Part I Writing (30 minutes)
Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a Campaign Speech. You should write at least 150 words following the outline given below。
1.你認為自己具備了什么條件(能力、性格、愛好等)可以勝任學生會主席的工作。
2.如果當選，你將為本校同學做些什么。
Part Ⅱ Reading Comprehension (Skimming and Scanning) (15 minutes)
Directions: In this part, you trill have 15 minutes to go over the passage quickly and answer the questions on the Answer Sheet. For questions 1-7, choose the best answer from the four choices marked A)， B)， C) and D). For questions 8-10, complete the sentences with the information given in the passage。
Bird Brains
Cracking Walnuts
The scene: a traffic light crossing on a university campus in Japan. Carrion crows and humans line up patiently, waiting for the traffic to halt. When the lights change, the birds hop in front of the cars and place walnuts, which they picked from the adjoining trees, on the road. After the lights turn green again, the birds fly away and vehicles drive over the nuts, cracking them open. Finally, when it's time to cross again, the crows join the pedestrians and pick up their meal。
Biologists already knew the corvine family--it includes crows, ravens, rooks, magpies and jackdaws--to be among the smartest of all birds. But this remarkable piece of behavior would seem to be a particularly acute demonstration of bird intelligence. Researchers believe they probably noticed cars driving over nuts fallen from a walnut tree overhanging a road. The crows already knew about dropping clams from a height on the seashore to break them open, but found this did not work for walnuts because of their soft green outer shell。
Other birds do this, although not with quite the same precision. In the Dardia Mountains of Greece, eagles can be seen carrying tortoises up to a great height and dropping them on to rocks below。
Do Birds Have Intelligence?
Scientists have argued for decades over whether wild creatures, including birds, show genuine intelligence. Some still consider the human mind to be unique, with animals capable of only the simplest mental processes. But a new generation of scientists believes that creatures, including birds, can solve problems by insight and even learn by example, as human children do. Birds can even talk in a meaningful way。
Good Memory
Some birds show quite astonishing powers of recall. A type of North American crow may have the animal world's keenest memory. It collects up to 30,000 pine seeds over three weeks in November, and then carefully buries them for safe keeping across over an area of 200 square miles. Over the next eight months, it succeeds in retrieving over 90 percent of them, even when they are covered in feet of snow。
Making and Using Tools
On the Pacific island of New Caledonia, the crows demonstrate a tool-making, and tool using capability comparable to Paleolithic man's. Dr Gavin Hunt, a New Zealand biologist, spent three years observing the birds. He found that they used two different forms of hooked "tool" to pull grubs from deep within tree trunks. Other birds and some primates have been seen to use objects to forage. But what is unusual here is that the crows also make their own tools. Using their beaks as scissors and snippers, they fashion hooks from twigs, and make barbed, serrated rakes or combs from stiff leathery leaves. And they don't throw the tools away after one use--they carry them from one foraging place to another。
Scientists are still debating what this behavior means. Man's use of tools is considered a prime indication of his intelligence, is this a skill acquired by chance? Did the crows acquire tool making skills by trial and error rather than planning? Or, in its ability to adapt and exploit an enormous range of resources and habitats, is the crow closer to humans than any other creature?
Dr Hunt said this of his research: "There are many intriguing questions that remain to be answered about crows' tool behavior. Most important would be whether or not they mostly learn or genetically inherit the know-how to make and use tools. Without knowing that it is difficult to say anything about their intelligence, although one could guess that these crows have the capability to be as clever as crows in general."
The woodpecker finch is another consummate toolmaker; It will snap off a twig, trim it to size and use it to pry insects out of bark. In captivity, a cactus finch learnt how to do this by watching the woodpecker finch from its cage. The teacher helped the pupil by passing a ready- made spine across for the cactus finch to use。
Communication Ability
Another sign of intelligence, thought to be absent in most non-human animals, is the ability to engage in complex, meaningful communication. The work of Professor Irene Pepperberg of the University of Arizona, Tucson, has now shown the general perception of parrots as mindless mimics to be incorrect。
The captive African grey parrot Alex is one of a number of parrots now believed to have the intelligence and emotional make-up of a 3 to 4 year old child. Under the tutelage of Professor Pepperherg, he acquired a vocabulary of over 100 words. He could say the words for colors and shapes and, apparently, use them meaningfully. He has learned the labels for more than 35 different objects; he knows when to use "no," and phrases such as "come here," "I want X," and "Wanna go Y."
A bird's ability to understand, or speak, another bird's language can be very valuable. New Zealand saddlebacks occupy the same territory for years. They have distinct song "dialects" passed on through the generations. New territory vacancies are hard to find, so young males are always on the look-out for new widows into whose territory they can move. While they wander around the forest, they learn the different dialect songs, just as we might learn a language or develop a regional dialect. As soon as a territory-owning male dies, a new young male may move in to take over within 10 minutes. He will immediately start singing the dialect of the territory he is in。
Possessing Abstract Concepts
Intelligence--if this is what scientists agree these birds possess--is not limited to the birds we always thought of as "bright." In recent experiments at Cardiff University in Britain, a pigeon identified subtle differences between abstract designs that even art students did not notice. It could even tell that a Picasso was not the same as a Monet. The experiment seems to show that pigeons can hold concepts, or ideas, in their heads. The visual concept for the pigeon is Picasso's painting style。
Social Necessity Makes Birds Smart。
Scientists believe it is not physical need that drives creatures to become smarter, but social necessity. The complexities of living together require a higher level of intelligence. Corvids and parrots, along with dolphins, chimps, and humans are all highly social--and smart--animals。
Some ravens certainly apply their intelligence for the good of the flock. In North America, they contact other ravens to tell them the location of a carcass(動物尸體). Ravens are specialized feeders on the carcasses of large mammals such as moose during the harsh winter months of North America. The birds roost together at night on a tree, arriving noisily from all directions shortly before sunset. The next morning, all the birds leave the roost as highly synchronized(同步地) groups at dawn, giving a few noisy caws, followed by honking. They may all be flying off in the direction taken by a bird, which had discovered a carcass the previous day. This bird leads the others to his food store, apparently sharing his finding with the rest of the flock。
Ravens share information about their findings of food carcasses because dead animals are patchily(散落地) distributed and hard to find. Many eyes have a better chance of finding a carcass, and once one has been located, the information is pooled(共享的). Although the carcass now has to be shared between more individuals, the heavy snowfall and risk of mammal scavengers (食腐動物) taking the food mean that a single bird or a small group could not eat it all alone anyway。
Intelligence Inheritance
The level of intelligence among birds may vary. But no living bird is truly stupid. Each generation of bird's that leaves the protection of its parents to become independent has the inborn genetic information that will help it to survive in the outside world and the skills that it has learned from its parents. They would never have met the challenge of evolution without some degree of native cunning. It's just that some have much more than others。
1. The example of the Japanese carrion crows at the beginning of the passage is a demonstration of the ______。
A) kindness of people B) harmonious living conditions
C) ecological stability D) bird intelligence
2. ______ believe(s) that birds as well as some other non-human animals show intelligence。
A) Biologists
B) A new generation of scientists
C) Researchers of the University of Arizona
D) Only Dr Hunt and his colleagues
3. A type of North American crow can ______ most of the pine seeds it buried even they are in deep snow。
A) eat up B) retrieve C) crack D) lose
4. The writer compares the ability of the crows on the Pacific island of New Caledonia in making and using tools with that of ______。
A) Paleolithic man B) North American crow
C) the woodpecker finch D) carrion crows
5. People generally regard parrots' speaking human language as ______。
A) meaningful communication B) conveyance of feelings
C) mindless mimics D) ridiculous noises
6. A New Zealand saddleback learns the language of another saddleback in order to ______。
A) share information about food with it
B) beat it in the competition for a spouse
C) use the dialect to control the territory it just moves into
D) show that it has the ability to acquire different dialects
7. It is ______ that drives birds to become intelligent。
A) society necessity B) physical need
C) genetic information D) psychological request
8. Some birds, such as ______, may hold ideas in their heads。
9. Some ravens in North America apply their intelligence for the good of the flock by ______ the others to his food store。
10. Birds genetically inherit skills and abilities to meet the ______。
Part Ⅲ Listening Comprehension (35 minutes)
Section A
Questions 11 to 18 are based on the conversation you have just heard。
11. A) The train seldom arrives on time。
B) The schedule has been misprinted。
C) The speakers arrived at the station late。
D) The company has trouble printing a schedule。
12. A) She wants to borrow the man's student ID card。
B) The tickets are less expensive than she expected。
C) She won't be able to get any discount for the ticket。
D) The performance turned out to be disappointing。
13. A) The organization of a conference。
B) The cost of renting a conference room。
C) The decoration of the conference room。
D) The job of cleaning up the dining room。
14. A) The man will go in for business fight after high school。
B) The woman is not happy with the man's decision。
C) The man wants to be a business manager。
D) The woman is working in a kindergarten。
15. A) The woman doesn't like jam。
B) The woman forgot where she had left the jar。
C) The man had an accident。
D) The man broke the jar。
16. A) Opinions about the book are varied。
B) The man thinks the book is excellent。
C) You shouldn't believe everything you read。
D) The woman wonders which newspaper the man is reading。
17. A) It's quite normal. B) It's too high。
C) It's cheap indeed. D) It could be cheaper。
18. A) The admission of a patient. B) Diagnosis of an illness。
C) The old man's serious condition. D) Sending for a doctor。
Questions 19 to 22 are based on the conversation you have just heard。
19. A) At s party. B) At school。
C) At a friend's house. D) In the classroom。
20. A) Sharon. B) Susan。
C) Sherry. D) Ben。
21. A) Marketing. B) International Business,
C) Accounting. D) Education。
22. A) Yes. B) No。
C) Hard to say. D) Not mentioned。
Questions 23 to 25 are based on the conversation you have just heard。
23. A) It is in the center of Yunnan Province。
B) It is in the center of Kunming。
C) It is in the northwest to Ningliang Yi autonomous County。
D) It is in the northwest of Yunnan Province。
24. A) Its waterfalls and scenery. B) Its culture and scenery。
C) Its autonomy and culture. D) Its natural wonders。
25. A) Six hours. B) Eighteen hours。
C) Sixteen hours. D) Eight hours。
Section B
Passage One
Questions 26 to 28 are based on the passage you have just heard。
26. A) Within 1 year. B) Within 2 years。
C) Within 3 years. D) Within 4 years。
27. A) About one third. B) About two thirds。
C) Less than half. D) More than half。
28. A) To prepare disabled people for later life。
B) To provide equal opportunities for disabled people。
C) To analyze the success of disabled people。
D) To measure the success of federal laws and programs。
Passage Two
Questions 29 to 31 are based on the passage you have just heard。
29. A) By greeting each other very politely。
B) By exchanging their views on public affairs。
C) By displaying their feelings and emotions。
D) By asking each other some personal questions。
30. A) Refrain from showing his feelings. B) Argue fiercely。
C) Express his opinion frankly. D) Yell loudly。
31. A) Getting rich quickly. B) Respecting individual rights。
C) Distinguishing oneself. D) Doing credit to one's community。
Passage Three
Questions 32 to 35 are based on the passage you have just heard。
32. A) Watching sports on TV. B) Watching election returns。
C) Late snacks. D) Sleeping。
33. A) Defeat. B) Indifference。
C) Acceptance. D) Violation。
34. A) The Third Kingdom. B) The Weimar Republic。
C) The French Commune. D) Switzerland。
35. A) Hitler. B) De Gaulle。
C) Churchill, D) Hindenburg。
Section C
I asked successful people What the secret of their success was. I (36) an early discussion with a vice president of a large oil company. "Oh, I just keep a To Do List," he said. I passed over that quickly, little (37) the importance of what be said。
I was in another city the next day and I had lunch with a businessman who (38) owned the town. He was chairman of the gas and light company, president of five (39) companies, and had his hand in a dozen other (40) I asked him how he (41) to get everything done. "Oh, that's easy," he said. "I keep a To Do List." The first thing in the morning, he told me, he would come in and list what he wanted to (42) that day. He would (43) the items in priority。
During the day (44) . In the evening he would check to see how many of the items he had written clown still remained undone and then give himself a score. (45) 。
Again and again in the years since, when I have talked to successful people, the To Do List has come up. I have found that one difference between people at the top of the ladder and people at the bottom is that (46) 。
Part Ⅳ Reading Comprehension(Reading in Depth) (25 minutes)
Section A
One of the most eminent of psychologists, Clark Hull, claimed that the essence of reasoning lies in the putting together of two "behavior segments" in some novel way, never actually performed before, so as to reach a goal。
Two followers of Clark Hull, Howard and Tracey Kendler, devised a test for children that was explicitly based on Hulll's principles. The children were given the task of learning to operate a machine so as to get a toy. In order to succeed they had to go through a two-stage sequence. The children were trained on each stage separately. The stages consisted merely of pressing the correct one of two buttons to get a marble; and of inserting the marble into a small hole to release the toy. The Kendlers found that the children could learn the separate bits readily enough. But they did not for the most part "integrate". They did not press the button to get the marble and then proceed without further help to use the marble to get the toy. So the Kendlers concluded that they were incapable of deductive reasoning。
The mystery at first appears to deepen when we learn, from anther psychologist, Michael Cole and his colleagues, that adults in an African culture apparently cannot do the Kendlers' task either. But it lessens, on the other hand, when we learn that a task was devised which was strictly analogous to the Kendlers' one but much easier for me African males to handle. Instead of the button-pressing machine, Cole used a locked box and two differently colored match-boxes, one of which contained a key that would open the box. Notice that there are still two behavior segments--"open the right match-box to get the key" and "use the key to open the box"---so the task seems formally to be the same. But psychologically it is quite different. Now the subject is dealing not with a strange machine but with familiar meaningful objects: and it is clear to him what he is meant to do. It then turns our that the difficulty of "integration" is greatly reduced。
Recent work by Simon Hewson is of great interest here for it shows that, for young children, too, the difficulty lies not in the inferential processes which the task demands, but in certain perplexing features of the apparatus and the procedure. Hewson made two crucial changes. First, he replaced the button-pressing mechanism in the side panels by drawers in these panels which the children could open and shut. This took away the mystery from the first stage of training. Then he helped the child to understand that there was no "magic" about the specific marble. The two modifications together produced a jump m success rates from 30% to 90% for five-year-olds and from 35% to 72.5 % for four-year-olds. For three-year-olds, for reasons that are still in need of clarification, no improvement--rather a slight drop in performance resulted from the change。
We may conclude, then, that children experience very real difficulty when faced with the Kendler apparatus; but this difficulty cannot be taken as proof that they are incapable of deductive reasoning。
47. Why did the Kendlers conduct the test described in the second paragraph?
48. The Kendlers trained their subjects separately in the two stages of their experiment, but not in how to ______ the two actions。
49. Michael Cole and his colleagues demonstrated that adult performance on deductive reasoning tasks depends on ______。
50. Who devised an experiment that investigated deductive reasoning without the use of any marbles?
51. ______ is cited as having demonstrated that earlier experiments into children's ability to reason deductively may have led to the wrong conclusion。
Section B
Passage One
Much of the language used to describe monetary policy, such as "steering the economy to a soft landing" or "a touch on the brakes", makes it sound like a precise science. Nothing could be further from the truth. The link between interest rates and inflation is uncertain. And there are long, variable lags before policy changes have any effect on the economy。
Given all these disadvantages, central bankers seem to have had much to boast of about late. Average inflation in the big seven industrial economies fell to a mere 2.3% last year, close to Its lowest level in 30 years, before rising slightly to 2.5% this July. This is a long way below the double-digit rates which many countries experienced in the 1970s and early 1980s。
It is also less than most forecasters had predicted. In late 1994 the panel of economists which The Economist polls each month said that America's inflation rate would average 3.5 % in 1995. In fact, it fell to 2.6% in August, and is expected to average only about 3% for the year as a whole. In Britain and Japan inflation is running half a percentage below the rate predicted at the end of the last year. This is no flash in the pan; over the past couple of years, inflation has been consistently lower than expected in Britain and America。
Economists have been particularly surprised by favorable inflation figures in Britain and the United States, since conventional measures suggest that both economies, esp. America's, have little productive slack. America's capacity utilization, for example, hit historically high levels earlier this year, and its jobless rate has fallen below most
Why has inflation proved so wild7 The most thrilling explanation is, unfortunately a little defective. Some economists argue that powerful structural changes in the world have up-ended the old economic models that were based upon the historical link between growth and inflation。
52. According to the passage, making monetary policy changes ______。
A) is comparable to driving a car
B) is similar to carrying out scientific work
C) will not influence the economy immediately
D) will have an immediate impact on the inflation rate
53. From the passage we learn that ______。
A) there is a clear relationship between inflation and interest rates
B) the economy always follows particular trends
C) the current economic problems are entirely predictable
D) the present economic situation is better than expected
54. The passage suggests that ______。
A) the previous economic models are still applicable
B) an extremely low jobless rate will lead to inflation
C) a high unemployment rate will result from inflation
D) interest rates have an immediate effect on the economy
55. By saying "This is no flash in the pan" (Paragraph 3, Line 6)， the author implies that
A) the low inflation rate will continue B) the inflation rate will rise again
C) inflation will disappear entirely D) there is no inflation at present
56. How does the author feel about the present situation?
A) Tolerant. B) Indifferent. C) Disappointed. D) Surprised。
Passage Two
If you live in a city in North America or Europe, you have probably never thought much about water. Whenever you need some, you turn on the tap and there it is. Millions of people in other parts of the world are not so lucky. They have trouble getting enough clean water for their basic needs. This situation may soon become common all around the world, scientists believe. In fact, they say that the lack of clean water may be one of the biggest issues in the twenty-first century。
The reasons for this are clear. On the one hand. people are using more water than ever before. Over the last fifty years, the population of the world has more than doubled. On the other hand, many sources of surface water such as rivers, lakes, and streams are too polluted and unhealthy for use as drinking water。
This has forced more and more people to drill wells so they can get water form underground. There are enormous amounts of water deep underground in lakes called aquifers. Until recently, scientists believed this underground water was safe from pollution. Then, in the 1980s. people in the United States began to find chemicals in their well water, and scientists took a closer look at what was happening. Weldon Spring, Missouri, for example, was the site of a bomb factory during World War Ⅱ. The factory was destroyed after the war. but poisonous chemicals remained on the ground. Very slowly, these chemicals dripped down through the ground and into the aquifer. Once they did, however, the water form that aquifer was no longer drinkable。
It probably never will be drinkable again, Underground water is not renewed regularly by the rain, like lake or river water. Thus, if a harmful chemical gets into an aquifer, it will stay there for a very long time. Furthermore, it is nearly imp6ssible to remove all the water in an aquifer and clean out the pollutants。
Industrial sites like Weldon Spring are one cause of underground water pollution. There are thousands of such sites in the United States alone, and many others around the world. Underground water pollution is also caused by modern farming methods, which require the use of large amounts of chemicals in the fields. And finally, yet another important cause of underground water pollution is waste. That includes solid waste thrown away in dumps and landfills, and also untreated human and animal waste。
The situation is indeed very serious. Fortunately, there are many aquifers and they are very large. Only a small number have been seriously damaged so far. But if the world does not want to go thirsty in the near future, further pollution must be prevented. Around the world, governments must make real changes in industry, agriculture, and waste disposal。
57. This passage is mainly about ______。
A) pollution problems in general
B) people in North America or Europe are living happier than those in other parts
C) people drilling wells to check chemicals in well water
D) underground water pollution
58. In the first paragraph scientists express the idea that ______。
A) clean water is no longer available for people in Europe
B) there will always be enough water for everyone
C) the water problem will soon be resolved in the twenty-first century
D) many more people may soon. be without clean water
59. One reason for water shortage is that ______。
A) people in Europe don't turn off their taps
B) people drill too many wells and pollute them
C) the population has been continuously rising
D) there is not much underground water
60. In Weldon Spring, people found ______。
A) chemicals in well Water B) many sources of surface water
C) more aquifers than other places D) chemicals in the bomb factory
61. We can infer from this passage that industry, farming, and waste are ______。
A) polluting all aquifers in the United States
B) minor sources of underground water pollution
C) causing problems in bomb factories
D) the three main sources of underground water pollution
Part V Error Correction (15 minutes)
Eye behavior, involving varieties of eye-contact, can give subtle
messages which people pick up in their daily life. Warm looks or cold
stares tell more than words can. Meeting or failing to meet another
person's eye produce a particular effect. When two Americans look 62. ______。
searchingly at each other's eye, emotions are heightened and the 63. ______。
relationship becomes closer. However, Americans are careful about where 64. ______。
and when to meet other's eye. In our normal conversation, each eye
contact lasts only a few seconds before one or both individuals look away,
because the longer meeting of the eyes is rare, and after it happens, can 65. ______。
generate a special kind of human-to-human awareness. For instance, by
simply using his eyes. a man can make a woman aware of him comfortably
or uncomfortably; a long and steady gaze from a policeman or judge 66. ______。
intimidates accused. In the U.S. proper street behavior requires a nice
balance of attention and inattention. You are supposed to look at a passer- 67. ______。
by just enough to show that you are being aware of his presence. If you
look too little, you appear haughty; too much, inquisitive. Much eye 68. ______。
behavior is such subtle that our reaction to it is largely instinctive.
Besides, the codes of eye behavior vary dramatically from one culture to 69. ______。
other. In the Middle east, it is impolite to look at other person all the time
during a conversation; in England, the polite listener fixes the speaker 70. ______。
with an inattentive stare and blinks eyes occasionally as a sign of interest
and attention. In America, eye behavior functions as a kind of 71. ______。
conversational traffic signal control the talking pace and time, and to
indicate a change of topic. If you can understand this vital mechanism of
interpersonal relations, the basic American idiom is there。
Part Ⅵ Translation (5 minutes)
72._________________________(這一丑聞對于正在力爭贏得大選的工黨來說無疑是一件尷尬的事). The negative effect could bring about terrible decrease in the votes。
73._________________________(不論他們如何努力，老一輩人往往發(fā)現(xiàn)要阻擋青年人發(fā)生困難的)modern society。
74. We hold this belief firmly_________________________(什么都不能阻擋中國人民實現(xiàn)現(xiàn)代化的決心)。
75. It is :protected by law that_________________________(連續(xù)工作6個月后，雇員就可以享受帶薪的假期和病假)。
76. _________________________(這位律師試圖說服陪審團他的當事人是無辜的). But he failed due 'to the lack of evidence。
參考答案(6)
Part I Sample Writing
Good evening, ladies and gentlemen:
Thank you for coming to this election campaign today. With the trust and complete support of my team, I am delighted to announce that I am running for chairman of the Student Union。
As a diligent man with pleasant personality, I have been always considered to be a good team member. Meanwhile, as a big fan of sports I fully realize the importance of teamwork and advocate the spirit of being quicker and stronger. I possess strong determination to take firm steps toward achieving the objectives of my team. in addition, my working experience with the Student Union in the past two years will be extremely helpful to my future work here if I get elected。
A sign of a really strong organization is that it can change its leadership without hindering its progress and without damaging its values. If I am elected, I believe I have the capability to lead the Union to advance in the right direction. I will cooperate well with my fellow members of the Union and take innovative measures, including establishing a student-information center, forming a teacher-student-friendship association, to make the Union a true assistance to students" study and life here as well as a bridge of communication between teachers and students。
Thank you very much。
Part Ⅱ Reading Comprehension (Skimming and Scanning)
1. D 2. B 3. B 4. A 5. C 6. C 7. A
8. pigeons
9. leading/guiding/directing
10. challenge of evolution
Part Ⅲ Listening Comprehension
Section A
11--15 ACBCD 16--20 ACABA 21--25 ABDBB
Section B
26--30 BCDDA 31--35 CBCBA
Section C
36. recall 37. suspecting 38. practically 39. manufacturing
40. enterprises 41. managed 42. accomplish 43. arrange
44. he would cross off items and add others as they occurred to him
45. His goal manages to cross off every single item
46. those at the top use s To Do List every day to make better use of their time; those aT the bottom don't
Part Ⅳ Reading Comprehension (Reading in Depth)
Section A
47. To test whether children are capable of deductive reasoning。
48. integrate/put together
49. features of the apparatus and procedure
50. Michael Cole and his colleagues。
51. Simon Hewson
Section B
52--56 CDBAD 57--61 DDCAD
Part V Error Correction
62. produce→produces
63. at→into
64. where→how
65. after→when或if
66. 在accuse 之前加the
67. 刪除being
68. such→so
69. other→another
70. inattentive→attentive
71. 在control之前加to
Part Ⅵ Translation
72. The scandal will undoubtedly be an embarrassment to the Labour Party which is trying hard to win the election
73. No matter how hard they try, the older generation often find it difficult to hold back changes among the young
74. nothing can stand in the way of the Chinese people in their resolve to modernize their country
75. after working for 6 months on end, employees are entitled to paid holidays and sick leaves
76. The lawyer tried to convince the jury of his client's innocence
Part Ⅱ Reading Comprehension(Skimming and Scanning)
1.由“Cracking Walnuts”部分第二段第二句“But this remarkable piece of behavior would seem to be a particularly acute demonstration of bird intelligence?！笨梢姙貘f借助交通工具軋碎核桃的行為是鳥類具有智慧的例證。故本題正確答案為D項。
2.由“Do Birds Have Intelligence?”部分第三句“But a new generation of scientists believes that creatures，including birds，can solve problems by insight and even learn by example，as human children do?！笨梢娦乱淮目茖W家們認為鳥類和其他動物電具有智慧。因此本題正確答案為B項。
3.“Good Memory”部分講到有些鳥類擁有非凡的記憶力。作者以某類北美烏鴉為例。在每年11月份，該烏鴉將近三萬粒松子儲藏在廣達兩百平方英里的范圍內。在隨后的八個月里，它能夠找回90%的松子，無論它們是否被厚厚的白雪覆蓋。根據原文“Over the next eight months，it succeeds in retrieving over 90 percent of them，even when they are covered in feet of snow。”可知本題正確答案為B項。
4.由“Making and Using Tools”部分第一段第一句“On the Pacific island of New Caledonia， the crows demonstrate a tool-making，and tool using capability comparable to Paleolithic man's。”可知新喀里多尼亞島上的這種烏鴉所展示的制造和使用工具的能力可以和舊石器時代的人相媲美。故本題正確答案為A項。
5.根據“Communication Ability”部分第一段后一句“The work of Professor Irene Pepperberg of the University of Arizona，Tucson，has now shown the general perception of parrots as mindless mimics to be incorrect?！笨芍淌诘墓ぷ髯C明了把鸚鵡說話當作愚蠢學舌的普遍看法是錯誤的。由此可以推斷，人們一般認為鸚鵡說話是愚蠢的學舌。故本題正確答案為C項。
6.由“Communication Ability”部分第三段中的“While they wander around the forest，they learn the different dialect songs...As soon as a territory-owning male dies，a new young male may move in to take over within 10 minutes.He will immediately start singing the dialect of the territory he is in?！笨芍贻p的雄鳥學習不同的“方言”并不是為了和該領地的鳥交流關于食物的信息，而是為了在該領地的雄鳥死去后可以占據該領地，用“方言”統(tǒng)領其他鳥。因此本題的正確答案為C項。
7.由“Social Necessity Makes Birds Smart”部分第一句“Scientists believe it is not physical need that drives creatures to become smarter，but social necessity。”可知是社會需求并非生理需求使生物變得更有智慧。故本題正確答案為A項。
8.“Possessing Abstract Concepts”部分后兩句作者說：“The experiment seems to show that pigeons can hold concepts，or ideas，in their heads.The visual concept for the pigeon is Picasso's painting style?！弊髡吲e鴿子為例，講到有些鳥類具有抽象概念。故本題答案為“pigeons”。
9.根據“Social Necessity Makes Birds Smart”部分第二段“Some ravens certainly apply their intelligence for the good of the flock...This bird leads the others to his food store，apparently sharing his finding with the rest of the flock。”可知北美的這些烏鴉引導同伴到自己發(fā)現(xiàn)食物的地方，讓大家一起分享食物。故此題答案可以填寫“l(fā)eading/guiding/directing”。
10.根據“Intelligence Inheritance”部分倒數(shù)第二句“They would never have met the challenge of evolution without some degree of native cunning?！笨梢婙B類是通過基因遺傳獲得能力和智慧應對進化過程中的挑戰(zhàn)。故本題答案為“challenge of evolution”。
Part Ⅲ Listening Comprehension(聽力原文在光盤中)
Tape Script of Listening Comprehension
Section A
Directions: In this section, you will hear 8 short conversations and 2 long conversations. At the end of each conversation, one or more questions will be asked about what was said. Both the conversation and the questions will be spoken only once. After each question there will be a pause. During the pause, you must read the four choices marked A)， B)， C) and D)， and decide which is the best answer. Then mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2 with a single line through the center。
11. W: We are informed that the 11:30 train is late again。
M: Why did the railway company even bother to print a schedule?
Q: What do we learn from the conversation?
12. M: I’ve been waiting all week for this concert. The performance is said to be excellent. And with our student discount, the tickets will be real cheap。
W: Ah ah…I’m afraid I left my student ID card in the dorm。
Q: What does the woman imply?
13. W: Renting the conference room at the hotel will cost us too much. We’re already running in the red。
M: How about using our dining room for the meeting?
Q: What’s worrying the woman?
14. M: After high school, I’d like to go to college and major in business administration. I really like power and enjoy telling people what to do。
W: You’re very ambitious. But I’d rather spend my college days finding out what children are interested in. Child’s psychology is for me。
Q: What do we learn from the conversation?
15. W: I just made a jar of jam this morning and now I can't find it any where. Do you know what happened to it？
M: Did you hear a crash, that was it, I'm just as clumsy as ever。
Q: What is the problem？
16. W: I read in the newspaper that the novel you are reading is excellent。
M: I've also read some negative reviews。
Q: What can be learned from the conversation？
17. W: John told me he had got a second-hand car, do you know how much he paid for it？
M: Well, he said he paid 800 dollars for it. I think he got a real bargain。
Q: What does the man think of the price of the car?
18. M: Hello, this is doctor Marita from the emergency department. I have a 70-year-old patient with a fractured ankle。
W: OK, send him toward 3.
Q: What are they talking about on the phone？
Now you’ll hear two long conversations。
Conversation One
M: Hi. Uh, haven't we met before? You look so familiar。
W: Yeah. We met on campus last week, and you asked me the same question。
M: Oh, oh really? I'm sorry, but I'm terrible with names. But, but, but . . . Let me guess. It's Sherry, right?
W: No, but you got the first letter right。
M: I know, I know. It's on the tip of my tongue. Wait. Uh, Sandy, Susan. Wait, wait. It's Sharon。
W: Yeah. You got it . . . and only on the fourth try。
M: So, well, Sh . . ., I mean Sharon. How are you?
W: Not bad. And what was your name?
M: It's Ben, but everyone calls me B.J. And, uh, what do you do, Sh . . . Sharon?
W: I'm a graduate student majoring in TESL。
M: Uh, TESL . . . What's that?
W: It stands for Teaching English as a Second Language. I want to teach English to non-native speakers overseas。
M: Hey, that's sound really exciting. And do you need some type of specific degree or experience to do that?
W: Well, most employers overseas are looking for someone who has at least a Bachelor's degree and one or two years of experience. And what do you do? Are you a student on campus?
M: Yeah, but, uh . . . I guess I'm thinking of the idea of going into accounting or international business, but I guess I'm now leaning towards a degree in marketing。
W: Oh, uh . . . Well, I have to run. I have a class in ten minutes。
M: Oh, okay. And, uh, by the way, there's this, uh, dance on campus at the student center tonight, and I was wondering if you'd . . . you know . . . like to come along。
W: Oh really? Well, perhaps . . 。
M: Okay, well, bye。
Questions 19 to 22 are based on the conversation you have just heard。
19. Where did the man and woman first meet?
20. What’s the woman’s name?
21. What major is the man considering most at this time?
22. Do you think the woman is interested in going out with the man?
Conversation Two
W: Mike, any plans for the summer vacation?
M: I want to travel, but haven’t decided where to go yet. Any suggestion?
W: Last year I went to Lugu Lake。
M: Lugu Lake? Where is it?
W: It is situated in the center of Ningliang Yi Autonomous County, in northwest Yunnan。
M: How was it?
W: Well, wonderful scenery, also its unique Mosuo culture. You must be interested, since you major in Chinese culture。
M: Yes, I am. How to get there?
W: I got there from Kunming. I took a sleeper bus at 16:00 and got to Ningliang about 10:00 in the morning. The trip is 620km and the fare is around RMB130.
M: That’s great. Kunming is a beautiful city. I long to go there too. Any other places worth going to?
W: Well, there are so many natural wonders in China. Besides Lugu Lake, I have also been to Kanasi Lake, a gorgeous lake 1,374 meters high above sea level. It’s near Urumuqi。
M: But Urumuqi is too far away from Kunming。
W: Oh, Detian Waterfall in Guangxi! You will like it, near Yunnan。
M: I love waterfall. I once went to Niagara Falls, fantastic。
W: Yes, Detian Waterfall is the second largest trans-national waterfall in the world, second only to the Niagara Falls on the US-Canadian border. You won’t regret going there。
M: Sure. You know, Chen, where I want to go most in China?
W: Tibet?
M: Almost right. Mount Everest。
W: Haha. As an ordinary traveler, it's probably better to use your imagination and enjoy it through pictures rather than actually going there。
Questions 23 to 25 are based on the conversation you have just heard。
23. Where is Lugu Lake?
24. What is Lugu Lake famous for, according to the passage?
25. How long did it take Chen to get to Lugu Lake from Kunming?
Section B
Directions: In this section, you will hear 3 short passages. At the end of each passage, you will hear some questions. Both the passage and the questions will be spoken only once. After you hear a question, you must choose the best answer from the four choices marked A)， B)， C) and D). Then mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2 with a single line through the center。
Passage One
Nearly a third of young people with disabilities have taken at least some postsecondary classes within the first two years after they leave high school. The study finds that disabled students over all are less than half as likely as their peers to have attended college in the two years after high school, but the college-going rate varies greatly by type of disability: students with hearing or visual problems are as likely as nondisabled students to have done some postsecondary work。
The study’s underlying purpose is to help gauge the success of federal laws and programs which ensures elementary and secondary schools to prepare disabled people for later life. But along the way, the study provides in-depth data about them。
The study looked at a group of students who were in high school in 2001 and who had finished or left high school two years later。
Of those, 31 percent of disabled students had attended a postsecondary institution since leaving high school. Nearly 20 percent of the students were attending college when the study was conducted, just under half of the proportion of the general population。
The study also finds that 67 percent of students with hearing problems and 69 percent of students with visual problems had attended some college since high school. Only one in five students with emotional disabilities had received some postsecondary education since they left high school。
Questions 26 to 28 are based on the passage you have just heard。
26. How long are the group of disabled people been traced in the study?
27. What is the proportion of the disabled against their peers attending college?
28. What is the purpose of the study?
Passage Two
American visitors to Eastern Asia are often surprised and puzzled by how Asian cultures and customs differ from those in the United States. What’s considered typical or proper social conduct in one country may be regard as odd, improper or even rude in the other. For example, people from some Eastern Asian countries may begin a conversation with a stranger by asking personal questions about family, home or work. Such questions are thought to be friendly, whereas they might be considered offensive in the United States. On the other hand, people in most Asian cultures are far more guarded about expressing their feelings publicly than most Americans are. Openly displaying annoyance or anger, yelling, arguing loudly and so forth is considered ill-mannered in countries such as Japan. Many Eastern Asians prefer to hold their emotions in check and instead express themselves with great politeness. They try not to be blunt and avoid making direct criticisms. In fact, they often keep their differences of opinion to themselves and merely smile and remain silent rather than engage in a confrontation. By comparison, Americans are often frank about displaying both positive and negative emotions on the street and in other public places. Americans visiting Asia should keep in mind that such behavior may cause offense. A major difference between American culture and most Asian cultures is that in Asia, the community is more important than the individual. Most Americans are considered a success when they make a name for themselves。
Questions 29 to 31 are based on the passage you have just heard。
29. How would some Asians start their conversation when they meet for the first time?
30. What would a Japanese do when he feels annoyed?
31. What is encouraged in American culture according to the passage?
Passage Three
Between ten and midnight the United States is politically leaderless -- there is no center of information anywhere in the nation except in the New York headquarters of the great broadcasting companies and the two great wire services. No candidate and no party can afford the investment on election night to match the news-gathering resources of the mass media; and so, as every citizen sits in his home watching his TV set or listening to his radio, he is the equal of any other in knowledge. There is nothing that can be done in these hours, for no one can any longer direct the great strike for American power; the polls have closed. Good or bad, whatever the decision, America will accept the decision -- and cut down any man who goes against it, even though for millions the decision runs contrary to their own votes. The general vote is an expression of national will, the only substitute for violence and blood. Its decision is to be defended as one defends civilization itself。
There is nothing like this American expression of will in England or France, India or Russia. Only one other major nation in modern history has ever tried to elect its leader directly by mass, free, popular vote. This was the Weimar Republic of Germany, which modeled its unitary vote for a national leader on the American practice. Out of its experiment with the system it got Hitler. Americans have had Lincoln, Wilson, two Roosevelt's. Nothing can be done when the voting returns are flooding in: the White House and its power will move to one or another of the two candidates, and all will know about it in the morning。
Questions 32 to 35 are based on the passage you have just heard。
32 What is the chief activity in the United States between ten and midnight of the day being discussed?
33. What is the attitude in the United States toward the decision which emerges from the two-hour period?
34. What was the only major modern nation in which a similar experience might have been felt by its citizens?
35. Who came into power from the experiment in the other nation?
Section C
Directions: In this section, you will hear a passage three times. When the passage is read for the first time, you should listen carefully for its general idea. When the passage is read for the second time, you are required to fill in the blanks numbered from 36 to 43 with the exact words you have just heard. For blanks numbered from 44 to 46 you are required to fill in the missing information. For these blanks, you can either use the exact words you have just heard or write down the main points in your own words. Finally, when the passage is read for the third time, you should check what you have written。
I asked successful people what the secret of their success was. I recall an early discussion with a vice president of a large oil company. “Oh, I just keep a To Do List,” he said. I passed over that quickly, little suspecting the importance of what he said。
I was in another city the next day and I had lunch with a businessman who practically owned the town. He was chairman of the gas and light company, president of five manufacturing companies, and had his hand in a dozen other enterprises. I asked him how he managed to get everything done. “Oh, that’s easy,” he said. “I keep a To Do List。” The first thing in the morning, he told me, he would come in and list what he wanted to accomplish that day. He would arrange the items in priority。
During the day he would cross off items and add others as they occurred to him. In the evening he would check to see how many of the items he had written down still remained undone and then give himself a score. His goal manages to cross off every single item。
Again and again in the years since, when I have talked to successful people, the To Do List has come up. I have found that one difference between people at the top of the ladder and people at the bottom is that those at the top use a To Do List every day to make better use of their time; those at the bottom don’t。
Part Ⅳ Reading Comprehension(Reading in Depth)
Section A
47.從第二段的后一句“So the Kendlers concluded that they were incapable of deductive reasoning。”和全文的后一句“...but this difficulty cannot be taken as proof that they are incapable of deductive reasoning。”可以推斷，三組實驗都是根據文章開頭所提到的心理學家 Clark Hull的理論。來驗證實驗對象是否有推理能力的。Kendler夫婦的實驗對象是兒童。故可以回答為“To test whether children are capable of deductive reasoning?！薄?BR> 48.結合第二段倒數(shù)第三句“But they did not for the most part‘integrates’。”和文章第一段“... the essence of reasoning lies in the putting together of two‘behavior segments' in some novel way，never actually performed before，so as to reach a goal.’”可見如果實驗對象能把兩個行為”“結合”起來去達到一個目的，就是具備了推理能力。所以培訓實驗對象的時候顯然不會教他們如何去“結合”兩個步驟。故正確答案為“integrate”或者也可以是“put together”。
49.文章第三段描述了Michael Cole和同事們的實驗。當他們把實驗設施換成實驗對象所熟悉的東西時，他們的表現(xiàn)有所改善?？梢娪绊憣嶒灲Y果的是實驗設施的特點。封文章的第四段，作者對此做了總結：“Recent work by Simon Hewson is of great interest here for it shows that，for young children，too，the difficulty lies not in the inferential processes which the task demands，but in certain perplexing features of the apparatus and the procedure。”，作者明確指出無論實驗對象是成人還是兒童，影響他們表現(xiàn)的是實驗設施和過程的特點。因此，正確答案為“features of the apparatus and procedure”。
50.文章第二段描述Kendler夫婦的實驗時作者提到：“The stages consisted merely of pressing the correct one of two buttons to get a marble；and of inserting the marble into a small hole to release the toy。”。第四段描述Simon Hewson的實驗時提到：“Then he helped the child to understand that there was no“magic”about the specific marble?！?，由此可見只有Michael Cole和他同事的實驗沒有用彈珠了。故正確答案是“Michael Cole and his colleagues?！?。
51.第四段描述了Simon Hewson在前面兩個研究者的實驗的基礎上改良了實驗設施，對兒童進行了實驗。結果證明五歲和四歲兒童的表現(xiàn)有大幅度提高。由此也證明，前面認為孩子不具備推理能力的實驗結論是錯誤的。因此，本題的正確答案是“Simon Hewson”。
Section B
52.細節(jié)推斷題。文中第一段末提出“The link between interest rates and inflation is uncertain.And there are long，variable lags before policy changes have any effect on the economy?！?，由此可以判斷選項C為正確答案。
53.推斷題。從文中第二段、第三段舉例可以看出，我們的經濟inflation rate總比預測的要低、要好。因而正確答案為D項。
54.意義推斷題。第一段末談到“And there are long，variable lags before policy changes have any effect on the economy”，由此排除選項D。后一段說“since conventional measures suggest that both economies，esp.America's，have little productive slack”，意思就是講過去傳統(tǒng)的方法對某些經濟預測不管用了，由此可以看出選項A不對。再看文末“both economies，esp.America's，have little productive slack.America's capacity utilization，for example，hit historically high levels earlier this year，and its jobless rate has fallen below most”，美國經濟通脹率低，生產蕭條狀況少，生產能力極大發(fā)揮，失業(yè)率降到高水平以下，由此可以反向推斷，失業(yè)率高，經濟通脹率就會低；失業(yè)率低，經濟通脹率就會高。因而正確答案為B項。
55.意義推斷題。先看其上下文“3.5%in 1995.In fact，it fell to 2.6% in August，and is expected to average only about 3% for the year as a whole.In Britain and Japan inflation is running half a percentage below the rate predicted at the end of the last year.This is no flash in the pan；over the past couple of years，inflation has been consistently lower than expected in Britain and America”，文前，文后都講經濟通脹率低于預期，由此我們可以判斷“This is no flash in the pan”，也就意味著低經濟通脹仍將繼續(xù)(整個經濟不會出現(xiàn)高通脹這樣的情況)。
56.寫作態(tài)度題。后一段，作者首先提到經濟學家們感到surprised，隨即作者便問“Why has inflation proved so wild?”筆者后驚呼“powerful structural changes in the world have up-ended the old economic models that were based upon the historical link between growth and inflation”，突然發(fā)現(xiàn)已經不能根據經濟增長和經濟通脹之間傳統(tǒng)的聯(lián)系來預測經濟發(fā)展規(guī)律了，因而正確答案為D項。
57.主旨題。第一段后半部分引出主旨“They have trouble getting enough clean water for their basic needs.This situation may soon become common all around the world，...lack of clean water may be one of the biggest issues in the twenty-first century?！?。第二段談及clean water變少的兩個主要原因，第三段告訴讀者既然可飲用水減少，人們就拼命掘井。然而井水也被污染。第四段說一旦地下水被污染，就不是短時間內可以恢復的。第五段闡述地下水污染的三個主要原因(化學物質、農業(yè)和廢物)。后一段再次重申地下水問題的重要性并呼吁全球政府采取措施。因此，正確答案為D項。
58.細節(jié)推斷題。請看上下文“They have trouble getting enough clean water for their basic needs.This situation may soon become common all around the world，...lack of clean water may be one of the biggest issues in the twenty-first century”，由此可推斷將有越來越多的人喝不上、用不上干凈的水，故正確答案D項。
59.細節(jié)選擇題。第二段講干凈的水減少的原因“On the one hand，people are using more water than ever before...population of the world has more than doubled...On the other hand，many sources of surface water...--are too polluted and unhealthy for use as drinking water?！?，即一方面人均用水量比以前增加，人口翻番；另一方面地表水污染嚴重，不適合飲用。因此正確答案為C項。
60.細節(jié)題。第三段中的“people in the United States began to find chemicals in their well water，...Weldon Spring，...，for example，。.”說明美國科學家發(fā)現(xiàn)Weldon Spring這些地方的井水里有化學物質。因此正確答案為A項。
61.推斷題。倒數(shù)第二段“Industrial sites...are one cause of underground water pollution... Underground water pollution is also caused by modern farming methods，which require the use of large amounts of chemicals in the fields.And finally，yet another important cause of underground water pollution is waste”中清楚地說明了地下水污染的三大原因，即化學物質、農業(yè)化肥和廢棄物。因此正確答案為D項。
Part V Error Correction
62.兩個主語meeting和failing to meet another person's eye用or連接，謂語動詞通常和鄰近的主語一致。
63.表示方式的狀語searchingly暗示這里應該是表示“注視”的詞組look into，而不是一般的“看”--look at。
64.根據上下文應為eye contact的方式方法問題。
65.應為條件或假設狀語從句，而不是時間狀語從句。
66.形容詞或過去分詞前加定冠詞，表示這一類人，此處the accused表示“被告”。
67.本文談的是一般情形，不需要用進行時。
68.注意so和such在用法上的差異：so+adj. / adv.+that；such+n.+that。
69.如果是三者以上，常用句法結構為one...another。
70.根據英國文化，禮貌的做法是交談過程中，傾聽對方說話時應該用專注的眼神注視說話的人，以示對所談話題的興趣和關注。
71.不定式to control the talking pace and time和to indicate a change of topic一起作conversational traffic signal的定語。
Part Ⅵ Translation
72.[注釋] 本句主要考查“尷尬”的翻譯，即embarrassment。
73.[注釋] 本句考查“阻攔”的翻譯，也就是hold back changes的使用。
74.[注釋] 本句首先考查的電是“阻擋”的翻譯，即stand in one's way；其次是“決心”的翻譯，即 resolve。
75.[注釋] 本句第一個難點是“連續(xù)”的翻譯，可使用詞組on end；其次，是“享受”的翻譯，即be entitled to。
76.[注釋] 本句考查的是“說服”的翻譯，也就是詞組convince...of。.的使用。
Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a Campaign Speech. You should write at least 150 words following the outline given below。
1.你認為自己具備了什么條件(能力、性格、愛好等)可以勝任學生會主席的工作。
2.如果當選，你將為本校同學做些什么。
Part Ⅱ Reading Comprehension (Skimming and Scanning) (15 minutes)
Directions: In this part, you trill have 15 minutes to go over the passage quickly and answer the questions on the Answer Sheet. For questions 1-7, choose the best answer from the four choices marked A)， B)， C) and D). For questions 8-10, complete the sentences with the information given in the passage。
Bird Brains
Cracking Walnuts
The scene: a traffic light crossing on a university campus in Japan. Carrion crows and humans line up patiently, waiting for the traffic to halt. When the lights change, the birds hop in front of the cars and place walnuts, which they picked from the adjoining trees, on the road. After the lights turn green again, the birds fly away and vehicles drive over the nuts, cracking them open. Finally, when it's time to cross again, the crows join the pedestrians and pick up their meal。
Biologists already knew the corvine family--it includes crows, ravens, rooks, magpies and jackdaws--to be among the smartest of all birds. But this remarkable piece of behavior would seem to be a particularly acute demonstration of bird intelligence. Researchers believe they probably noticed cars driving over nuts fallen from a walnut tree overhanging a road. The crows already knew about dropping clams from a height on the seashore to break them open, but found this did not work for walnuts because of their soft green outer shell。
Other birds do this, although not with quite the same precision. In the Dardia Mountains of Greece, eagles can be seen carrying tortoises up to a great height and dropping them on to rocks below。
Do Birds Have Intelligence?
Scientists have argued for decades over whether wild creatures, including birds, show genuine intelligence. Some still consider the human mind to be unique, with animals capable of only the simplest mental processes. But a new generation of scientists believes that creatures, including birds, can solve problems by insight and even learn by example, as human children do. Birds can even talk in a meaningful way。
Good Memory
Some birds show quite astonishing powers of recall. A type of North American crow may have the animal world's keenest memory. It collects up to 30,000 pine seeds over three weeks in November, and then carefully buries them for safe keeping across over an area of 200 square miles. Over the next eight months, it succeeds in retrieving over 90 percent of them, even when they are covered in feet of snow。
Making and Using Tools
On the Pacific island of New Caledonia, the crows demonstrate a tool-making, and tool using capability comparable to Paleolithic man's. Dr Gavin Hunt, a New Zealand biologist, spent three years observing the birds. He found that they used two different forms of hooked "tool" to pull grubs from deep within tree trunks. Other birds and some primates have been seen to use objects to forage. But what is unusual here is that the crows also make their own tools. Using their beaks as scissors and snippers, they fashion hooks from twigs, and make barbed, serrated rakes or combs from stiff leathery leaves. And they don't throw the tools away after one use--they carry them from one foraging place to another。
Scientists are still debating what this behavior means. Man's use of tools is considered a prime indication of his intelligence, is this a skill acquired by chance? Did the crows acquire tool making skills by trial and error rather than planning? Or, in its ability to adapt and exploit an enormous range of resources and habitats, is the crow closer to humans than any other creature?
Dr Hunt said this of his research: "There are many intriguing questions that remain to be answered about crows' tool behavior. Most important would be whether or not they mostly learn or genetically inherit the know-how to make and use tools. Without knowing that it is difficult to say anything about their intelligence, although one could guess that these crows have the capability to be as clever as crows in general."
The woodpecker finch is another consummate toolmaker; It will snap off a twig, trim it to size and use it to pry insects out of bark. In captivity, a cactus finch learnt how to do this by watching the woodpecker finch from its cage. The teacher helped the pupil by passing a ready- made spine across for the cactus finch to use。
Communication Ability
Another sign of intelligence, thought to be absent in most non-human animals, is the ability to engage in complex, meaningful communication. The work of Professor Irene Pepperberg of the University of Arizona, Tucson, has now shown the general perception of parrots as mindless mimics to be incorrect。
The captive African grey parrot Alex is one of a number of parrots now believed to have the intelligence and emotional make-up of a 3 to 4 year old child. Under the tutelage of Professor Pepperherg, he acquired a vocabulary of over 100 words. He could say the words for colors and shapes and, apparently, use them meaningfully. He has learned the labels for more than 35 different objects; he knows when to use "no," and phrases such as "come here," "I want X," and "Wanna go Y."
A bird's ability to understand, or speak, another bird's language can be very valuable. New Zealand saddlebacks occupy the same territory for years. They have distinct song "dialects" passed on through the generations. New territory vacancies are hard to find, so young males are always on the look-out for new widows into whose territory they can move. While they wander around the forest, they learn the different dialect songs, just as we might learn a language or develop a regional dialect. As soon as a territory-owning male dies, a new young male may move in to take over within 10 minutes. He will immediately start singing the dialect of the territory he is in。
Possessing Abstract Concepts
Intelligence--if this is what scientists agree these birds possess--is not limited to the birds we always thought of as "bright." In recent experiments at Cardiff University in Britain, a pigeon identified subtle differences between abstract designs that even art students did not notice. It could even tell that a Picasso was not the same as a Monet. The experiment seems to show that pigeons can hold concepts, or ideas, in their heads. The visual concept for the pigeon is Picasso's painting style。
Social Necessity Makes Birds Smart。
Scientists believe it is not physical need that drives creatures to become smarter, but social necessity. The complexities of living together require a higher level of intelligence. Corvids and parrots, along with dolphins, chimps, and humans are all highly social--and smart--animals。
Some ravens certainly apply their intelligence for the good of the flock. In North America, they contact other ravens to tell them the location of a carcass(動物尸體). Ravens are specialized feeders on the carcasses of large mammals such as moose during the harsh winter months of North America. The birds roost together at night on a tree, arriving noisily from all directions shortly before sunset. The next morning, all the birds leave the roost as highly synchronized(同步地) groups at dawn, giving a few noisy caws, followed by honking. They may all be flying off in the direction taken by a bird, which had discovered a carcass the previous day. This bird leads the others to his food store, apparently sharing his finding with the rest of the flock。
Ravens share information about their findings of food carcasses because dead animals are patchily(散落地) distributed and hard to find. Many eyes have a better chance of finding a carcass, and once one has been located, the information is pooled(共享的). Although the carcass now has to be shared between more individuals, the heavy snowfall and risk of mammal scavengers (食腐動物) taking the food mean that a single bird or a small group could not eat it all alone anyway。
Intelligence Inheritance
The level of intelligence among birds may vary. But no living bird is truly stupid. Each generation of bird's that leaves the protection of its parents to become independent has the inborn genetic information that will help it to survive in the outside world and the skills that it has learned from its parents. They would never have met the challenge of evolution without some degree of native cunning. It's just that some have much more than others。
1. The example of the Japanese carrion crows at the beginning of the passage is a demonstration of the ______。
A) kindness of people B) harmonious living conditions
C) ecological stability D) bird intelligence
2. ______ believe(s) that birds as well as some other non-human animals show intelligence。
A) Biologists
B) A new generation of scientists
C) Researchers of the University of Arizona
D) Only Dr Hunt and his colleagues
3. A type of North American crow can ______ most of the pine seeds it buried even they are in deep snow。
A) eat up B) retrieve C) crack D) lose
4. The writer compares the ability of the crows on the Pacific island of New Caledonia in making and using tools with that of ______。
A) Paleolithic man B) North American crow
C) the woodpecker finch D) carrion crows
5. People generally regard parrots' speaking human language as ______。
A) meaningful communication B) conveyance of feelings
C) mindless mimics D) ridiculous noises
6. A New Zealand saddleback learns the language of another saddleback in order to ______。
A) share information about food with it
B) beat it in the competition for a spouse
C) use the dialect to control the territory it just moves into
D) show that it has the ability to acquire different dialects
7. It is ______ that drives birds to become intelligent。
A) society necessity B) physical need
C) genetic information D) psychological request
8. Some birds, such as ______, may hold ideas in their heads。
9. Some ravens in North America apply their intelligence for the good of the flock by ______ the others to his food store。
10. Birds genetically inherit skills and abilities to meet the ______。
Part Ⅲ Listening Comprehension (35 minutes)
Section A
Questions 11 to 18 are based on the conversation you have just heard。
11. A) The train seldom arrives on time。
B) The schedule has been misprinted。
C) The speakers arrived at the station late。
D) The company has trouble printing a schedule。
12. A) She wants to borrow the man's student ID card。
B) The tickets are less expensive than she expected。
C) She won't be able to get any discount for the ticket。
D) The performance turned out to be disappointing。
13. A) The organization of a conference。
B) The cost of renting a conference room。
C) The decoration of the conference room。
D) The job of cleaning up the dining room。
14. A) The man will go in for business fight after high school。
B) The woman is not happy with the man's decision。
C) The man wants to be a business manager。
D) The woman is working in a kindergarten。
15. A) The woman doesn't like jam。
B) The woman forgot where she had left the jar。
C) The man had an accident。
D) The man broke the jar。
16. A) Opinions about the book are varied。
B) The man thinks the book is excellent。
C) You shouldn't believe everything you read。
D) The woman wonders which newspaper the man is reading。
17. A) It's quite normal. B) It's too high。
C) It's cheap indeed. D) It could be cheaper。
18. A) The admission of a patient. B) Diagnosis of an illness。
C) The old man's serious condition. D) Sending for a doctor。
Questions 19 to 22 are based on the conversation you have just heard。
19. A) At s party. B) At school。
C) At a friend's house. D) In the classroom。
20. A) Sharon. B) Susan。
C) Sherry. D) Ben。
21. A) Marketing. B) International Business,
C) Accounting. D) Education。
22. A) Yes. B) No。
C) Hard to say. D) Not mentioned。
Questions 23 to 25 are based on the conversation you have just heard。
23. A) It is in the center of Yunnan Province。
B) It is in the center of Kunming。
C) It is in the northwest to Ningliang Yi autonomous County。
D) It is in the northwest of Yunnan Province。
24. A) Its waterfalls and scenery. B) Its culture and scenery。
C) Its autonomy and culture. D) Its natural wonders。
25. A) Six hours. B) Eighteen hours。
C) Sixteen hours. D) Eight hours。
Section B
Passage One
Questions 26 to 28 are based on the passage you have just heard。
26. A) Within 1 year. B) Within 2 years。
C) Within 3 years. D) Within 4 years。
27. A) About one third. B) About two thirds。
C) Less than half. D) More than half。
28. A) To prepare disabled people for later life。
B) To provide equal opportunities for disabled people。
C) To analyze the success of disabled people。
D) To measure the success of federal laws and programs。
Passage Two
Questions 29 to 31 are based on the passage you have just heard。
29. A) By greeting each other very politely。
B) By exchanging their views on public affairs。
C) By displaying their feelings and emotions。
D) By asking each other some personal questions。
30. A) Refrain from showing his feelings. B) Argue fiercely。
C) Express his opinion frankly. D) Yell loudly。
31. A) Getting rich quickly. B) Respecting individual rights。
C) Distinguishing oneself. D) Doing credit to one's community。
Passage Three
Questions 32 to 35 are based on the passage you have just heard。
32. A) Watching sports on TV. B) Watching election returns。
C) Late snacks. D) Sleeping。
33. A) Defeat. B) Indifference。
C) Acceptance. D) Violation。
34. A) The Third Kingdom. B) The Weimar Republic。
C) The French Commune. D) Switzerland。
35. A) Hitler. B) De Gaulle。
C) Churchill, D) Hindenburg。
Section C
I asked successful people What the secret of their success was. I (36) an early discussion with a vice president of a large oil company. "Oh, I just keep a To Do List," he said. I passed over that quickly, little (37) the importance of what be said。
I was in another city the next day and I had lunch with a businessman who (38) owned the town. He was chairman of the gas and light company, president of five (39) companies, and had his hand in a dozen other (40) I asked him how he (41) to get everything done. "Oh, that's easy," he said. "I keep a To Do List." The first thing in the morning, he told me, he would come in and list what he wanted to (42) that day. He would (43) the items in priority。
During the day (44) . In the evening he would check to see how many of the items he had written clown still remained undone and then give himself a score. (45) 。
Again and again in the years since, when I have talked to successful people, the To Do List has come up. I have found that one difference between people at the top of the ladder and people at the bottom is that (46) 。
Part Ⅳ Reading Comprehension(Reading in Depth) (25 minutes)
Section A
One of the most eminent of psychologists, Clark Hull, claimed that the essence of reasoning lies in the putting together of two "behavior segments" in some novel way, never actually performed before, so as to reach a goal。
Two followers of Clark Hull, Howard and Tracey Kendler, devised a test for children that was explicitly based on Hulll's principles. The children were given the task of learning to operate a machine so as to get a toy. In order to succeed they had to go through a two-stage sequence. The children were trained on each stage separately. The stages consisted merely of pressing the correct one of two buttons to get a marble; and of inserting the marble into a small hole to release the toy. The Kendlers found that the children could learn the separate bits readily enough. But they did not for the most part "integrate". They did not press the button to get the marble and then proceed without further help to use the marble to get the toy. So the Kendlers concluded that they were incapable of deductive reasoning。
The mystery at first appears to deepen when we learn, from anther psychologist, Michael Cole and his colleagues, that adults in an African culture apparently cannot do the Kendlers' task either. But it lessens, on the other hand, when we learn that a task was devised which was strictly analogous to the Kendlers' one but much easier for me African males to handle. Instead of the button-pressing machine, Cole used a locked box and two differently colored match-boxes, one of which contained a key that would open the box. Notice that there are still two behavior segments--"open the right match-box to get the key" and "use the key to open the box"---so the task seems formally to be the same. But psychologically it is quite different. Now the subject is dealing not with a strange machine but with familiar meaningful objects: and it is clear to him what he is meant to do. It then turns our that the difficulty of "integration" is greatly reduced。
Recent work by Simon Hewson is of great interest here for it shows that, for young children, too, the difficulty lies not in the inferential processes which the task demands, but in certain perplexing features of the apparatus and the procedure. Hewson made two crucial changes. First, he replaced the button-pressing mechanism in the side panels by drawers in these panels which the children could open and shut. This took away the mystery from the first stage of training. Then he helped the child to understand that there was no "magic" about the specific marble. The two modifications together produced a jump m success rates from 30% to 90% for five-year-olds and from 35% to 72.5 % for four-year-olds. For three-year-olds, for reasons that are still in need of clarification, no improvement--rather a slight drop in performance resulted from the change。
We may conclude, then, that children experience very real difficulty when faced with the Kendler apparatus; but this difficulty cannot be taken as proof that they are incapable of deductive reasoning。
47. Why did the Kendlers conduct the test described in the second paragraph?
48. The Kendlers trained their subjects separately in the two stages of their experiment, but not in how to ______ the two actions。
49. Michael Cole and his colleagues demonstrated that adult performance on deductive reasoning tasks depends on ______。
50. Who devised an experiment that investigated deductive reasoning without the use of any marbles?
51. ______ is cited as having demonstrated that earlier experiments into children's ability to reason deductively may have led to the wrong conclusion。
Section B
Passage One
Much of the language used to describe monetary policy, such as "steering the economy to a soft landing" or "a touch on the brakes", makes it sound like a precise science. Nothing could be further from the truth. The link between interest rates and inflation is uncertain. And there are long, variable lags before policy changes have any effect on the economy。
Given all these disadvantages, central bankers seem to have had much to boast of about late. Average inflation in the big seven industrial economies fell to a mere 2.3% last year, close to Its lowest level in 30 years, before rising slightly to 2.5% this July. This is a long way below the double-digit rates which many countries experienced in the 1970s and early 1980s。
It is also less than most forecasters had predicted. In late 1994 the panel of economists which The Economist polls each month said that America's inflation rate would average 3.5 % in 1995. In fact, it fell to 2.6% in August, and is expected to average only about 3% for the year as a whole. In Britain and Japan inflation is running half a percentage below the rate predicted at the end of the last year. This is no flash in the pan; over the past couple of years, inflation has been consistently lower than expected in Britain and America。
Economists have been particularly surprised by favorable inflation figures in Britain and the United States, since conventional measures suggest that both economies, esp. America's, have little productive slack. America's capacity utilization, for example, hit historically high levels earlier this year, and its jobless rate has fallen below most
Why has inflation proved so wild7 The most thrilling explanation is, unfortunately a little defective. Some economists argue that powerful structural changes in the world have up-ended the old economic models that were based upon the historical link between growth and inflation。
52. According to the passage, making monetary policy changes ______。
A) is comparable to driving a car
B) is similar to carrying out scientific work
C) will not influence the economy immediately
D) will have an immediate impact on the inflation rate
53. From the passage we learn that ______。
A) there is a clear relationship between inflation and interest rates
B) the economy always follows particular trends
C) the current economic problems are entirely predictable
D) the present economic situation is better than expected
54. The passage suggests that ______。
A) the previous economic models are still applicable
B) an extremely low jobless rate will lead to inflation
C) a high unemployment rate will result from inflation
D) interest rates have an immediate effect on the economy
55. By saying "This is no flash in the pan" (Paragraph 3, Line 6)， the author implies that
A) the low inflation rate will continue B) the inflation rate will rise again
C) inflation will disappear entirely D) there is no inflation at present
56. How does the author feel about the present situation?
A) Tolerant. B) Indifferent. C) Disappointed. D) Surprised。
Passage Two
If you live in a city in North America or Europe, you have probably never thought much about water. Whenever you need some, you turn on the tap and there it is. Millions of people in other parts of the world are not so lucky. They have trouble getting enough clean water for their basic needs. This situation may soon become common all around the world, scientists believe. In fact, they say that the lack of clean water may be one of the biggest issues in the twenty-first century。
The reasons for this are clear. On the one hand. people are using more water than ever before. Over the last fifty years, the population of the world has more than doubled. On the other hand, many sources of surface water such as rivers, lakes, and streams are too polluted and unhealthy for use as drinking water。
This has forced more and more people to drill wells so they can get water form underground. There are enormous amounts of water deep underground in lakes called aquifers. Until recently, scientists believed this underground water was safe from pollution. Then, in the 1980s. people in the United States began to find chemicals in their well water, and scientists took a closer look at what was happening. Weldon Spring, Missouri, for example, was the site of a bomb factory during World War Ⅱ. The factory was destroyed after the war. but poisonous chemicals remained on the ground. Very slowly, these chemicals dripped down through the ground and into the aquifer. Once they did, however, the water form that aquifer was no longer drinkable。
It probably never will be drinkable again, Underground water is not renewed regularly by the rain, like lake or river water. Thus, if a harmful chemical gets into an aquifer, it will stay there for a very long time. Furthermore, it is nearly imp6ssible to remove all the water in an aquifer and clean out the pollutants。
Industrial sites like Weldon Spring are one cause of underground water pollution. There are thousands of such sites in the United States alone, and many others around the world. Underground water pollution is also caused by modern farming methods, which require the use of large amounts of chemicals in the fields. And finally, yet another important cause of underground water pollution is waste. That includes solid waste thrown away in dumps and landfills, and also untreated human and animal waste。
The situation is indeed very serious. Fortunately, there are many aquifers and they are very large. Only a small number have been seriously damaged so far. But if the world does not want to go thirsty in the near future, further pollution must be prevented. Around the world, governments must make real changes in industry, agriculture, and waste disposal。
57. This passage is mainly about ______。
A) pollution problems in general
B) people in North America or Europe are living happier than those in other parts
C) people drilling wells to check chemicals in well water
D) underground water pollution
58. In the first paragraph scientists express the idea that ______。
A) clean water is no longer available for people in Europe
B) there will always be enough water for everyone
C) the water problem will soon be resolved in the twenty-first century
D) many more people may soon. be without clean water
59. One reason for water shortage is that ______。
A) people in Europe don't turn off their taps
B) people drill too many wells and pollute them
C) the population has been continuously rising
D) there is not much underground water
60. In Weldon Spring, people found ______。
A) chemicals in well Water B) many sources of surface water
C) more aquifers than other places D) chemicals in the bomb factory
61. We can infer from this passage that industry, farming, and waste are ______。
A) polluting all aquifers in the United States
B) minor sources of underground water pollution
C) causing problems in bomb factories
D) the three main sources of underground water pollution
Part V Error Correction (15 minutes)
Eye behavior, involving varieties of eye-contact, can give subtle
messages which people pick up in their daily life. Warm looks or cold
stares tell more than words can. Meeting or failing to meet another
person's eye produce a particular effect. When two Americans look 62. ______。
searchingly at each other's eye, emotions are heightened and the 63. ______。
relationship becomes closer. However, Americans are careful about where 64. ______。
and when to meet other's eye. In our normal conversation, each eye
contact lasts only a few seconds before one or both individuals look away,
because the longer meeting of the eyes is rare, and after it happens, can 65. ______。
generate a special kind of human-to-human awareness. For instance, by
simply using his eyes. a man can make a woman aware of him comfortably
or uncomfortably; a long and steady gaze from a policeman or judge 66. ______。
intimidates accused. In the U.S. proper street behavior requires a nice
balance of attention and inattention. You are supposed to look at a passer- 67. ______。
by just enough to show that you are being aware of his presence. If you
look too little, you appear haughty; too much, inquisitive. Much eye 68. ______。
behavior is such subtle that our reaction to it is largely instinctive.
Besides, the codes of eye behavior vary dramatically from one culture to 69. ______。
other. In the Middle east, it is impolite to look at other person all the time
during a conversation; in England, the polite listener fixes the speaker 70. ______。
with an inattentive stare and blinks eyes occasionally as a sign of interest
and attention. In America, eye behavior functions as a kind of 71. ______。
conversational traffic signal control the talking pace and time, and to
indicate a change of topic. If you can understand this vital mechanism of
interpersonal relations, the basic American idiom is there。
Part Ⅵ Translation (5 minutes)
72._________________________(這一丑聞對于正在力爭贏得大選的工黨來說無疑是一件尷尬的事). The negative effect could bring about terrible decrease in the votes。
73._________________________(不論他們如何努力，老一輩人往往發(fā)現(xiàn)要阻擋青年人發(fā)生困難的)modern society。
74. We hold this belief firmly_________________________(什么都不能阻擋中國人民實現(xiàn)現(xiàn)代化的決心)。
75. It is :protected by law that_________________________(連續(xù)工作6個月后，雇員就可以享受帶薪的假期和病假)。
76. _________________________(這位律師試圖說服陪審團他的當事人是無辜的). But he failed due 'to the lack of evidence。
參考答案(6)
Part I Sample Writing
Good evening, ladies and gentlemen:
Thank you for coming to this election campaign today. With the trust and complete support of my team, I am delighted to announce that I am running for chairman of the Student Union。
As a diligent man with pleasant personality, I have been always considered to be a good team member. Meanwhile, as a big fan of sports I fully realize the importance of teamwork and advocate the spirit of being quicker and stronger. I possess strong determination to take firm steps toward achieving the objectives of my team. in addition, my working experience with the Student Union in the past two years will be extremely helpful to my future work here if I get elected。
A sign of a really strong organization is that it can change its leadership without hindering its progress and without damaging its values. If I am elected, I believe I have the capability to lead the Union to advance in the right direction. I will cooperate well with my fellow members of the Union and take innovative measures, including establishing a student-information center, forming a teacher-student-friendship association, to make the Union a true assistance to students" study and life here as well as a bridge of communication between teachers and students。
Thank you very much。
Part Ⅱ Reading Comprehension (Skimming and Scanning)
1. D 2. B 3. B 4. A 5. C 6. C 7. A
8. pigeons
9. leading/guiding/directing
10. challenge of evolution
Part Ⅲ Listening Comprehension
Section A
11--15 ACBCD 16--20 ACABA 21--25 ABDBB
Section B
26--30 BCDDA 31--35 CBCBA
Section C
36. recall 37. suspecting 38. practically 39. manufacturing
40. enterprises 41. managed 42. accomplish 43. arrange
44. he would cross off items and add others as they occurred to him
45. His goal manages to cross off every single item
46. those at the top use s To Do List every day to make better use of their time; those aT the bottom don't
Part Ⅳ Reading Comprehension (Reading in Depth)
Section A
47. To test whether children are capable of deductive reasoning。
48. integrate/put together
49. features of the apparatus and procedure
50. Michael Cole and his colleagues。
51. Simon Hewson
Section B
52--56 CDBAD 57--61 DDCAD
Part V Error Correction
62. produce→produces
63. at→into
64. where→how
65. after→when或if
66. 在accuse 之前加the
67. 刪除being
68. such→so
69. other→another
70. inattentive→attentive
71. 在control之前加to
Part Ⅵ Translation
72. The scandal will undoubtedly be an embarrassment to the Labour Party which is trying hard to win the election
73. No matter how hard they try, the older generation often find it difficult to hold back changes among the young
74. nothing can stand in the way of the Chinese people in their resolve to modernize their country
75. after working for 6 months on end, employees are entitled to paid holidays and sick leaves
76. The lawyer tried to convince the jury of his client's innocence
Part Ⅱ Reading Comprehension(Skimming and Scanning)
1.由“Cracking Walnuts”部分第二段第二句“But this remarkable piece of behavior would seem to be a particularly acute demonstration of bird intelligence?！笨梢姙貘f借助交通工具軋碎核桃的行為是鳥類具有智慧的例證。故本題正確答案為D項。
2.由“Do Birds Have Intelligence?”部分第三句“But a new generation of scientists believes that creatures，including birds，can solve problems by insight and even learn by example，as human children do?！笨梢娦乱淮目茖W家們認為鳥類和其他動物電具有智慧。因此本題正確答案為B項。
3.“Good Memory”部分講到有些鳥類擁有非凡的記憶力。作者以某類北美烏鴉為例。在每年11月份，該烏鴉將近三萬粒松子儲藏在廣達兩百平方英里的范圍內。在隨后的八個月里，它能夠找回90%的松子，無論它們是否被厚厚的白雪覆蓋。根據原文“Over the next eight months，it succeeds in retrieving over 90 percent of them，even when they are covered in feet of snow。”可知本題正確答案為B項。
4.由“Making and Using Tools”部分第一段第一句“On the Pacific island of New Caledonia， the crows demonstrate a tool-making，and tool using capability comparable to Paleolithic man's。”可知新喀里多尼亞島上的這種烏鴉所展示的制造和使用工具的能力可以和舊石器時代的人相媲美。故本題正確答案為A項。
5.根據“Communication Ability”部分第一段后一句“The work of Professor Irene Pepperberg of the University of Arizona，Tucson，has now shown the general perception of parrots as mindless mimics to be incorrect?！笨芍淌诘墓ぷ髯C明了把鸚鵡說話當作愚蠢學舌的普遍看法是錯誤的。由此可以推斷，人們一般認為鸚鵡說話是愚蠢的學舌。故本題正確答案為C項。
6.由“Communication Ability”部分第三段中的“While they wander around the forest，they learn the different dialect songs...As soon as a territory-owning male dies，a new young male may move in to take over within 10 minutes.He will immediately start singing the dialect of the territory he is in?！笨芍贻p的雄鳥學習不同的“方言”并不是為了和該領地的鳥交流關于食物的信息，而是為了在該領地的雄鳥死去后可以占據該領地，用“方言”統(tǒng)領其他鳥。因此本題的正確答案為C項。
7.由“Social Necessity Makes Birds Smart”部分第一句“Scientists believe it is not physical need that drives creatures to become smarter，but social necessity。”可知是社會需求并非生理需求使生物變得更有智慧。故本題正確答案為A項。
8.“Possessing Abstract Concepts”部分后兩句作者說：“The experiment seems to show that pigeons can hold concepts，or ideas，in their heads.The visual concept for the pigeon is Picasso's painting style?！弊髡吲e鴿子為例，講到有些鳥類具有抽象概念。故本題答案為“pigeons”。
9.根據“Social Necessity Makes Birds Smart”部分第二段“Some ravens certainly apply their intelligence for the good of the flock...This bird leads the others to his food store，apparently sharing his finding with the rest of the flock。”可知北美的這些烏鴉引導同伴到自己發(fā)現(xiàn)食物的地方，讓大家一起分享食物。故此題答案可以填寫“l(fā)eading/guiding/directing”。
10.根據“Intelligence Inheritance”部分倒數(shù)第二句“They would never have met the challenge of evolution without some degree of native cunning?！笨梢婙B類是通過基因遺傳獲得能力和智慧應對進化過程中的挑戰(zhàn)。故本題答案為“challenge of evolution”。
Part Ⅲ Listening Comprehension(聽力原文在光盤中)
Tape Script of Listening Comprehension
Section A
Directions: In this section, you will hear 8 short conversations and 2 long conversations. At the end of each conversation, one or more questions will be asked about what was said. Both the conversation and the questions will be spoken only once. After each question there will be a pause. During the pause, you must read the four choices marked A)， B)， C) and D)， and decide which is the best answer. Then mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2 with a single line through the center。
11. W: We are informed that the 11:30 train is late again。
M: Why did the railway company even bother to print a schedule?
Q: What do we learn from the conversation?
12. M: I’ve been waiting all week for this concert. The performance is said to be excellent. And with our student discount, the tickets will be real cheap。
W: Ah ah…I’m afraid I left my student ID card in the dorm。
Q: What does the woman imply?
13. W: Renting the conference room at the hotel will cost us too much. We’re already running in the red。
M: How about using our dining room for the meeting?
Q: What’s worrying the woman?
14. M: After high school, I’d like to go to college and major in business administration. I really like power and enjoy telling people what to do。
W: You’re very ambitious. But I’d rather spend my college days finding out what children are interested in. Child’s psychology is for me。
Q: What do we learn from the conversation?
15. W: I just made a jar of jam this morning and now I can't find it any where. Do you know what happened to it？
M: Did you hear a crash, that was it, I'm just as clumsy as ever。
Q: What is the problem？
16. W: I read in the newspaper that the novel you are reading is excellent。
M: I've also read some negative reviews。
Q: What can be learned from the conversation？
17. W: John told me he had got a second-hand car, do you know how much he paid for it？
M: Well, he said he paid 800 dollars for it. I think he got a real bargain。
Q: What does the man think of the price of the car?
18. M: Hello, this is doctor Marita from the emergency department. I have a 70-year-old patient with a fractured ankle。
W: OK, send him toward 3.
Q: What are they talking about on the phone？
Now you’ll hear two long conversations。
Conversation One
M: Hi. Uh, haven't we met before? You look so familiar。
W: Yeah. We met on campus last week, and you asked me the same question。
M: Oh, oh really? I'm sorry, but I'm terrible with names. But, but, but . . . Let me guess. It's Sherry, right?
W: No, but you got the first letter right。
M: I know, I know. It's on the tip of my tongue. Wait. Uh, Sandy, Susan. Wait, wait. It's Sharon。
W: Yeah. You got it . . . and only on the fourth try。
M: So, well, Sh . . ., I mean Sharon. How are you?
W: Not bad. And what was your name?
M: It's Ben, but everyone calls me B.J. And, uh, what do you do, Sh . . . Sharon?
W: I'm a graduate student majoring in TESL。
M: Uh, TESL . . . What's that?
W: It stands for Teaching English as a Second Language. I want to teach English to non-native speakers overseas。
M: Hey, that's sound really exciting. And do you need some type of specific degree or experience to do that?
W: Well, most employers overseas are looking for someone who has at least a Bachelor's degree and one or two years of experience. And what do you do? Are you a student on campus?
M: Yeah, but, uh . . . I guess I'm thinking of the idea of going into accounting or international business, but I guess I'm now leaning towards a degree in marketing。
W: Oh, uh . . . Well, I have to run. I have a class in ten minutes。
M: Oh, okay. And, uh, by the way, there's this, uh, dance on campus at the student center tonight, and I was wondering if you'd . . . you know . . . like to come along。
W: Oh really? Well, perhaps . . 。
M: Okay, well, bye。
Questions 19 to 22 are based on the conversation you have just heard。
19. Where did the man and woman first meet?
20. What’s the woman’s name?
21. What major is the man considering most at this time?
22. Do you think the woman is interested in going out with the man?
Conversation Two
W: Mike, any plans for the summer vacation?
M: I want to travel, but haven’t decided where to go yet. Any suggestion?
W: Last year I went to Lugu Lake。
M: Lugu Lake? Where is it?
W: It is situated in the center of Ningliang Yi Autonomous County, in northwest Yunnan。
M: How was it?
W: Well, wonderful scenery, also its unique Mosuo culture. You must be interested, since you major in Chinese culture。
M: Yes, I am. How to get there?
W: I got there from Kunming. I took a sleeper bus at 16:00 and got to Ningliang about 10:00 in the morning. The trip is 620km and the fare is around RMB130.
M: That’s great. Kunming is a beautiful city. I long to go there too. Any other places worth going to?
W: Well, there are so many natural wonders in China. Besides Lugu Lake, I have also been to Kanasi Lake, a gorgeous lake 1,374 meters high above sea level. It’s near Urumuqi。
M: But Urumuqi is too far away from Kunming。
W: Oh, Detian Waterfall in Guangxi! You will like it, near Yunnan。
M: I love waterfall. I once went to Niagara Falls, fantastic。
W: Yes, Detian Waterfall is the second largest trans-national waterfall in the world, second only to the Niagara Falls on the US-Canadian border. You won’t regret going there。
M: Sure. You know, Chen, where I want to go most in China?
W: Tibet?
M: Almost right. Mount Everest。
W: Haha. As an ordinary traveler, it's probably better to use your imagination and enjoy it through pictures rather than actually going there。
Questions 23 to 25 are based on the conversation you have just heard。
23. Where is Lugu Lake?
24. What is Lugu Lake famous for, according to the passage?
25. How long did it take Chen to get to Lugu Lake from Kunming?
Section B
Directions: In this section, you will hear 3 short passages. At the end of each passage, you will hear some questions. Both the passage and the questions will be spoken only once. After you hear a question, you must choose the best answer from the four choices marked A)， B)， C) and D). Then mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2 with a single line through the center。
Passage One
Nearly a third of young people with disabilities have taken at least some postsecondary classes within the first two years after they leave high school. The study finds that disabled students over all are less than half as likely as their peers to have attended college in the two years after high school, but the college-going rate varies greatly by type of disability: students with hearing or visual problems are as likely as nondisabled students to have done some postsecondary work。
The study’s underlying purpose is to help gauge the success of federal laws and programs which ensures elementary and secondary schools to prepare disabled people for later life. But along the way, the study provides in-depth data about them。
The study looked at a group of students who were in high school in 2001 and who had finished or left high school two years later。
Of those, 31 percent of disabled students had attended a postsecondary institution since leaving high school. Nearly 20 percent of the students were attending college when the study was conducted, just under half of the proportion of the general population。
The study also finds that 67 percent of students with hearing problems and 69 percent of students with visual problems had attended some college since high school. Only one in five students with emotional disabilities had received some postsecondary education since they left high school。
Questions 26 to 28 are based on the passage you have just heard。
26. How long are the group of disabled people been traced in the study?
27. What is the proportion of the disabled against their peers attending college?
28. What is the purpose of the study?
Passage Two
American visitors to Eastern Asia are often surprised and puzzled by how Asian cultures and customs differ from those in the United States. What’s considered typical or proper social conduct in one country may be regard as odd, improper or even rude in the other. For example, people from some Eastern Asian countries may begin a conversation with a stranger by asking personal questions about family, home or work. Such questions are thought to be friendly, whereas they might be considered offensive in the United States. On the other hand, people in most Asian cultures are far more guarded about expressing their feelings publicly than most Americans are. Openly displaying annoyance or anger, yelling, arguing loudly and so forth is considered ill-mannered in countries such as Japan. Many Eastern Asians prefer to hold their emotions in check and instead express themselves with great politeness. They try not to be blunt and avoid making direct criticisms. In fact, they often keep their differences of opinion to themselves and merely smile and remain silent rather than engage in a confrontation. By comparison, Americans are often frank about displaying both positive and negative emotions on the street and in other public places. Americans visiting Asia should keep in mind that such behavior may cause offense. A major difference between American culture and most Asian cultures is that in Asia, the community is more important than the individual. Most Americans are considered a success when they make a name for themselves。
Questions 29 to 31 are based on the passage you have just heard。
29. How would some Asians start their conversation when they meet for the first time?
30. What would a Japanese do when he feels annoyed?
31. What is encouraged in American culture according to the passage?
Passage Three
Between ten and midnight the United States is politically leaderless -- there is no center of information anywhere in the nation except in the New York headquarters of the great broadcasting companies and the two great wire services. No candidate and no party can afford the investment on election night to match the news-gathering resources of the mass media; and so, as every citizen sits in his home watching his TV set or listening to his radio, he is the equal of any other in knowledge. There is nothing that can be done in these hours, for no one can any longer direct the great strike for American power; the polls have closed. Good or bad, whatever the decision, America will accept the decision -- and cut down any man who goes against it, even though for millions the decision runs contrary to their own votes. The general vote is an expression of national will, the only substitute for violence and blood. Its decision is to be defended as one defends civilization itself。
There is nothing like this American expression of will in England or France, India or Russia. Only one other major nation in modern history has ever tried to elect its leader directly by mass, free, popular vote. This was the Weimar Republic of Germany, which modeled its unitary vote for a national leader on the American practice. Out of its experiment with the system it got Hitler. Americans have had Lincoln, Wilson, two Roosevelt's. Nothing can be done when the voting returns are flooding in: the White House and its power will move to one or another of the two candidates, and all will know about it in the morning。
Questions 32 to 35 are based on the passage you have just heard。
32 What is the chief activity in the United States between ten and midnight of the day being discussed?
33. What is the attitude in the United States toward the decision which emerges from the two-hour period?
34. What was the only major modern nation in which a similar experience might have been felt by its citizens?
35. Who came into power from the experiment in the other nation?
Section C
Directions: In this section, you will hear a passage three times. When the passage is read for the first time, you should listen carefully for its general idea. When the passage is read for the second time, you are required to fill in the blanks numbered from 36 to 43 with the exact words you have just heard. For blanks numbered from 44 to 46 you are required to fill in the missing information. For these blanks, you can either use the exact words you have just heard or write down the main points in your own words. Finally, when the passage is read for the third time, you should check what you have written。
I asked successful people what the secret of their success was. I recall an early discussion with a vice president of a large oil company. “Oh, I just keep a To Do List,” he said. I passed over that quickly, little suspecting the importance of what he said。
I was in another city the next day and I had lunch with a businessman who practically owned the town. He was chairman of the gas and light company, president of five manufacturing companies, and had his hand in a dozen other enterprises. I asked him how he managed to get everything done. “Oh, that’s easy,” he said. “I keep a To Do List。” The first thing in the morning, he told me, he would come in and list what he wanted to accomplish that day. He would arrange the items in priority。
During the day he would cross off items and add others as they occurred to him. In the evening he would check to see how many of the items he had written down still remained undone and then give himself a score. His goal manages to cross off every single item。
Again and again in the years since, when I have talked to successful people, the To Do List has come up. I have found that one difference between people at the top of the ladder and people at the bottom is that those at the top use a To Do List every day to make better use of their time; those at the bottom don’t。
Part Ⅳ Reading Comprehension(Reading in Depth)
Section A
47.從第二段的后一句“So the Kendlers concluded that they were incapable of deductive reasoning。”和全文的后一句“...but this difficulty cannot be taken as proof that they are incapable of deductive reasoning。”可以推斷，三組實驗都是根據文章開頭所提到的心理學家 Clark Hull的理論。來驗證實驗對象是否有推理能力的。Kendler夫婦的實驗對象是兒童。故可以回答為“To test whether children are capable of deductive reasoning?！薄?BR> 48.結合第二段倒數(shù)第三句“But they did not for the most part‘integrates’。”和文章第一段“... the essence of reasoning lies in the putting together of two‘behavior segments' in some novel way，never actually performed before，so as to reach a goal.’”可見如果實驗對象能把兩個行為”“結合”起來去達到一個目的，就是具備了推理能力。所以培訓實驗對象的時候顯然不會教他們如何去“結合”兩個步驟。故正確答案為“integrate”或者也可以是“put together”。
49.文章第三段描述了Michael Cole和同事們的實驗。當他們把實驗設施換成實驗對象所熟悉的東西時，他們的表現(xiàn)有所改善?？梢娪绊憣嶒灲Y果的是實驗設施的特點。封文章的第四段，作者對此做了總結：“Recent work by Simon Hewson is of great interest here for it shows that，for young children，too，the difficulty lies not in the inferential processes which the task demands，but in certain perplexing features of the apparatus and the procedure。”，作者明確指出無論實驗對象是成人還是兒童，影響他們表現(xiàn)的是實驗設施和過程的特點。因此，正確答案為“features of the apparatus and procedure”。
50.文章第二段描述Kendler夫婦的實驗時作者提到：“The stages consisted merely of pressing the correct one of two buttons to get a marble；and of inserting the marble into a small hole to release the toy。”。第四段描述Simon Hewson的實驗時提到：“Then he helped the child to understand that there was no“magic”about the specific marble?！?，由此可見只有Michael Cole和他同事的實驗沒有用彈珠了。故正確答案是“Michael Cole and his colleagues?！?。
51.第四段描述了Simon Hewson在前面兩個研究者的實驗的基礎上改良了實驗設施，對兒童進行了實驗。結果證明五歲和四歲兒童的表現(xiàn)有大幅度提高。由此也證明，前面認為孩子不具備推理能力的實驗結論是錯誤的。因此，本題的正確答案是“Simon Hewson”。
Section B
52.細節(jié)推斷題。文中第一段末提出“The link between interest rates and inflation is uncertain.And there are long，variable lags before policy changes have any effect on the economy?！?，由此可以判斷選項C為正確答案。
53.推斷題。從文中第二段、第三段舉例可以看出，我們的經濟inflation rate總比預測的要低、要好。因而正確答案為D項。
54.意義推斷題。第一段末談到“And there are long，variable lags before policy changes have any effect on the economy”，由此排除選項D。后一段說“since conventional measures suggest that both economies，esp.America's，have little productive slack”，意思就是講過去傳統(tǒng)的方法對某些經濟預測不管用了，由此可以看出選項A不對。再看文末“both economies，esp.America's，have little productive slack.America's capacity utilization，for example，hit historically high levels earlier this year，and its jobless rate has fallen below most”，美國經濟通脹率低，生產蕭條狀況少，生產能力極大發(fā)揮，失業(yè)率降到高水平以下，由此可以反向推斷，失業(yè)率高，經濟通脹率就會低；失業(yè)率低，經濟通脹率就會高。因而正確答案為B項。
55.意義推斷題。先看其上下文“3.5%in 1995.In fact，it fell to 2.6% in August，and is expected to average only about 3% for the year as a whole.In Britain and Japan inflation is running half a percentage below the rate predicted at the end of the last year.This is no flash in the pan；over the past couple of years，inflation has been consistently lower than expected in Britain and America”，文前，文后都講經濟通脹率低于預期，由此我們可以判斷“This is no flash in the pan”，也就意味著低經濟通脹仍將繼續(xù)(整個經濟不會出現(xiàn)高通脹這樣的情況)。
56.寫作態(tài)度題。后一段，作者首先提到經濟學家們感到surprised，隨即作者便問“Why has inflation proved so wild?”筆者后驚呼“powerful structural changes in the world have up-ended the old economic models that were based upon the historical link between growth and inflation”，突然發(fā)現(xiàn)已經不能根據經濟增長和經濟通脹之間傳統(tǒng)的聯(lián)系來預測經濟發(fā)展規(guī)律了，因而正確答案為D項。
57.主旨題。第一段后半部分引出主旨“They have trouble getting enough clean water for their basic needs.This situation may soon become common all around the world，...lack of clean water may be one of the biggest issues in the twenty-first century?！?。第二段談及clean water變少的兩個主要原因，第三段告訴讀者既然可飲用水減少，人們就拼命掘井。然而井水也被污染。第四段說一旦地下水被污染，就不是短時間內可以恢復的。第五段闡述地下水污染的三個主要原因(化學物質、農業(yè)和廢物)。后一段再次重申地下水問題的重要性并呼吁全球政府采取措施。因此，正確答案為D項。
58.細節(jié)推斷題。請看上下文“They have trouble getting enough clean water for their basic needs.This situation may soon become common all around the world，...lack of clean water may be one of the biggest issues in the twenty-first century”，由此可推斷將有越來越多的人喝不上、用不上干凈的水，故正確答案D項。
59.細節(jié)選擇題。第二段講干凈的水減少的原因“On the one hand，people are using more water than ever before...population of the world has more than doubled...On the other hand，many sources of surface water...--are too polluted and unhealthy for use as drinking water?！?，即一方面人均用水量比以前增加，人口翻番；另一方面地表水污染嚴重，不適合飲用。因此正確答案為C項。
60.細節(jié)題。第三段中的“people in the United States began to find chemicals in their well water，...Weldon Spring，...，for example，。.”說明美國科學家發(fā)現(xiàn)Weldon Spring這些地方的井水里有化學物質。因此正確答案為A項。
61.推斷題。倒數(shù)第二段“Industrial sites...are one cause of underground water pollution... Underground water pollution is also caused by modern farming methods，which require the use of large amounts of chemicals in the fields.And finally，yet another important cause of underground water pollution is waste”中清楚地說明了地下水污染的三大原因，即化學物質、農業(yè)化肥和廢棄物。因此正確答案為D項。
Part V Error Correction
62.兩個主語meeting和failing to meet another person's eye用or連接，謂語動詞通常和鄰近的主語一致。
63.表示方式的狀語searchingly暗示這里應該是表示“注視”的詞組look into，而不是一般的“看”--look at。
64.根據上下文應為eye contact的方式方法問題。
65.應為條件或假設狀語從句，而不是時間狀語從句。
66.形容詞或過去分詞前加定冠詞，表示這一類人，此處the accused表示“被告”。
67.本文談的是一般情形，不需要用進行時。
68.注意so和such在用法上的差異：so+adj. / adv.+that；such+n.+that。
69.如果是三者以上，常用句法結構為one...another。
70.根據英國文化，禮貌的做法是交談過程中，傾聽對方說話時應該用專注的眼神注視說話的人，以示對所談話題的興趣和關注。
71.不定式to control the talking pace and time和to indicate a change of topic一起作conversational traffic signal的定語。
Part Ⅵ Translation
72.[注釋] 本句主要考查“尷尬”的翻譯，即embarrassment。
73.[注釋] 本句考查“阻攔”的翻譯，也就是hold back changes的使用。
74.[注釋] 本句首先考查的電是“阻擋”的翻譯，即stand in one's way；其次是“決心”的翻譯，即 resolve。
75.[注釋] 本句第一個難點是“連續(xù)”的翻譯，可使用詞組on end；其次，是“享受”的翻譯，即be entitled to。
76.[注釋] 本句考查的是“說服”的翻譯，也就是詞組convince...of。.的使用。