GRE的閱讀難，除了難在出題角度多樣，更難在文章本身的句式復(fù)雜。一篇文章，連句子結(jié)構(gòu)都看不懂，又何談文章結(jié)構(gòu)，作者態(tài)度，回頭定位出題點等等“技術(shù)”層面的問題呢？大體說來，GRE閱讀句子的復(fù)雜體現(xiàn)在長的從句做句子成分（包括插入語），倒裝和省略。
一：長的從句充當(dāng)句子成分
從句類型分為：
① 名詞性從句，包括主語從句，如：Who will be our monitor hasn't been decided yet.
賓語從句，如：I wonder whether Jack can swim in such a wide river.
表語從句，如：The question is when he can arrive at the hotel.
同位語從句，如：I have no impression how he went home，perhaps by bike.
②形容詞性從句，主要指定語從句，如：A prosperity which had never been seen before appears in the countryside.
③狀語從句，如： Wherever you go, you should work hard.
二：倒裝，包括全倒裝，如：Out rushed a missile from under the bomber.
半倒裝：Nor did he let the disease stop him from living the kind of life he has always dreamt about.
三：省略
包括句子成分（主、謂、賓、定、狀、補(bǔ)）的省略，重復(fù)成分的省略，以及一些固定的省略結(jié)構(gòu)。
GRE閱讀就是把以上的元素糅合進(jìn)一個句子，按照語法句法規(guī)則來“組裝”。其實無論是GRE的填空題也好，閱讀題也罷，再長再難的句子，首先要做的就是：“抓主干”。
例1：The converse observation, of the absence of grazers in areas of high phytoplankton concentration, led Hardy to propose his principle of animal exclusion, which hypothesized that phytoplankton produced a repellent that excluded grazers from regions of high phytoplankton concentration.
譯文：對相反情形的觀察，即在浮游植物高度密集的區(qū)域食草動物蕩然無存，致使哈代（Hardy）提出動物被驅(qū)逐的原理，該原理假設(shè)，浮游植物會制造出一種驅(qū)避物質(zhì)（repellent），將食草動物從浮游植物高密集的區(qū)域驅(qū)趕出去。
解析：全句的主干是：converse observation+ led Hardy to propose+ his principle
干擾成分為：插入語“of the absence of grazers”（后面的in areas of high phytoplankton concentration做grazers后置的限定成分）；which引導(dǎo)的非限制性定語從句“which hypothesized that phytoplankton produced a repellent that excluded grazers from regions of high phytoplankton concentration.”用來補(bǔ)充說明該principle的特性，這個從句本身內(nèi)部結(jié)構(gòu)稍有復(fù)雜，含有一個that賓語從句，該從句內(nèi)又嵌套一個定語從句“that excluded grazers from regions of high phytoplankton concentration”來修飾repellent。
例2：Although Gutman admits that forced separation by sale was frequent, he shows that the slaves' preference, revealed most clearly on plantations where sale was infrequent, was very much for stable monogamy.
譯文：雖然古特曼承認(rèn)，由于奴隸買賣而造成的被迫離散甚為頻繁，但他還是證明，奴隸的偏愛——在那些奴隸買賣并不頻繁的種植園上被最為顯著地揭示出來——在很大程度上側(cè)重于穩(wěn)定的一夫一妻制。
解析：找主干。全句是一個讓步狀語從句和一個主句，主句內(nèi)包含一個非限制性的補(bǔ)充成分（其實是非限制性定語從句省略引導(dǎo)詞后變來的，which was revealed most clearly on plantations …）狀語從句的主干：Gutman + admits +that賓語從句；主句的主干he+ shows +that賓語從句（從句內(nèi)部的主干為slaves' preference+ was +very much）。中間的非限定成分revealed most clearly on plantations where sale was infrequent內(nèi)含一個定語從句where sale was infrequent來修飾plantations。
例3：Perhaps the fact that many of these first studies considered only algae of a size that could be collected in a net (net phytoplankton), a practice that overlooked the smaller phytoplankton (nannoplankton) that we now know grazers are most likely to feed on, led to a de-emphasis of the role of grazers in subsequent research.
譯文：或許基于這一事實，即許多這些早期的研究僅僅考慮了一種其尺寸可用網(wǎng)兜收集起來的水藻（網(wǎng)浮游植物，net phytoplankton），而正是這一做法，忽略了我們現(xiàn)在所已知的食草動物最有可能賴以為生的較小浮游植物（纖浮游植物，nannoplankton），故而導(dǎo)致科學(xué)家在隨后的研究中貶低食草動物的作用。
解析：這個句子相對來說更復(fù)雜一些，內(nèi)含插入成分。句子的主干是：the fact +led to+ de-emphasis. fact后面是一個that引導(dǎo)的同位語從句，主干為studies + considered + algae（后面帶有一個that引導(dǎo)的定語從句限定algae of a size），接下來是一個同位語性質(zhì)的插入語“a practice that overlooked the smaller phytoplankton(nannoplankton) that we now know grazers are most likely to feed on,”a practice指代前面的“這一做法”其后又帶了一個that引導(dǎo)的定語從句來限定practice, 內(nèi)嵌一個that引導(dǎo)的定語從句修飾phytoplankton，這個定語本身還包含一個省略引導(dǎo)詞的賓語從句“grazers are most likely to feed on”
例4：Jack London poured into his writings all the pain of his life, the fierce hatred of the bourgeoisie that it had produced in him, and the conviction it had brought to him that the world could be made a better place to live in if the exploited would rise up and take the management of society out of the hands of the exploiters.
譯文: 杰克•倫敦在作品中傾注了他一生中所遭受過的一切痛苦，傾訴了這種痛苦在他心中產(chǎn)生的對資產(chǎn)階級的刻骨仇恨以及由此產(chǎn)生的這樣的信念：如果被剝削者起來反抗，從剝削者手中奪回社會管理權(quán)，那么世界就會變成一個人人有好日子過的地方。
解析：這個長難句采用了賓語后置的倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)。正常的結(jié)構(gòu)應(yīng)該是Jack London poured all the pain of his life, the fierce hatred of the bourgeoisie that it had produced in him, and the conviction it had brought to him that the world could be made a better place to live in if the exploited would rise up and take the management of society out of the hands of the exploiters, into his writings.
這個句子的主干：Jack London+ poured+后置的賓語有3個（all the pain+ the fierce hatred+ the conviction）。然后每一個賓語后面都有限定成分，要么是of結(jié)構(gòu)的定語（…of his life; …of the bourgeoisie其后帶個定語從句that it had produced in him修飾bourgeoisie），要么是定語從句和同位語從句(it had brought to him,同時還帶有that引導(dǎo)的conviction的同位語從句，帶有一個if引導(dǎo)的條件狀語從句：that the world could be made a better place to live in if the exploited would rise up and take the management of society out of the hands of the exploiters。)
例5：Along with them goes social mobility, ambition to rise in the urban world, a main factor in bringing down the births in Europe in the nineteenth century.
譯文： 伴隨他們而來的是社會的流動性，人們強(qiáng)烈地希望在城市里發(fā)展，這是19世紀(jì)歐洲出生率下降的主要因素。
解析：這個句子雖然不太長，卻包含復(fù)雜的句法結(jié)構(gòu)。包含一個全倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)。正常的語序應(yīng)該是：Social mobility goes along with them…; 然后ambition to rise in the urban world和a main factor in bringing down the births in Europe in the nineteenth century都可以看做是mobility的同位語，作為插入成分進(jìn)行補(bǔ)充說明；或者看做是非限制性定語從句省略引導(dǎo)詞變來的，可以還原為“which is a main factor in bringing down the births in Europe in the nineteenth century”
以上我通過五個典型的長難句的解析幫助理解從句，倒裝和省略在句子中的語意功能。希望大家不要被這些現(xiàn)象“干擾”，通過多次訓(xùn)練來快速抓住句子主干，再分層次的理解從屬成分。
一：長的從句充當(dāng)句子成分
從句類型分為：
① 名詞性從句，包括主語從句，如：Who will be our monitor hasn't been decided yet.
賓語從句，如：I wonder whether Jack can swim in such a wide river.
表語從句，如：The question is when he can arrive at the hotel.
同位語從句，如：I have no impression how he went home，perhaps by bike.
②形容詞性從句，主要指定語從句，如：A prosperity which had never been seen before appears in the countryside.
③狀語從句，如： Wherever you go, you should work hard.
二：倒裝，包括全倒裝，如：Out rushed a missile from under the bomber.
半倒裝：Nor did he let the disease stop him from living the kind of life he has always dreamt about.
三：省略
包括句子成分（主、謂、賓、定、狀、補(bǔ)）的省略，重復(fù)成分的省略，以及一些固定的省略結(jié)構(gòu)。
GRE閱讀就是把以上的元素糅合進(jìn)一個句子，按照語法句法規(guī)則來“組裝”。其實無論是GRE的填空題也好，閱讀題也罷，再長再難的句子，首先要做的就是：“抓主干”。
例1：The converse observation, of the absence of grazers in areas of high phytoplankton concentration, led Hardy to propose his principle of animal exclusion, which hypothesized that phytoplankton produced a repellent that excluded grazers from regions of high phytoplankton concentration.
譯文：對相反情形的觀察，即在浮游植物高度密集的區(qū)域食草動物蕩然無存，致使哈代（Hardy）提出動物被驅(qū)逐的原理，該原理假設(shè)，浮游植物會制造出一種驅(qū)避物質(zhì)（repellent），將食草動物從浮游植物高密集的區(qū)域驅(qū)趕出去。
解析：全句的主干是：converse observation+ led Hardy to propose+ his principle
干擾成分為：插入語“of the absence of grazers”（后面的in areas of high phytoplankton concentration做grazers后置的限定成分）；which引導(dǎo)的非限制性定語從句“which hypothesized that phytoplankton produced a repellent that excluded grazers from regions of high phytoplankton concentration.”用來補(bǔ)充說明該principle的特性，這個從句本身內(nèi)部結(jié)構(gòu)稍有復(fù)雜，含有一個that賓語從句，該從句內(nèi)又嵌套一個定語從句“that excluded grazers from regions of high phytoplankton concentration”來修飾repellent。
例2：Although Gutman admits that forced separation by sale was frequent, he shows that the slaves' preference, revealed most clearly on plantations where sale was infrequent, was very much for stable monogamy.
譯文：雖然古特曼承認(rèn)，由于奴隸買賣而造成的被迫離散甚為頻繁，但他還是證明，奴隸的偏愛——在那些奴隸買賣并不頻繁的種植園上被最為顯著地揭示出來——在很大程度上側(cè)重于穩(wěn)定的一夫一妻制。
解析：找主干。全句是一個讓步狀語從句和一個主句，主句內(nèi)包含一個非限制性的補(bǔ)充成分（其實是非限制性定語從句省略引導(dǎo)詞后變來的，which was revealed most clearly on plantations …）狀語從句的主干：Gutman + admits +that賓語從句；主句的主干he+ shows +that賓語從句（從句內(nèi)部的主干為slaves' preference+ was +very much）。中間的非限定成分revealed most clearly on plantations where sale was infrequent內(nèi)含一個定語從句where sale was infrequent來修飾plantations。
例3：Perhaps the fact that many of these first studies considered only algae of a size that could be collected in a net (net phytoplankton), a practice that overlooked the smaller phytoplankton (nannoplankton) that we now know grazers are most likely to feed on, led to a de-emphasis of the role of grazers in subsequent research.
譯文：或許基于這一事實，即許多這些早期的研究僅僅考慮了一種其尺寸可用網(wǎng)兜收集起來的水藻（網(wǎng)浮游植物，net phytoplankton），而正是這一做法，忽略了我們現(xiàn)在所已知的食草動物最有可能賴以為生的較小浮游植物（纖浮游植物，nannoplankton），故而導(dǎo)致科學(xué)家在隨后的研究中貶低食草動物的作用。
解析：這個句子相對來說更復(fù)雜一些，內(nèi)含插入成分。句子的主干是：the fact +led to+ de-emphasis. fact后面是一個that引導(dǎo)的同位語從句，主干為studies + considered + algae（后面帶有一個that引導(dǎo)的定語從句限定algae of a size），接下來是一個同位語性質(zhì)的插入語“a practice that overlooked the smaller phytoplankton(nannoplankton) that we now know grazers are most likely to feed on,”a practice指代前面的“這一做法”其后又帶了一個that引導(dǎo)的定語從句來限定practice, 內(nèi)嵌一個that引導(dǎo)的定語從句修飾phytoplankton，這個定語本身還包含一個省略引導(dǎo)詞的賓語從句“grazers are most likely to feed on”
例4：Jack London poured into his writings all the pain of his life, the fierce hatred of the bourgeoisie that it had produced in him, and the conviction it had brought to him that the world could be made a better place to live in if the exploited would rise up and take the management of society out of the hands of the exploiters.
譯文: 杰克•倫敦在作品中傾注了他一生中所遭受過的一切痛苦，傾訴了這種痛苦在他心中產(chǎn)生的對資產(chǎn)階級的刻骨仇恨以及由此產(chǎn)生的這樣的信念：如果被剝削者起來反抗，從剝削者手中奪回社會管理權(quán)，那么世界就會變成一個人人有好日子過的地方。
解析：這個長難句采用了賓語后置的倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)。正常的結(jié)構(gòu)應(yīng)該是Jack London poured all the pain of his life, the fierce hatred of the bourgeoisie that it had produced in him, and the conviction it had brought to him that the world could be made a better place to live in if the exploited would rise up and take the management of society out of the hands of the exploiters, into his writings.
這個句子的主干：Jack London+ poured+后置的賓語有3個（all the pain+ the fierce hatred+ the conviction）。然后每一個賓語后面都有限定成分，要么是of結(jié)構(gòu)的定語（…of his life; …of the bourgeoisie其后帶個定語從句that it had produced in him修飾bourgeoisie），要么是定語從句和同位語從句(it had brought to him,同時還帶有that引導(dǎo)的conviction的同位語從句，帶有一個if引導(dǎo)的條件狀語從句：that the world could be made a better place to live in if the exploited would rise up and take the management of society out of the hands of the exploiters。)
例5：Along with them goes social mobility, ambition to rise in the urban world, a main factor in bringing down the births in Europe in the nineteenth century.
譯文： 伴隨他們而來的是社會的流動性，人們強(qiáng)烈地希望在城市里發(fā)展，這是19世紀(jì)歐洲出生率下降的主要因素。
解析：這個句子雖然不太長，卻包含復(fù)雜的句法結(jié)構(gòu)。包含一個全倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)。正常的語序應(yīng)該是：Social mobility goes along with them…; 然后ambition to rise in the urban world和a main factor in bringing down the births in Europe in the nineteenth century都可以看做是mobility的同位語，作為插入成分進(jìn)行補(bǔ)充說明；或者看做是非限制性定語從句省略引導(dǎo)詞變來的，可以還原為“which is a main factor in bringing down the births in Europe in the nineteenth century”
以上我通過五個典型的長難句的解析幫助理解從句，倒裝和省略在句子中的語意功能。希望大家不要被這些現(xiàn)象“干擾”，通過多次訓(xùn)練來快速抓住句子主干，再分層次的理解從屬成分。