Informed consent——知情同意、告知后同意、患者的

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agreement to do something or to allow something to happen only after all the relevant facts are known. In contracts, an agreement may be reached only if there has been full disclosure by both parties of everything each party knows which is significant to the agreement. A patient's consent to a medical procedure must be based on his/her having been told all the possible consequences, except in emergency cases when such consent cannot be obtained. In criminal law, a person accused or even suspected of a crime cannot give up his/her legal rights such as remaining silent or having an attorney, unless he/she has been fully informed of his/her rights.
    【注】 根據(jù)《布萊克法律辭典》,informed consent(知情后同意)含義是:“(1)某人在對充分了解所涉風(fēng)險及選擇后同意讓某事發(fā)生。對于律師執(zhí)業(yè)來說,知情后同意在《執(zhí)業(yè)行為模范規(guī)則》中規(guī)定。(2)醫(yī)生或其他保健服務(wù)提供者作為醫(yī)療機構(gòu)中盡合理謹慎的人,就建議的治療方案或療程所涉風(fēng)險向患者披露信息后,患者了解了關(guān)于該治療方案或療程的選擇,然后作出同意的表示。知情后同意也稱為知道后同意(knowing consent)。”
    『箋』 Informed consent doctrine(知情后同意法則),主張病人是醫(yī)療的主體而非客體,醫(yī)師應(yīng)該尊重病人之自主權(quán),醫(yī)療措施要得到病人之告知後同意;醫(yī)師應(yīng)該將重要之醫(yī)療資訊,如病情、可能的治療方案、各方案之治癒率、可能之并發(fā)癥、副作用,以及不治療之後果等資訊與病人分享,以幫助病人選擇最適合病人生活價值之醫(yī)療方案。「告知後同意法則」乃是建立在病人的自主權(quán)(patient autonomy)此一上位概念上。其基本精神正如美國大法官卡多佐(Justice Benjamin Cardozo)於1914年所言:“每一個心智健全之成年人都有權(quán)利決定其身體要接受何種之處置?!保ā癊very human being of adult years and sound mind has a right to determine what shall be done with his own body.”)