一、典型例文
The determination of the sources of copper ore used in the manufacture of copper and bronze artifacts of Bronze Age civilizations would add greatly to our knowledge of cultural contacts and trade in that era. Researchers have analyzed artifacts and ores for their concentrations of elements, but for a variety of reasons, these studies have generally failed to provide evidence of the sources of the copper used in the objects. Elemental composition can vary within the same copper-ore lode, usually because of varying admixtures of other elements, especially iron, lead, zinc, and arsenic. And high concentrations of cobalt or zinc, noticed in some artifacts, appear in a variety of copper-ore sources. Moreover, the processing of ores introduced poorly controlled changes in the concentrations of minor and trace elements in the resulting metal. Some elements evaporate during smelting and roasting; different temperatures and processes produce different degrees of loss. Finally, flux, which is sometimes added during smelting to remove waste material from the ore, could add quantities of elements to the final product.
An elemental property that is unchanged through these chemical processes is the isotopic composition of each metallic element in the ore. Isotopic composition, the percentages of the different isotopes of an element in a given sample of the element, is therefore particularly suitable as an indicator of the sources of the ore. Of course, for this purpose it is necessary to find an element whose isotopic composition is more or less constant throughout a given ore body, but varies from one copper ore body to another or, at least, from one geographic region to another. The ideal choice, when isotopic composition is used to investigate the source of copper ore, would seem to be copper itself. It has been shown that small but measurable variations occur naturally in the isotopic composition of copper. However, the variations are large enough only in rare ores; between samples of the common ore minerals of copper, isotopic variations greater than the measurement error have not been found. An alternative choice is lead, which occurs in most copper and bronze artifacts of the Bronze Age in amounts consistent with the lead being derived from the copper ores and possibly from the fluxes. The isotopic composition of lead often varies from one source of common copper ore to another, with variations exceeding the measurement error; and preliminary studies indicate virtually uniform is topic composition of the lead from a single copper-ore source. While some of the lead found in an artifact may have been introduced from flux or when other metals were added to the copper ore, lead so added in Bronze Age processing would usually have the same isotopic composition as the lead in the copper ore. Lead isotope studies may thus prove useful for interpreting the archaeological record of the Bronze Age. No. 9－1－1
二、難句分析
例句1 （插入語(yǔ)）
Researchers have analyzed artifacts and ores for their concentrations of elements, but for a variety of reasons, these studies have generally failed to provide evidence of the sources of the copper used in the objects.
中文釋義：科研人員已經(jīng)對(duì)這些銅制物和銅礦石進(jìn)行了分析，以確定各種元素的各種含量，但出于種種原因，這些研究普遍而言沒(méi)能提供證據(jù)，以反映出這些物件中所使用的銅的來(lái)源。
解讀方法：
Researchers have analyzed artifacts and ores for their concentrations of elements.句子主干為：主語(yǔ)researchers+謂語(yǔ)analyzed+賓語(yǔ)artifacts and ores.
These studies have generally failed to provide evidence of the sources of the copper used in the objects.句子主干也是一目了然的：主語(yǔ)these studies+謂語(yǔ)failed to provide+賓語(yǔ) evidence.
這兩句話單從字面來(lái)看關(guān)聯(lián)并不大，然后如果深入分析的話，我們能夠得知第二句中的these studies正是以analysis from the researchers 為根據(jù)的，而它們之間恰恰是通過(guò)插入語(yǔ)but for a variety of reasons而得以順利過(guò)渡和連接！
例句2 （同位語(yǔ)）
Finally, flux, which is sometimes added during smelting to remove waste material from the ore, could add quantities of elements to the final product.
中文釋義：后，有時(shí)在溶煉過(guò)程中需添加入助溶劑，以便將廢物從銅礦石中除去，而這種助溶劑也會(huì)將大量的元素加入到終產(chǎn)品之中。
解讀方法：
本句的主干為：Flux adds quantities. 而which is sometimes added during smelting to remove waste material from the ore則以同位語(yǔ)的身份作為對(duì)flux的補(bǔ)充說(shuō)明存在的！
插入語(yǔ)、同位語(yǔ)知識(shí)點(diǎn)擴(kuò)展：
特點(diǎn)：插入語(yǔ)在我們母語(yǔ)中不經(jīng)常出現(xiàn)，這正好體現(xiàn)了中西方語(yǔ)言的細(xì)微差異，因?yàn)椴迦氤煞衷诰渲袝?huì)打斷讀者的思路，割裂插入成分前后之間的句意，造成理解的困難。反之，我們同樣可以將其所壓縮的內(nèi)容重新復(fù)原之后再進(jìn)行理解。
技巧：并列出現(xiàn)的逗號(hào)往往可以作為插入語(yǔ)的典型標(biāo)志，在閱讀過(guò)程中如果我們遇到并列出現(xiàn)的逗號(hào)，那么通常此處可以作為插入語(yǔ)成分來(lái)對(duì)待，正確的做法是我們大膽地暫時(shí)略過(guò)插入語(yǔ)，從整體角度把此處意群的周圍信息或者說(shuō)是前后內(nèi)容串聯(lián)起來(lái)，做到“宏觀把握”在回頭來(lái)讀插入成分。
例句3（復(fù)雜成分）
Isotopic composition, the percentages of the different isotopes of an element in a given sample of the element, is therefore particularly suitable as an indicator of the sources of the ore.
中文釋義：所謂同位素構(gòu)成，是指在某一元素的特定樣品中該元素不同同位素的百分比率。同位素構(gòu)成因此特別適合于作為銅礦廠來(lái)源的示蹤物。
解讀方法：
我們要明白Isotopic composition 在句中和the percentages扮演的同樣的角色---主語(yǔ)，也就是說(shuō)后者可以對(duì)前者進(jìn)行同義替換。
例句4(復(fù)雜成分)
It has been shown that small but measurable variations occur naturally in the isotopic composition of copper. However, the variations are large enough only in rare ores; between samples of the common ore minerals of copper, isotopic variations greater than the measurement error have not been found.
中文釋義：當(dāng)同位素構(gòu)成被用來(lái)研究銅礦石的來(lái)源時(shí)，理想的選擇似乎是銅本身。研究證明，細(xì)微但仍可測(cè)量到的差異會(huì)自然發(fā)生在銅的同位素構(gòu)成中。然而，這些差異僅在稀有銅礦石中才顯得足夠的明顯；在普通銅礦的礦物質(zhì)樣品之間，超過(guò)測(cè)量誤差的同位素差異還尚未被發(fā)現(xiàn)。
解讀方法：
在理解這個(gè)意群時(shí)，我們要借助重要的連接詞however和一個(gè)標(biāo)點(diǎn)輔導(dǎo)（；分號(hào)）來(lái)幫助我們整體把握，however之前傳達(dá)的一個(gè)認(rèn)知就是：在銅的同位素構(gòu)成中in the isotopic composition of copper存在著variations，在這里要注意一個(gè)小的語(yǔ)法現(xiàn)象small but measurable的表達(dá)，在此處but并不表示否定了small 而肯定measurable，它在這里的作用等同于and；那么在轉(zhuǎn)折之后，我們知道接下來(lái)的內(nèi)容主要是圍繞著the variations of the isotopic composition of copper，而關(guān)于這一點(diǎn)則又分別從the common ore minerals of copper 和the large one來(lái)分類說(shuō)明的，它們很妙地通過(guò)分號(hào)來(lái)透露給考生這個(gè)信息。
復(fù)雜成分知識(shí)點(diǎn)擴(kuò)展：
特點(diǎn)：復(fù)雜成分之所以讓人頭痛主要是因?yàn)樗拈L(zhǎng)度。因?yàn)槠溆袝r(shí)候會(huì)增加一些輔助說(shuō)明，譬如象上面知識(shí)點(diǎn)說(shuō)到的同位語(yǔ)、插入語(yǔ)的形式出現(xiàn)，有時(shí)候卻會(huì)對(duì)原文的一些信息進(jìn)行刪減，因此給我們的閱讀在無(wú)形中制造了障礙，我們則需要沉著地掀開(kāi)其神秘的面紗，要么根據(jù)自己對(duì)上下文的理解補(bǔ)充全被其刪掉的部分，不過(guò)針對(duì)這一知識(shí)點(diǎn)，我們?nèi)匀恍枰兄鴮?duì)待GRE閱讀中長(zhǎng)難句的一貫宗旨：必要地時(shí)候忽略一些細(xì)節(jié)，從宏觀地角度去理解句意！
技巧：面對(duì)復(fù)雜成分這一知識(shí)難點(diǎn)，我們要通過(guò)充分的練習(xí)而使自己具備能夠準(zhǔn)確劃分意群的技能，這往往是一種良好語(yǔ)感的體現(xiàn)；進(jìn)而通過(guò)一個(gè)個(gè)意群的正確把握從而達(dá)到對(duì)全文的更好理解！這一點(diǎn)在太傻GRE考試閱讀模塊Matching題型專項(xiàng)訓(xùn)練中很好地得以體現(xiàn)，相信使用過(guò)該模塊的考生一定能夠大受裨益！
The determination of the sources of copper ore used in the manufacture of copper and bronze artifacts of Bronze Age civilizations would add greatly to our knowledge of cultural contacts and trade in that era. Researchers have analyzed artifacts and ores for their concentrations of elements, but for a variety of reasons, these studies have generally failed to provide evidence of the sources of the copper used in the objects. Elemental composition can vary within the same copper-ore lode, usually because of varying admixtures of other elements, especially iron, lead, zinc, and arsenic. And high concentrations of cobalt or zinc, noticed in some artifacts, appear in a variety of copper-ore sources. Moreover, the processing of ores introduced poorly controlled changes in the concentrations of minor and trace elements in the resulting metal. Some elements evaporate during smelting and roasting; different temperatures and processes produce different degrees of loss. Finally, flux, which is sometimes added during smelting to remove waste material from the ore, could add quantities of elements to the final product.
An elemental property that is unchanged through these chemical processes is the isotopic composition of each metallic element in the ore. Isotopic composition, the percentages of the different isotopes of an element in a given sample of the element, is therefore particularly suitable as an indicator of the sources of the ore. Of course, for this purpose it is necessary to find an element whose isotopic composition is more or less constant throughout a given ore body, but varies from one copper ore body to another or, at least, from one geographic region to another. The ideal choice, when isotopic composition is used to investigate the source of copper ore, would seem to be copper itself. It has been shown that small but measurable variations occur naturally in the isotopic composition of copper. However, the variations are large enough only in rare ores; between samples of the common ore minerals of copper, isotopic variations greater than the measurement error have not been found. An alternative choice is lead, which occurs in most copper and bronze artifacts of the Bronze Age in amounts consistent with the lead being derived from the copper ores and possibly from the fluxes. The isotopic composition of lead often varies from one source of common copper ore to another, with variations exceeding the measurement error; and preliminary studies indicate virtually uniform is topic composition of the lead from a single copper-ore source. While some of the lead found in an artifact may have been introduced from flux or when other metals were added to the copper ore, lead so added in Bronze Age processing would usually have the same isotopic composition as the lead in the copper ore. Lead isotope studies may thus prove useful for interpreting the archaeological record of the Bronze Age. No. 9－1－1
二、難句分析
例句1 （插入語(yǔ)）
Researchers have analyzed artifacts and ores for their concentrations of elements, but for a variety of reasons, these studies have generally failed to provide evidence of the sources of the copper used in the objects.
中文釋義：科研人員已經(jīng)對(duì)這些銅制物和銅礦石進(jìn)行了分析，以確定各種元素的各種含量，但出于種種原因，這些研究普遍而言沒(méi)能提供證據(jù)，以反映出這些物件中所使用的銅的來(lái)源。
解讀方法：
Researchers have analyzed artifacts and ores for their concentrations of elements.句子主干為：主語(yǔ)researchers+謂語(yǔ)analyzed+賓語(yǔ)artifacts and ores.
These studies have generally failed to provide evidence of the sources of the copper used in the objects.句子主干也是一目了然的：主語(yǔ)these studies+謂語(yǔ)failed to provide+賓語(yǔ) evidence.
這兩句話單從字面來(lái)看關(guān)聯(lián)并不大，然后如果深入分析的話，我們能夠得知第二句中的these studies正是以analysis from the researchers 為根據(jù)的，而它們之間恰恰是通過(guò)插入語(yǔ)but for a variety of reasons而得以順利過(guò)渡和連接！
例句2 （同位語(yǔ)）
Finally, flux, which is sometimes added during smelting to remove waste material from the ore, could add quantities of elements to the final product.
中文釋義：后，有時(shí)在溶煉過(guò)程中需添加入助溶劑，以便將廢物從銅礦石中除去，而這種助溶劑也會(huì)將大量的元素加入到終產(chǎn)品之中。
解讀方法：
本句的主干為：Flux adds quantities. 而which is sometimes added during smelting to remove waste material from the ore則以同位語(yǔ)的身份作為對(duì)flux的補(bǔ)充說(shuō)明存在的！
插入語(yǔ)、同位語(yǔ)知識(shí)點(diǎn)擴(kuò)展：
特點(diǎn)：插入語(yǔ)在我們母語(yǔ)中不經(jīng)常出現(xiàn)，這正好體現(xiàn)了中西方語(yǔ)言的細(xì)微差異，因?yàn)椴迦氤煞衷诰渲袝?huì)打斷讀者的思路，割裂插入成分前后之間的句意，造成理解的困難。反之，我們同樣可以將其所壓縮的內(nèi)容重新復(fù)原之后再進(jìn)行理解。
技巧：并列出現(xiàn)的逗號(hào)往往可以作為插入語(yǔ)的典型標(biāo)志，在閱讀過(guò)程中如果我們遇到并列出現(xiàn)的逗號(hào)，那么通常此處可以作為插入語(yǔ)成分來(lái)對(duì)待，正確的做法是我們大膽地暫時(shí)略過(guò)插入語(yǔ)，從整體角度把此處意群的周圍信息或者說(shuō)是前后內(nèi)容串聯(lián)起來(lái)，做到“宏觀把握”在回頭來(lái)讀插入成分。
例句3（復(fù)雜成分）
Isotopic composition, the percentages of the different isotopes of an element in a given sample of the element, is therefore particularly suitable as an indicator of the sources of the ore.
中文釋義：所謂同位素構(gòu)成，是指在某一元素的特定樣品中該元素不同同位素的百分比率。同位素構(gòu)成因此特別適合于作為銅礦廠來(lái)源的示蹤物。
解讀方法：
我們要明白Isotopic composition 在句中和the percentages扮演的同樣的角色---主語(yǔ)，也就是說(shuō)后者可以對(duì)前者進(jìn)行同義替換。
例句4(復(fù)雜成分)
It has been shown that small but measurable variations occur naturally in the isotopic composition of copper. However, the variations are large enough only in rare ores; between samples of the common ore minerals of copper, isotopic variations greater than the measurement error have not been found.
中文釋義：當(dāng)同位素構(gòu)成被用來(lái)研究銅礦石的來(lái)源時(shí)，理想的選擇似乎是銅本身。研究證明，細(xì)微但仍可測(cè)量到的差異會(huì)自然發(fā)生在銅的同位素構(gòu)成中。然而，這些差異僅在稀有銅礦石中才顯得足夠的明顯；在普通銅礦的礦物質(zhì)樣品之間，超過(guò)測(cè)量誤差的同位素差異還尚未被發(fā)現(xiàn)。
解讀方法：
在理解這個(gè)意群時(shí)，我們要借助重要的連接詞however和一個(gè)標(biāo)點(diǎn)輔導(dǎo)（；分號(hào)）來(lái)幫助我們整體把握，however之前傳達(dá)的一個(gè)認(rèn)知就是：在銅的同位素構(gòu)成中in the isotopic composition of copper存在著variations，在這里要注意一個(gè)小的語(yǔ)法現(xiàn)象small but measurable的表達(dá)，在此處but并不表示否定了small 而肯定measurable，它在這里的作用等同于and；那么在轉(zhuǎn)折之后，我們知道接下來(lái)的內(nèi)容主要是圍繞著the variations of the isotopic composition of copper，而關(guān)于這一點(diǎn)則又分別從the common ore minerals of copper 和the large one來(lái)分類說(shuō)明的，它們很妙地通過(guò)分號(hào)來(lái)透露給考生這個(gè)信息。
復(fù)雜成分知識(shí)點(diǎn)擴(kuò)展：
特點(diǎn)：復(fù)雜成分之所以讓人頭痛主要是因?yàn)樗拈L(zhǎng)度。因?yàn)槠溆袝r(shí)候會(huì)增加一些輔助說(shuō)明，譬如象上面知識(shí)點(diǎn)說(shuō)到的同位語(yǔ)、插入語(yǔ)的形式出現(xiàn)，有時(shí)候卻會(huì)對(duì)原文的一些信息進(jìn)行刪減，因此給我們的閱讀在無(wú)形中制造了障礙，我們則需要沉著地掀開(kāi)其神秘的面紗，要么根據(jù)自己對(duì)上下文的理解補(bǔ)充全被其刪掉的部分，不過(guò)針對(duì)這一知識(shí)點(diǎn)，我們?nèi)匀恍枰兄鴮?duì)待GRE閱讀中長(zhǎng)難句的一貫宗旨：必要地時(shí)候忽略一些細(xì)節(jié)，從宏觀地角度去理解句意！
技巧：面對(duì)復(fù)雜成分這一知識(shí)難點(diǎn)，我們要通過(guò)充分的練習(xí)而使自己具備能夠準(zhǔn)確劃分意群的技能，這往往是一種良好語(yǔ)感的體現(xiàn)；進(jìn)而通過(guò)一個(gè)個(gè)意群的正確把握從而達(dá)到對(duì)全文的更好理解！這一點(diǎn)在太傻GRE考試閱讀模塊Matching題型專項(xiàng)訓(xùn)練中很好地得以體現(xiàn)，相信使用過(guò)該模塊的考生一定能夠大受裨益！