全國碩士研究生入學考試英語沖刺試題Simulated Entrance Test of English for MA/MS CandidatesModel Test 1
畢金獻命制 版權所有侵權必究
考生注意事項
■ 考生必須嚴格遵守各項考場規(guī)則。
■ 答題前，考生應按準考證上的有關內容填寫答題卡上的“考生姓名”、“報考單位”、“考生編號”等信息。
■ 答案必須按要求填涂或寫在指定的答題卡上。
★英語知識運用、閱讀理解A節(jié)、B節(jié)的答案填涂在答題卡1上。填涂部分應該按照答題卡上的要求用2B鉛筆完成。如要改動，必須用橡皮擦干凈。
★閱讀理解C節(jié)的答案和作文必須用（藍）黑色字跡鋼筆、圓珠筆或簽字筆在答題卡2上作答。字跡要清楚。
■ 考試結束后，將答題卡1、答題卡2一并裝入原試卷袋中，試題交給監(jiān)考人員。
做 題 提 醒
■ 本試卷嚴格按照新考綱的要求編寫，針對性、權威性強，信度高，是備考訓練的精品。
■ 建議以臨戰(zhàn)狀態(tài)進行自測，結束后仔細核對答案，自己評分并找出薄弱環(huán)節(jié)，在以后的復習中重點突破。
考試時間180分鐘滿分100分得分英語沖刺試題1
Section ⅠUse of English
Directions:
Read the following text.Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A,B,C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)
Resources can be said to be scarce in both an absolute and a relative sense: the surface of the earth is finite, 1 absolute scarcity; but the scarcity that concerns economists is the relative scarcity of resources in different 2. Material used for one purpose cannot at the same time be used for other purposes; 3 the quantity of an input is limited, the increased use of it in one manufacturing 4 must cause it to become less available for other uses.
The cost of a product 5 money may not measure its true cost 6 society. The true cost of, say, the construction of a supersonic jet is the 7 of the schools and refrigerators that will never be built as a 8. Every act of production uses up some of societys available resources; it means the 9 of an opportunity to produce something else. In 10 how to use resources most effectively to satisfy the 11 of the community, this opportunity must be taken into account.
In a market 12 the price of a good and the quantity 13 depends on the cost of making it, and the cost, 14, is the cost of not making other goods. The market mechanism 15 this relationship. The cost of, say, a pair of shoes is the price of the leather, the fuel, and other 16 used up in producing them. But the price of these 17, in turn, depends on what they can produce 18—if the leather can used to produce handbags that are 19 highly by consumers, the price of the leather will be bid up 20.
1. \[A\] composing \[B\] imposing \[C\] exposing \[D\] disposing
2. \[A\] uses \[B\] ways \[C\] areas \[D\] forms
3. \[A\] since \[B\] unless \[C\] as \[D\] if
4. \[A\] plant \[B\] firm \[C\] process \[D\] procedure
5. \[A\] in regard to \[B\] in terms of \[C\] in view of \[D\] in relation to
6. \[A\] to \[B\] in \[C\] on \[D\] of
7. \[A\] charge \[B\] expense \[C\] price \[D\] value
8. \[A\] product \[B\] purpose \[C\] result \[D\] rule
9. \[A\] diminishing \[B\] abandoning \[C\] discarding \[D\] substituting
10. \[A\] deciding \[B\] assessing \[C\] predicting \[D\] projecting
11. \[A\] wants \[B\] desires \[C\] premises \[D\] facilities
12. \[A\] state \[B\] system \[C\] condition \[D\] economy
13. \[A\] presented \[B\] delivered \[C\] supplied \[D\] forwarded
14. \[A\] accordingly \[B\] ultimately \[C\] consequently \[D\] practically
15. \[A\] formulates \[B\] regulates \[C\] enhances \[D\] enforces
16. \[A\] components \[B\] substances \[C\] elements \[D\] materials
17. \[A\] outputs \[B\] inputs \[C\] goods \[D\] articles
18. \[A\] anyway \[B\] somehow \[C\] somewhere \[D\] elsewhere
19. \[A\] appraised \[B\] appealed \[C\] approved \[D\] approached
20. \[A\] passionately \[B\] unanimously \[C\] spontaneously \[D\] correspondingly
Section ⅡReading Comprehension
Part A
Directions:
Read the following four texts.Answer the questions below each text by choosing A,B,C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points)
Text1
Can computer reason? Reasoning requires the individual to take a given set of facts and draw correct conclusions. Unfortunately, errors frequently occur, and we are not talking about simple carelessness as occurs when two numbers are incorrectly added, nor do we mean errors resulting from simple forgetfulness. Rather, we have in mind errors of a logical nature—those resulting from faulty reasoning. Now, or at least soon, computers will be capable of errorfree logical reasoning in a variety of areas. The key to avoiding errors is to use a computer program that relies on the recent research in the field of automated theorem proving. AURA(Automated Reasoning Assistant) is the program that best exemplifies this use of the computer.
AURA solves a program by drawing conclusions from a given set of facts about the problem. The program reaches logical conclusions flawlessly as it uses various types of reasoning and solves almost all problems by using sophisticated techniques to find a contradiction.
One generally starts with a set of assumptions and adds a statement that the goal is unreachable. For example, if the problem is to test a safety system that automatically shuts down a nuclear reactor when instruments indicate a problem, AURA is told that the system will not shut the reactor down under those circumstances. If AURA finds a contradiction between the statement and the systems design assumptions, then this aspect of the reactors design has been proved satisfactory. This strategy lets AURA concentrate on the problem at hand and avoid the many fruitless steps required to explore the entire theory underlying the problem.
The chief use for AURA at this time is for electronic circuit design validation, but a number of other uses will arise. For example, there already exist “expert systems” that are specialpurpose programs designed to automate reasoning in a specific area such as medical diagnosis. These expert systems continue to improve and have an indefinite life span. Moreover, they can be duplicated for pennies. A human who can expertly predict where to drill for oil is in great demand. A program that can predict equally well would be invaluable and could be duplicated any number of times.
Will the computer replace the human being? It seems likely that computer programs will reproduce more clever programs and more efficient components. Reasoning programs will also analyze their own progress, learn from their attempts to solve a problem. Such programs will assist, rather than replace, humans. Reasoning assistants will enable human minds to turn to deeper and far more complex ideas, which will be partially formulated and then checked for reasoning flaws by a reasoning program. Many errors will be avoided.21. The author suggests in Par.1 that humans are
\[A\] liable to irrational thinking.\[B\] apt to err in simple counting.
\[C\] prone to memory dysfunction.\[D\] subject to unwitting reasoning.
22. The way AURA works in is to
\[A\] explore the faults in designing.\[B\] discover the bugs in a program.
\[C\] state against the set suppositions.\[D\] make assumptions by reasoning.
23. All of the following are mentioned as areas for AURA EXCEPT
\[A\] electronic engineering.\[B\] detection of fossil fuels.
\[C\] identification of diseases.\[D\] complicated mental logic.
24. All of the following are advantages of expert programs EXCEPT
\[A\] they can be duplicated infinitely.\[B\] they are featured by selfanalysis.
\[C\] they may be enriched in contents.\[D\] they are reproduced almost free.
25. The best title for the text seems to be
\[A\] Practical Uses of Computers.\[B\] Suggested Applications for AURA.
\[C\] The Technical Perfection of AURA.\[D\] Computer Aid to Human Reasoning.
Text2
Half the worlds population will be speaking or learning English by 2015,researchers say.Two billion people are expected to start learning English within a decade and three billion will speak it,says a British Council estimate.
Other languages,such as French,risk becoming the casualties of this “l(fā)inguistic globalization”.But the boom will be over by 2050 and the Englishlanguage teaching industry will have become a victim of its own success,says David Graddol,author of the report,The Future of English.
Mr.Graddols research was based on a computer model developed to estimate demand for Englishlanguage teaching around the world.The lecturer,who has worked in education and language studies at the Open University for the past 25 years,said the model charted likely student numbers through to 2050.
It was compiled by looking at various estimates from the United Nations Education,Scientific and Cultural Organization (Unesco) on education provision,demographic projections,government education policies and international student mobility figures.The impact of educational innovations and other developments affecting the world population including the Chinese governments policy of one baby per family were also factored in.
Based on its findings,Mr.Graddol has predicted that the world is about to be hit by a tidal wave of English. “Many governments,especially in countries which have relatively recently gained independence,are introducing the teaching of English under a utilitarian banner.”
“But English predominates in the business world,and for such countries to be able to compete for work,including lucrative (profitable) outsourcing contracts,English is being pushed heavily from kindergarten on.”
The potential bonanza (source of wealth) on offer from outsourcing means even maths and science are being taught in English at secondary schools in Malaysia.But demand for English teaching would drop as children progress through academia,and more universities across the world choose to teach in the language.
Mr.Graddol also estimated that the boom would be over by 2050.“Englishlanguage students will be down from two billion to 500 million then,”he said,“Increasingly,as English spread across the globe,more people will become bilingual,even multilingual and such skills are highly prized in business.But Britain has not got the best reputation for learning other languages.”
The report also showed that English was not the only language spreading,and the world,far from being dominated by English,was to become more multilingual.Mr.Graddol said,“Chinese,Arabic and Spanish are all popular,and likely to be languages of the future.”26. It is estimated that in a decade English will be
［A］ actively studied by over 200 million people.
［B］ freely spoken by global English learners.
［C］ popular with over 80% of world inhabitants.
［D］ really mastered by 50% of people worldwide.
27. According to the text,“l(fā)inguistic globalization” will
［A］ eliminate French from the globe.
［B］ defeat other European languages.
［C］ fail all languages except English.
［D］ make English the biggest winner.
28. David Graddol predicts that the thriving period of English will
［A］ terminate within half a century.
［B］ climax in the middle of the century.
［C］ endure for no less than five decades.
［D］ quit till the beginning of the 2050s.
29. The report “The Future of English” factored in all of the following EXCEPT
［A］ the educational condition and policy.
［B］ the directions and designs of Unesco.
［C］ the statistics about population.
［D］ the movements of overseas students.
30. The writer of the report deems that outsourcing is to
［A］ result in the increase of English subjects.
［B］ lead to the drop of interest in English study.
［C］ account for the further spread of English.
［D］ bring about transition in college curricula.
Text3
In both developed and developing nations, governments finance, produce, and distribute various goods and services. In recent years, the range of goods provided by the government has extended broadly, including many goods that do not meet the economic purists definition of “public goods”. As the size of the public sector has increased steadily, there has been a growing concern about the effectiveness of the public sectors performance as producer.
Critics argue that the public provision of certain goods is inefficient and have proposed that the private sector should replace many current public sector activities, that is, these services should be privatized. Since 1980s, greater privatization efforts have been pursued in the United States.
Concurrent with this trend has been a strong endorsement(support) by international bilateral donor(aid) agencies for heavier reliance on the private sector in developing countries. The underlying claim is that the private sector can improve the quality of outputs and deliver goods more quickly and less expensively than the public sector in these countries.
This claim, however, has mixed theoretical support and little empirical verification in the Third World. The political, institutional, and economic environments of developing nations are markedly different from those of developed countries. It is not clear that the theories and empirical evidence that claim to justify privatization in developed countries are applicable to developing nations. Often policy makers in developing nations do not have sufficient information to design effective policy shifts to increase efficiency of providing goods through private initiatives. Additionally, there is a lack of basic understanding about what policy variables need to be altered to attain desired outcomes of privatization in developing countries.
One study of privatization in Honduras examined the policy shift from “direct administration” to “contracting out” for three construction activities: urban upgrading for housing projects, rural primary schools, and rural roads. It tested key hypotheses applying to the effectiveness of privatization, focusing on three aspects: cost, time, and quality.
The main finding was that contracting out in Honduras did not lead to the common expectations of its proponents because institutional barriers and limited competitiveness in the marketplace have prevented private contractors from improving quality and reducing the time and cost required for construction.
Privatization in developing countries cannot produce goods and services efficiently without substantial reform in the market and regulatory procedures. Policy makers interested in privatization as a policy measure should consider carefully the multiple objectives at the national level.31. It can be inferred from the text that economic purists
\[A\] oppose shifting goods from public to private.
\[B\] support the substantial reform of privatization.
\[C\] approve privatization only in developed nations.
\[D\] have a strict description of public merchandise.
32. Since 1980s, there has been
\[A\] broad international support for privatization.
\[B\] much evidence for privatization in poor nations.
\[C\] endorsement for privatization of donor agencies.
\[D\] maximum dependence on private capital in the U.S..
33. The authorities of developing nations seem incapable of
\[A\] attaining political stability.
\[B\] making major policy shifts.
\[C\] upgrading basic urban economy.
\[D\] enhancing production efficiency.
34. The authors appraisal of Honduras study implies that in developing countries
\[A\] direct administration of services requires more capital.
\[B\] their marketplace system leaves much to be desired.
\[C\] privatization is politically unfit for their economies.
\[D\] new facilities rather than contracting out are needed.
35. The authors primary intention is to
\[A\] outline major hindrance to privatization in developing nations.
\[B\] offer a solution for the future course of economic policy shifts.
\[C\] justify heavier reliance on the private sector in the Third World.
\[D\] explain requirements for privatization of the Third World economies.
Text4
Many critics of the current welfare system argue that existing welfare regulations foster family instability. They maintain that those regulations which exclude most poor husbandandwife families from Aid to Families with Dependent Children(AFDC) assistance grants, contribute to the problem of family dissolution. Thus, they conclude that expanding the set of families eligible for family assistance plans or guaranteed income measures would result in a marked strengthening of the lowincome family structure.
If all poor families could receive welfare, would the incidence of instability change markedly? The answer to this question depends on the relative importance of three categories of potential welfare recipients. The first is the “cheater”—the husband who is reported to have abandoned his family but in fact disappears only when the social caseworker is in the neighborhood. The second consists of a loving husband and devoted father leaves so that his wife and children may enjoy the relative benefit provided by public assistance. There is very little evidence that these categories are significant.
The third category is the unhappily married couple, who remain together out of a sense of economic responsibility for their children, because of the high costs of separation, or because of the consumption benefit of marriage. This group is large. The formation, maintenance, and dissolution of the family is in large part a function of the relative balance between the benefits and costs of marriage as seen by the individual members of the marriage. The major benefit generated by the creation of a family is the expansion of the set of consumption possibilities. The benefits from such a partnership depend largely on the relative dissimilarity of the resources or basic endowments each partner brings to the marriage. Persons with similar productive capacities have less economic “cement” holding their marriage together. Since the family performs certain functions society regards as vital, a complex network of social and legal buttresses has evolved to reinforce marriage. Much of the variation in marital stability across income classes can be explained by the variation in costs of dissolution imposed by society.
Marital stability is related to the costs of achieving an acceptable agreement on family consumption and production and to the prevailing social price of instability in the marriage partners socialeconomic group. Expected AFDC income exerts pressures on family instability by reducing the cost of dissolution. So welfare opportunities are a significant determinant of family instability in poor neighborhoods, but this is not the result of AFDC regulations that exclude most intact families from coverage. Rather, welfarerelated instability occurs because public assistance lowers both the benefits of marriage and the costs of its disruption by providing a system of governmentsubsidized alimony(maintenance) payments.36. The text is written with the aim of
\[A\] analyzing the causes of a phenomenon.
\[B\] discussing the fathers role in the family.
\[C\] advocating reforms in the welfare system.
\[D\] criticizing some attitudes to welfare recipients.
37. Many critics assert it as true that the welfare system is
\[A\] liable for most divorces.\[B\] on the verge of collapse.
\[C\] to become obsolete.\[D\] unjust to the needy.
38. According to the author, the marital stability relies mainly on
\[A\] the steady income of the couple.
\[B\] the balance of both sides property.
\[C\] the difference in spousal contributions.
\[D\] the benefits from government subsidies.
39. All of the following are factors tending to perpetuate a marriage EXCEPT
\[A\] the expenditure of child support.
\[B\] the loss of property upon divorce.
\[C\] the greater consumption of married people.
\[D\] the welfare provision for divorced women.
40. Which of the following best summarizes the main idea of the text?
\[A\] Welfare restrictions mostly account for family unsteadiness.
\[B\] Poor family dissolution is little attributed to helpless fathers.
\[C\] Official welfare payments can slow the growing divorce rate.
\[D\] Lowincome family disruption results in poor welfare benefits.
Part B
Directions:
You are going to read a list of headings and a text about views on environmental and resource problems.Choose the most suitable heading from the list A—F for each numbered paragraph（41～45）.The first and last paragraphs of the text are not numbered.There is one extra heading which you do not need to use.Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1.(10 points)
［A］ A bad thing may bring about a good result.
［B］ Pollution and poverty are leading us to destruction.
［C］ The worries of humanists are unfounded.
［D］ God helps those who help themselves.
［E］ Is our planet getting less habitable than it used to be?
［F］ The view on resource crisis deviates from facts.A great many articles and books discussing environmental and resource problems begin with the proposition that there is an environmental and resource crisis.If this means that the situation of humanity is worse now than in the past,then the idea of a crisis—and all that follows from it—is dead wrong.In almost every respect important to humanity,the trends have been improving,not deteriorating.41.
Our world now supports 6 billion people.In the nineteenth century,the earth could sustain only 1 billion.And 10,000 years ago,only 1million people could keep themselves alive.People are now living more healthily than ever before.42.
One would expect lovers of humanity—people who hate war and worry about famine in Africa—to jump with joy at this extraordinary triumph of the human mind and human organization over the raw forces of nature.Instead,they lament (feel sorrow for) that there are so many human beings,and wring their hands about the problems that more people inevitably bring,and the problem that resources will be further diminished.43.
It is amazing but true that a resource shortage resulting from population or income growth usually leaves us better off than if the shortage had never arisen.If firewood had not become scarce in seventeenthcentury England,coal would not have been developed.If coal and whale oil shortages hadnt loomed,oil wells would not have been dug.44.
The prices of food,metals,and other raw materials have been declining by every measure since the beginning of the nineteenth century,and as far back as we know;that is,raw materials have been getting less scarce throughout history,defying the commonsense notion that if one begins with an inventory of a resource and uses some up,there will be less left.This is despite,and indirectly because of,increasing population.We dont say that all is well everywhere,and we dont predict that all will be rosy in the future.Children are hungry and sick;people live out lives of physical or intellectual poverty and lack of opportunity;war or some other pollution may do us in.45.
Also,we do not say that a better future happens automatically or without effort.It will happen because men and women—sometimes as individuals,sometimes as enterprises working for profit,sometimes as voluntary nonprofit groups,and sometimes as governmental agencies—will address problems with muscle and mind,and will probably overcome,as has been usual through history.
We are confident that the nature of the physical world permits continued improvement in humankinds economic lot in the long run,indefinitely.Of course,there are always newly arising local problems,shortages,and pollution,resulting from climate or increased population and income and new technologies.Sometimes temporary largescale problems arise.But the worlds physical conditions and the resilience(power of recovering quickly)of a wellfunctioning economic and social system enable us to overcome such problems,and the solutions usually leave us better off than if the problem had never arisen.That is the great lesson to be learned from human history.Part C
Directions:
Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation must be written neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (10 points)Disposing of computers, monitors, printers and mobile phones is a large and growing environmental problem. Some 20m-50m tons of “ewaste” is produced each year, most of which ends up in the developing world. In July 2006 new rules came into force in both Europe and California to oblige the industry to take responsibility for it. 46) In Europe the Restriction of Hazardous Substances(RoHS) directive limits the use of many toxic materials in new electronic products sold in the European Union, whereas in California mobilephone retailers must now take back and recycle old phones.
Many technology firms are already eliminating certain chemicals and offering recycling schemes to help their customers dispose of obsolete equipment. 47) Yet there is a wide variation in just how green different companies are, according to Greenpeace, an environmental lobby group that launched a new ewaste campaign in August 2006. It has ranked the top mobilephone and PCmakers based on their progress in eliminaling chemicals and in taking back and recycling products.
The RoHS rules ban products containing any more than trace amounts of lead, mercury, cadmium and other hazardous substances, including some nasty materials called brominated flameretardants(BFRs). 48) To do well in Greenpeaces rankings, firms must make sure both products and production processes are free of polyvinyl chloride(PVC) and some BFRs that are not on the RoHS list. Greenpeace also wants companies to adopt a “precautionary principle” and avoid chemicals if their environmental impact is uncertain.
Although not everyone agrees with Greenpeaces methodology, its ranking still has some merit. Nokia does well: the worlds biggest handsetmaker has already got rid of PVC from its products and will eliminate all BFRs from next year. But, Greenpeace grumbles, it is not sufficiently “precautionary” in other areas. 49) Dell, however, scores well in this regard and on recycling, but loses marks for not having phased out PVC and BFRs yet, though it has set a deadline for doing so.
Perhaps the biggest surprise is the poor rating of Apple. The company insists that it has a strong record in recycling and has eliminated BFRs and PVC from the main plastic parts in its products. 50) It scores badly because it has not eliminated such chemicals altogether, has not set time limits for doing so, does not provide a full list of regulated substances and is insufficiently precautionary for Greenpeaces tastes. As for recycling, the 9,500 tons of electronics Apple says it has recycled since 1994 is slight given the amount of equipment the firm sells, says Greenpeace. Alas for Apple, whatever the pros and cons(advantages and disadvantages) of Greenpeaces ranking criteria, consumers are likely to be influenced by it anyway.
Section ⅢWriting
Part A
51. Directions:
Write a letter to the Economics School of a famous university, asking for the details about the entrance test for MA.
You should write about 100 words on ANSWER SHEET 2. Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter. Use “Li Ming” instead.
Do not write the address.(10 points)
Part B
52. Directions:
Write an essay of 160~200 words based on the following picture. In your essay, you should
1) describe the picture briefly,
2) explain its intended meaning, and then
3) make your comments and suggestions.
答案與解析：
Model Test 1
Section Ⅰ Use of English
1. ［答案］ \[B\] imposing
［解析］ 由所給出的選項可知，此處需一現在分詞作伴隨狀語，相當于次要謂語，說明“地球表面有限”與“絕對資源短缺”的關系。據此判斷，［B］“強加（帶來，造成）”表明這種“絕對短缺”是一種自然狀況，是我們無法改變的，用在此處恰當。
［A］“組／構成”，［C］“暴露；揭示”，［D］“安排；處理”，四個詞的詞根相同，詞義各異，形成雙重干擾。
2. ［答案］ \[A\] uses
［解析］ 僅從與介詞“in”的搭配上看，四個選項皆可用，但據其下文看，涉及的都是資源的應用問題，故此題答案非［A］“用法；用途”莫屬。
［B］“方法／式”，［C］“領域”，［D］“形式”，均不合文意。
3. ［答案］ \[D\] if
［解析］ 上句說明了“相對資源短缺”的一個意義。此句則解釋它的另一意義：投入資源的數量是有限的，它用于制造某種產品上的數量增加，必然導致在其他應用上的減少。由此判斷，［D］“如果”表示一般條件，為正確答案。
［A］“由于；既然”，［B］“如果……不；除非”，［C］“因為”，皆不合句意邏輯。
4. ［答案］ \[C\] process
［解析］ 由上題的分析可知，此題答案應是［C］“過程”：manufacturing process 意指“制造／生產某物的過程”。
［A］“工廠”，［B］“公司”，［D］“程序”，皆不適用。
5. ［答案］ \[B\] in terms of
［解析］ 據句意判斷，［B］“按照；就……而言”是符合句意的選項。介詞短語“in terms of money”修飾“the cost of a product”,意為“一產品的貨幣成本?！?BR> ［A］“關／至于”，［C］“鑒／由于”，［D］“關系到”，均不可取。
6. ［答案］ \[A\] to
［解析］ “the cost of sth.”意為“……的費用／成本”，“the cost to sb./sth.”意為“……所付出的費用／代價”。依句意此處自然應選［A］。此句句意：“一產品的貨幣成本不能表明社會付出的實際代價。”下句以實例對此作了進一步說明。
7. ［答案］ \[D\] value
［解析］ 此空處于表語地位，應與其主語“the true cost”相呼應，故答案非［D］“價值；（公平的）代價”莫屬。
［A］“要價；收費”，［B］“花費；開支”，［C］“價格／錢”，皆不適用。
8. ［答案］ \[C\] result
［解析］ 將各選項分別代入句中：［A］“as a product”（作為一種產品），［B］“as a purpose”(作為一種用途)，［C］“as a result”(作為結果；因此)，［D］“as a rule”(通常)，只有［C］符合句意：“比如，制造一架超音速噴氣式飛機的實際成本，就是因此而不能建造許多學校和冰箱的代價?！?BR> 9. ［答案］ \[B\] abandoning
［解析］ 此題的前一句指出，“每項生產活動都消耗掉一部分社會可用資源”，這意味著什么呢？［B］“不得不放／舍棄”用于此處恰當。
［A］“減少”，［C］“丟／拋棄”，［D］“替／取代”均不合句意。
10. ［答案］ \[A\] deciding
［解析］ 根據上一句的論斷，此句提出建議，故［A］“對……作出抉擇”為順理成章的答案。
［B］“評價”，［C］“預測”，［D］“規(guī)劃”，均不恰當。
11. ［答案］ \[A\] wants
［解析］ 動詞satisfy常與needs, demand, wants 等詞連用，故［A］“需要（之物）”為當然之選。
［B］“愿望”，［C］“前提”，［D］“設施”，皆不可取。
12. ［答案］ \[D\] economy
［解析］ “market economy”(市場經濟)是常用搭配，而economy 又有“（就經濟體制而言的）國家”，“經濟制度”之意，因而［A］“國家”，［B］“制度”均可排除；［C］“狀況”不合句意，故［D］是答案。
13. ［答案］ \[C\] supplied
［解析］ 此空所需的分詞修飾“the quantity”（數量），選項中只有［C］“供應（生產）”恰當。
［A］“提交”，［B］“運送；交付”，［D］“發(fā)送”，均不適用。
14. ［答案］ \[B\] ultimately
［解析］ 由句意判斷，此處的“the cost”顯然不同于上句末的“the cost of making it”，而是指其后果造成的代價，故［B］“終；終極”符合句意邏輯。
［A］“因此”，［C］“因此；所以”，［D］“實際上”，均不能入選。
15. ［答案］ \[D\] enforces
［解析］ 此段第1句闡明了在市場經濟體制下商品的制造成本與社會成本之間的連帶關系。由此可見，這種關系是市場機制的突出特點。故［D］“加強；強調”用于此處恰當。
［A］“制定；用公式表示”，［B］“控制；調整”，［C］“提高，增加”，均不適用。
16. ［答案］ \[C\] elements
［解析］ 由“other”可知，此處所需之詞不僅指制做皮鞋所需的各種材料，還應包括投入的人工、時間等。故［C］“成分，要素”具概括性。
［A］“構成部分；部件”，［B］“物質／品”，［D］“材料”，均嫌片面。
17. ［答案］ \[B\] inputs
［解析］ 與上題類似，此處同樣需要一個能概括各種要素的詞，故［B］“投入”為答案。
［A］“產出”，［C］“商品”，［D］“物品”，均與句意相悖。
18. ［答案］ \[D\] elsewhere
［解析］ 據句意判斷，只有［D］“在別處”，意指生產其他商品，符合邏輯。破折號后的句子對此做了具體說明。
［A］“無論如何”，［B］“以某種方式”，［C］“在某處”，均不適用。
19. ［答案］ \[A\] appraised
［解析］ 由后面主句中的“will be bid up”(會被抬高)判斷，此處用［A］“評／估價”恰當。［B］“有吸引力”，非及物動詞不可用被動語態(tài)，［C］“贊成”，［D］“處理；對付”，皆不合句意。
20. ［答案］ \[D\] correspondingly
［解析］ 根據“if”從句的句意，此處選用［D］“相應地”合邏輯。
［A］“熱誠地”，［B］“一致地”，［C］“自發(fā)地”，皆不合句意邏輯。
Section Ⅱ Reading Comprehension
Part A
21. A［解析］ 第1段第2句指出，人們常犯錯誤，這里指的不是因粗心而將兩數字加錯或因遺忘而發(fā)生的簡單錯誤，而是指邏輯性錯誤，即由不正確的推理產生的錯誤。據此判斷，A項“易于進行不合邏輯的思考”為句意的合理推論。
B項“容易犯簡單的計算錯誤”，C項“易于出現記憶功能障礙”，D項“經常發(fā)生無意的推理”，皆與句意相悖。
22. C［解析］ 關于AURA的工作方式，第2、3段做了介紹：AURA用復雜技術發(fā)現矛盾的辦法解決各種問題。例如：核反應堆的安全系統(tǒng)設定，當其器械發(fā)生故障時立即關閉該反應堆，AURA對它檢測時發(fā)出在這些情況下該系統(tǒng)不關閉反應堆的指令。如果AURA發(fā)現它的指令與該系統(tǒng)的設計規(guī)定相矛盾，這就證明該反應堆的設計在這方面是符合要求的。據此判斷，C項“發(fā)出與設計規(guī)定相反的指令”與句意一致。
A項“探查設計上的缺陷”，B項“發(fā)現程序中的錯誤”，D項“通過推論做出假定”，均與句意相左。
23. D［解析］ AURA的應用領域見于第4段：AURA目前主要用于電子線路設計的正確性檢測。將來還有許多其他用途，如醫(yī)療診斷的“專家系統(tǒng)”，預測鉆探石油場地的專家程序等。由此判斷，D項“復雜的思想邏輯”文中未提，為所需答案。
A項“電子工程”，B項“探測礦物燃料”，C項“診斷疾病”，文中均提到，應排除。
24. B［解析］ 專家程序的“advantages”亦見于第4段：現有的醫(yī)療診斷“專家系統(tǒng)”可不斷改進，可無限期地使用，可極廉價地復制；鉆探石油的專家程序也可無限次地復制。由此可知，B項“它們的特點是能自我分析”，文中未見，為應選答案。
A項“它們可無限地復制”，C項“它們的內容可不斷充實”，D項“它們幾乎可免費復制”，均在文中提到，可以排除。
25. D［解析］ 文章的“title”必須體現它的主旨。此文主旨是介紹名為AURA（自動推理助手）的計算機程序，它以各種推理方式得出正確無誤的結論，幫助人類檢測各種設計和程序是否存在缺陷，從而避免許多錯誤。據此判斷，D項“人類推理的計算機助手”符合此文主旨。
A項“計算機的實際用途”，B項“AURA的推薦應用”，C項“AURA的完美技術”，皆不體現此文主旨。
26. C［解析］ 通讀全文可知，此文是對一篇題為The Future of English的研究報告的介紹，該報告對英語教學在世界范圍的發(fā)展做了預估。據題干中的“in a decade”可知，此題答案應在第一段。該段第2句說，今后10年中將有20億人學英語，30億人說英語。我們知道，目前世界人口有60億，50億占其中83%。由此可知，C項中的“over 80%”與此相符，其中popular with意為well liked by people（受人們喜愛的/接受的）涵蓋了learn 和speak,為正確答案。
A項的200 million（2億）與Two billion （20億）相差10倍。B項的global（全球的）未免過分。D項的master（learn or understand sth. completely精通；掌握）并非一般的learn 或speak所能達到的。故皆不可取。
27. D［解析］ 題干中的“l(fā)inguistic globalization”（語言全球化運動）出自第2段第1句。該句說，“其他語言，例如法語，有成為‘語言全球化運動’犧牲品的危險”。文章末段又說，英語并非是惟一廣泛傳播的語言。據此判斷，D項說法為妥當。其余3項皆與文意不符。
28. A［解析］ 題干中的thriving period相當于第2段第2句中的boom（風靡期）。請注意介詞“by+時間名詞”意為not later than;before（不遲于；在……之前）。據此，只有A項與“by 2050”意思相符。其余3項皆超出了此意。
29. B［解析］ 題干中的factored sth. in(=included sth. in把……因素包括在內）出現在第4段末，答案必在該段。該段第1句說，此報告是compiled by looking at various estimates from the Unesco on…(在仔細核查了聯合國科教文組織對……提出的各種估計數字的基礎上編寫的)，并未提到B項中的directions（提示）和designs(計劃)，故B項應屬EXCEPT之列。
A、C、D三項皆可在該段找到根據，其中C項相當于文中的demographic projections(人口統(tǒng)計預測)。
30. C［解析］ 題干中outsourcing（外購/包）一詞出現在第6、7兩段。第6段說，……由于外包合同有利可圖，一些有包工競爭力的國家，從幼兒園開始就大力推行英語教學。第7段則進一步說，外購所提供的潛在財源使得馬來西亞中學里的數學和理科課程都在用英語教授。據此，只有C項體現了此意。
A項的English subjects 意為“英語科目”。B項與文意相悖。D項的transition（轉變）與文意不符，文中只說有更多的大學選擇用英語授課。
31. D［解析］題干中economic purists(純粹派／傳統(tǒng)經濟學家)出現在第1段第2句。該句指出，近年來政府已擴大了所提供商品的種類，其中許多品種不符合傳統(tǒng)經濟學家對“公用商品”的定義。據此推斷，選項D“對公用商品有嚴格的說明”符合句意。
A項 “反對將商品由公用變?yōu)樗接谩?，B項“支持重大的私有化改革”，C項“只贊成發(fā)達國家的私有化”，均不合句意。
32. A［解析］ 題干中since 1980s表明此題考查對第2段末句或第3段的理解。第2段末句表明，美國自20世紀80年代以來進行了更大規(guī)模的私有化，而D項“美國大限度依賴私有資本”與句意不符，應予排除。第3段第1句說，與此潮流同時出現的是國際雙邊援助機構大力支持發(fā)展中國家更依靠私有經濟。據此，A項“國際上對私有化的廣泛支持”為可取答案。
B項“窮國私有化的大量證據”，C項“援助機構對私有化的支持”，未說明donor agencies的性質，均與文意不符。
33. D［解析］題干中“The authorities of...”相當于第4段第4句中“policy makers in...”，表明了此題的考點所在。選項D“提高生產效率”，相當于該句的（do not...） increase efficiency of providing goods （提高供應商品的效率），為正確答案。
A項“達成政治穩(wěn)定”，B項“做出重大政策轉變”，C項“提高基礎城市經濟”，均不合句意。
34. B［解析］ 題干中的Honduras(洪都拉斯，位于中美洲北部)表明此題針對的是第5、6段。第5段介紹了該國“contracting out”（承包出去）的工程項目。作者的appraisal 在第6段：這種“外包”并未達到預期效果，因為機構障礙和市場的有限競爭阻礙了私人承包者提高質量，而不能降低工程建設所需的時間和費用。據此判斷，B項“市場競爭體制尚有許多待改進之處”是恰當選項。
A項“直接管理服務業(yè)需要更多資金”，C項“私有化在政治上不適合他們的經濟”，D項“所需要的是新設施而非‘外包工程’”，皆無依據。
35. A［解析］題干中凡有primary intention/purpose/aim, intends to, aims at 或be intended/aimed to 等詞語時，都是概括題，要根據全文的主旨大意進行判斷。此文以主要篇幅討論了發(fā)展中國家經濟私有化中的一些問題。因此，選項A“概述發(fā)展中國家經濟私有化的主要障礙”是恰當的答案。
B項“為經濟政策未來轉變方式提供解決方案”，C項“論證第三世界應側重依靠私營經濟部門”，D項“說明第三世界國家經濟私有化的必要條件”，皆與文意不符。
36. A［解析］ 通讀全文可知，此文針對許多批評家對當前的福利制度導致家庭不穩(wěn)定的指責，分析了產生這種情況的原因，并得出了與批評者相反的結論。因此，A項“分析一種現象的原因”正是此文的目的。
B項“討論父親在家庭中的作用”，C項“支持福利制度的改革”，D項“批評對福利接受者的一些看法”，皆非此文的目的。
37. D［解析］ 批評者對福利制度的看法主要表現在第1段。他們認為，現在的福利規(guī)章制度foster(促進)家庭不穩(wěn)定，把貧困的夫妻家庭排除在AFDC（對有子女家庭補助計劃）之外，從而助長了家庭的解體，據此，D項“對窮人不公”是應選答案。
A項“對大多數離婚負責”，B項“行將失敗”，C項“就要過時了”，均言過其實，不合文意。
38. C［解析］ 作者在第3段第5句指出，夫妻伴侶關系的利益主要取決于各自給婚姻帶來的資源或基本財物的相對差距。生產能力相同的人沒有足夠的經濟“cement”（膠合劑；凝聚力）保持住婚姻關系。因此，婚姻的穩(wěn)定性主要依賴于C項“夫妻雙方（對家庭的）貢獻的不同”是符合文意的說法。
A項“夫妻雙方收入穩(wěn)定”，B項“夫妻雙方財產均衡”，D項“政府的補助金”，皆與文意南轅北轍。
39. D［解析］第3段第1句表明，婚姻不幸福的夫妻仍共同生活是因為他們感到對子女負有經濟責任，因為離婚費用高昂，或因為結婚享有的消費福利。由此看來，A項“養(yǎng)育孩子的開支”，B項“離婚造成的財產損失”，C項“已婚者較高的消費”，都是perpetuate（使持續(xù)不變）婚姻的因素，非本題所需答案。只有D項“給離婚婦女提供的福利”起相反的作用，為所需答案，因為第2段第4句說，滿懷愛心的丈夫離婚是為了讓妻子兒女享受到公共補助所提供的相關福利。末段末句總結說，家庭不穩(wěn)定是因為公共補助既降低了結婚補助金，又降低了離婚的費用。
40. A［解析］由上述的分析可知，此文的main idea應是A項“福利的規(guī)定限制是家庭不穩(wěn)定的主要原因”。
B項“貧困家庭的解體幾乎不能歸因于無可耐何的父親”，C項“官方福利金可減緩不斷增長的離婚率”，D項“低收入家庭的破裂導致福利權益降低”，皆不可取。
Part B
［解題思路］ 《2006年全國碩士研究生入學統(tǒng)一考試英語考試大綱》（非英語專業(yè)）在2005年《大綱》的基礎上，對閱讀理解Part B提出了3種（4個）“備選題型”。
第一個備選題型即2005年試題用過的選擇匹配題，要求考生從文章（500~600詞）后面A—G的7段文字中，選擇5段適合文章內容要求者，將答案分別填入文中空白處（41~45）。
第二個備選題型是將一篇文章（500~600詞）各個段落（7個）的原有順序打亂，分別標有A—G，其中2段（樣題中是文章的首段和末段）已標明在文中的位置。要求考生將其余5段（A—E）按文章內容和結構重新正確排列，將答案分別填入文后空白方格（41~45）中。
第三個備選題型是一篇文章（約500詞）中5個不完整的段落前各有一概括其內容的小標題（41~45），文后有6段（A—F）文字，分別是不同段落的舉例或闡述，其中有一個是純干擾段。要求考生選出適合各段內容的不同語段，將答案填入文中的空白處。
第四個備選題型是在一篇文章（約500詞）之前有6個（A—F）概括性語句或標題（headings），在文章的5個自然段前各有一個空白（41~45）。要求考生從6個選項中選出5個概括或揭示各段落主旨大意的語句或標題，將答案分別填入各段前的空白處。
這4個題型盡管形式各異，但目的卻相同，即考查考生對文章的總體結構、內容的連貫性、一致性、邏輯性及語段的特征、接續(xù)關系、主旨大意等的理解與識別能力。前2個題型側重考查對整體篇章結構和上下文之間關系的理解及運用能力。后2個題型則偏重考查對語段的主旨或部分內容的理解與概括能力。
所謂“備選題型”意即每次考試僅擇其一進行考查，而非這些題型同時出現；但也就是說，這4個題型中的任何一個都有可能在試卷中出現。因此，就考生而言，這4個題型都應納入備考范圍，才能做到“有備無患”。
為幫助考生熟悉并掌握這些備選題型的內容形式、結構特征、評價目標及解題方法，本書各套試卷中分別提供了不同的題型，并在［解析］中分析了該題型的特點和解題思路及方法，供讀者參考。
41. ［答案］ E
［解析］ 這是上述備選題型中的第4個，即為5個語段選配適合其內容的概括語或標題。
此題型的特點，解題的思路和方法：
1）文章完整，可首先快速通讀全文，掌握全文的主旨大意。此題文章的起始段表明，此文是批駁環(huán)境危機和資源危機之說的。
2）研讀標有空白的段落，把握該段的主要內容。此語段列舉了地球所供養(yǎng)人口的數量，從過去的100萬增加到今天的60億，而且人們現在比過去生活得更健康。
3）仔細研讀文章前面的6個語句或標題，找出適合所讀語段內容的答案。值得特別注意的是，所給的6個選項并非都很直白，有的須從其總體含意上分析理解，有的則可由其關鍵詞語發(fā)現答案線索。41題的答案便是根據E項中的關鍵詞less habitable（更不適于居?。┐_定的，因為只有此段內容能回答E這個問題，盡管這個回答是否定的。
42. ［答案］ C
［解析］ 此段大意說，愛護人類的人們并未對人類能戰(zhàn)勝自然力而歡呼雀躍。相反，他們哀嘆人口過多，他們wring their hands（扭絞雙手<表示憂慮>），認為人口增長必然產生許多問題，物質資源會進一步減少。這就是說，這些人的憂慮是unfounded（莫須有的）。這正是C項表達的意思，其中humanists（人道主義者）相當于文中的lovers of humanity。
43. ［答案］ A
［解析］ 此段首句表明了它的主旨：人口或收入增長造成的資源短缺，使我們比未發(fā)生短缺時生活得更富裕。接著舉例予以證實。在余下的4個選項中，A項能概括此意：“壞事可以變成好事”。
44. ［答案］ F
［解析］ 此段第1句用歷史事實證明，原料并非越用越匱乏，從而批駁了對資源危機的通?？捶?。據此判斷，F項適用于此段。
45. ［答案］ D
［解析］ 此段主要說明，美好的未來不會自動到來，需要人們全力以赴地解決問題、攻克難關，才能實現。據此分析，D項“自助者天助”這一成語恰好概括了此段的中心思想。
B項未被選用，而且可以先行排除，因為它與第一段所表達的全文主旨思想（“環(huán)境和資源危機的看法是完全錯誤的”）明顯背道而馳。
Part C
46. ［答案］ 在歐洲，限制有害物質（RoHS）指令禁止在歐盟各國銷售的新電子產品中使用各種有毒材料；而在美國加州，移動電話零售商現在必須回收并再利用舊手機。
［解析］ 這是由“whereas”連接的并列句，結構簡單清楚，總體上可按原句順譯。只是前一分句末的分詞短語“sold in...”修飾“new electronic products,”譯漢時須調整位置。
47. ［答案］ 然而，綠色和平組織認為，不同公司的環(huán)境保護程度有很大差別，于是這一環(huán)保游說團體于2006年8月發(fā)起了一場新的反電子垃圾運動。
［解析］ 此句翻譯注意兩點：1) “how green”中的how表示“程度”，green意為“環(huán)境保護的”，故譯作“環(huán)境保護程度”。2) “an environmental lobby group”本是“Greenpeace”的同位語，其后帶有“that”定語從句修飾它，根據句意邏輯，這里將其合譯為表示結果的句子“于是（或因此）……”。
48. ［答案］ 要想在綠色和平組織的排行榜上位列前茅，各廠商必須保證其產品和生產過程中都不含PVC（聚氯乙烯）和RoHS清單上未列的一些BFRs(溴化阻燃劑)。
［解析］ 提醒三點：1） 句首的不定式短語“To do well(取得好成績)...rankings(排名／位次)”為目的狀語，譯文應體現出來。2） “make sure(確保，設法保證)”后接of sth. 或that,此處省了that。3） 句尾的定語從句“that are not...”應修飾“some BFRs”；其中PVC、BFRs中有生詞，可不必翻譯，照抄即可。
49. ［答案］ 然而，戴爾公司在這方面及產品回收率上成績優(yōu)良，但卻因未逐步清除PVC和BFRs而丟了分，盡管它已制定了消除這些物質的后期限。
［解析］ 此句末尾雖有“though”引入的讓步狀語從句，但可按原句順譯。句中“scores well”意為“得好分；取得良好成績”；“phase out”：“逐步廢除；逐步淘汰”。
50. ［答案］ 蘋果公司的成績很差，因為它未完全清除這些化學物質，也沒有為此規(guī)定期限；因為它不提供受控物質的翔實清單，也未按照綠色和平組織的要求采取足夠的預防措施。
［解析］ “because”從句中有4個并列謂語，前兩個為現在完成時，后兩個為一般現在時，現將兩部分分譯，中間重復“because”。句末的“taste”意為“興趣，愛好”，據句意邏輯譯為“按……的要求”。
Section Ⅲ Writing
Part A
51.［參考樣文］
Dear Madam or Sir,
I am a university graduate of Economics, preparing to sit for the entrance test for MA of your School. Im eager to know what subjects and their scopes are to be tested, and what question patterns are to be used. Id be very grateful if I could get a copy of printed outlines or descriptions of them.
Im also concerned with your planned enrolments. Do you have any extra quota for enrolment?
Itd be nice if you inform me whether you will offer any pretest guiding or training courses and materials. How can I get them, if any?
Thank you for your time on my enquiries. Im looking forward to hearing from you soon.
Truly yours,
Li Ming
Part B
52.［參考樣文］
The scene in the picture is shocking: the severe drought has turned the farmland into cracked pieces of baren soil. A helpless farmer is gazing at the cloudless sky in despair with driedup shoots in his hands. Obviously, what he wishes for is nothing but a long due rainfall, for continuous drought must result in crop failure followed by famine.
Traditionally, drought has been regarded as one of natural disasters. But nowadays it involves environmental impact of manmade pollutions, especially the emission of CO2 into the atmosphere, which causes hazardous changes in the earth climate, such as global warming, droughts, floods and so on. There are the natures punishment and revenge on humans for their selfish conduct.
To survive the crisis requires global efforts in many ways: decreasing energy consumption, reducing and finally banning discharge of harmful exhaust fumes and substances into the air, saving fresh water resources, improving irrigation systems, etc. In brief, we are eating what we have sown, and we have to pay the price for the consequence. It is no exaggeration to say that our existence would be impossible unless we resort to environmentally friendly remedies.
Model Test 1 重點閱讀文章參考譯文
Text 2
研究人員說，到2015年，全球將有一半人口會說英語或者學習英語。英國委員會預測說，未來十年內會有20億人學習英語，會說英語的人口將達到30億。
其他語種，比如法語，將會淪落成“語言全球化”的犧牲品。不過據《英語的未來》的作者大衛(wèi)•格蘭德說，英語的蓬勃發(fā)展將終止于2050年，此后，英語語言教學自身將會成為英語擴張的受害者。
格蘭德的研究建立在電腦模型的基礎上，考慮到了全球對英語語言教學的種種需求。這位在電視大學專攻教育和語言研究達25年之久的研究者指出，該模型還納入了從現在到2050年間學生人數的可能性變化。
該模型的編纂綜合考慮了多方因素，涵蓋了聯合國教科文組織在教育規(guī)定、人口預測、政府教育方針和留學生流動指數等多方面。此外，教育改革，以及包括像中國的計劃生育政策等會影響世界人口的因素，在模型中也都悉數予以考慮了。
在研究發(fā)現的基礎上，格蘭德先生預計說，英語浪潮將會波及全球。許多國家，尤其是剛獨立不久的國家，基于實用目的，都會引入英語教學。
“鑒于英語在商業(yè)圈中的主導地位，這些國家為了能在有利可圖的外購合約等等商業(yè)活動中得以展開競爭，就會從幼兒園開始大力推廣英語。”
在馬來西亞的初中，包括數學、科學等科目都是用英語授課的。然而，隨著學生英語水平的提高以及全球更多的高校采用英語授課，英語科目本身的教學需求將呈下降趨勢。
格蘭德先生預測說，英語的發(fā)展將止于2050年。英語學生將從20億銳減至5億。隨著英語在全球的擴展，越來越多的人將會兩種語言甚至多種語言，這在商業(yè)界是極為有利的。但是英國人學習其他語言的名聲卻一向欠佳。
報告還表明，英語并不是惟一向全球擴張的語言，全世界也不會被英語一統(tǒng)天下，世界將會是多語并存的。格蘭德先生說，漢語、阿拉伯語和西班牙語都很流行，也都可能會成為世界主要語種。
畢金獻命制 版權所有侵權必究
考生注意事項
■ 考生必須嚴格遵守各項考場規(guī)則。
■ 答題前，考生應按準考證上的有關內容填寫答題卡上的“考生姓名”、“報考單位”、“考生編號”等信息。
■ 答案必須按要求填涂或寫在指定的答題卡上。
★英語知識運用、閱讀理解A節(jié)、B節(jié)的答案填涂在答題卡1上。填涂部分應該按照答題卡上的要求用2B鉛筆完成。如要改動，必須用橡皮擦干凈。
★閱讀理解C節(jié)的答案和作文必須用（藍）黑色字跡鋼筆、圓珠筆或簽字筆在答題卡2上作答。字跡要清楚。
■ 考試結束后，將答題卡1、答題卡2一并裝入原試卷袋中，試題交給監(jiān)考人員。
做 題 提 醒
■ 本試卷嚴格按照新考綱的要求編寫，針對性、權威性強，信度高，是備考訓練的精品。
■ 建議以臨戰(zhàn)狀態(tài)進行自測，結束后仔細核對答案，自己評分并找出薄弱環(huán)節(jié)，在以后的復習中重點突破。
考試時間180分鐘滿分100分得分英語沖刺試題1
Section ⅠUse of English
Directions:
Read the following text.Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A,B,C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)
Resources can be said to be scarce in both an absolute and a relative sense: the surface of the earth is finite, 1 absolute scarcity; but the scarcity that concerns economists is the relative scarcity of resources in different 2. Material used for one purpose cannot at the same time be used for other purposes; 3 the quantity of an input is limited, the increased use of it in one manufacturing 4 must cause it to become less available for other uses.
The cost of a product 5 money may not measure its true cost 6 society. The true cost of, say, the construction of a supersonic jet is the 7 of the schools and refrigerators that will never be built as a 8. Every act of production uses up some of societys available resources; it means the 9 of an opportunity to produce something else. In 10 how to use resources most effectively to satisfy the 11 of the community, this opportunity must be taken into account.
In a market 12 the price of a good and the quantity 13 depends on the cost of making it, and the cost, 14, is the cost of not making other goods. The market mechanism 15 this relationship. The cost of, say, a pair of shoes is the price of the leather, the fuel, and other 16 used up in producing them. But the price of these 17, in turn, depends on what they can produce 18—if the leather can used to produce handbags that are 19 highly by consumers, the price of the leather will be bid up 20.
1. \[A\] composing \[B\] imposing \[C\] exposing \[D\] disposing
2. \[A\] uses \[B\] ways \[C\] areas \[D\] forms
3. \[A\] since \[B\] unless \[C\] as \[D\] if
4. \[A\] plant \[B\] firm \[C\] process \[D\] procedure
5. \[A\] in regard to \[B\] in terms of \[C\] in view of \[D\] in relation to
6. \[A\] to \[B\] in \[C\] on \[D\] of
7. \[A\] charge \[B\] expense \[C\] price \[D\] value
8. \[A\] product \[B\] purpose \[C\] result \[D\] rule
9. \[A\] diminishing \[B\] abandoning \[C\] discarding \[D\] substituting
10. \[A\] deciding \[B\] assessing \[C\] predicting \[D\] projecting
11. \[A\] wants \[B\] desires \[C\] premises \[D\] facilities
12. \[A\] state \[B\] system \[C\] condition \[D\] economy
13. \[A\] presented \[B\] delivered \[C\] supplied \[D\] forwarded
14. \[A\] accordingly \[B\] ultimately \[C\] consequently \[D\] practically
15. \[A\] formulates \[B\] regulates \[C\] enhances \[D\] enforces
16. \[A\] components \[B\] substances \[C\] elements \[D\] materials
17. \[A\] outputs \[B\] inputs \[C\] goods \[D\] articles
18. \[A\] anyway \[B\] somehow \[C\] somewhere \[D\] elsewhere
19. \[A\] appraised \[B\] appealed \[C\] approved \[D\] approached
20. \[A\] passionately \[B\] unanimously \[C\] spontaneously \[D\] correspondingly
Section ⅡReading Comprehension
Part A
Directions:
Read the following four texts.Answer the questions below each text by choosing A,B,C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points)
Text1
Can computer reason? Reasoning requires the individual to take a given set of facts and draw correct conclusions. Unfortunately, errors frequently occur, and we are not talking about simple carelessness as occurs when two numbers are incorrectly added, nor do we mean errors resulting from simple forgetfulness. Rather, we have in mind errors of a logical nature—those resulting from faulty reasoning. Now, or at least soon, computers will be capable of errorfree logical reasoning in a variety of areas. The key to avoiding errors is to use a computer program that relies on the recent research in the field of automated theorem proving. AURA(Automated Reasoning Assistant) is the program that best exemplifies this use of the computer.
AURA solves a program by drawing conclusions from a given set of facts about the problem. The program reaches logical conclusions flawlessly as it uses various types of reasoning and solves almost all problems by using sophisticated techniques to find a contradiction.
One generally starts with a set of assumptions and adds a statement that the goal is unreachable. For example, if the problem is to test a safety system that automatically shuts down a nuclear reactor when instruments indicate a problem, AURA is told that the system will not shut the reactor down under those circumstances. If AURA finds a contradiction between the statement and the systems design assumptions, then this aspect of the reactors design has been proved satisfactory. This strategy lets AURA concentrate on the problem at hand and avoid the many fruitless steps required to explore the entire theory underlying the problem.
The chief use for AURA at this time is for electronic circuit design validation, but a number of other uses will arise. For example, there already exist “expert systems” that are specialpurpose programs designed to automate reasoning in a specific area such as medical diagnosis. These expert systems continue to improve and have an indefinite life span. Moreover, they can be duplicated for pennies. A human who can expertly predict where to drill for oil is in great demand. A program that can predict equally well would be invaluable and could be duplicated any number of times.
Will the computer replace the human being? It seems likely that computer programs will reproduce more clever programs and more efficient components. Reasoning programs will also analyze their own progress, learn from their attempts to solve a problem. Such programs will assist, rather than replace, humans. Reasoning assistants will enable human minds to turn to deeper and far more complex ideas, which will be partially formulated and then checked for reasoning flaws by a reasoning program. Many errors will be avoided.21. The author suggests in Par.1 that humans are
\[A\] liable to irrational thinking.\[B\] apt to err in simple counting.
\[C\] prone to memory dysfunction.\[D\] subject to unwitting reasoning.
22. The way AURA works in is to
\[A\] explore the faults in designing.\[B\] discover the bugs in a program.
\[C\] state against the set suppositions.\[D\] make assumptions by reasoning.
23. All of the following are mentioned as areas for AURA EXCEPT
\[A\] electronic engineering.\[B\] detection of fossil fuels.
\[C\] identification of diseases.\[D\] complicated mental logic.
24. All of the following are advantages of expert programs EXCEPT
\[A\] they can be duplicated infinitely.\[B\] they are featured by selfanalysis.
\[C\] they may be enriched in contents.\[D\] they are reproduced almost free.
25. The best title for the text seems to be
\[A\] Practical Uses of Computers.\[B\] Suggested Applications for AURA.
\[C\] The Technical Perfection of AURA.\[D\] Computer Aid to Human Reasoning.
Text2
Half the worlds population will be speaking or learning English by 2015,researchers say.Two billion people are expected to start learning English within a decade and three billion will speak it,says a British Council estimate.
Other languages,such as French,risk becoming the casualties of this “l(fā)inguistic globalization”.But the boom will be over by 2050 and the Englishlanguage teaching industry will have become a victim of its own success,says David Graddol,author of the report,The Future of English.
Mr.Graddols research was based on a computer model developed to estimate demand for Englishlanguage teaching around the world.The lecturer,who has worked in education and language studies at the Open University for the past 25 years,said the model charted likely student numbers through to 2050.
It was compiled by looking at various estimates from the United Nations Education,Scientific and Cultural Organization (Unesco) on education provision,demographic projections,government education policies and international student mobility figures.The impact of educational innovations and other developments affecting the world population including the Chinese governments policy of one baby per family were also factored in.
Based on its findings,Mr.Graddol has predicted that the world is about to be hit by a tidal wave of English. “Many governments,especially in countries which have relatively recently gained independence,are introducing the teaching of English under a utilitarian banner.”
“But English predominates in the business world,and for such countries to be able to compete for work,including lucrative (profitable) outsourcing contracts,English is being pushed heavily from kindergarten on.”
The potential bonanza (source of wealth) on offer from outsourcing means even maths and science are being taught in English at secondary schools in Malaysia.But demand for English teaching would drop as children progress through academia,and more universities across the world choose to teach in the language.
Mr.Graddol also estimated that the boom would be over by 2050.“Englishlanguage students will be down from two billion to 500 million then,”he said,“Increasingly,as English spread across the globe,more people will become bilingual,even multilingual and such skills are highly prized in business.But Britain has not got the best reputation for learning other languages.”
The report also showed that English was not the only language spreading,and the world,far from being dominated by English,was to become more multilingual.Mr.Graddol said,“Chinese,Arabic and Spanish are all popular,and likely to be languages of the future.”26. It is estimated that in a decade English will be
［A］ actively studied by over 200 million people.
［B］ freely spoken by global English learners.
［C］ popular with over 80% of world inhabitants.
［D］ really mastered by 50% of people worldwide.
27. According to the text,“l(fā)inguistic globalization” will
［A］ eliminate French from the globe.
［B］ defeat other European languages.
［C］ fail all languages except English.
［D］ make English the biggest winner.
28. David Graddol predicts that the thriving period of English will
［A］ terminate within half a century.
［B］ climax in the middle of the century.
［C］ endure for no less than five decades.
［D］ quit till the beginning of the 2050s.
29. The report “The Future of English” factored in all of the following EXCEPT
［A］ the educational condition and policy.
［B］ the directions and designs of Unesco.
［C］ the statistics about population.
［D］ the movements of overseas students.
30. The writer of the report deems that outsourcing is to
［A］ result in the increase of English subjects.
［B］ lead to the drop of interest in English study.
［C］ account for the further spread of English.
［D］ bring about transition in college curricula.
Text3
In both developed and developing nations, governments finance, produce, and distribute various goods and services. In recent years, the range of goods provided by the government has extended broadly, including many goods that do not meet the economic purists definition of “public goods”. As the size of the public sector has increased steadily, there has been a growing concern about the effectiveness of the public sectors performance as producer.
Critics argue that the public provision of certain goods is inefficient and have proposed that the private sector should replace many current public sector activities, that is, these services should be privatized. Since 1980s, greater privatization efforts have been pursued in the United States.
Concurrent with this trend has been a strong endorsement(support) by international bilateral donor(aid) agencies for heavier reliance on the private sector in developing countries. The underlying claim is that the private sector can improve the quality of outputs and deliver goods more quickly and less expensively than the public sector in these countries.
This claim, however, has mixed theoretical support and little empirical verification in the Third World. The political, institutional, and economic environments of developing nations are markedly different from those of developed countries. It is not clear that the theories and empirical evidence that claim to justify privatization in developed countries are applicable to developing nations. Often policy makers in developing nations do not have sufficient information to design effective policy shifts to increase efficiency of providing goods through private initiatives. Additionally, there is a lack of basic understanding about what policy variables need to be altered to attain desired outcomes of privatization in developing countries.
One study of privatization in Honduras examined the policy shift from “direct administration” to “contracting out” for three construction activities: urban upgrading for housing projects, rural primary schools, and rural roads. It tested key hypotheses applying to the effectiveness of privatization, focusing on three aspects: cost, time, and quality.
The main finding was that contracting out in Honduras did not lead to the common expectations of its proponents because institutional barriers and limited competitiveness in the marketplace have prevented private contractors from improving quality and reducing the time and cost required for construction.
Privatization in developing countries cannot produce goods and services efficiently without substantial reform in the market and regulatory procedures. Policy makers interested in privatization as a policy measure should consider carefully the multiple objectives at the national level.31. It can be inferred from the text that economic purists
\[A\] oppose shifting goods from public to private.
\[B\] support the substantial reform of privatization.
\[C\] approve privatization only in developed nations.
\[D\] have a strict description of public merchandise.
32. Since 1980s, there has been
\[A\] broad international support for privatization.
\[B\] much evidence for privatization in poor nations.
\[C\] endorsement for privatization of donor agencies.
\[D\] maximum dependence on private capital in the U.S..
33. The authorities of developing nations seem incapable of
\[A\] attaining political stability.
\[B\] making major policy shifts.
\[C\] upgrading basic urban economy.
\[D\] enhancing production efficiency.
34. The authors appraisal of Honduras study implies that in developing countries
\[A\] direct administration of services requires more capital.
\[B\] their marketplace system leaves much to be desired.
\[C\] privatization is politically unfit for their economies.
\[D\] new facilities rather than contracting out are needed.
35. The authors primary intention is to
\[A\] outline major hindrance to privatization in developing nations.
\[B\] offer a solution for the future course of economic policy shifts.
\[C\] justify heavier reliance on the private sector in the Third World.
\[D\] explain requirements for privatization of the Third World economies.
Text4
Many critics of the current welfare system argue that existing welfare regulations foster family instability. They maintain that those regulations which exclude most poor husbandandwife families from Aid to Families with Dependent Children(AFDC) assistance grants, contribute to the problem of family dissolution. Thus, they conclude that expanding the set of families eligible for family assistance plans or guaranteed income measures would result in a marked strengthening of the lowincome family structure.
If all poor families could receive welfare, would the incidence of instability change markedly? The answer to this question depends on the relative importance of three categories of potential welfare recipients. The first is the “cheater”—the husband who is reported to have abandoned his family but in fact disappears only when the social caseworker is in the neighborhood. The second consists of a loving husband and devoted father leaves so that his wife and children may enjoy the relative benefit provided by public assistance. There is very little evidence that these categories are significant.
The third category is the unhappily married couple, who remain together out of a sense of economic responsibility for their children, because of the high costs of separation, or because of the consumption benefit of marriage. This group is large. The formation, maintenance, and dissolution of the family is in large part a function of the relative balance between the benefits and costs of marriage as seen by the individual members of the marriage. The major benefit generated by the creation of a family is the expansion of the set of consumption possibilities. The benefits from such a partnership depend largely on the relative dissimilarity of the resources or basic endowments each partner brings to the marriage. Persons with similar productive capacities have less economic “cement” holding their marriage together. Since the family performs certain functions society regards as vital, a complex network of social and legal buttresses has evolved to reinforce marriage. Much of the variation in marital stability across income classes can be explained by the variation in costs of dissolution imposed by society.
Marital stability is related to the costs of achieving an acceptable agreement on family consumption and production and to the prevailing social price of instability in the marriage partners socialeconomic group. Expected AFDC income exerts pressures on family instability by reducing the cost of dissolution. So welfare opportunities are a significant determinant of family instability in poor neighborhoods, but this is not the result of AFDC regulations that exclude most intact families from coverage. Rather, welfarerelated instability occurs because public assistance lowers both the benefits of marriage and the costs of its disruption by providing a system of governmentsubsidized alimony(maintenance) payments.36. The text is written with the aim of
\[A\] analyzing the causes of a phenomenon.
\[B\] discussing the fathers role in the family.
\[C\] advocating reforms in the welfare system.
\[D\] criticizing some attitudes to welfare recipients.
37. Many critics assert it as true that the welfare system is
\[A\] liable for most divorces.\[B\] on the verge of collapse.
\[C\] to become obsolete.\[D\] unjust to the needy.
38. According to the author, the marital stability relies mainly on
\[A\] the steady income of the couple.
\[B\] the balance of both sides property.
\[C\] the difference in spousal contributions.
\[D\] the benefits from government subsidies.
39. All of the following are factors tending to perpetuate a marriage EXCEPT
\[A\] the expenditure of child support.
\[B\] the loss of property upon divorce.
\[C\] the greater consumption of married people.
\[D\] the welfare provision for divorced women.
40. Which of the following best summarizes the main idea of the text?
\[A\] Welfare restrictions mostly account for family unsteadiness.
\[B\] Poor family dissolution is little attributed to helpless fathers.
\[C\] Official welfare payments can slow the growing divorce rate.
\[D\] Lowincome family disruption results in poor welfare benefits.
Part B
Directions:
You are going to read a list of headings and a text about views on environmental and resource problems.Choose the most suitable heading from the list A—F for each numbered paragraph（41～45）.The first and last paragraphs of the text are not numbered.There is one extra heading which you do not need to use.Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1.(10 points)
［A］ A bad thing may bring about a good result.
［B］ Pollution and poverty are leading us to destruction.
［C］ The worries of humanists are unfounded.
［D］ God helps those who help themselves.
［E］ Is our planet getting less habitable than it used to be?
［F］ The view on resource crisis deviates from facts.A great many articles and books discussing environmental and resource problems begin with the proposition that there is an environmental and resource crisis.If this means that the situation of humanity is worse now than in the past,then the idea of a crisis—and all that follows from it—is dead wrong.In almost every respect important to humanity,the trends have been improving,not deteriorating.41.
Our world now supports 6 billion people.In the nineteenth century,the earth could sustain only 1 billion.And 10,000 years ago,only 1million people could keep themselves alive.People are now living more healthily than ever before.42.
One would expect lovers of humanity—people who hate war and worry about famine in Africa—to jump with joy at this extraordinary triumph of the human mind and human organization over the raw forces of nature.Instead,they lament (feel sorrow for) that there are so many human beings,and wring their hands about the problems that more people inevitably bring,and the problem that resources will be further diminished.43.
It is amazing but true that a resource shortage resulting from population or income growth usually leaves us better off than if the shortage had never arisen.If firewood had not become scarce in seventeenthcentury England,coal would not have been developed.If coal and whale oil shortages hadnt loomed,oil wells would not have been dug.44.
The prices of food,metals,and other raw materials have been declining by every measure since the beginning of the nineteenth century,and as far back as we know;that is,raw materials have been getting less scarce throughout history,defying the commonsense notion that if one begins with an inventory of a resource and uses some up,there will be less left.This is despite,and indirectly because of,increasing population.We dont say that all is well everywhere,and we dont predict that all will be rosy in the future.Children are hungry and sick;people live out lives of physical or intellectual poverty and lack of opportunity;war or some other pollution may do us in.45.
Also,we do not say that a better future happens automatically or without effort.It will happen because men and women—sometimes as individuals,sometimes as enterprises working for profit,sometimes as voluntary nonprofit groups,and sometimes as governmental agencies—will address problems with muscle and mind,and will probably overcome,as has been usual through history.
We are confident that the nature of the physical world permits continued improvement in humankinds economic lot in the long run,indefinitely.Of course,there are always newly arising local problems,shortages,and pollution,resulting from climate or increased population and income and new technologies.Sometimes temporary largescale problems arise.But the worlds physical conditions and the resilience(power of recovering quickly)of a wellfunctioning economic and social system enable us to overcome such problems,and the solutions usually leave us better off than if the problem had never arisen.That is the great lesson to be learned from human history.Part C
Directions:
Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation must be written neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (10 points)Disposing of computers, monitors, printers and mobile phones is a large and growing environmental problem. Some 20m-50m tons of “ewaste” is produced each year, most of which ends up in the developing world. In July 2006 new rules came into force in both Europe and California to oblige the industry to take responsibility for it. 46) In Europe the Restriction of Hazardous Substances(RoHS) directive limits the use of many toxic materials in new electronic products sold in the European Union, whereas in California mobilephone retailers must now take back and recycle old phones.
Many technology firms are already eliminating certain chemicals and offering recycling schemes to help their customers dispose of obsolete equipment. 47) Yet there is a wide variation in just how green different companies are, according to Greenpeace, an environmental lobby group that launched a new ewaste campaign in August 2006. It has ranked the top mobilephone and PCmakers based on their progress in eliminaling chemicals and in taking back and recycling products.
The RoHS rules ban products containing any more than trace amounts of lead, mercury, cadmium and other hazardous substances, including some nasty materials called brominated flameretardants(BFRs). 48) To do well in Greenpeaces rankings, firms must make sure both products and production processes are free of polyvinyl chloride(PVC) and some BFRs that are not on the RoHS list. Greenpeace also wants companies to adopt a “precautionary principle” and avoid chemicals if their environmental impact is uncertain.
Although not everyone agrees with Greenpeaces methodology, its ranking still has some merit. Nokia does well: the worlds biggest handsetmaker has already got rid of PVC from its products and will eliminate all BFRs from next year. But, Greenpeace grumbles, it is not sufficiently “precautionary” in other areas. 49) Dell, however, scores well in this regard and on recycling, but loses marks for not having phased out PVC and BFRs yet, though it has set a deadline for doing so.
Perhaps the biggest surprise is the poor rating of Apple. The company insists that it has a strong record in recycling and has eliminated BFRs and PVC from the main plastic parts in its products. 50) It scores badly because it has not eliminated such chemicals altogether, has not set time limits for doing so, does not provide a full list of regulated substances and is insufficiently precautionary for Greenpeaces tastes. As for recycling, the 9,500 tons of electronics Apple says it has recycled since 1994 is slight given the amount of equipment the firm sells, says Greenpeace. Alas for Apple, whatever the pros and cons(advantages and disadvantages) of Greenpeaces ranking criteria, consumers are likely to be influenced by it anyway.
Section ⅢWriting
Part A
51. Directions:
Write a letter to the Economics School of a famous university, asking for the details about the entrance test for MA.
You should write about 100 words on ANSWER SHEET 2. Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter. Use “Li Ming” instead.
Do not write the address.(10 points)
Part B
52. Directions:
Write an essay of 160~200 words based on the following picture. In your essay, you should
1) describe the picture briefly,
2) explain its intended meaning, and then
3) make your comments and suggestions.
答案與解析：
Model Test 1
Section Ⅰ Use of English
1. ［答案］ \[B\] imposing
［解析］ 由所給出的選項可知，此處需一現在分詞作伴隨狀語，相當于次要謂語，說明“地球表面有限”與“絕對資源短缺”的關系。據此判斷，［B］“強加（帶來，造成）”表明這種“絕對短缺”是一種自然狀況，是我們無法改變的，用在此處恰當。
［A］“組／構成”，［C］“暴露；揭示”，［D］“安排；處理”，四個詞的詞根相同，詞義各異，形成雙重干擾。
2. ［答案］ \[A\] uses
［解析］ 僅從與介詞“in”的搭配上看，四個選項皆可用，但據其下文看，涉及的都是資源的應用問題，故此題答案非［A］“用法；用途”莫屬。
［B］“方法／式”，［C］“領域”，［D］“形式”，均不合文意。
3. ［答案］ \[D\] if
［解析］ 上句說明了“相對資源短缺”的一個意義。此句則解釋它的另一意義：投入資源的數量是有限的，它用于制造某種產品上的數量增加，必然導致在其他應用上的減少。由此判斷，［D］“如果”表示一般條件，為正確答案。
［A］“由于；既然”，［B］“如果……不；除非”，［C］“因為”，皆不合句意邏輯。
4. ［答案］ \[C\] process
［解析］ 由上題的分析可知，此題答案應是［C］“過程”：manufacturing process 意指“制造／生產某物的過程”。
［A］“工廠”，［B］“公司”，［D］“程序”，皆不適用。
5. ［答案］ \[B\] in terms of
［解析］ 據句意判斷，［B］“按照；就……而言”是符合句意的選項。介詞短語“in terms of money”修飾“the cost of a product”,意為“一產品的貨幣成本?！?BR> ［A］“關／至于”，［C］“鑒／由于”，［D］“關系到”，均不可取。
6. ［答案］ \[A\] to
［解析］ “the cost of sth.”意為“……的費用／成本”，“the cost to sb./sth.”意為“……所付出的費用／代價”。依句意此處自然應選［A］。此句句意：“一產品的貨幣成本不能表明社會付出的實際代價。”下句以實例對此作了進一步說明。
7. ［答案］ \[D\] value
［解析］ 此空處于表語地位，應與其主語“the true cost”相呼應，故答案非［D］“價值；（公平的）代價”莫屬。
［A］“要價；收費”，［B］“花費；開支”，［C］“價格／錢”，皆不適用。
8. ［答案］ \[C\] result
［解析］ 將各選項分別代入句中：［A］“as a product”（作為一種產品），［B］“as a purpose”(作為一種用途)，［C］“as a result”(作為結果；因此)，［D］“as a rule”(通常)，只有［C］符合句意：“比如，制造一架超音速噴氣式飛機的實際成本，就是因此而不能建造許多學校和冰箱的代價?！?BR> 9. ［答案］ \[B\] abandoning
［解析］ 此題的前一句指出，“每項生產活動都消耗掉一部分社會可用資源”，這意味著什么呢？［B］“不得不放／舍棄”用于此處恰當。
［A］“減少”，［C］“丟／拋棄”，［D］“替／取代”均不合句意。
10. ［答案］ \[A\] deciding
［解析］ 根據上一句的論斷，此句提出建議，故［A］“對……作出抉擇”為順理成章的答案。
［B］“評價”，［C］“預測”，［D］“規(guī)劃”，均不恰當。
11. ［答案］ \[A\] wants
［解析］ 動詞satisfy常與needs, demand, wants 等詞連用，故［A］“需要（之物）”為當然之選。
［B］“愿望”，［C］“前提”，［D］“設施”，皆不可取。
12. ［答案］ \[D\] economy
［解析］ “market economy”(市場經濟)是常用搭配，而economy 又有“（就經濟體制而言的）國家”，“經濟制度”之意，因而［A］“國家”，［B］“制度”均可排除；［C］“狀況”不合句意，故［D］是答案。
13. ［答案］ \[C\] supplied
［解析］ 此空所需的分詞修飾“the quantity”（數量），選項中只有［C］“供應（生產）”恰當。
［A］“提交”，［B］“運送；交付”，［D］“發(fā)送”，均不適用。
14. ［答案］ \[B\] ultimately
［解析］ 由句意判斷，此處的“the cost”顯然不同于上句末的“the cost of making it”，而是指其后果造成的代價，故［B］“終；終極”符合句意邏輯。
［A］“因此”，［C］“因此；所以”，［D］“實際上”，均不能入選。
15. ［答案］ \[D\] enforces
［解析］ 此段第1句闡明了在市場經濟體制下商品的制造成本與社會成本之間的連帶關系。由此可見，這種關系是市場機制的突出特點。故［D］“加強；強調”用于此處恰當。
［A］“制定；用公式表示”，［B］“控制；調整”，［C］“提高，增加”，均不適用。
16. ［答案］ \[C\] elements
［解析］ 由“other”可知，此處所需之詞不僅指制做皮鞋所需的各種材料，還應包括投入的人工、時間等。故［C］“成分，要素”具概括性。
［A］“構成部分；部件”，［B］“物質／品”，［D］“材料”，均嫌片面。
17. ［答案］ \[B\] inputs
［解析］ 與上題類似，此處同樣需要一個能概括各種要素的詞，故［B］“投入”為答案。
［A］“產出”，［C］“商品”，［D］“物品”，均與句意相悖。
18. ［答案］ \[D\] elsewhere
［解析］ 據句意判斷，只有［D］“在別處”，意指生產其他商品，符合邏輯。破折號后的句子對此做了具體說明。
［A］“無論如何”，［B］“以某種方式”，［C］“在某處”，均不適用。
19. ［答案］ \[A\] appraised
［解析］ 由后面主句中的“will be bid up”(會被抬高)判斷，此處用［A］“評／估價”恰當。［B］“有吸引力”，非及物動詞不可用被動語態(tài)，［C］“贊成”，［D］“處理；對付”，皆不合句意。
20. ［答案］ \[D\] correspondingly
［解析］ 根據“if”從句的句意，此處選用［D］“相應地”合邏輯。
［A］“熱誠地”，［B］“一致地”，［C］“自發(fā)地”，皆不合句意邏輯。
Section Ⅱ Reading Comprehension
Part A
21. A［解析］ 第1段第2句指出，人們常犯錯誤，這里指的不是因粗心而將兩數字加錯或因遺忘而發(fā)生的簡單錯誤，而是指邏輯性錯誤，即由不正確的推理產生的錯誤。據此判斷，A項“易于進行不合邏輯的思考”為句意的合理推論。
B項“容易犯簡單的計算錯誤”，C項“易于出現記憶功能障礙”，D項“經常發(fā)生無意的推理”，皆與句意相悖。
22. C［解析］ 關于AURA的工作方式，第2、3段做了介紹：AURA用復雜技術發(fā)現矛盾的辦法解決各種問題。例如：核反應堆的安全系統(tǒng)設定，當其器械發(fā)生故障時立即關閉該反應堆，AURA對它檢測時發(fā)出在這些情況下該系統(tǒng)不關閉反應堆的指令。如果AURA發(fā)現它的指令與該系統(tǒng)的設計規(guī)定相矛盾，這就證明該反應堆的設計在這方面是符合要求的。據此判斷，C項“發(fā)出與設計規(guī)定相反的指令”與句意一致。
A項“探查設計上的缺陷”，B項“發(fā)現程序中的錯誤”，D項“通過推論做出假定”，均與句意相左。
23. D［解析］ AURA的應用領域見于第4段：AURA目前主要用于電子線路設計的正確性檢測。將來還有許多其他用途，如醫(yī)療診斷的“專家系統(tǒng)”，預測鉆探石油場地的專家程序等。由此判斷，D項“復雜的思想邏輯”文中未提，為所需答案。
A項“電子工程”，B項“探測礦物燃料”，C項“診斷疾病”，文中均提到，應排除。
24. B［解析］ 專家程序的“advantages”亦見于第4段：現有的醫(yī)療診斷“專家系統(tǒng)”可不斷改進，可無限期地使用，可極廉價地復制；鉆探石油的專家程序也可無限次地復制。由此可知，B項“它們的特點是能自我分析”，文中未見，為應選答案。
A項“它們可無限地復制”，C項“它們的內容可不斷充實”，D項“它們幾乎可免費復制”，均在文中提到，可以排除。
25. D［解析］ 文章的“title”必須體現它的主旨。此文主旨是介紹名為AURA（自動推理助手）的計算機程序，它以各種推理方式得出正確無誤的結論，幫助人類檢測各種設計和程序是否存在缺陷，從而避免許多錯誤。據此判斷，D項“人類推理的計算機助手”符合此文主旨。
A項“計算機的實際用途”，B項“AURA的推薦應用”，C項“AURA的完美技術”，皆不體現此文主旨。
26. C［解析］ 通讀全文可知，此文是對一篇題為The Future of English的研究報告的介紹，該報告對英語教學在世界范圍的發(fā)展做了預估。據題干中的“in a decade”可知，此題答案應在第一段。該段第2句說，今后10年中將有20億人學英語，30億人說英語。我們知道，目前世界人口有60億，50億占其中83%。由此可知，C項中的“over 80%”與此相符，其中popular with意為well liked by people（受人們喜愛的/接受的）涵蓋了learn 和speak,為正確答案。
A項的200 million（2億）與Two billion （20億）相差10倍。B項的global（全球的）未免過分。D項的master（learn or understand sth. completely精通；掌握）并非一般的learn 或speak所能達到的。故皆不可取。
27. D［解析］ 題干中的“l(fā)inguistic globalization”（語言全球化運動）出自第2段第1句。該句說，“其他語言，例如法語，有成為‘語言全球化運動’犧牲品的危險”。文章末段又說，英語并非是惟一廣泛傳播的語言。據此判斷，D項說法為妥當。其余3項皆與文意不符。
28. A［解析］ 題干中的thriving period相當于第2段第2句中的boom（風靡期）。請注意介詞“by+時間名詞”意為not later than;before（不遲于；在……之前）。據此，只有A項與“by 2050”意思相符。其余3項皆超出了此意。
29. B［解析］ 題干中的factored sth. in(=included sth. in把……因素包括在內）出現在第4段末，答案必在該段。該段第1句說，此報告是compiled by looking at various estimates from the Unesco on…(在仔細核查了聯合國科教文組織對……提出的各種估計數字的基礎上編寫的)，并未提到B項中的directions（提示）和designs(計劃)，故B項應屬EXCEPT之列。
A、C、D三項皆可在該段找到根據，其中C項相當于文中的demographic projections(人口統(tǒng)計預測)。
30. C［解析］ 題干中outsourcing（外購/包）一詞出現在第6、7兩段。第6段說，……由于外包合同有利可圖，一些有包工競爭力的國家，從幼兒園開始就大力推行英語教學。第7段則進一步說，外購所提供的潛在財源使得馬來西亞中學里的數學和理科課程都在用英語教授。據此，只有C項體現了此意。
A項的English subjects 意為“英語科目”。B項與文意相悖。D項的transition（轉變）與文意不符，文中只說有更多的大學選擇用英語授課。
31. D［解析］題干中economic purists(純粹派／傳統(tǒng)經濟學家)出現在第1段第2句。該句指出，近年來政府已擴大了所提供商品的種類，其中許多品種不符合傳統(tǒng)經濟學家對“公用商品”的定義。據此推斷，選項D“對公用商品有嚴格的說明”符合句意。
A項 “反對將商品由公用變?yōu)樗接谩?，B項“支持重大的私有化改革”，C項“只贊成發(fā)達國家的私有化”，均不合句意。
32. A［解析］ 題干中since 1980s表明此題考查對第2段末句或第3段的理解。第2段末句表明，美國自20世紀80年代以來進行了更大規(guī)模的私有化，而D項“美國大限度依賴私有資本”與句意不符，應予排除。第3段第1句說，與此潮流同時出現的是國際雙邊援助機構大力支持發(fā)展中國家更依靠私有經濟。據此，A項“國際上對私有化的廣泛支持”為可取答案。
B項“窮國私有化的大量證據”，C項“援助機構對私有化的支持”，未說明donor agencies的性質，均與文意不符。
33. D［解析］題干中“The authorities of...”相當于第4段第4句中“policy makers in...”，表明了此題的考點所在。選項D“提高生產效率”，相當于該句的（do not...） increase efficiency of providing goods （提高供應商品的效率），為正確答案。
A項“達成政治穩(wěn)定”，B項“做出重大政策轉變”，C項“提高基礎城市經濟”，均不合句意。
34. B［解析］ 題干中的Honduras(洪都拉斯，位于中美洲北部)表明此題針對的是第5、6段。第5段介紹了該國“contracting out”（承包出去）的工程項目。作者的appraisal 在第6段：這種“外包”并未達到預期效果，因為機構障礙和市場的有限競爭阻礙了私人承包者提高質量，而不能降低工程建設所需的時間和費用。據此判斷，B項“市場競爭體制尚有許多待改進之處”是恰當選項。
A項“直接管理服務業(yè)需要更多資金”，C項“私有化在政治上不適合他們的經濟”，D項“所需要的是新設施而非‘外包工程’”，皆無依據。
35. A［解析］題干中凡有primary intention/purpose/aim, intends to, aims at 或be intended/aimed to 等詞語時，都是概括題，要根據全文的主旨大意進行判斷。此文以主要篇幅討論了發(fā)展中國家經濟私有化中的一些問題。因此，選項A“概述發(fā)展中國家經濟私有化的主要障礙”是恰當的答案。
B項“為經濟政策未來轉變方式提供解決方案”，C項“論證第三世界應側重依靠私營經濟部門”，D項“說明第三世界國家經濟私有化的必要條件”，皆與文意不符。
36. A［解析］ 通讀全文可知，此文針對許多批評家對當前的福利制度導致家庭不穩(wěn)定的指責，分析了產生這種情況的原因，并得出了與批評者相反的結論。因此，A項“分析一種現象的原因”正是此文的目的。
B項“討論父親在家庭中的作用”，C項“支持福利制度的改革”，D項“批評對福利接受者的一些看法”，皆非此文的目的。
37. D［解析］ 批評者對福利制度的看法主要表現在第1段。他們認為，現在的福利規(guī)章制度foster(促進)家庭不穩(wěn)定，把貧困的夫妻家庭排除在AFDC（對有子女家庭補助計劃）之外，從而助長了家庭的解體，據此，D項“對窮人不公”是應選答案。
A項“對大多數離婚負責”，B項“行將失敗”，C項“就要過時了”，均言過其實，不合文意。
38. C［解析］ 作者在第3段第5句指出，夫妻伴侶關系的利益主要取決于各自給婚姻帶來的資源或基本財物的相對差距。生產能力相同的人沒有足夠的經濟“cement”（膠合劑；凝聚力）保持住婚姻關系。因此，婚姻的穩(wěn)定性主要依賴于C項“夫妻雙方（對家庭的）貢獻的不同”是符合文意的說法。
A項“夫妻雙方收入穩(wěn)定”，B項“夫妻雙方財產均衡”，D項“政府的補助金”，皆與文意南轅北轍。
39. D［解析］第3段第1句表明，婚姻不幸福的夫妻仍共同生活是因為他們感到對子女負有經濟責任，因為離婚費用高昂，或因為結婚享有的消費福利。由此看來，A項“養(yǎng)育孩子的開支”，B項“離婚造成的財產損失”，C項“已婚者較高的消費”，都是perpetuate（使持續(xù)不變）婚姻的因素，非本題所需答案。只有D項“給離婚婦女提供的福利”起相反的作用，為所需答案，因為第2段第4句說，滿懷愛心的丈夫離婚是為了讓妻子兒女享受到公共補助所提供的相關福利。末段末句總結說，家庭不穩(wěn)定是因為公共補助既降低了結婚補助金，又降低了離婚的費用。
40. A［解析］由上述的分析可知，此文的main idea應是A項“福利的規(guī)定限制是家庭不穩(wěn)定的主要原因”。
B項“貧困家庭的解體幾乎不能歸因于無可耐何的父親”，C項“官方福利金可減緩不斷增長的離婚率”，D項“低收入家庭的破裂導致福利權益降低”，皆不可取。
Part B
［解題思路］ 《2006年全國碩士研究生入學統(tǒng)一考試英語考試大綱》（非英語專業(yè)）在2005年《大綱》的基礎上，對閱讀理解Part B提出了3種（4個）“備選題型”。
第一個備選題型即2005年試題用過的選擇匹配題，要求考生從文章（500~600詞）后面A—G的7段文字中，選擇5段適合文章內容要求者，將答案分別填入文中空白處（41~45）。
第二個備選題型是將一篇文章（500~600詞）各個段落（7個）的原有順序打亂，分別標有A—G，其中2段（樣題中是文章的首段和末段）已標明在文中的位置。要求考生將其余5段（A—E）按文章內容和結構重新正確排列，將答案分別填入文后空白方格（41~45）中。
第三個備選題型是一篇文章（約500詞）中5個不完整的段落前各有一概括其內容的小標題（41~45），文后有6段（A—F）文字，分別是不同段落的舉例或闡述，其中有一個是純干擾段。要求考生選出適合各段內容的不同語段，將答案填入文中的空白處。
第四個備選題型是在一篇文章（約500詞）之前有6個（A—F）概括性語句或標題（headings），在文章的5個自然段前各有一個空白（41~45）。要求考生從6個選項中選出5個概括或揭示各段落主旨大意的語句或標題，將答案分別填入各段前的空白處。
這4個題型盡管形式各異，但目的卻相同，即考查考生對文章的總體結構、內容的連貫性、一致性、邏輯性及語段的特征、接續(xù)關系、主旨大意等的理解與識別能力。前2個題型側重考查對整體篇章結構和上下文之間關系的理解及運用能力。后2個題型則偏重考查對語段的主旨或部分內容的理解與概括能力。
所謂“備選題型”意即每次考試僅擇其一進行考查，而非這些題型同時出現；但也就是說，這4個題型中的任何一個都有可能在試卷中出現。因此，就考生而言，這4個題型都應納入備考范圍，才能做到“有備無患”。
為幫助考生熟悉并掌握這些備選題型的內容形式、結構特征、評價目標及解題方法，本書各套試卷中分別提供了不同的題型，并在［解析］中分析了該題型的特點和解題思路及方法，供讀者參考。
41. ［答案］ E
［解析］ 這是上述備選題型中的第4個，即為5個語段選配適合其內容的概括語或標題。
此題型的特點，解題的思路和方法：
1）文章完整，可首先快速通讀全文，掌握全文的主旨大意。此題文章的起始段表明，此文是批駁環(huán)境危機和資源危機之說的。
2）研讀標有空白的段落，把握該段的主要內容。此語段列舉了地球所供養(yǎng)人口的數量，從過去的100萬增加到今天的60億，而且人們現在比過去生活得更健康。
3）仔細研讀文章前面的6個語句或標題，找出適合所讀語段內容的答案。值得特別注意的是，所給的6個選項并非都很直白，有的須從其總體含意上分析理解，有的則可由其關鍵詞語發(fā)現答案線索。41題的答案便是根據E項中的關鍵詞less habitable（更不適于居?。┐_定的，因為只有此段內容能回答E這個問題，盡管這個回答是否定的。
42. ［答案］ C
［解析］ 此段大意說，愛護人類的人們并未對人類能戰(zhàn)勝自然力而歡呼雀躍。相反，他們哀嘆人口過多，他們wring their hands（扭絞雙手<表示憂慮>），認為人口增長必然產生許多問題，物質資源會進一步減少。這就是說，這些人的憂慮是unfounded（莫須有的）。這正是C項表達的意思，其中humanists（人道主義者）相當于文中的lovers of humanity。
43. ［答案］ A
［解析］ 此段首句表明了它的主旨：人口或收入增長造成的資源短缺，使我們比未發(fā)生短缺時生活得更富裕。接著舉例予以證實。在余下的4個選項中，A項能概括此意：“壞事可以變成好事”。
44. ［答案］ F
［解析］ 此段第1句用歷史事實證明，原料并非越用越匱乏，從而批駁了對資源危機的通?？捶?。據此判斷，F項適用于此段。
45. ［答案］ D
［解析］ 此段主要說明，美好的未來不會自動到來，需要人們全力以赴地解決問題、攻克難關，才能實現。據此分析，D項“自助者天助”這一成語恰好概括了此段的中心思想。
B項未被選用，而且可以先行排除，因為它與第一段所表達的全文主旨思想（“環(huán)境和資源危機的看法是完全錯誤的”）明顯背道而馳。
Part C
46. ［答案］ 在歐洲，限制有害物質（RoHS）指令禁止在歐盟各國銷售的新電子產品中使用各種有毒材料；而在美國加州，移動電話零售商現在必須回收并再利用舊手機。
［解析］ 這是由“whereas”連接的并列句，結構簡單清楚，總體上可按原句順譯。只是前一分句末的分詞短語“sold in...”修飾“new electronic products,”譯漢時須調整位置。
47. ［答案］ 然而，綠色和平組織認為，不同公司的環(huán)境保護程度有很大差別，于是這一環(huán)保游說團體于2006年8月發(fā)起了一場新的反電子垃圾運動。
［解析］ 此句翻譯注意兩點：1) “how green”中的how表示“程度”，green意為“環(huán)境保護的”，故譯作“環(huán)境保護程度”。2) “an environmental lobby group”本是“Greenpeace”的同位語，其后帶有“that”定語從句修飾它，根據句意邏輯，這里將其合譯為表示結果的句子“于是（或因此）……”。
48. ［答案］ 要想在綠色和平組織的排行榜上位列前茅，各廠商必須保證其產品和生產過程中都不含PVC（聚氯乙烯）和RoHS清單上未列的一些BFRs(溴化阻燃劑)。
［解析］ 提醒三點：1） 句首的不定式短語“To do well(取得好成績)...rankings(排名／位次)”為目的狀語，譯文應體現出來。2） “make sure(確保，設法保證)”后接of sth. 或that,此處省了that。3） 句尾的定語從句“that are not...”應修飾“some BFRs”；其中PVC、BFRs中有生詞，可不必翻譯，照抄即可。
49. ［答案］ 然而，戴爾公司在這方面及產品回收率上成績優(yōu)良，但卻因未逐步清除PVC和BFRs而丟了分，盡管它已制定了消除這些物質的后期限。
［解析］ 此句末尾雖有“though”引入的讓步狀語從句，但可按原句順譯。句中“scores well”意為“得好分；取得良好成績”；“phase out”：“逐步廢除；逐步淘汰”。
50. ［答案］ 蘋果公司的成績很差，因為它未完全清除這些化學物質，也沒有為此規(guī)定期限；因為它不提供受控物質的翔實清單，也未按照綠色和平組織的要求采取足夠的預防措施。
［解析］ “because”從句中有4個并列謂語，前兩個為現在完成時，后兩個為一般現在時，現將兩部分分譯，中間重復“because”。句末的“taste”意為“興趣，愛好”，據句意邏輯譯為“按……的要求”。
Section Ⅲ Writing
Part A
51.［參考樣文］
Dear Madam or Sir,
I am a university graduate of Economics, preparing to sit for the entrance test for MA of your School. Im eager to know what subjects and their scopes are to be tested, and what question patterns are to be used. Id be very grateful if I could get a copy of printed outlines or descriptions of them.
Im also concerned with your planned enrolments. Do you have any extra quota for enrolment?
Itd be nice if you inform me whether you will offer any pretest guiding or training courses and materials. How can I get them, if any?
Thank you for your time on my enquiries. Im looking forward to hearing from you soon.
Truly yours,
Li Ming
Part B
52.［參考樣文］
The scene in the picture is shocking: the severe drought has turned the farmland into cracked pieces of baren soil. A helpless farmer is gazing at the cloudless sky in despair with driedup shoots in his hands. Obviously, what he wishes for is nothing but a long due rainfall, for continuous drought must result in crop failure followed by famine.
Traditionally, drought has been regarded as one of natural disasters. But nowadays it involves environmental impact of manmade pollutions, especially the emission of CO2 into the atmosphere, which causes hazardous changes in the earth climate, such as global warming, droughts, floods and so on. There are the natures punishment and revenge on humans for their selfish conduct.
To survive the crisis requires global efforts in many ways: decreasing energy consumption, reducing and finally banning discharge of harmful exhaust fumes and substances into the air, saving fresh water resources, improving irrigation systems, etc. In brief, we are eating what we have sown, and we have to pay the price for the consequence. It is no exaggeration to say that our existence would be impossible unless we resort to environmentally friendly remedies.
Model Test 1 重點閱讀文章參考譯文
Text 2
研究人員說，到2015年，全球將有一半人口會說英語或者學習英語。英國委員會預測說，未來十年內會有20億人學習英語，會說英語的人口將達到30億。
其他語種，比如法語，將會淪落成“語言全球化”的犧牲品。不過據《英語的未來》的作者大衛(wèi)•格蘭德說，英語的蓬勃發(fā)展將終止于2050年，此后，英語語言教學自身將會成為英語擴張的受害者。
格蘭德的研究建立在電腦模型的基礎上，考慮到了全球對英語語言教學的種種需求。這位在電視大學專攻教育和語言研究達25年之久的研究者指出，該模型還納入了從現在到2050年間學生人數的可能性變化。
該模型的編纂綜合考慮了多方因素，涵蓋了聯合國教科文組織在教育規(guī)定、人口預測、政府教育方針和留學生流動指數等多方面。此外，教育改革，以及包括像中國的計劃生育政策等會影響世界人口的因素，在模型中也都悉數予以考慮了。
在研究發(fā)現的基礎上，格蘭德先生預計說，英語浪潮將會波及全球。許多國家，尤其是剛獨立不久的國家，基于實用目的，都會引入英語教學。
“鑒于英語在商業(yè)圈中的主導地位，這些國家為了能在有利可圖的外購合約等等商業(yè)活動中得以展開競爭，就會從幼兒園開始大力推廣英語。”
在馬來西亞的初中，包括數學、科學等科目都是用英語授課的。然而，隨著學生英語水平的提高以及全球更多的高校采用英語授課，英語科目本身的教學需求將呈下降趨勢。
格蘭德先生預測說，英語的發(fā)展將止于2050年。英語學生將從20億銳減至5億。隨著英語在全球的擴展，越來越多的人將會兩種語言甚至多種語言，這在商業(yè)界是極為有利的。但是英國人學習其他語言的名聲卻一向欠佳。
報告還表明，英語并不是惟一向全球擴張的語言，全世界也不會被英語一統(tǒng)天下，世界將會是多語并存的。格蘭德先生說，漢語、阿拉伯語和西班牙語都很流行，也都可能會成為世界主要語種。