前面介紹了細(xì)節(jié)題中的給定行數(shù)題和寫作用意題，這里主要介紹一下另一種常見的題型——強(qiáng)對(duì)比取非題。
這類題的主要特點(diǎn)是，原文中有強(qiáng)對(duì)比的雙方，題干只問及其中的一方，但是原文沒有給出關(guān)于這方的敘述，而說了這方的強(qiáng)對(duì)比另一方的特征，所以答案卻是對(duì)另一方敘述的取非。強(qiáng)對(duì)比關(guān)系層次比較多，例如，處于不同時(shí)間、歷史時(shí)期、年代的事物通常其特點(diǎn)呈強(qiáng)對(duì)比；處于相對(duì)的地域、空間的事物通常其特點(diǎn)呈強(qiáng)對(duì)比；新事物、新觀點(diǎn)和舊事物、傳統(tǒng)觀點(diǎn)呈強(qiáng)對(duì)比；用級(jí)、性限定的事物和其余所有同類事物的特征呈強(qiáng)對(duì)比等。針對(duì)這類題目，在第一篇讀文章的時(shí)候及時(shí)敏銳地發(fā)現(xiàn)它們并在文中做好標(biāo)記，為解題時(shí)回到文中定位做好充分地準(zhǔn)備。這些強(qiáng)對(duì)比出現(xiàn)地地方，通常會(huì)伴隨著一些表示這類強(qiáng)對(duì)比關(guān)系的標(biāo)志性詞語，如unlike, in contrast to, be distinguished from, used to, new, current, once, until recently, only, unique, never……
根據(jù)強(qiáng)對(duì)比層次的不同，大體上將其分為：簡(jiǎn)單明示強(qiáng)對(duì)比、時(shí)間壯語強(qiáng)對(duì)比和優(yōu)缺點(diǎn)強(qiáng)對(duì)比。下面就此進(jìn)行具體分析：
1. 簡(jiǎn)單明示強(qiáng)對(duì)比
這類強(qiáng)對(duì)比屬于普通的強(qiáng)對(duì)比，如文中說“A, unlike B; “C, in contrast to D, is…”等，這些都是明示強(qiáng)對(duì)比。下面我們用一個(gè)例子來具體說明：
Promising as it is for minority businesses, this increased patronage poses dangers for them, too. First, minority firms risk expanding too fast and overextending themselves financially, since most are small concerns and, unlike large businesses, they often need to make substantial investments in new plants, staff, equipment, and the like in order to perform work subcontracted to them……
The passage suggests that the failure of a large business to have its bids for subcontracts result quickly in orders might cause it to_____
(A) experience frustration but not serious financial harm
(B) face potentially crippling fixed expenses
(C) have to record its efforts on forms filed with the government
(D) increase its spending with minority subcontractors
(E) revise its procedure for making bids for federal contracts and subcontracts
分析：
在原文中，并沒有提到大企業(yè)投標(biāo)失敗會(huì)如何，但是文中提到了小企業(yè)的情況，標(biāo)志性的詞語是unlike large businesses, 這就表明文中進(jìn)行了強(qiáng)對(duì)比，通過這句話，“since most are small concerns and, unlike large businesses, they often need to make substantial investments in new plants, staff, equipment, and the like in order to perform work subcontracted to them”，我們知道，小企業(yè)將會(huì)有財(cái)政和士氣上的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。根據(jù)這樣的對(duì)比關(guān)系，大企業(yè)的情況應(yīng)該與小企業(yè)的情況相反，所以，正確答案應(yīng)該是A. 即“大企業(yè)會(huì)有一些波折，但是沒有致命的財(cái)政影響”。
2. 時(shí)間壯語強(qiáng)對(duì)比
題干中問A時(shí)間有什么特征，原文中沒有明說，但給了A的強(qiáng)對(duì)比時(shí)間B的特征，將B的特點(diǎn)取非，即是A的特征。通常情況下，在一篇文章開始，或者一個(gè)理論剛剛提出的時(shí)候，如果出現(xiàn)了時(shí)間壯語，則是出題率很高的一處語言點(diǎn)。如，now, new, nowadays, current ideas…和過去形成強(qiáng)對(duì)比；once, until recently, past…和現(xiàn)在形成強(qiáng)對(duì)比。如果給出一個(gè)不早不晚的明確時(shí)間，如in 1960’s，那么和它之前、之后比較都有可能。
下面以舉一個(gè)具體事例：
In the early 1950’s, historians who studied pre-industrial Europe (which we may define here as Europe in the period from roughly 1300 to 1800) began, for the first time in large numbers, to investigate more of the pre-industrial European population than the 2 or 3 percent who comprised the political and social elite: the kings, generals, judges, nobles, bishops, and local magnates who had hitherto usually filled history books. ……
One way out of this dilemma was to run to the records of legal courts, for here the voices of the non-elite can most often be heard, as witnesses, plaintiffs, and defendants. These documents have acted as “a point of entry into the mental world of the poor.” Historians such as Le Roy Ladurie have used the documents to extract case histories, which have illuminated the attitudes of different social group (these attitudes include, but are not confined to, attitudes toward crime and the law) and have revealed how the authorities administered justice. ……
The extraction of case histories is not, however, the only use to which court records may be put. Historians who study pre-industrial Europe have used the records to establish a series or categories of crime and to quantify indictments that were issued over a given number of years. ……
The author suggests that, before the early 1950’s, most historians who studied pre-industrial Europe did which of the following?
(A) failed to make distinctions among members of the pre-industrial European political and social elite
(B) used investigatory methods that were almost exclusively statistical in nature
(C) inaccurately estimated the influence of the pre-industrial European political and social elite
(D) confined their work to a narrow range of the pre-industrial European population
(E) tended to rely heavily on birth, marriage and death records
分析：
這篇文章在開頭段就提到“50年代早期，研究歐洲前工業(yè)時(shí)期歷史的學(xué)者第一次開始大規(guī)模地研究人口總數(shù)97％的普通人民群眾”。題目中所問的是在50年代之前的情況，這正與50年代的情況形成了強(qiáng)對(duì)比。所以，正確答案應(yīng)該是與50年代的情況相反的信息，在50年代，就有了將近97％的普通人民群眾，說明這是一個(gè)很大的比率，將近100％。那么，在50年代之前，可以肯定的是沒有50年代進(jìn)步，所以，人數(shù)一定比50年代要少，可能是很少的以部分。這樣，通過這樣的強(qiáng)對(duì)比，我們可以確定答案A是正確的，即“50年代之前的學(xué)者將其研究局限于前工業(yè)時(shí)期歐洲人口的一小部分”。
3. 優(yōu)缺點(diǎn)強(qiáng)對(duì)比
這類題的特點(diǎn)是，題干中如果問某事物、著作、人怎樣會(huì)變得更好，但是在原文中沒有給出明確的回答，而一般會(huì)有相反的內(nèi)容，即：該事物、著作、人因?yàn)槭裁丛颥F(xiàn)在還不夠好。這樣，將其取非，就可以得到原題的答案。這里需要注意一點(diǎn)，有時(shí)文章細(xì)節(jié)復(fù)雜，被問到的事物缺點(diǎn)不止一個(gè)，那么一定要找到題干所問內(nèi)容的缺點(diǎn)，而不要被其他的缺點(diǎn)亂了思路。
下面再用一個(gè)例子取說明(仍然是上一篇文章，這里就不重負(fù)文章內(nèi)容了)：
It can be inferred from the passage that a historian who wished to compare crime rates per thousand in a European city in one decade of the fifteenth century with crime rates in another decade of that century would probably be most aided by better information about which of the following?
(A) the cause of unrest in the city during the two decades
(B) the aggregate number of indictments in the city nearest to the city under investigation during the two decades
(C) the number of people who lived in the city during each of the decades under investigation
(D) the mental attitudes of criminals in the city, including their feedings about authority, during each of the decades under investigation
(E) the possibilities for a member of the city’s non-elite to become a member of the political and social elite during the two decades
分析：
題干比較長(zhǎng)，意思是“比較兩個(gè)10年的犯罪率，得到了以下哪個(gè)信息，將會(huì)最有幫助？”，在原文中有提到，兩個(gè)10年的犯罪率經(jīng)常無法進(jìn)行比較，原因是總?cè)丝跀?shù)的估計(jì)不準(zhǔn)確。所以，根據(jù)這一信息，將其取非，便得出了選項(xiàng)C是正確的。即“要研究的兩個(gè)10年內(nèi)城市人口的統(tǒng)計(jì)數(shù)”。
小結(jié)：
綜上所述，強(qiáng)對(duì)比取非題在GRE閱讀中出現(xiàn)頻率也是很高的，如果掌握了這類題的解答思路，在作答時(shí)就會(huì)迎刃而解了。
這類題的主要特點(diǎn)是，原文中有強(qiáng)對(duì)比的雙方，題干只問及其中的一方，但是原文沒有給出關(guān)于這方的敘述，而說了這方的強(qiáng)對(duì)比另一方的特征，所以答案卻是對(duì)另一方敘述的取非。強(qiáng)對(duì)比關(guān)系層次比較多，例如，處于不同時(shí)間、歷史時(shí)期、年代的事物通常其特點(diǎn)呈強(qiáng)對(duì)比；處于相對(duì)的地域、空間的事物通常其特點(diǎn)呈強(qiáng)對(duì)比；新事物、新觀點(diǎn)和舊事物、傳統(tǒng)觀點(diǎn)呈強(qiáng)對(duì)比；用級(jí)、性限定的事物和其余所有同類事物的特征呈強(qiáng)對(duì)比等。針對(duì)這類題目，在第一篇讀文章的時(shí)候及時(shí)敏銳地發(fā)現(xiàn)它們并在文中做好標(biāo)記，為解題時(shí)回到文中定位做好充分地準(zhǔn)備。這些強(qiáng)對(duì)比出現(xiàn)地地方，通常會(huì)伴隨著一些表示這類強(qiáng)對(duì)比關(guān)系的標(biāo)志性詞語，如unlike, in contrast to, be distinguished from, used to, new, current, once, until recently, only, unique, never……
根據(jù)強(qiáng)對(duì)比層次的不同，大體上將其分為：簡(jiǎn)單明示強(qiáng)對(duì)比、時(shí)間壯語強(qiáng)對(duì)比和優(yōu)缺點(diǎn)強(qiáng)對(duì)比。下面就此進(jìn)行具體分析：
1. 簡(jiǎn)單明示強(qiáng)對(duì)比
這類強(qiáng)對(duì)比屬于普通的強(qiáng)對(duì)比，如文中說“A, unlike B; “C, in contrast to D, is…”等，這些都是明示強(qiáng)對(duì)比。下面我們用一個(gè)例子來具體說明：
Promising as it is for minority businesses, this increased patronage poses dangers for them, too. First, minority firms risk expanding too fast and overextending themselves financially, since most are small concerns and, unlike large businesses, they often need to make substantial investments in new plants, staff, equipment, and the like in order to perform work subcontracted to them……
The passage suggests that the failure of a large business to have its bids for subcontracts result quickly in orders might cause it to_____
(A) experience frustration but not serious financial harm
(B) face potentially crippling fixed expenses
(C) have to record its efforts on forms filed with the government
(D) increase its spending with minority subcontractors
(E) revise its procedure for making bids for federal contracts and subcontracts
分析：
在原文中，并沒有提到大企業(yè)投標(biāo)失敗會(huì)如何，但是文中提到了小企業(yè)的情況，標(biāo)志性的詞語是unlike large businesses, 這就表明文中進(jìn)行了強(qiáng)對(duì)比，通過這句話，“since most are small concerns and, unlike large businesses, they often need to make substantial investments in new plants, staff, equipment, and the like in order to perform work subcontracted to them”，我們知道，小企業(yè)將會(huì)有財(cái)政和士氣上的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。根據(jù)這樣的對(duì)比關(guān)系，大企業(yè)的情況應(yīng)該與小企業(yè)的情況相反，所以，正確答案應(yīng)該是A. 即“大企業(yè)會(huì)有一些波折，但是沒有致命的財(cái)政影響”。
2. 時(shí)間壯語強(qiáng)對(duì)比
題干中問A時(shí)間有什么特征，原文中沒有明說，但給了A的強(qiáng)對(duì)比時(shí)間B的特征，將B的特點(diǎn)取非，即是A的特征。通常情況下，在一篇文章開始，或者一個(gè)理論剛剛提出的時(shí)候，如果出現(xiàn)了時(shí)間壯語，則是出題率很高的一處語言點(diǎn)。如，now, new, nowadays, current ideas…和過去形成強(qiáng)對(duì)比；once, until recently, past…和現(xiàn)在形成強(qiáng)對(duì)比。如果給出一個(gè)不早不晚的明確時(shí)間，如in 1960’s，那么和它之前、之后比較都有可能。
下面以舉一個(gè)具體事例：
In the early 1950’s, historians who studied pre-industrial Europe (which we may define here as Europe in the period from roughly 1300 to 1800) began, for the first time in large numbers, to investigate more of the pre-industrial European population than the 2 or 3 percent who comprised the political and social elite: the kings, generals, judges, nobles, bishops, and local magnates who had hitherto usually filled history books. ……
One way out of this dilemma was to run to the records of legal courts, for here the voices of the non-elite can most often be heard, as witnesses, plaintiffs, and defendants. These documents have acted as “a point of entry into the mental world of the poor.” Historians such as Le Roy Ladurie have used the documents to extract case histories, which have illuminated the attitudes of different social group (these attitudes include, but are not confined to, attitudes toward crime and the law) and have revealed how the authorities administered justice. ……
The extraction of case histories is not, however, the only use to which court records may be put. Historians who study pre-industrial Europe have used the records to establish a series or categories of crime and to quantify indictments that were issued over a given number of years. ……
The author suggests that, before the early 1950’s, most historians who studied pre-industrial Europe did which of the following?
(A) failed to make distinctions among members of the pre-industrial European political and social elite
(B) used investigatory methods that were almost exclusively statistical in nature
(C) inaccurately estimated the influence of the pre-industrial European political and social elite
(D) confined their work to a narrow range of the pre-industrial European population
(E) tended to rely heavily on birth, marriage and death records
分析：
這篇文章在開頭段就提到“50年代早期，研究歐洲前工業(yè)時(shí)期歷史的學(xué)者第一次開始大規(guī)模地研究人口總數(shù)97％的普通人民群眾”。題目中所問的是在50年代之前的情況，這正與50年代的情況形成了強(qiáng)對(duì)比。所以，正確答案應(yīng)該是與50年代的情況相反的信息，在50年代，就有了將近97％的普通人民群眾，說明這是一個(gè)很大的比率，將近100％。那么，在50年代之前，可以肯定的是沒有50年代進(jìn)步，所以，人數(shù)一定比50年代要少，可能是很少的以部分。這樣，通過這樣的強(qiáng)對(duì)比，我們可以確定答案A是正確的，即“50年代之前的學(xué)者將其研究局限于前工業(yè)時(shí)期歐洲人口的一小部分”。
3. 優(yōu)缺點(diǎn)強(qiáng)對(duì)比
這類題的特點(diǎn)是，題干中如果問某事物、著作、人怎樣會(huì)變得更好，但是在原文中沒有給出明確的回答，而一般會(huì)有相反的內(nèi)容，即：該事物、著作、人因?yàn)槭裁丛颥F(xiàn)在還不夠好。這樣，將其取非，就可以得到原題的答案。這里需要注意一點(diǎn)，有時(shí)文章細(xì)節(jié)復(fù)雜，被問到的事物缺點(diǎn)不止一個(gè)，那么一定要找到題干所問內(nèi)容的缺點(diǎn)，而不要被其他的缺點(diǎn)亂了思路。
下面再用一個(gè)例子取說明(仍然是上一篇文章，這里就不重負(fù)文章內(nèi)容了)：
It can be inferred from the passage that a historian who wished to compare crime rates per thousand in a European city in one decade of the fifteenth century with crime rates in another decade of that century would probably be most aided by better information about which of the following?
(A) the cause of unrest in the city during the two decades
(B) the aggregate number of indictments in the city nearest to the city under investigation during the two decades
(C) the number of people who lived in the city during each of the decades under investigation
(D) the mental attitudes of criminals in the city, including their feedings about authority, during each of the decades under investigation
(E) the possibilities for a member of the city’s non-elite to become a member of the political and social elite during the two decades
分析：
題干比較長(zhǎng)，意思是“比較兩個(gè)10年的犯罪率，得到了以下哪個(gè)信息，將會(huì)最有幫助？”，在原文中有提到，兩個(gè)10年的犯罪率經(jīng)常無法進(jìn)行比較，原因是總?cè)丝跀?shù)的估計(jì)不準(zhǔn)確。所以，根據(jù)這一信息，將其取非，便得出了選項(xiàng)C是正確的。即“要研究的兩個(gè)10年內(nèi)城市人口的統(tǒng)計(jì)數(shù)”。
小結(jié)：
綜上所述，強(qiáng)對(duì)比取非題在GRE閱讀中出現(xiàn)頻率也是很高的，如果掌握了這類題的解答思路，在作答時(shí)就會(huì)迎刃而解了。