成考專(zhuān)升本英語(yǔ)重點(diǎn)語(yǔ)法資料一

字號(hào):

一、名詞
    1、可數(shù)名詞Countable Noun
    1.1 規(guī)則名詞的復(fù)數(shù)形式,如:
    ①map——maps ②box——boxes ③story——stories
    1.2不規(guī)則名詞的復(fù)數(shù)形式
    1) 以-o結(jié)尾的名詞多數(shù)加-es構(gòu)成復(fù)數(shù):
    hero——heroes 英雄 cargo——cargoes貨物 potato——potatoes 土豆 tomato——tomatoes西紅柿
    **某些外來(lái)詞以-o結(jié)尾,但只加-s:
    auto——autos 汽車(chē) piano——pianos鋼琴 photo——photos 照片 kilo——kilos公里
    **以-oo或元音字母加-o結(jié)尾的詞也只加-s:
    zoo——zoos動(dòng)物園 radio——radios收音機(jī) bamboo——bamboos竹子 studio——studios照相館
    2)以-f或-fe結(jié)尾的名詞,多數(shù)變f為v再加上-es:
    thief——thieves小偷 knife——knives刀 wife——wives妻子
    life——lives生命 shelf——shelves架子 half——halves半
    **但有些只加-s: belief——beliefs信念 roof——roofs屋頂
    3)常見(jiàn)特殊復(fù)數(shù)形式:
    child——children孩子 foot——feet腳,英尺 goose——geese鵝 ox——oxen牛
    tooth——teeth牙齒 mouse——mice老鼠 basis——bases基礎(chǔ) medium——media媒介
    man——men 男人 woman——women女人 chairman——chairmen主席 datum——data數(shù)據(jù)
    4)常見(jiàn)單復(fù)數(shù)形式相同:
    sheep綿羊 deer鹿 fish魚(yú) fruit水果
    yuan 元 shark鯊魚(yú) Chinese 中國(guó)人 Swiss瑞士人
    5)常見(jiàn)的只能用復(fù)數(shù)形式的名詞:
    works工廠 species種類(lèi) crossroads十字路口 means手段
    goods貨物 clothes衣服 shoes鞋 thanks感謝 surroundings環(huán)境
    politics政治學(xué) physics物理學(xué) glasses眼鏡 outskirts郊區(qū) wages工資
    ***另外一些集合名詞如:cattle, mankind, police, people, staff等總是用作復(fù)數(shù)。
    2、不可數(shù)名詞
    2.1單位詞修飾不可數(shù)名詞:
    a piece of bread 一片面包 a bag of sand 一袋沙 a bottle of beer一瓶啤酒 a game of chess一盤(pán)棋
    2.2度量詞修飾不可數(shù)名詞:a kilo of rice 一千克大米 a meter of string 一米帶子
    2.3常見(jiàn)不可數(shù)名詞:
    advice 忠告 bread 面包 chalk 粉筆 furniture 家具 meat 肉 damage 損失 progress 進(jìn)步
    paper 紙 news新聞 rice 大米 money 錢(qián) grass草 luggage行李 knowledge知識(shí)
    sugar糖 work工作 food 食物 information信息 equipment設(shè)備 baggage行李
    3、名詞的所有格
    1)名詞 + 's: Mary's book
    2) 名詞s (復(fù)數(shù)) + ': the workers' library
    特殊如: the children's palace 少年宮 Women's day 婦女節(jié)
    3) 如某物為兩人所共有,只需在兩個(gè)名詞后加's: Mary and Jane's car 共有
    否則為:Mary's and Jane's cars 各自
    4)雙重所有格:
    a friend of my father's /mine 我(父親)的一位朋友(部分概念)
    a photo of Tom's 湯姆所擁有的一張照片,但照片上的未必是他本人
    ***名詞和數(shù)詞組成復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu):
    一個(gè)為期三天的假期① a three-week holiday ② a three weeks'holiday ③ a holiday of three weeks
    Dr. Jones has a five-year-old daughter.
    二、冠詞
    1、不定冠詞a、an:表泛指,用于單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞前,表示任何一個(gè)/類(lèi)。
    1.1以輔音音素開(kāi)頭的名詞或詞組前用a;以元音音素開(kāi)頭的名詞或詞組前用an
    a university a European a book an umbrella an hour an error
    ***不可數(shù)名詞用作可數(shù)名詞時(shí),可用a/an,如: She was inspired with a new courage.
    1.2常見(jiàn)使用不定冠詞的固定搭配:
    have a cold 患感冒 as a result因此,結(jié)果 as a rule 通常 have a good time
    have a word with與…談話 have a rest休息一會(huì) in a hurry匆忙地 in a word 總之
    once in a while偶爾 take a walk 散步 come to an end 結(jié)束 all of a sudden 突然
    make a living謀生 make a fire生火 make a fortune發(fā)財(cái)
    a couple of 一對(duì) a great deal of大量的 a lot of 許多
    2、定冠詞the:表特指,意為這(些)、那(些)。
    1) 第二次提到,或雙方都已知道的人或事物:
    There is some water in the cup. The water is hot. Close the door, please.(已知)
    2) 單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞前,表示種類(lèi):
    The telephone was invented by Bell. The early bird catches the worms.捷足先登
    3) 世界上獨(dú)一無(wú)二的事物,以及表示江河、海洋、山脈等地理名稱(chēng):
    the earth the Bible圣經(jīng) the Universe 宇宙 the Yangtze River長(zhǎng)江
    the sun the Lord 上帝 the Pacific Ocean太平洋 the Sahara Desert撒哈拉沙漠
    4)限定意味較強(qiáng)的定語(yǔ): the book you bought yesterday the history of China
    5)用于具有鑒別意義的普通名詞前,如: the planet Mercury水星 the play "King Lear"劇本《李爾王》
    6)其他用法:
    ①西洋樂(lè)器前,表示演奏某種樂(lè)器:play the violin (piano)
    ②某些形容詞前,使其名詞化,表示這一類(lèi)人或事物:the poor, the true
    ③姓氏的復(fù)數(shù)形式和民族名稱(chēng)前,表示全家和整個(gè)民族:the Turners, the Chinese
    ④逢十的年份前,表示幾十年代:in the 1980s
    ⑤形容詞級(jí)和序數(shù)詞前:the biggest, the second
    ⑥某些計(jì)量單位的名詞前:Apples are sold by the pound.
    7)常見(jiàn)使用定冠詞的固定搭配:
    by the way 順便說(shuō)一句 in the future 未來(lái) in the morning在上午 in the end 最終
    in the meanwhile同時(shí) in the sun在陽(yáng)光下 on the average平均 on the alert警惕
    on the contrary相反 on the right在右邊 on the increase增長(zhǎng) on the spot 當(dāng)場(chǎng)
    play the fool 做傻事 keep the house居家不外出 in the dark 在暗處 at the cost of 以…為代價(jià)
    3、零冠詞
    1)不可數(shù)名詞表示泛指時(shí):Without water man cannot live.
    2)復(fù)數(shù)可數(shù)名詞表示泛指時(shí):Teachers generally like diligent students.
    3)專(zhuān)有名詞前一般用零冠詞:China, Asia, Beijing University, Hyde Park(海德公園)
    4)其他用法: ①季節(jié)名稱(chēng)前:Summer is coming.
    ②法定節(jié)日前: National Day New Year's Day
    ③球類(lèi)運(yùn)動(dòng)和棋類(lèi)游戲前:play football, play chess(bridge)下棋(打橋牌)
    ④餐名前:When will lunch be ready?
    5)零冠詞固定短語(yǔ):
    at first at desk(table) 在辦公(吃飯) at last on purpose故意 on foot徒步 in debt負(fù)債
    in trouble陷入困境 at night at sea在海上 at home by accident偶然 in bed 臥床
    by chance碰巧 in order of 以…的次序 go to school go to bed in common 相同的
    in detail詳細(xì)地 in hospital住院 in/ after class take place 發(fā)生 in return作為回敬
    in sight of 看見(jiàn) on fire在燃燒 make friends with keep in mind記在心里
    三、代詞
    1、人稱(chēng)代詞
    主格 I you he,she,it we you they
    賓格 me you him,her,it us you them
    1.1排序一般為:第二人稱(chēng),第三人稱(chēng),第一人稱(chēng):you,he and I;you,John and I
    1.2 it 的用法
    ①代事物、動(dòng)物、嬰兒以及未知的人或事:Who is that? It's my friend.
    ②用于引出非人稱(chēng)句,表示天氣、時(shí)間和距離等:It's cloudy today.
    ③形式代詞:It is quite right that you did that.
    ④引導(dǎo)強(qiáng)調(diào)句:It was his father that made him a lawyer.
    2、物主代詞
    形容詞性 my your his,her,its our your their
    名詞性 mine yours his,hers,its ours yours theirs
    2.1形容詞性物主代詞屬限定詞范圍,注意避免人稱(chēng)和數(shù)的誤用。
    2.2名詞性物主代詞可作主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)和表語(yǔ)。
    Ours is a socialist country. This dictionary is mine. a friend of mine no fault of yours
    3、反身代詞
    myself yourself himself,herself,itself ourselves yourselves themselves
    Take care of yourself. He was teaching himself English.
    The man in the photo is myself. She herself was a doctor.
    4、指示代詞:this、that、these、those
    4.1關(guān)于that的固定用法:
    (1)Jack helped finish my work and that was kind of him.杰克幫助我完成了任務(wù),他(那樣做)真是太好了。
    (2)He told me only part of the story and that was that. 他只跟我講了這個(gè)故事的一部分,就那些。
    4.2關(guān)于that 和those:
    (1)It's a different kind of car from that (kind of car) (which) I'm used to.這種汽車(chē)和我所習(xí)慣的那種不同。
    (2)The president and his wife were among those (who were) present at the ceremony.
    出席那個(gè)典禮有總統(tǒng)和他的夫人。
    5、相互代詞:each other(兩者)和one another(兩者以上)
    (1)The two parties, the Democratic Party and the Republic Party often attack each other.
    (2)The boys in this class like to bully one another. 這個(gè)班上的男孩子喜歡互相打斗。
    6、不定代詞
    6.1 all和both
    (1)前者表示兩個(gè)以上;后者表示兩個(gè)。 (2)都位于行為動(dòng)詞之前,be動(dòng)詞后:
    They all (both) agreed with me. They are all (both) quite wealthy.
    6.2 no one和 none
    (1)no one只用于指人,none可指人也可指物。None of后接的謂語(yǔ)可用復(fù)數(shù)也可用單數(shù)。
    No one told us that he was there. I want some milk but there was none in the house.
    How many elephants did you see at the zoo? ----None.
    None of them have (has) arrived yet. None of this money is mine.
    7、some / any/ no/ every+(thing, one ,body…)
    7.1 everyone和 every one
    前者意思為"每個(gè)人",與everybody同義,用于泛指,不可跟of短語(yǔ);
    后者意思是每個(gè)人或物,用于特指,可跟of短語(yǔ)。
    everyone in the village 村子里所有的人(泛指) every one of the children 這些孩子中的每一個(gè)(特指)
    7.2 anybody,everybody和"every(each)+單數(shù)名詞"
    正式英語(yǔ) Anybody can do it if he or she tries. 日常英語(yǔ) if they try
    Everybody started waving his flag. their flags
    Everybody has arrived, hasn't he? haven't they
    ***Everything is all right,isn's it?
    7.3 something, anything, nothing等被形容詞修飾時(shí),該形容詞后置: nothing wrong
    8、否定
    1)部分否定:當(dāng)all,both,each和every(body,thing)等表示整體意義的代詞與否定詞連用時(shí),一般只表示部分否定。
    All of the students did not turn up.不是所有的學(xué)生都出席。 現(xiàn)代英語(yǔ)常用作:Not all of the students turned up.
    2)全部否定:none, no one, neither,nobody,nothing 等對(duì)整體意義具有否定作用的代詞或副詞。
    None of the students turned up.沒(méi)有一個(gè)學(xué)生出席。
    9、其他限定詞
    1) 常見(jiàn)修飾可數(shù)名詞的限定詞:(a) few, a couple of, both, many, many a, a great many, several, a number of
    2) 常見(jiàn)修飾不可數(shù)名詞的限定詞:(a)little, much, a (large) amount of, a great deal of, a bit of
    3)some/any/no any:非肯定句(否定、疑問(wèn)、條件句) no:否定句
    some:肯定句和含有肯定意味的場(chǎng)合,特殊如:
    Can I have some coffee?請(qǐng)求或希望得到肯定回答時(shí)。
    Some idiot parked his car outside my garage. 表示某一個(gè)= a certain
    4) many/much many接可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù),much接不可數(shù)名詞,在肯定句中常和so和too連用
    I have met (so)many people who share your view. (So) Much time has been wasted.
    **many a +單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞相當(dāng)于many+復(fù)數(shù)名詞
    She has been to Beijing many a time. (many times) Many an accident has happened here.
    5)each/every
    each用作名詞或形容詞,every用作形容詞,后面必須跟名詞。
    "我們中的每個(gè)人"應(yīng)為every one of us或each of us.
    6)both/either
    both為兩者都…,后接復(fù)數(shù)動(dòng)詞,either為兩者中任何一個(gè),接單數(shù)動(dòng)詞。兩者的否定形式為neither.
    Truth may lie on both sides,on either side,or on neither(side)。
    7)either/any either為兩者中的任何一個(gè);any為兩者以上中的任何一個(gè)。
    Come on Tuesday or Wednesday. Either day is OK. You will find me at my desk at any hour of the day.
    ***either后接end,side等詞有時(shí)可指兩個(gè)都: There are trees on either side of the street. = both sides
    8)neither/none
    表示兩者都不…,用neither;表示兩者以上都不…,用none(of)。
    Neither接單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞,none of 接復(fù)數(shù)名詞。
    Neither book is mine.
    None of the books on the shelves belong to me. (用復(fù)數(shù)動(dòng)詞,強(qiáng)調(diào)"都不是")
    **Of all the books on the shelves, none belongs to me. (用單數(shù)動(dòng)詞,強(qiáng)調(diào)"沒(méi)有一本是".)
    9)all/whole
    區(qū)別:①all可接復(fù)數(shù)可數(shù)名詞或不可數(shù)名詞,whole一般接單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞。
    ②語(yǔ)序:all用于冠詞、所有格或其他限定詞之前,whole只用于冠詞等限定詞的后面。
    He ate all the vegetables. He ate the whole pie.
    The whole book is interesting. All the chapters are interesting.
    10) another/other
    This book is too difficult. Show me another one.
    Of the three books on the desk, two are written by Dickens, the other one is written by Mark Twain.
    ***other前面可帶some, any, every, many, one, his等其他限定詞。
    Will you come some other time? 改日 Please write on every other line.隔行
    ***the rest of the money 不可數(shù)名詞 the rest of the workers可數(shù)名詞
    11)a number of/ the number of
    前者為:許多…,后接復(fù)數(shù)名詞,謂語(yǔ)用復(fù)數(shù)。后者為:…的總數(shù),謂語(yǔ)用單數(shù)。
    A number of comrades were absent from the meeting.
    The number of comrades absent from the meeting was surprising.
    12) few/ a few few表否定, a few表數(shù)量不大,表肯定。
    quite a few 表相當(dāng)多,為肯定。 only a few表否定,同few.
    13)little/ a little用法同上