動(dòng)詞主要時(shí)態(tài)
一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)
1、表示現(xiàn)在經(jīng)?;蚍磸?fù)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或存在的狀態(tài),常和often , always, usually ,sometimes,everyday 等時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用;
2、表示主語(yǔ)的特征、性格、能力等;
3、表示客觀事實(shí)或普遍真理;
4、表示安排或計(jì)劃好的將來(lái)要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作;The plane takes off at 10 am .
5、在時(shí)間或條件狀語(yǔ)中,表示將來(lái)的動(dòng)作;When you see her just tell her that I am all right .
6、在某些文學(xué)作品的情節(jié)描寫中,代替過(guò)去時(shí),表示或用于引述書(shū)刊材料;The author says that the soldiers fight for freedom not for money.
一般過(guò)去時(shí)
用于表示過(guò)去某時(shí)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài),常和表示過(guò)去的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用,如yesterday,last week,three years ago , in 1987, at the time , in July .
一般將來(lái)時(shí)
主要用于表示將來(lái)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或情況
在時(shí)間或條件狀語(yǔ)中,一般不用將來(lái)時(shí),而是用現(xiàn)在時(shí)代替將來(lái)時(shí)。I‘ll let you know the result when I finish everything.
1、 shall, will + 動(dòng)詞原型構(gòu)成一般將來(lái)時(shí);
2、 am (is , are) going to + 動(dòng)詞原型,表示近期打算去做的事情或可能要發(fā)生的事情;
3、 am (is , are) about to + 動(dòng)詞原型,表示即將發(fā)生的動(dòng)作;
4、 am (is , an) to + 動(dòng)詞原型,表示必須或計(jì)劃要進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作 You are to be here by 4 pm for collecting the shipment you ordered .
過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí)
用于表示過(guò)去某一時(shí)間內(nèi),將要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或存在的狀態(tài)
was (were) going to +動(dòng)詞原型
was (were) about to +動(dòng)詞原型
was (were) to + 動(dòng)詞原型 表示過(guò)去某時(shí)間內(nèi)計(jì)劃、打算或一定要進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作
現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)
go, come , stay , leave, start 的現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)形式可以表示將來(lái)即將發(fā)生的動(dòng)作
He is coming to see you tomorrow .
hate, like, love, believe, think, look, mind, have, seem, sound, smell, taste 通常不使用進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)
過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)
表示過(guò)去某一時(shí)刻或某段時(shí)間內(nèi)正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作 He was making a long distance phone call to his friend in Australia from 10 to 11 last night .
go, come , stay , leave, start 的過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)形式可以表示過(guò)去將要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作
將來(lái)進(jìn)行時(shí)
將來(lái)進(jìn)行時(shí)用于在將來(lái)的某一段時(shí)間正在發(fā)生的動(dòng)作,或按計(jì)劃在未來(lái)將要進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作
This time next week she will be working in the company .
現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)
表示從過(guò)去,但持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在的動(dòng)作,或表示過(guò)去發(fā)生的動(dòng)作,但對(duì)現(xiàn)在仍留有某種后果和造成影響。 He has paid his income tax.
過(guò)去完成時(shí)
用來(lái)表示過(guò)去某個(gè)時(shí)間或某個(gè)動(dòng)作之前已經(jīng)完成的動(dòng)作,或者表示過(guò)去某個(gè)時(shí)間開(kāi)始一直延續(xù)到過(guò)去另一個(gè)時(shí)間的動(dòng)作。
He said that the group had written him a letter and asked him to go there for an intervier .
將來(lái)完成時(shí)
用來(lái)表示在將來(lái)某時(shí)間以前已經(jīng)完成的動(dòng)作
I am sure he will have left Tokyo by this time tomorrow .
現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)
表示從過(guò)去某一個(gè)時(shí)間開(kāi)始一直延續(xù)要現(xiàn)在的動(dòng)作, 這個(gè)動(dòng)作可能剛剛結(jié)束,或者可能要繼續(xù)進(jìn)行下去。 She has been working in Guangzhou since 1985 .
過(guò)去完成進(jìn)行時(shí)
表示過(guò)去某個(gè)時(shí)間以前已經(jīng)開(kāi)始而又延續(xù)到過(guò)去這個(gè)時(shí)間的動(dòng)作。 可能剛剛停止,也可能還在繼續(xù)。 He told me that he had been a teacher of physics for more than twenty years .
在表示時(shí)間或條件關(guān)系的主從復(fù)合句中,遵照“主將從現(xiàn)”原則,主句用將來(lái)時(shí)態(tài),從句用現(xiàn)在時(shí)態(tài)。
被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)
助動(dòng)詞be + 及物動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去分詞
含有情態(tài)動(dòng)詞:情態(tài)動(dòng)詞+ be + 及物動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去分辭
短語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞:example takes good care >> taken good care
虛擬語(yǔ)氣
用來(lái)表示非真實(shí)的假設(shè),表示命令、建議或說(shuō)話人的主觀愿望
條件從句主句
違背現(xiàn)在事實(shí) 過(guò)去式 should / would / could / might + 動(dòng)詞原形
If the manager were here , he might make a decision immediately
違背過(guò)去事實(shí)had + 過(guò)去分詞should / would / could / might + have + 過(guò)去分詞
I could have done it better if I had been more careful
違背將來(lái)事實(shí)should + 動(dòng)詞原形 should / would / could / might + 動(dòng)詞原形
were + 動(dòng)詞不定式( were to + 動(dòng)詞原形)
If it should rain tomorrow , what could we do ?
在下列結(jié)構(gòu)的主語(yǔ)從句中,謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用虛擬語(yǔ)氣
It is necessary / imperative / important / essential / advisable that
It is proposed / desired / requested / suggested / recommended / demanded / decided / arranged that
混合虛擬句 條件從句表示的動(dòng)作和主句表示的動(dòng)作,在時(shí)間上不一致,動(dòng)詞形式需要調(diào)整
If you had taken the medicine yesterday , you would be well now.
Suggest , order , ask , demand , command , request , require etc.這些動(dòng)詞的賓語(yǔ)從句用虛擬句, 在這些動(dòng)詞后面的賓語(yǔ)從句中,助動(dòng)詞一律是should .
It is ( It was ) important ,其后的主語(yǔ)從句用虛擬語(yǔ)氣,助動(dòng)詞用should .
It is important that we ( should ) learn computer .
Wish + ( that ) 從句,通常表示不可能實(shí)現(xiàn)的愿望。 表示現(xiàn)在的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)是,從句中的動(dòng)詞用過(guò)去時(shí);表示過(guò)去的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)時(shí),從句中的動(dòng)詞用had + 過(guò)去分詞。
但是,從句中動(dòng)詞用would (might ) + 動(dòng)詞原形時(shí),表示現(xiàn)在或?qū)?lái)有可能實(shí)現(xiàn)的愿望
I wish I knew a little contract law . 但愿我知道一點(diǎn)合同法(我不知道)
I wish you would come tomorrow . 我希望你明天能來(lái) (有可能來(lái))
As if / as thought 引導(dǎo)的狀語(yǔ)從句(或表語(yǔ)從句)中,常用虛擬語(yǔ)氣。
如果從句表示的意思與現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反,謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞則應(yīng)使用過(guò)去式;
如果從句表示的意思與過(guò)去事實(shí)相反,謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞則使用 had + 過(guò)去分詞的形式 .
基本句型
主語(yǔ) + 謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞 The two-man spaceship took off this morning .
主語(yǔ) + 謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞 + 賓語(yǔ) The drilling machine is making a hole .
主語(yǔ) + 連系動(dòng)詞 + 表語(yǔ) The answer is off the point .
主語(yǔ) + 謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞 + 間接賓語(yǔ) + 直接賓語(yǔ)
The new approach has saved us a great deal of time
主語(yǔ) + 謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞 + 賓語(yǔ) + 賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ) We like our guests to feel at home .
常用連詞
等立連詞:and , so , not only ~ but also , neither ~ now , or , otherwise , either ~ or , but , yet , still , however , while ,whereas, for
常用關(guān)聯(lián)詞
主從連詞 that , whether , if
連接代詞 who , whom , whose , what , where , which
連接副詞 when , where , why , how
倒裝句
Never , Scarcely , hardly , rarely , little , nowhere , no sooner ~ than , not only , in no case , in no way , on no accoune , at no time , under no circumstances (這些詞或詞組放在句首作壯語(yǔ)時(shí))
There be 句型和大多數(shù)的疑問(wèn)句都是倒裝句
Here , there , then , thus 等副詞放在句首時(shí),謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞為come , be , exist , follow 等不及物動(dòng)詞時(shí),句子一般都為全部倒裝 Here is a book for you . Here comes the bus .
句首為 so , nor , neither 等副詞時(shí)、表明前句說(shuō)明的情況也適用于本句時(shí) ,句子為倒裝
Richard can speak Japanese . So can his sister
在虛擬語(yǔ)氣中,非真實(shí)條件從句中的連詞省略時(shí),句子為倒裝。這時(shí),倒裝到主語(yǔ)前的助動(dòng)次 had ,should 和動(dòng)詞were . Had I left a little earlier , I would have missed the train
so / nor / neither + 系動(dòng)詞/ 助動(dòng)詞 / 情態(tài)動(dòng)詞 + 主語(yǔ)
表示前句中謂語(yǔ)所說(shuō)明的情況也同樣適用于后句中的主語(yǔ),用到裝。
He doesn‘t like music . Nor / Neither do I .
在Hardly ~~ when 和 No sooner ~~ than 以及 Not until 的句型中,由于否定詞或否定詞組放在句首,主句部分中的主、謂要到裝———助動(dòng)詞 + 主語(yǔ) + 動(dòng)詞原形
No sooner had he got well than he left the hospital .
一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)
1、表示現(xiàn)在經(jīng)?;蚍磸?fù)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或存在的狀態(tài),常和often , always, usually ,sometimes,everyday 等時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用;
2、表示主語(yǔ)的特征、性格、能力等;
3、表示客觀事實(shí)或普遍真理;
4、表示安排或計(jì)劃好的將來(lái)要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作;The plane takes off at 10 am .
5、在時(shí)間或條件狀語(yǔ)中,表示將來(lái)的動(dòng)作;When you see her just tell her that I am all right .
6、在某些文學(xué)作品的情節(jié)描寫中,代替過(guò)去時(shí),表示或用于引述書(shū)刊材料;The author says that the soldiers fight for freedom not for money.
一般過(guò)去時(shí)
用于表示過(guò)去某時(shí)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài),常和表示過(guò)去的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用,如yesterday,last week,three years ago , in 1987, at the time , in July .
一般將來(lái)時(shí)
主要用于表示將來(lái)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或情況
在時(shí)間或條件狀語(yǔ)中,一般不用將來(lái)時(shí),而是用現(xiàn)在時(shí)代替將來(lái)時(shí)。I‘ll let you know the result when I finish everything.
1、 shall, will + 動(dòng)詞原型構(gòu)成一般將來(lái)時(shí);
2、 am (is , are) going to + 動(dòng)詞原型,表示近期打算去做的事情或可能要發(fā)生的事情;
3、 am (is , are) about to + 動(dòng)詞原型,表示即將發(fā)生的動(dòng)作;
4、 am (is , an) to + 動(dòng)詞原型,表示必須或計(jì)劃要進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作 You are to be here by 4 pm for collecting the shipment you ordered .
過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí)
用于表示過(guò)去某一時(shí)間內(nèi),將要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或存在的狀態(tài)
was (were) going to +動(dòng)詞原型
was (were) about to +動(dòng)詞原型
was (were) to + 動(dòng)詞原型 表示過(guò)去某時(shí)間內(nèi)計(jì)劃、打算或一定要進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作
現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)
go, come , stay , leave, start 的現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)形式可以表示將來(lái)即將發(fā)生的動(dòng)作
He is coming to see you tomorrow .
hate, like, love, believe, think, look, mind, have, seem, sound, smell, taste 通常不使用進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)
過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)
表示過(guò)去某一時(shí)刻或某段時(shí)間內(nèi)正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作 He was making a long distance phone call to his friend in Australia from 10 to 11 last night .
go, come , stay , leave, start 的過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)形式可以表示過(guò)去將要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作
將來(lái)進(jìn)行時(shí)
將來(lái)進(jìn)行時(shí)用于在將來(lái)的某一段時(shí)間正在發(fā)生的動(dòng)作,或按計(jì)劃在未來(lái)將要進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作
This time next week she will be working in the company .
現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)
表示從過(guò)去,但持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在的動(dòng)作,或表示過(guò)去發(fā)生的動(dòng)作,但對(duì)現(xiàn)在仍留有某種后果和造成影響。 He has paid his income tax.
過(guò)去完成時(shí)
用來(lái)表示過(guò)去某個(gè)時(shí)間或某個(gè)動(dòng)作之前已經(jīng)完成的動(dòng)作,或者表示過(guò)去某個(gè)時(shí)間開(kāi)始一直延續(xù)到過(guò)去另一個(gè)時(shí)間的動(dòng)作。
He said that the group had written him a letter and asked him to go there for an intervier .
將來(lái)完成時(shí)
用來(lái)表示在將來(lái)某時(shí)間以前已經(jīng)完成的動(dòng)作
I am sure he will have left Tokyo by this time tomorrow .
現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)
表示從過(guò)去某一個(gè)時(shí)間開(kāi)始一直延續(xù)要現(xiàn)在的動(dòng)作, 這個(gè)動(dòng)作可能剛剛結(jié)束,或者可能要繼續(xù)進(jìn)行下去。 She has been working in Guangzhou since 1985 .
過(guò)去完成進(jìn)行時(shí)
表示過(guò)去某個(gè)時(shí)間以前已經(jīng)開(kāi)始而又延續(xù)到過(guò)去這個(gè)時(shí)間的動(dòng)作。 可能剛剛停止,也可能還在繼續(xù)。 He told me that he had been a teacher of physics for more than twenty years .
在表示時(shí)間或條件關(guān)系的主從復(fù)合句中,遵照“主將從現(xiàn)”原則,主句用將來(lái)時(shí)態(tài),從句用現(xiàn)在時(shí)態(tài)。
被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)
助動(dòng)詞be + 及物動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去分詞
含有情態(tài)動(dòng)詞:情態(tài)動(dòng)詞+ be + 及物動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去分辭
短語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞:example takes good care >> taken good care
虛擬語(yǔ)氣
用來(lái)表示非真實(shí)的假設(shè),表示命令、建議或說(shuō)話人的主觀愿望
條件從句主句
違背現(xiàn)在事實(shí) 過(guò)去式 should / would / could / might + 動(dòng)詞原形
If the manager were here , he might make a decision immediately
違背過(guò)去事實(shí)had + 過(guò)去分詞should / would / could / might + have + 過(guò)去分詞
I could have done it better if I had been more careful
違背將來(lái)事實(shí)should + 動(dòng)詞原形 should / would / could / might + 動(dòng)詞原形
were + 動(dòng)詞不定式( were to + 動(dòng)詞原形)
If it should rain tomorrow , what could we do ?
在下列結(jié)構(gòu)的主語(yǔ)從句中,謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用虛擬語(yǔ)氣
It is necessary / imperative / important / essential / advisable that
It is proposed / desired / requested / suggested / recommended / demanded / decided / arranged that
混合虛擬句 條件從句表示的動(dòng)作和主句表示的動(dòng)作,在時(shí)間上不一致,動(dòng)詞形式需要調(diào)整
If you had taken the medicine yesterday , you would be well now.
Suggest , order , ask , demand , command , request , require etc.這些動(dòng)詞的賓語(yǔ)從句用虛擬句, 在這些動(dòng)詞后面的賓語(yǔ)從句中,助動(dòng)詞一律是should .
It is ( It was ) important ,其后的主語(yǔ)從句用虛擬語(yǔ)氣,助動(dòng)詞用should .
It is important that we ( should ) learn computer .
Wish + ( that ) 從句,通常表示不可能實(shí)現(xiàn)的愿望。 表示現(xiàn)在的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)是,從句中的動(dòng)詞用過(guò)去時(shí);表示過(guò)去的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)時(shí),從句中的動(dòng)詞用had + 過(guò)去分詞。
但是,從句中動(dòng)詞用would (might ) + 動(dòng)詞原形時(shí),表示現(xiàn)在或?qū)?lái)有可能實(shí)現(xiàn)的愿望
I wish I knew a little contract law . 但愿我知道一點(diǎn)合同法(我不知道)
I wish you would come tomorrow . 我希望你明天能來(lái) (有可能來(lái))
As if / as thought 引導(dǎo)的狀語(yǔ)從句(或表語(yǔ)從句)中,常用虛擬語(yǔ)氣。
如果從句表示的意思與現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反,謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞則應(yīng)使用過(guò)去式;
如果從句表示的意思與過(guò)去事實(shí)相反,謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞則使用 had + 過(guò)去分詞的形式 .
基本句型
主語(yǔ) + 謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞 The two-man spaceship took off this morning .
主語(yǔ) + 謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞 + 賓語(yǔ) The drilling machine is making a hole .
主語(yǔ) + 連系動(dòng)詞 + 表語(yǔ) The answer is off the point .
主語(yǔ) + 謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞 + 間接賓語(yǔ) + 直接賓語(yǔ)
The new approach has saved us a great deal of time
主語(yǔ) + 謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞 + 賓語(yǔ) + 賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ) We like our guests to feel at home .
常用連詞
等立連詞:and , so , not only ~ but also , neither ~ now , or , otherwise , either ~ or , but , yet , still , however , while ,whereas, for
常用關(guān)聯(lián)詞
主從連詞 that , whether , if
連接代詞 who , whom , whose , what , where , which
連接副詞 when , where , why , how
倒裝句
Never , Scarcely , hardly , rarely , little , nowhere , no sooner ~ than , not only , in no case , in no way , on no accoune , at no time , under no circumstances (這些詞或詞組放在句首作壯語(yǔ)時(shí))
There be 句型和大多數(shù)的疑問(wèn)句都是倒裝句
Here , there , then , thus 等副詞放在句首時(shí),謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞為come , be , exist , follow 等不及物動(dòng)詞時(shí),句子一般都為全部倒裝 Here is a book for you . Here comes the bus .
句首為 so , nor , neither 等副詞時(shí)、表明前句說(shuō)明的情況也適用于本句時(shí) ,句子為倒裝
Richard can speak Japanese . So can his sister
在虛擬語(yǔ)氣中,非真實(shí)條件從句中的連詞省略時(shí),句子為倒裝。這時(shí),倒裝到主語(yǔ)前的助動(dòng)次 had ,should 和動(dòng)詞were . Had I left a little earlier , I would have missed the train
so / nor / neither + 系動(dòng)詞/ 助動(dòng)詞 / 情態(tài)動(dòng)詞 + 主語(yǔ)
表示前句中謂語(yǔ)所說(shuō)明的情況也同樣適用于后句中的主語(yǔ),用到裝。
He doesn‘t like music . Nor / Neither do I .
在Hardly ~~ when 和 No sooner ~~ than 以及 Not until 的句型中,由于否定詞或否定詞組放在句首,主句部分中的主、謂要到裝———助動(dòng)詞 + 主語(yǔ) + 動(dòng)詞原形
No sooner had he got well than he left the hospital .