in luxury goods and in luxury services.
[B] confirm key questions about 18th-century England consumerism.
[C] contrast their views on luxury consumerism in 18th-century England.
[D] exemplify historians who have proved the growing consumerism in 18th-century England.
2. Which of the following items, if preserved from eighteenth-century England, would provide an example of the kind of documents mentioned in Paragraph 2?
[A] A bargain stricken between a manufacturer and a consumer.
[B] A theater ticket stamped with the date and name of a particular play.
[C] A diary that mentions luxury goods and services purchased by its author.
[D] A newspaper advertisement describing luxury goods and services available.
3. In the third paragraph, the author is primarily concerned with
[A] contrasting two theses and offering a compromise.
[B] examining two theories and supporting one over the other.
[C] raising several questions but implying that they cannot be answered.
[D] questioning two explanations and proposing a possible alternative to them.
4. The author would most probably agree that the Industrial Revolution
[A] resulted from the growing demand for luxury goods and services.
[B] was not directly driven by a growing demand for luxury goods and services.
[C] was closely bound up with the demands for luxury goods and services.
[D] exploited the already existing demand for luxury goods and services.
5. The title which best expresses the main idea of the text is
[A] A Comment on Historians’ Study on Rising Demand for Luxuries in 18th-century England
[B] The Impacts of Consumer Demand for Luxury Goods and Services in the 18th Century
[C] The Ever-increasing Demand for Luxuries in Eighteenth-century England
[D] Consumers’ Demand for Luxuries in the 18th Century and Their Motives
第1題是邏輯結(jié)構(gòu)題，答案[D]，要求考生理解段落內(nèi)論點(diǎn)與論據(jù)之間的邏輯關(guān)系。
第2題是類比推理題，答案[C]，要求考生在理解細(xì)節(jié)以后，進(jìn)行邏輯上的類比推理。
第3題是邏輯框架題，答案[D]，要求考生理解段落內(nèi)容的邏輯框架。
第4題是作者觀點(diǎn)題，答案[B]，要求考生在理解段落內(nèi)容后，能洞察出作者的相關(guān)觀點(diǎn)。
第5題是全文主旨題，答案[A]，要求考生理解全文的主題思想。
從以上1、2、3題中我們可以清楚地感悟到命題專家對(duì)考生的理解要求 - 不但理解文章中的文字信息，而且要求透過(guò)文字信息理解信息之間的邏輯關(guān)系、信息之間的類比關(guān)系并對(duì)信息進(jìn)行抽象概括。這三項(xiàng)要求體現(xiàn)出GMAT閱讀理解題的超群之處;也正是在這三方面反映出GMAT試題對(duì)考生抽象思維能力的考察。瀏覽近年的GMAT閱讀理解題，我們可以發(fā)現(xiàn)，邏輯結(jié)構(gòu)題、類比推理題和邏輯框架題幾乎出現(xiàn)在每篇閱讀理解文章的后面?？梢?jiàn)，本文后的這三道題不是偶然現(xiàn)象，而偶然中的必然。這就值得我們?nèi)ド钏剂恕?BR>
2. 要求考生理解全文的邏輯框架;
3. 要求考生理解段落與段落之間的邏輯關(guān)系;
4. 要求考生在理解段落細(xì)節(jié)以后，能夠?qū)ζ溥M(jìn)行類比;
5. 要求考生在理解段落細(xì)節(jié)以后，能夠?qū)ζ溥M(jìn)行推理判斷;
6. 要求考生理解作者或某人物對(duì)所述事例的觀點(diǎn)、態(tài)度和看法;
7. 要求考生理解段落內(nèi)論點(diǎn)與論據(jù)、細(xì)節(jié)與主題之間的邏輯關(guān)系。
美國(guó)《GMAT閱讀理解題》 與 考研命題思路的 對(duì)比
一、GMAT的閱讀文章(一般有450字左右，緊接著7 – 9道測(cè)試題)
Historians have only recently begun to note the increase in demand for luxury goods and services that took place in eighteenth-century England. McKendrick has explored the Wedgwood firm’s remarkable success in marketing luxury pottery; Plumb has written about the rapid increase of provincial theaters, musical festivals, and children’s toys and books. While the fact of this consumer revolution is hardly in doubt, three key questions remain: Who were the consumers? What were their motives? And what were the effects of the new demand for luxuries?
An answer to the first of these has been difficult to obtain. Although it has been possible to infer from the goods and services actually produced what manufacturers and servicing trades thought their customers wanted, only a study of relevant personal documents written by actual consumers will provide a precise picture of who wanted what. We still need to know how large this consumer market was and how far down the social scale the consumer demand for luxury goods penetrated. With regard to this last question, we might note in passing that Thompson, while rightly restoring laboring people to the stage of eighteenth-century English history, has probably exaggerated the opposition of these people to the sudden attacks of capitalist consumerism in general. For example, laboring people in eighteenth-century England readily shifted from home-brewed beer to standardized beer produced by huge, heavily capitalized urban breweries.
To answer the question of why consumers became so eager to buy, some historians have pointed to the ability of manufacturers to advertise in a relatively uncensored press. This, however, hardly seems a sufficient answer. McKendrick favors a Veblen model of conspicuous consumption stimulated by competition for status. The “middling sort” bought goods and services because they wanted to follow fashions set by the rich. Again, we may wonder whether this explanation is sufficient. Do not people enjoy buying things as a form of self-gratification? If so, consumerism could be seen as a product of the rise of new concepts of individualism and materialism, but not necessarily of the frenzy for conspicuous competition.
Finally, what were the consequences of this consumer demand for luxuries? McKendrick claims that it goes a long way toward explaining the coming of the Industrial Revolution. But does it? What, for example, does the production of high-quality pottery and toys have to do with the development of iron manufacture or textile mills? It is perfectly possible to have the psychology and reality of a consumer society without a heavy industrial sector. (414 words)
1. In the first paragraph, the author mentions McKendrick and Plumb most probably to
[A] compare their interest in luxury goods and in luxury services.
[B] confirm key questions about 18th-century England consumerism.
[C] contrast their views on luxury consumerism in 18th-century England.
[D] exemplify historians who have proved the growing consumerism in 18th-century England.
2. Which of the following items, if preserved from eighteenth-century England, would provide an example of the kind of documents mentioned in Paragraph 2?
[A] A bargain stricken between a manufacturer and a consumer.
[B] A theater ticket stamped with the date and name of a particular play.
[C] A diary that mentions luxury goods and services purchased by its author.
[D] A newspaper advertisement describing luxury goods and services available.
3. In the third paragraph, the author is primarily concerned with
[A] contrasting two theses and offering a compromise.
[B] examining two theories and supporting one over the other.
[C] raising several questions but implying that they cannot be answered.
[D] questioning two explanations and proposing a possible alternative to them.
4. The author would most probably agree that the Industrial Revolution
[A] resulted from the growing demand for luxury goods and services.
[B] was not directly driven by a growing demand for luxury goods and services.
[C] was closely bound up with the demands for luxury goods and services.
[D] exploited the already existing demand for luxury goods and services.
5. The title which best expresses the main idea of the text is
[A] A Comment on Historians’ Study on Rising Demand for Luxuries in 18th-century England
[B] The Impacts of Consumer Demand for Luxury Goods and Services in the 18th Century
[C] The Ever-increasing Demand for Luxuries in Eighteenth-century England
[D] Consumers’ Demand for Luxuries in the 18th Century and Their Motives
第1題是邏輯結(jié)構(gòu)題，答案[D]，要求考生理解段落內(nèi)論點(diǎn)與論據(jù)之間的邏輯關(guān)系。
第2題是類比推理題，答案[C]，要求考生在理解細(xì)節(jié)以后，進(jìn)行邏輯上的類比推理。
第3題是邏輯框架題，答案[D]，要求考生理解段落內(nèi)容的邏輯框架。
第4題是作者觀點(diǎn)題，答案[B]，要求考生在理解段落內(nèi)容后，能洞察出作者的相關(guān)觀點(diǎn)。
第5題是全文主旨題，答案[A]，要求考生理解全文的主題思想。
從以上1、2、3題中我們可以清楚地感悟到命題專家對(duì)考生的理解要求 - 不但理解文章中的文字信息，而且要求透過(guò)文字信息理解信息之間的邏輯關(guān)系、信息之間的類比關(guān)系并對(duì)信息進(jìn)行抽象概括。這三項(xiàng)要求體現(xiàn)出GMAT閱讀理解題的超群之處;也正是在這三方面反映出GMAT試題對(duì)考生抽象思維能力的考察。瀏覽近年的GMAT閱讀理解題，我們可以發(fā)現(xiàn)，邏輯結(jié)構(gòu)題、類比推理題和邏輯框架題幾乎出現(xiàn)在每篇閱讀理解文章的后面?？梢?jiàn)，本文后的這三道題不是偶然現(xiàn)象，而偶然中的必然。這就值得我們?nèi)ド钏剂恕?BR>