(4) 詞匯題設(shè)題形式及答題技巧
詞匯題是詢問文章中出現(xiàn)的某個詞、某個詞組甚至某個句子含義的題型。其中所詢問的詞、詞組或句子,往往不為考生所熟悉,但又能在文中找到線索進(jìn)行推測,所以這類考題是檢查考生是否具備根據(jù)一個詞、詞組或句子所處的特定環(huán)境來判斷其意義的能力。
解答這類試題時,考生應(yīng)首先明白,任何詞或詞語都不是孤立的,它或它們所在的上下文往往能提供重要的線索。某個定義、解釋、甚至標(biāo)點符號、關(guān)聯(lián)詞都可以幫助考生推測一些詞或詞語的意義,除此之外,我們還必須注意所測試的詞或詞語與其前后一些詞形成的同義、反義、并列和指代等關(guān)系。
這類題常見的提問方式有以下幾種:
The word “ … ”in line 5 refers to………
The word “… ”(Line 6. para.2) most probably means _____.
By “… ”,the author means _____.
The word “… ”could best be replaced by which of the following?
which of the following is nearest in meaning to “… ”?
In para.2,the sentence “…… ” probably means “…… ”
我們以2002年閱讀第二篇文章為例:
The market investigation is indispensable to sales promotion. They are closely related as the lips and teeth, so to speak. What you produce is for sale on the market. It would be impossible to succeed in selling a product without first investigating the market.
In the international market, goods on sale coming from different countries and suppliers are always facing keen competition. Under such circumstances, they will try everything possible to familiarize themselves with the market conditions. In making investigations, we ought to get information about what similar items the competitors are offering on the market, what prices they are quoting (報價), what features their products have, who are their regular customers, etc. Then, how can we obtain such information? There are many channels that we can make use of in doing this sort of work. The commercial counselor's offices of our embassies stationed abroad can help us in making market investigations. Nowadays, our import and export corporations send their trade groups abroad every now and then. One of their purposes is to make market surveys on the spot.
Certainly, face-to-face talks with foreign businessmen are also important channels to get market information. The Chinese Export Commodities Fairs and some other fairs of similar nature as well as visits of foreign businessmen provide us with such opportunities. Of course , there are some other ways of making market investigations.
文章的第三題是詞匯題。
The word “indispensable” in the first line means_____.
A. impossible B. essential C. advisable D. available
“indispensable ”在文章的第一段的第一行。從它后面的句子:“市場調(diào)查和促銷的關(guān)系就像牙齒和嘴唇的關(guān)系一樣緊密?!苯又终f:“生產(chǎn)是為了銷售,如果沒有事先的市場調(diào)查,銷售就不可能成功?!庇指鶕?jù)所給的四個選項,B:必不可少的,必需的。最合適。
以下介紹幾種通過上下文推斷詞義的行之有效的方法。
1、標(biāo)點符號是理解詞義的一條重要線索,因為有些詞的定義是通過標(biāo)點符號,如破折號,括號,冒號等來完成的。如:
Sometimes we work on night shift—— from 11:30 p . m to 7:30 a.m
從破折號后的說明,我們可以斷定“night shift”是“夜班”的意思。
2、有些信號詞如:is called, means, that is, is, or, define as, refer to 等通常是針對某一詞匯的定義、解釋或說明。如:
One sort of crimes which particularly worries people is juvenile delinquency,that is, crimes committed by young people.
從that is的解釋來看,我們可以斷定“juvenile delinquency”即 “青少年犯罪”。
3、舉例可以幫助我們理解詞義。對于有些重要的詞匯,作者常在詞后自帶解釋或例子。因此,根據(jù)例子可猜出詞義。如:
You may select any of these periodicals :Time Magazine, Newsweek, Reader′s Digest or The New Yorker.
從后邊列舉的時代周刊、新聞周刊等流行期刊,我們可以斷定“periodical”即“期刊雜志”。
4、靠形成反差、對照的詞或詞組猜出詞義。常見的這些詞或詞組有while, whereas, unlike, but, yet, although, however, in contrast, on the other hand, rather than 等。如:
Jane was talking with others while Eliza remained reticent all the time.
文章的while作“而,卻”解,由此我們可以斷定“reticent”作“沉默寡言的”解。
5、憑借常識和經(jīng)驗猜測詞義。如:
The door was so low that I hit my head on the lintel.
只要你知道so that這個結(jié)構(gòu),憑借常識就應(yīng)猜出“l(fā)intel”的意思是“過梁,上門梁”。
6、根據(jù)構(gòu)詞法來猜測詞義。熟悉英語詞匯的構(gòu)詞法,特別是派生詞的構(gòu)成方法及詞義,可以幫助我們在閱讀過程中有效地猜測詞義,提高閱讀速度,準(zhǔn)確答題。
考生應(yīng)特別注意英語詞綴的某些特點。如,一般來說前綴只增加或改變一個詞的意義,但并不改變其詞性。例如:supermarket(超市),foretell (預(yù)言),dissatisfied(不滿意的)uncomfortably(不舒服地)等。而后綴不但可以增加或改變一個詞的意義,而且改變其詞性。如washable變動詞“洗”為形容詞“可洗的”,normalize變形容詞“正常的”為動詞“使……正?;保琤eginner變動詞“開始”為名詞“初學(xué)者”,childless則由名詞“小孩”變?yōu)樾稳菰~“無子女的”。只要知道詞根的意義,又熟悉前綴和后綴表示的意義,就不難判斷這些詞的詞義。
(5) 詢問作者寫作目或態(tài)度的常見提問方式及答題技巧
作者的語氣態(tài)度往往不會直接寫在文章里,只能通過細(xì)讀文章,從作者的選詞及其修飾手段中體會出來。這種題型常見的提問形式有:
The author seems _____.
The author‘s tone in this passage is _____.
The purpose of the author in writing this passage is _____.
The author‘s intention in writing the passage is to _____.
The writer probably feels that _____.
In the author‘s opinion, _____.
這類考題中,詢問語氣態(tài)度的題,選擇項里常出現(xiàn)以下一些重要的詞:sympathetic 同情的;critical批評的; doubtful懷疑的;objective客觀的;enthusiastic熱情的,matter-of-fact實事求是的;hostile 敵對的;satisfied滿意的;friendly友好的;indifferent冷淡的;subjective主觀的;optimistic樂觀的;pessimistic悲觀的;disappointed失望的;neutral中立的。
詢問寫作目的的題,選擇項里常出現(xiàn)的詞是:
explain解釋;persuade勸說;comment評論;
criticize批評;interest引起……的注意或興趣;
entertain使歡樂;argue辯論;demonstrate舉例說明,示范;
tell講述;prove 證明;urge激動;advise勸告;analyze分析;
praise贊揚,view看待,等等。
例:
One bright spot in the U.S. economy in 1979 was the surprising decline in gasoline use. Rising fuel costs are finally prodding Americans to cut back on consumption, and the need for this becomes more acute all the time.
有關(guān)作者態(tài)度或觀點的問題是:
How does the author view the decline in gas consumption?
A. He is indifferent. B. He thinks it is a good sign.
C. He doesn‘t see the need for it. D. He is unhappy about it.
作者把“the decline in gas consumption”描述為“one bright spot in the U.S economy”,可見答案應(yīng)該是B.
除了要掌握基本的閱讀方法和前面講到的應(yīng)試技巧以外,要想在規(guī)定的時間內(nèi),既能準(zhǔn)確又能快速地回答好所有問題,考生還應(yīng)注意以下幾點:
1、考生應(yīng)針對文章的不同題材和題型,選擇不同的閱讀方法。有時需要先瀏覽文章,后看題目;有時則不然。但通常情況下,應(yīng)首先確定文章的主旨或主題,然后再審讀問題。在絕大多數(shù)情況下我們的答題步驟應(yīng)該是(1)預(yù)先快速瀏覽題干和每段首句,確定哪些是重點和相關(guān)因素,知道所設(shè)問題的類型,做到心中有數(shù)。(2)快速閱讀文章,了解文章大意和重點,盡快掃描,讀到與剛才所記住的與題干有關(guān)的內(nèi)容,先用鉛筆做些記號,快速在答案中選出一個臨時答案,然后繼續(xù)閱讀。(3)用最快速度重讀問題,找出心中已經(jīng)有把握的答案位置。再閱讀一遍該段有關(guān)材料,盡快答完有把握的問題。對那些尚未作答的題目,再用上述方法一口氣重讀一遍文章,這次應(yīng)找出更微妙的線索,集中精力解決難題。
2、一般來說,除了主旨及推論型題目以外,題目順序與文章的情節(jié)發(fā)展是一致的,因此應(yīng)按題目順序解題。
3、文章較難時,不必緊張,根據(jù)語言學(xué)科的測試規(guī)律,如果文章難則問題比較簡單。只要能很好地應(yīng)用閱讀技巧,就不難找到正確答案。另外,文章偏長也不一定就難,因為在較長的篇幅中,其詞匯,句子結(jié)構(gòu)的復(fù)雜程度要相對容易些。
4、閱讀過程中,可以在文章或問題旁空白處做些記號,也可以對一些與答題有關(guān)的詞句劃線。還可以標(biāo)出一些關(guān)鍵詞,尤其是文章的論點、論據(jù)及一些有關(guān)事實,以避免遺忘或回顧時浪費時間。
5、回答問題時不能按照個人的主觀臆斷,回答問題的根據(jù)應(yīng)該建立在閱讀文章的基礎(chǔ)上。
詞匯題是詢問文章中出現(xiàn)的某個詞、某個詞組甚至某個句子含義的題型。其中所詢問的詞、詞組或句子,往往不為考生所熟悉,但又能在文中找到線索進(jìn)行推測,所以這類考題是檢查考生是否具備根據(jù)一個詞、詞組或句子所處的特定環(huán)境來判斷其意義的能力。
解答這類試題時,考生應(yīng)首先明白,任何詞或詞語都不是孤立的,它或它們所在的上下文往往能提供重要的線索。某個定義、解釋、甚至標(biāo)點符號、關(guān)聯(lián)詞都可以幫助考生推測一些詞或詞語的意義,除此之外,我們還必須注意所測試的詞或詞語與其前后一些詞形成的同義、反義、并列和指代等關(guān)系。
這類題常見的提問方式有以下幾種:
The word “ … ”in line 5 refers to………
The word “… ”(Line 6. para.2) most probably means _____.
By “… ”,the author means _____.
The word “… ”could best be replaced by which of the following?
which of the following is nearest in meaning to “… ”?
In para.2,the sentence “…… ” probably means “…… ”
我們以2002年閱讀第二篇文章為例:
The market investigation is indispensable to sales promotion. They are closely related as the lips and teeth, so to speak. What you produce is for sale on the market. It would be impossible to succeed in selling a product without first investigating the market.
In the international market, goods on sale coming from different countries and suppliers are always facing keen competition. Under such circumstances, they will try everything possible to familiarize themselves with the market conditions. In making investigations, we ought to get information about what similar items the competitors are offering on the market, what prices they are quoting (報價), what features their products have, who are their regular customers, etc. Then, how can we obtain such information? There are many channels that we can make use of in doing this sort of work. The commercial counselor's offices of our embassies stationed abroad can help us in making market investigations. Nowadays, our import and export corporations send their trade groups abroad every now and then. One of their purposes is to make market surveys on the spot.
Certainly, face-to-face talks with foreign businessmen are also important channels to get market information. The Chinese Export Commodities Fairs and some other fairs of similar nature as well as visits of foreign businessmen provide us with such opportunities. Of course , there are some other ways of making market investigations.
文章的第三題是詞匯題。
The word “indispensable” in the first line means_____.
A. impossible B. essential C. advisable D. available
“indispensable ”在文章的第一段的第一行。從它后面的句子:“市場調(diào)查和促銷的關(guān)系就像牙齒和嘴唇的關(guān)系一樣緊密?!苯又终f:“生產(chǎn)是為了銷售,如果沒有事先的市場調(diào)查,銷售就不可能成功?!庇指鶕?jù)所給的四個選項,B:必不可少的,必需的。最合適。
以下介紹幾種通過上下文推斷詞義的行之有效的方法。
1、標(biāo)點符號是理解詞義的一條重要線索,因為有些詞的定義是通過標(biāo)點符號,如破折號,括號,冒號等來完成的。如:
Sometimes we work on night shift—— from 11:30 p . m to 7:30 a.m
從破折號后的說明,我們可以斷定“night shift”是“夜班”的意思。
2、有些信號詞如:is called, means, that is, is, or, define as, refer to 等通常是針對某一詞匯的定義、解釋或說明。如:
One sort of crimes which particularly worries people is juvenile delinquency,that is, crimes committed by young people.
從that is的解釋來看,我們可以斷定“juvenile delinquency”即 “青少年犯罪”。
3、舉例可以幫助我們理解詞義。對于有些重要的詞匯,作者常在詞后自帶解釋或例子。因此,根據(jù)例子可猜出詞義。如:
You may select any of these periodicals :Time Magazine, Newsweek, Reader′s Digest or The New Yorker.
從后邊列舉的時代周刊、新聞周刊等流行期刊,我們可以斷定“periodical”即“期刊雜志”。
4、靠形成反差、對照的詞或詞組猜出詞義。常見的這些詞或詞組有while, whereas, unlike, but, yet, although, however, in contrast, on the other hand, rather than 等。如:
Jane was talking with others while Eliza remained reticent all the time.
文章的while作“而,卻”解,由此我們可以斷定“reticent”作“沉默寡言的”解。
5、憑借常識和經(jīng)驗猜測詞義。如:
The door was so low that I hit my head on the lintel.
只要你知道so that這個結(jié)構(gòu),憑借常識就應(yīng)猜出“l(fā)intel”的意思是“過梁,上門梁”。
6、根據(jù)構(gòu)詞法來猜測詞義。熟悉英語詞匯的構(gòu)詞法,特別是派生詞的構(gòu)成方法及詞義,可以幫助我們在閱讀過程中有效地猜測詞義,提高閱讀速度,準(zhǔn)確答題。
考生應(yīng)特別注意英語詞綴的某些特點。如,一般來說前綴只增加或改變一個詞的意義,但并不改變其詞性。例如:supermarket(超市),foretell (預(yù)言),dissatisfied(不滿意的)uncomfortably(不舒服地)等。而后綴不但可以增加或改變一個詞的意義,而且改變其詞性。如washable變動詞“洗”為形容詞“可洗的”,normalize變形容詞“正常的”為動詞“使……正?;保琤eginner變動詞“開始”為名詞“初學(xué)者”,childless則由名詞“小孩”變?yōu)樾稳菰~“無子女的”。只要知道詞根的意義,又熟悉前綴和后綴表示的意義,就不難判斷這些詞的詞義。
(5) 詢問作者寫作目或態(tài)度的常見提問方式及答題技巧
作者的語氣態(tài)度往往不會直接寫在文章里,只能通過細(xì)讀文章,從作者的選詞及其修飾手段中體會出來。這種題型常見的提問形式有:
The author seems _____.
The author‘s tone in this passage is _____.
The purpose of the author in writing this passage is _____.
The author‘s intention in writing the passage is to _____.
The writer probably feels that _____.
In the author‘s opinion, _____.
這類考題中,詢問語氣態(tài)度的題,選擇項里常出現(xiàn)以下一些重要的詞:sympathetic 同情的;critical批評的; doubtful懷疑的;objective客觀的;enthusiastic熱情的,matter-of-fact實事求是的;hostile 敵對的;satisfied滿意的;friendly友好的;indifferent冷淡的;subjective主觀的;optimistic樂觀的;pessimistic悲觀的;disappointed失望的;neutral中立的。
詢問寫作目的的題,選擇項里常出現(xiàn)的詞是:
explain解釋;persuade勸說;comment評論;
criticize批評;interest引起……的注意或興趣;
entertain使歡樂;argue辯論;demonstrate舉例說明,示范;
tell講述;prove 證明;urge激動;advise勸告;analyze分析;
praise贊揚,view看待,等等。
例:
One bright spot in the U.S. economy in 1979 was the surprising decline in gasoline use. Rising fuel costs are finally prodding Americans to cut back on consumption, and the need for this becomes more acute all the time.
有關(guān)作者態(tài)度或觀點的問題是:
How does the author view the decline in gas consumption?
A. He is indifferent. B. He thinks it is a good sign.
C. He doesn‘t see the need for it. D. He is unhappy about it.
作者把“the decline in gas consumption”描述為“one bright spot in the U.S economy”,可見答案應(yīng)該是B.
除了要掌握基本的閱讀方法和前面講到的應(yīng)試技巧以外,要想在規(guī)定的時間內(nèi),既能準(zhǔn)確又能快速地回答好所有問題,考生還應(yīng)注意以下幾點:
1、考生應(yīng)針對文章的不同題材和題型,選擇不同的閱讀方法。有時需要先瀏覽文章,后看題目;有時則不然。但通常情況下,應(yīng)首先確定文章的主旨或主題,然后再審讀問題。在絕大多數(shù)情況下我們的答題步驟應(yīng)該是(1)預(yù)先快速瀏覽題干和每段首句,確定哪些是重點和相關(guān)因素,知道所設(shè)問題的類型,做到心中有數(shù)。(2)快速閱讀文章,了解文章大意和重點,盡快掃描,讀到與剛才所記住的與題干有關(guān)的內(nèi)容,先用鉛筆做些記號,快速在答案中選出一個臨時答案,然后繼續(xù)閱讀。(3)用最快速度重讀問題,找出心中已經(jīng)有把握的答案位置。再閱讀一遍該段有關(guān)材料,盡快答完有把握的問題。對那些尚未作答的題目,再用上述方法一口氣重讀一遍文章,這次應(yīng)找出更微妙的線索,集中精力解決難題。
2、一般來說,除了主旨及推論型題目以外,題目順序與文章的情節(jié)發(fā)展是一致的,因此應(yīng)按題目順序解題。
3、文章較難時,不必緊張,根據(jù)語言學(xué)科的測試規(guī)律,如果文章難則問題比較簡單。只要能很好地應(yīng)用閱讀技巧,就不難找到正確答案。另外,文章偏長也不一定就難,因為在較長的篇幅中,其詞匯,句子結(jié)構(gòu)的復(fù)雜程度要相對容易些。
4、閱讀過程中,可以在文章或問題旁空白處做些記號,也可以對一些與答題有關(guān)的詞句劃線。還可以標(biāo)出一些關(guān)鍵詞,尤其是文章的論點、論據(jù)及一些有關(guān)事實,以避免遺忘或回顧時浪費時間。
5、回答問題時不能按照個人的主觀臆斷,回答問題的根據(jù)應(yīng)該建立在閱讀文章的基礎(chǔ)上。

