事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題
1. Dr. Brosonan and Dr. de Waal have eventually found in their study that the monkeys ______ (2005)
2. An argument made by supporters of smoking was that ______. (2005)
3. According to Bruce Alberts, science can serve as ______. (2005)
4. Researchers have come to believe that dreams ______. (2005)
5. Dr. Myers and other researchers hold that ______. (2006)
共性特點(diǎn)：
1.問題中經(jīng)常出現(xiàn)what，which，when等特殊疑問詞或明確提到時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)、人物。
2.問題中都會(huì)出現(xiàn)一些不熟悉的新信息，這些信息只能從原文獲得。
這種類型的細(xì)節(jié)題被稱作“事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題”。事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題往往要求考生按照題干所提示的鍵詞語或信息在原文中精確定位，然后找到描述該關(guān)鍵詞語或信息的內(nèi)容，把該內(nèi)容與四個(gè)項(xiàng)中的某一個(gè)聯(lián)系起來，這種聯(lián)系通常是“同義轉(zhuǎn)化”，也就是說把原文的信息在不改變意的情況下?lián)Q一種說法說出來。
答案選項(xiàng)的通常特點(diǎn)是：
1.用同義詞替換原文句子中的某個(gè)或某些詞語，一般不超過兩個(gè)，而大體語法不變。
2.變換語法但是不改變原意，比如由主動(dòng)語態(tài)轉(zhuǎn)為被動(dòng)語態(tài)等。
3.原文的句子是否定形式，從反面敘述，而答案變成肯定形式從正面敘述。
4.原文的句子是肯定形式，從正面敘述，而答案變成否定形式從反面敘述。
5.原文從A角度敘述某事，而答案從B角度敘述同—“件事，事情本質(zhì)不變。
6.原文是具體實(shí)例，而答案變成抽象概括。
7.原文是抽象概括，而答案變成具體實(shí)例。
干擾選項(xiàng)的特點(diǎn)是：
1.照抄原文的句子，只有個(gè)別詞語不同(這個(gè)不同的詞語往往是其成為錯(cuò)誤選項(xiàng)的原因)。
2.一半信息符合原文，—半信息與原文不符。
3.將原文某些信息張冠李戴。
4.與原文敘述內(nèi)容相反。
5.是原文中沒有出現(xiàn)的新信息。
6.含有絕對化詞語，如only，always，never，all everything，anything，everywhere，everybody，nobody等。
7.在轉(zhuǎn)述中犯邏輯錯(cuò)誤。
事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題二
原文 The researchers suggest that capuchin monkeys，like humans，are guided by social emotions.In the wild，they are a co-operative，group living species.Such cooperation is likely to be stable only when each animal feels“is not being cheated.Feelings of righteous indignation，it seems，are not the preserve of people alone.Refusing a lesser reward completely makes these feelings abundantly clear to other members of the group.However，whether such s sense of fairness evolved independently in capuchins and humans，Or whether“stems from the common ancestor that the species had 35 million years ago，is，as yet，an unanswered question.
題目 Dr. Brosnan and Dr. de Waal have eventually found in their study that the monkeys
A.prefer grapes to cucumbers.
B.can be taught to exchange things.
C.will not be co-operative if feeling cheated.
D.are unhappy when separated from others.(2005--24)
解答 原文的提示信息包括：1)the researchers 2)suggest。題干中的Dr. Brosnan和Dr. de Waal表明他們是researchers。原文說“研究人員說，猴子和人一樣，也是有社會(huì)情感的。在 野外，他們是非常合作的群居性動(dòng)物。這種合作只有在每一個(gè)成員都感到不被欺騙時(shí)才會(huì)穩(wěn)定”。而問題是“兩個(gè)博士的研究終發(fā)現(xiàn)猴子_____”。C選項(xiàng)說“如果感到被騙就不會(huì)合作”，正是從另外一個(gè)角度敘述原文內(nèi)容。重現(xiàn)的關(guān)鍵詞匯是co-operative和feeling cheated。
例證題
例證題概述
讓事實(shí)說話是一種有效的論證方式，命題組的專家們在設(shè)置題目時(shí)往往也會(huì)針對語篇中的事例設(shè)問，考查考生對語篇局部結(jié)構(gòu)的理解。
閱讀理解語篇基本上是議論文，說明文。而這類語篇一般都會(huì)用例子或事實(shí)來說明觀點(diǎn)等話題。考生在閱讀時(shí)對于for example, for instance, such as, as等引出的例子要特別注意，這里就可能是命題的出處。一般來說，例子之前或之后附近通常都有一句總結(jié)說明性的話，這句話就可能是答案，即被例證的對象。如果例子與整個(gè)語篇相關(guān)，即例證主題，答案一般為主題句。當(dāng)例子與某些段落主題相關(guān)，則答案一般為段落主題句。
例證題常見的表達(dá)方式主要有：
1. The author uses the example of … to show that____.
2. By citing the example of …, the author intends to show that____.
3. The example of … is used to show ____.
4. Which of the following is Not an example of …?
5. The example of potato chips is used to illustrate____.
例題1
題目: Why are Arnold Schwarzenegger and Garth Brooks mentioned in Paragraph 5?[考查技能：對相關(guān)段落進(jìn)行語義歸納和判斷。] [命題原則：以點(diǎn)考面]
[A] To prove their popularity around the world.
[B] To reveal the public’s fear of immigrants.
[C] To give examples of successful immigrants.
[D] To show the powerful influence of American culture.(2006--24題)
原文導(dǎo)讀 Rodriguez notes that children in remote villages around the world are fans of superstars like Arnold Schwarzenegger and Garth Brooks, yet “some Americans fear that immigrants living within the United States remain somehow immune to the nation’s assimilative power.”
Are there divisive issues and pockets of seething anger in America? Indeed. It is big enough to have a bit of everything. But particularly when viewed against America’s turbulent past, today’s social indices hardly suggest a dark and deteriorating social environment.
答案分析 本題難度較大，所以我們這里作一個(gè)比較詳細(xì)的解釋。[A]很容易排除，就不講了。對于[B]選項(xiàng)只要抓住the public 就可以知道絕對不能選。注意原文some Americans fear that immigrants … , “some Americans”(一些美國人)能代表the public(公眾)嗎? 顯然不行，除非是Most Americans在閱讀的替換中可以認(rèn)為是the public, 命題者在這里是偷換概念，也就是錯(cuò)誤替換![C] 作者在文章中提到的成功的人物一定是移民嗎?盡管從廣義上來說所有的美國人都是移民。有的考生說施瓦辛格是移民，但考研閱讀不要求考生知道背景，對所有專業(yè)的考生是公平的，即使你沒聽說過他。另外，如果題目舉這兩個(gè)人的例子就是為了說明移民本身的成功，那就偏離了文章的主題，
大家應(yīng)該都知道例子是為主題或者主題句服務(wù)的。本篇文章討論的主題就是美國在吸收移民方面的成功，美國文化的同化能力很強(qiáng)，本文并不討論移民個(gè)人的成功。請注意yet后面的內(nèi)容：然而，一些美國人擔(dān)心在美國的移民會(huì)不受美國強(qiáng)大的同化能力的影響(有免疫能力)。這句話的內(nèi)涵是什么呢?前半句講了即使美國之外的人也崇拜美國人，那么作者就說了，人們何必?fù)?dān)心住在美國國內(nèi)的移民不受到美國文化的影響呢?言下之意是美國文化在全世界包括美國都有強(qiáng)大的影響。[正確答案][D]
例題2
題目Which of the following is Not an example of "coded signal" (Line 1, Paragraph 2)?
[A] Bees perform dances to convey that the food source is not far away from the hive.
[B] Parrots and mynas imitate human speech and whistle when kept in captivity.
[C] Huntsmen use horns to indicate the presence of a fox in a field or to call the hunting party together.
[D] Bats and dolphins use high frequency sounds for communication and navigation。
[原文導(dǎo)讀] Songs can have a powerful effect on people. Play "Gypsies, Tramps and Thieves" to many baby boomers, for example, and chances are they'll run off, hands over their ears. Songs can have a powerful effect among birds, too. Consider the black-capped chickadee. When it sings its "chick-a-dee" song, its flock mates come running. The song is a warning that a hawk, owl or other predator is perched nearby, and the other chickadees arrive to harass the enemy until it leaves.
Researchers from the University of Montana have discovered that this warning call is a coded signal. By varying the call, a bird communicates to other birds the size of the predator, and thus the scope of the danger. "This is so far the most finely detailed alarm Call system that were found," said the lead researcher, Christopher N. Templeton, who is now a doctoral student at the University of Washington. The findings appear in the current issue of the journal Science.
[答案分析] 本題考查了考生對文中內(nèi)容的理解和演繹推理的能力。coded signal出現(xiàn)在第二段首句，根據(jù)上下文鳥兒的例子可知，它指的是一種用來交流或預(yù)警的信號(hào)，信號(hào)內(nèi)容應(yīng)是隱藏的，信號(hào)方式一般是約定俗成的，不易被其他種類聽懂。依次類推，只有[D]項(xiàng)說明的是動(dòng)物的模仿能力，不屬于暗號(hào)。[正確答案][D]
例題3
題目 What does the example of New Jerscy (Para. 4) illustrate?
[A] Schools in rich districts are usually choosy.
[B] Official sources are careful on the success of AC.
[C] New Jersey has more need for teachers than elsewhere.
[D] AC has turned out good teachers for schools.
原文導(dǎo)讀 Are they good teachers? Officialdom is reluctant to release the details which might answer that question for certain. But anecdotal evidence suggests they do well. In New Jersey, which has been running this sort of programme since 1984, rich districts, which can afford to be choosy, consistently hire more AC teachers than poor districts do. In Houston, Texas, where the Teach of America programme (TFA) puts recent university graduates into poor communities as teachers, the most effective teachers are generally the TFA ones. "School principals are our biggest fans," Wendy Kopp, TFA's president, says proudly.
答案分析 第四段首句緊接上文提出了Are they(AC recruits)good teachers(他們是好教師嗎?)的疑問。接著該段指出，官員不愿意透露能夠說明問題的具體情況，但是真人真事卻說明這些經(jīng)過AC培訓(xùn)的教師能夠勝任。緊接著就以新澤西的情況為例加以說明。因此本題答案為[D]項(xiàng)。[A]項(xiàng)是例子中的部分細(xì)節(jié)。[B]項(xiàng)是與例子無關(guān)的事實(shí)。[C]項(xiàng)文中未提。[正確答案][D]
因果關(guān)系題
命題組的專家習(xí)慣于通過命題來考查語篇中兩個(gè)事件的內(nèi)在因果關(guān)系，嚴(yán)格的說，這種題型可歸于前面講到的推理判斷題類，但由于其特殊性及難度較大，這里單獨(dú)提出來講解。
因果關(guān)系題一般分為顯性原因考點(diǎn)和隱性原因考點(diǎn)(句子之間有因果關(guān)系，但無有關(guān)提示詞)。但不管是顯性因果關(guān)系還是隱性因果關(guān)系，語篇中出現(xiàn)的格式常是先說原因，后說結(jié)果，而在題干中通常是由果推因。
原因細(xì)節(jié)題
1. Why can many people see "silver linings" to the economic slowdown? (2004)
2. Female capuchin monkeys were chosen for the research most probably because (2005)
3. The author associates the issue of global warming with that of smoking because (2005)
4. According to the townsfolk, the RSC deserves no subsidy because (2006)
分析共性
1.問題中經(jīng)常出現(xiàn)“according to the passage/text”這個(gè)短語。
2.問題中出現(xiàn)某些具體時(shí)間、現(xiàn)象或結(jié)果，這些信息可以在原文定位。
3.問題中頻繁出現(xiàn)以下詞匯;arise from;due to;because;in that;why;be caused by;as a result of;the reason for;be responsible for;be attributed to;be deduced from等。這些詞具有共同的含義，就是“因?yàn)椤薄?BR> 原因細(xì)節(jié)題往往要求考生根據(jù)題干所提示的信息在原文中找到某一事件、現(xiàn)象或結(jié)果，然后找出文章中對產(chǎn)生這一事件、現(xiàn)象或結(jié)果的解釋。
原因細(xì)節(jié)題常見的出題位置
1.原文中出現(xiàn)表示原因的提示詞處：如because，be based on，since，for等。
2.原文中出現(xiàn)表示結(jié)果的提示詞處：如thus，therefore，so，as a result，lead lo，contribute to，make，30that，such that等。
3.原文中出現(xiàn)起承轉(zhuǎn)合的詞匯處：如but，however等。
4.原文中出現(xiàn)代詞指代處：如it，they等。
5.文章的開頭段、結(jié)尾段處。
6.文章段落的開頭句、結(jié)尾句處。
原因題實(shí)例
例一
原文 The researchers studied the behaviour of female brown capuchin monkeys. They look cute. They are good natured, co-operative creatures, and they share their food tardily. Above all, tike their female human counterparts, they tend to pay much closer attention to the value of "goods and services" than males. Such characteristics make them perfect candidates for Dr. Brosnan's and Dr. de Waal's study.
題干 Female capuchin monkeys were chosen for the research most probably because they are
A. more inclined to weigh what they get.
B. attentive to researchers' instructions.
C. nice in both appearance and temperament.
D. more generous than their male companions. (2005--23)
解答 題干中female capuchin monkeys對應(yīng)原文female capuchin monkeys，題干中的research對應(yīng)原文中的study。后——句說：“這些特點(diǎn)使他們成為兩位博士好的候選實(shí)驗(yàn)動(dòng)物”，證明上面的特征就是要選擇的內(nèi)容。諸多特征并列，后用above all強(qiáng)調(diào)出重要的特征，即“她們和女人一樣，比男性更重視‘商品和服務(wù)’ 的價(jià)值”。A選項(xiàng)中的weigh與value構(gòu)成同義轉(zhuǎn)化;what they get與goods and services是同義轉(zhuǎn)化，因此A為正確答案。
例二
題干 According to the townsfolk, the RSC deserves no subsidy because
[A] ticket prices can be raised to cover the spending.
[B] the company is financially ill-managed.
[C] the behavior of the actors is not socially acceptable.
[D] the theatre attendance is on the rise. (2006--29)
[考查技能：對相關(guān)段落進(jìn)行因果語義關(guān)系的歸納和判斷。] [命題原則：以點(diǎn)考面，因?yàn)楦鶕?jù)名詞townsfolk這個(gè)點(diǎn)，我們需要?dú)w納因果邏輯語義關(guān)系這個(gè)考區(qū)。]
原文導(dǎo)讀Anyway, the townsfolk can’t understand why the Royal Shakespeare Company needs a subsidy. (The theatre has broken attendance records for three years in a row. Last year its 1,431 seats were 94 percent occupied all year long and this year they’ll do better.) The reason, of course, is that costs have rocketed and ticket prices have stayed low.
答案分析 原文倒數(shù)第二自然段說得很清楚The theatre has broken attendance records for three years in a row. Last year its 1,431 seats were 94 percent occupied all year long and this year they’ll do better. 這說明對于鎮(zhèn)上的人來說，他們實(shí)際上不知道票價(jià)低的，所以[A]不選。他們看到的只是表面現(xiàn)象[D]。[正確答案][D]
例三
題干 In the first paragraph, individual borrowing is cited because
[A] it shares similarities with the government's Social Security policies
[B] there is no guarantee that it will be profitable in the stock market
[C] it is not proper for the brokerage houses to persuade people to borrow money
[D] it is an indication of the Bush administration's serious concern over the stock market
原文導(dǎo)讀The National Association of Securities Dealers is investigating whether some brokerage houses are inappropriately pushing individuals to borrow large sums on their houses to invest in the stock market. Can we persuade the association to investigate would-be privatizers of Social Security? For it is now apparent that the Bush administration's privatization proposal will amount to the same thing, borrow trillions, put the money in the stock market and hope.
[答案分析]以一個(gè)事例開篇是文章常用的寫作手法，這個(gè)事例往往是一個(gè)引子。常見的情況有兩種：一是事例作為夾敘夾議的敘述部分，后面的議論圍繞它展開;另外一種情況是一個(gè)事例引出另外一個(gè)事例。本文就屬于第二種情況，因?yàn)槿恼撌龅闹攸c(diǎn)是布什政府有關(guān)社會(huì)福利的一些宏觀經(jīng)濟(jì)的調(diào)控舉措，而非個(gè)人貸款問題。兩個(gè)事情為什么相提并論?第一段末句給出了原因：因?yàn)楝F(xiàn)在很明顯，布什政府的私有化措施將產(chǎn)生同樣的效果：大量借款、投資股市并期望從中獲利。由此可以得出文章開始使用個(gè)人房貸作為引子是因?yàn)閮杉虑橛邢嗨菩?，[A]項(xiàng)正確。
例四
題干Laura McHugh promised to get the bullied boy tested for diseases because__________.
[A] her son confessed to being wrong
[B] she was afraid to annoy the boy's parent
[C] he was likely to be affected by these diseases
[D] she wanted to teach her own son a lesson
原文導(dǎo)讀 Meanwhile, if you get a call from a parent who is angry about your child's bullying, listen without getting defensive. That's what Laura McHugh of Castro Valley, California, did when a caller told her that her then 13-year-old son had spit in another boy's food. Her son had confessed, but the victim's mom "wanted to make sure my son hadn't given her son a nasty disease," says McHugh, who apologized and promised to get her son tested for AIDS and other diseases. She knew the chance of contracting any disease this way was remote, but her promise calmed the mother and showed McHugh's son that his bad behaviour was being taken seriously. McHugh, founder of Parents Coach Kids, a group that teaches parenting skills, sent the mom the test results. All were negative.
[答案分析] 該段舉例說明應(yīng)如何正確對待一位憤怒的家長的電話。該段倒數(shù)第三句提到，麥休許諾讓受欺負(fù)的孩子做疾病測試，不僅讓其母親平靜下來，也讓自己的兒子知道父母是非常嚴(yán)肅地對待他的惡劣行為。由此可知[D]項(xiàng)正確。
1. Dr. Brosonan and Dr. de Waal have eventually found in their study that the monkeys ______ (2005)
2. An argument made by supporters of smoking was that ______. (2005)
3. According to Bruce Alberts, science can serve as ______. (2005)
4. Researchers have come to believe that dreams ______. (2005)
5. Dr. Myers and other researchers hold that ______. (2006)
共性特點(diǎn)：
1.問題中經(jīng)常出現(xiàn)what，which，when等特殊疑問詞或明確提到時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)、人物。
2.問題中都會(huì)出現(xiàn)一些不熟悉的新信息，這些信息只能從原文獲得。
這種類型的細(xì)節(jié)題被稱作“事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題”。事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題往往要求考生按照題干所提示的鍵詞語或信息在原文中精確定位，然后找到描述該關(guān)鍵詞語或信息的內(nèi)容，把該內(nèi)容與四個(gè)項(xiàng)中的某一個(gè)聯(lián)系起來，這種聯(lián)系通常是“同義轉(zhuǎn)化”，也就是說把原文的信息在不改變意的情況下?lián)Q一種說法說出來。
答案選項(xiàng)的通常特點(diǎn)是：
1.用同義詞替換原文句子中的某個(gè)或某些詞語，一般不超過兩個(gè)，而大體語法不變。
2.變換語法但是不改變原意，比如由主動(dòng)語態(tài)轉(zhuǎn)為被動(dòng)語態(tài)等。
3.原文的句子是否定形式，從反面敘述，而答案變成肯定形式從正面敘述。
4.原文的句子是肯定形式，從正面敘述，而答案變成否定形式從反面敘述。
5.原文從A角度敘述某事，而答案從B角度敘述同—“件事，事情本質(zhì)不變。
6.原文是具體實(shí)例，而答案變成抽象概括。
7.原文是抽象概括，而答案變成具體實(shí)例。
干擾選項(xiàng)的特點(diǎn)是：
1.照抄原文的句子，只有個(gè)別詞語不同(這個(gè)不同的詞語往往是其成為錯(cuò)誤選項(xiàng)的原因)。
2.一半信息符合原文，—半信息與原文不符。
3.將原文某些信息張冠李戴。
4.與原文敘述內(nèi)容相反。
5.是原文中沒有出現(xiàn)的新信息。
6.含有絕對化詞語，如only，always，never，all everything，anything，everywhere，everybody，nobody等。
7.在轉(zhuǎn)述中犯邏輯錯(cuò)誤。
事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題二
原文 The researchers suggest that capuchin monkeys，like humans，are guided by social emotions.In the wild，they are a co-operative，group living species.Such cooperation is likely to be stable only when each animal feels“is not being cheated.Feelings of righteous indignation，it seems，are not the preserve of people alone.Refusing a lesser reward completely makes these feelings abundantly clear to other members of the group.However，whether such s sense of fairness evolved independently in capuchins and humans，Or whether“stems from the common ancestor that the species had 35 million years ago，is，as yet，an unanswered question.
題目 Dr. Brosnan and Dr. de Waal have eventually found in their study that the monkeys
A.prefer grapes to cucumbers.
B.can be taught to exchange things.
C.will not be co-operative if feeling cheated.
D.are unhappy when separated from others.(2005--24)
解答 原文的提示信息包括：1)the researchers 2)suggest。題干中的Dr. Brosnan和Dr. de Waal表明他們是researchers。原文說“研究人員說，猴子和人一樣，也是有社會(huì)情感的。在 野外，他們是非常合作的群居性動(dòng)物。這種合作只有在每一個(gè)成員都感到不被欺騙時(shí)才會(huì)穩(wěn)定”。而問題是“兩個(gè)博士的研究終發(fā)現(xiàn)猴子_____”。C選項(xiàng)說“如果感到被騙就不會(huì)合作”，正是從另外一個(gè)角度敘述原文內(nèi)容。重現(xiàn)的關(guān)鍵詞匯是co-operative和feeling cheated。
例證題
例證題概述
讓事實(shí)說話是一種有效的論證方式，命題組的專家們在設(shè)置題目時(shí)往往也會(huì)針對語篇中的事例設(shè)問，考查考生對語篇局部結(jié)構(gòu)的理解。
閱讀理解語篇基本上是議論文，說明文。而這類語篇一般都會(huì)用例子或事實(shí)來說明觀點(diǎn)等話題。考生在閱讀時(shí)對于for example, for instance, such as, as等引出的例子要特別注意，這里就可能是命題的出處。一般來說，例子之前或之后附近通常都有一句總結(jié)說明性的話，這句話就可能是答案，即被例證的對象。如果例子與整個(gè)語篇相關(guān)，即例證主題，答案一般為主題句。當(dāng)例子與某些段落主題相關(guān)，則答案一般為段落主題句。
例證題常見的表達(dá)方式主要有：
1. The author uses the example of … to show that____.
2. By citing the example of …, the author intends to show that____.
3. The example of … is used to show ____.
4. Which of the following is Not an example of …?
5. The example of potato chips is used to illustrate____.
例題1
題目: Why are Arnold Schwarzenegger and Garth Brooks mentioned in Paragraph 5?[考查技能：對相關(guān)段落進(jìn)行語義歸納和判斷。] [命題原則：以點(diǎn)考面]
[A] To prove their popularity around the world.
[B] To reveal the public’s fear of immigrants.
[C] To give examples of successful immigrants.
[D] To show the powerful influence of American culture.(2006--24題)
原文導(dǎo)讀 Rodriguez notes that children in remote villages around the world are fans of superstars like Arnold Schwarzenegger and Garth Brooks, yet “some Americans fear that immigrants living within the United States remain somehow immune to the nation’s assimilative power.”
Are there divisive issues and pockets of seething anger in America? Indeed. It is big enough to have a bit of everything. But particularly when viewed against America’s turbulent past, today’s social indices hardly suggest a dark and deteriorating social environment.
答案分析 本題難度較大，所以我們這里作一個(gè)比較詳細(xì)的解釋。[A]很容易排除，就不講了。對于[B]選項(xiàng)只要抓住the public 就可以知道絕對不能選。注意原文some Americans fear that immigrants … , “some Americans”(一些美國人)能代表the public(公眾)嗎? 顯然不行，除非是Most Americans在閱讀的替換中可以認(rèn)為是the public, 命題者在這里是偷換概念，也就是錯(cuò)誤替換![C] 作者在文章中提到的成功的人物一定是移民嗎?盡管從廣義上來說所有的美國人都是移民。有的考生說施瓦辛格是移民，但考研閱讀不要求考生知道背景，對所有專業(yè)的考生是公平的，即使你沒聽說過他。另外，如果題目舉這兩個(gè)人的例子就是為了說明移民本身的成功，那就偏離了文章的主題，
大家應(yīng)該都知道例子是為主題或者主題句服務(wù)的。本篇文章討論的主題就是美國在吸收移民方面的成功，美國文化的同化能力很強(qiáng)，本文并不討論移民個(gè)人的成功。請注意yet后面的內(nèi)容：然而，一些美國人擔(dān)心在美國的移民會(huì)不受美國強(qiáng)大的同化能力的影響(有免疫能力)。這句話的內(nèi)涵是什么呢?前半句講了即使美國之外的人也崇拜美國人，那么作者就說了，人們何必?fù)?dān)心住在美國國內(nèi)的移民不受到美國文化的影響呢?言下之意是美國文化在全世界包括美國都有強(qiáng)大的影響。[正確答案][D]
例題2
題目Which of the following is Not an example of "coded signal" (Line 1, Paragraph 2)?
[A] Bees perform dances to convey that the food source is not far away from the hive.
[B] Parrots and mynas imitate human speech and whistle when kept in captivity.
[C] Huntsmen use horns to indicate the presence of a fox in a field or to call the hunting party together.
[D] Bats and dolphins use high frequency sounds for communication and navigation。
[原文導(dǎo)讀] Songs can have a powerful effect on people. Play "Gypsies, Tramps and Thieves" to many baby boomers, for example, and chances are they'll run off, hands over their ears. Songs can have a powerful effect among birds, too. Consider the black-capped chickadee. When it sings its "chick-a-dee" song, its flock mates come running. The song is a warning that a hawk, owl or other predator is perched nearby, and the other chickadees arrive to harass the enemy until it leaves.
Researchers from the University of Montana have discovered that this warning call is a coded signal. By varying the call, a bird communicates to other birds the size of the predator, and thus the scope of the danger. "This is so far the most finely detailed alarm Call system that were found," said the lead researcher, Christopher N. Templeton, who is now a doctoral student at the University of Washington. The findings appear in the current issue of the journal Science.
[答案分析] 本題考查了考生對文中內(nèi)容的理解和演繹推理的能力。coded signal出現(xiàn)在第二段首句，根據(jù)上下文鳥兒的例子可知，它指的是一種用來交流或預(yù)警的信號(hào)，信號(hào)內(nèi)容應(yīng)是隱藏的，信號(hào)方式一般是約定俗成的，不易被其他種類聽懂。依次類推，只有[D]項(xiàng)說明的是動(dòng)物的模仿能力，不屬于暗號(hào)。[正確答案][D]
例題3
題目 What does the example of New Jerscy (Para. 4) illustrate?
[A] Schools in rich districts are usually choosy.
[B] Official sources are careful on the success of AC.
[C] New Jersey has more need for teachers than elsewhere.
[D] AC has turned out good teachers for schools.
原文導(dǎo)讀 Are they good teachers? Officialdom is reluctant to release the details which might answer that question for certain. But anecdotal evidence suggests they do well. In New Jersey, which has been running this sort of programme since 1984, rich districts, which can afford to be choosy, consistently hire more AC teachers than poor districts do. In Houston, Texas, where the Teach of America programme (TFA) puts recent university graduates into poor communities as teachers, the most effective teachers are generally the TFA ones. "School principals are our biggest fans," Wendy Kopp, TFA's president, says proudly.
答案分析 第四段首句緊接上文提出了Are they(AC recruits)good teachers(他們是好教師嗎?)的疑問。接著該段指出，官員不愿意透露能夠說明問題的具體情況，但是真人真事卻說明這些經(jīng)過AC培訓(xùn)的教師能夠勝任。緊接著就以新澤西的情況為例加以說明。因此本題答案為[D]項(xiàng)。[A]項(xiàng)是例子中的部分細(xì)節(jié)。[B]項(xiàng)是與例子無關(guān)的事實(shí)。[C]項(xiàng)文中未提。[正確答案][D]
因果關(guān)系題
命題組的專家習(xí)慣于通過命題來考查語篇中兩個(gè)事件的內(nèi)在因果關(guān)系，嚴(yán)格的說，這種題型可歸于前面講到的推理判斷題類，但由于其特殊性及難度較大，這里單獨(dú)提出來講解。
因果關(guān)系題一般分為顯性原因考點(diǎn)和隱性原因考點(diǎn)(句子之間有因果關(guān)系，但無有關(guān)提示詞)。但不管是顯性因果關(guān)系還是隱性因果關(guān)系，語篇中出現(xiàn)的格式常是先說原因，后說結(jié)果，而在題干中通常是由果推因。
原因細(xì)節(jié)題
1. Why can many people see "silver linings" to the economic slowdown? (2004)
2. Female capuchin monkeys were chosen for the research most probably because (2005)
3. The author associates the issue of global warming with that of smoking because (2005)
4. According to the townsfolk, the RSC deserves no subsidy because (2006)
分析共性
1.問題中經(jīng)常出現(xiàn)“according to the passage/text”這個(gè)短語。
2.問題中出現(xiàn)某些具體時(shí)間、現(xiàn)象或結(jié)果，這些信息可以在原文定位。
3.問題中頻繁出現(xiàn)以下詞匯;arise from;due to;because;in that;why;be caused by;as a result of;the reason for;be responsible for;be attributed to;be deduced from等。這些詞具有共同的含義，就是“因?yàn)椤薄?BR> 原因細(xì)節(jié)題往往要求考生根據(jù)題干所提示的信息在原文中找到某一事件、現(xiàn)象或結(jié)果，然后找出文章中對產(chǎn)生這一事件、現(xiàn)象或結(jié)果的解釋。
原因細(xì)節(jié)題常見的出題位置
1.原文中出現(xiàn)表示原因的提示詞處：如because，be based on，since，for等。
2.原文中出現(xiàn)表示結(jié)果的提示詞處：如thus，therefore，so，as a result，lead lo，contribute to，make，30that，such that等。
3.原文中出現(xiàn)起承轉(zhuǎn)合的詞匯處：如but，however等。
4.原文中出現(xiàn)代詞指代處：如it，they等。
5.文章的開頭段、結(jié)尾段處。
6.文章段落的開頭句、結(jié)尾句處。
原因題實(shí)例
例一
原文 The researchers studied the behaviour of female brown capuchin monkeys. They look cute. They are good natured, co-operative creatures, and they share their food tardily. Above all, tike their female human counterparts, they tend to pay much closer attention to the value of "goods and services" than males. Such characteristics make them perfect candidates for Dr. Brosnan's and Dr. de Waal's study.
題干 Female capuchin monkeys were chosen for the research most probably because they are
A. more inclined to weigh what they get.
B. attentive to researchers' instructions.
C. nice in both appearance and temperament.
D. more generous than their male companions. (2005--23)
解答 題干中female capuchin monkeys對應(yīng)原文female capuchin monkeys，題干中的research對應(yīng)原文中的study。后——句說：“這些特點(diǎn)使他們成為兩位博士好的候選實(shí)驗(yàn)動(dòng)物”，證明上面的特征就是要選擇的內(nèi)容。諸多特征并列，后用above all強(qiáng)調(diào)出重要的特征，即“她們和女人一樣，比男性更重視‘商品和服務(wù)’ 的價(jià)值”。A選項(xiàng)中的weigh與value構(gòu)成同義轉(zhuǎn)化;what they get與goods and services是同義轉(zhuǎn)化，因此A為正確答案。
例二
題干 According to the townsfolk, the RSC deserves no subsidy because
[A] ticket prices can be raised to cover the spending.
[B] the company is financially ill-managed.
[C] the behavior of the actors is not socially acceptable.
[D] the theatre attendance is on the rise. (2006--29)
[考查技能：對相關(guān)段落進(jìn)行因果語義關(guān)系的歸納和判斷。] [命題原則：以點(diǎn)考面，因?yàn)楦鶕?jù)名詞townsfolk這個(gè)點(diǎn)，我們需要?dú)w納因果邏輯語義關(guān)系這個(gè)考區(qū)。]
原文導(dǎo)讀Anyway, the townsfolk can’t understand why the Royal Shakespeare Company needs a subsidy. (The theatre has broken attendance records for three years in a row. Last year its 1,431 seats were 94 percent occupied all year long and this year they’ll do better.) The reason, of course, is that costs have rocketed and ticket prices have stayed low.
答案分析 原文倒數(shù)第二自然段說得很清楚The theatre has broken attendance records for three years in a row. Last year its 1,431 seats were 94 percent occupied all year long and this year they’ll do better. 這說明對于鎮(zhèn)上的人來說，他們實(shí)際上不知道票價(jià)低的，所以[A]不選。他們看到的只是表面現(xiàn)象[D]。[正確答案][D]
例三
題干 In the first paragraph, individual borrowing is cited because
[A] it shares similarities with the government's Social Security policies
[B] there is no guarantee that it will be profitable in the stock market
[C] it is not proper for the brokerage houses to persuade people to borrow money
[D] it is an indication of the Bush administration's serious concern over the stock market
原文導(dǎo)讀The National Association of Securities Dealers is investigating whether some brokerage houses are inappropriately pushing individuals to borrow large sums on their houses to invest in the stock market. Can we persuade the association to investigate would-be privatizers of Social Security? For it is now apparent that the Bush administration's privatization proposal will amount to the same thing, borrow trillions, put the money in the stock market and hope.
[答案分析]以一個(gè)事例開篇是文章常用的寫作手法，這個(gè)事例往往是一個(gè)引子。常見的情況有兩種：一是事例作為夾敘夾議的敘述部分，后面的議論圍繞它展開;另外一種情況是一個(gè)事例引出另外一個(gè)事例。本文就屬于第二種情況，因?yàn)槿恼撌龅闹攸c(diǎn)是布什政府有關(guān)社會(huì)福利的一些宏觀經(jīng)濟(jì)的調(diào)控舉措，而非個(gè)人貸款問題。兩個(gè)事情為什么相提并論?第一段末句給出了原因：因?yàn)楝F(xiàn)在很明顯，布什政府的私有化措施將產(chǎn)生同樣的效果：大量借款、投資股市并期望從中獲利。由此可以得出文章開始使用個(gè)人房貸作為引子是因?yàn)閮杉虑橛邢嗨菩?，[A]項(xiàng)正確。
例四
題干Laura McHugh promised to get the bullied boy tested for diseases because__________.
[A] her son confessed to being wrong
[B] she was afraid to annoy the boy's parent
[C] he was likely to be affected by these diseases
[D] she wanted to teach her own son a lesson
原文導(dǎo)讀 Meanwhile, if you get a call from a parent who is angry about your child's bullying, listen without getting defensive. That's what Laura McHugh of Castro Valley, California, did when a caller told her that her then 13-year-old son had spit in another boy's food. Her son had confessed, but the victim's mom "wanted to make sure my son hadn't given her son a nasty disease," says McHugh, who apologized and promised to get her son tested for AIDS and other diseases. She knew the chance of contracting any disease this way was remote, but her promise calmed the mother and showed McHugh's son that his bad behaviour was being taken seriously. McHugh, founder of Parents Coach Kids, a group that teaches parenting skills, sent the mom the test results. All were negative.
[答案分析] 該段舉例說明應(yīng)如何正確對待一位憤怒的家長的電話。該段倒數(shù)第三句提到，麥休許諾讓受欺負(fù)的孩子做疾病測試，不僅讓其母親平靜下來，也讓自己的兒子知道父母是非常嚴(yán)肅地對待他的惡劣行為。由此可知[D]項(xiàng)正確。