成考專升本英文時態(tài)知識點匯總二

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直接引語和間接引語
    John said , “ I ‘m going to London with my father .”
    John said that he was going to London with his father .
    一般疑問句變成以if (whether ) 引導的賓語從句
    He said , “Have you all understood this passage ?”
    He asked the class if they had all understood that passage .
    祈使句變?yōu)閯釉~不定式, 作ask , tell 等動詞的賓語補足語。表示命令時常用 tell , order 等;表示請求時常用ask , beg 等動詞,原句中的don‘t 應變?yōu)?not .
    The manager said to the clerk , “Be polite to all the clients .”
    The manager told the clerk to be polite to all the clients .
    如主句謂語動詞為各種現(xiàn)在時或一般將來時,間接引語中的動詞仍保持直接引語的原來時態(tài)
    He says , “ I am very busy reading the book .”
    He says that he is very busy reading the book .
    如主句謂語動詞為過去時,間接引語中的動詞應發(fā)生如下變化:
    一般現(xiàn)在時———一般過去時
    現(xiàn)在進行時———過去進行時
    一般將來時———過去將來時
    現(xiàn)在完成時———過去完成時
    一般過去時———過去完成時過去完成時不變
    直接引語轉(zhuǎn)換成間接引語時,代詞一般相應變化如下:
    this —— thatlast week – the week before
    therse – thosethree days ago – three days before
    now – then tomorrow – the next day
    today – that day next week – the (next ) following week
    this week – that week here —— there
    yesterday – the day before come – go
    介詞
    at 表示確切的時間點或較短暫的一段時間 at two o‘clock
    in 表示一天中的各部分時間或較長的時間 in the morning , in spring , in 1967
    on表示具體的某一天或某一天的上午或下午 on Sunday , on Monday afternoon
    durning 表示一段時間 ,強調(diào)時間的延續(xù) durning the Summer vacation
    at one time 過去有段時間、從前
    at the same time 同時
    on time 按時
    below 表示低于 , 溫度低于多少度
    above 表示高于 , 溫度高于多少度
    幾個形容詞修飾一個名詞的時候,排列順序如下:
    好壞、美丑等 + 大小、新舊、顏色 + 質(zhì)地、屬性 + 名詞
    和前綴a- 組成的形容詞只能做表語而不能做定語, afraid , alive , alike ,alone , ashamed , asleep , awake etc.
    非謂語動詞
    forget to do something 忘了而沒有做某事
    forget doing something 忘了已做過某事
    remember to do something 記住了要去做某事
    remember doing something 記得已經(jīng)做過的事情
    stop to do something 停下正做的事情去做別的事情
    stop doing something 停下手中正在做的事
    go on to do something 接下來做另一件事情
    go on doing something 繼續(xù)做一直在做的事情
    動詞need , want , require 和形容詞 worth 后,可接動名詞的主動形式來表示被動的意義
    現(xiàn)在分詞的被動式與及物動詞的過去分詞都表示被動:
    前者表示被修飾的名詞正在承受的行為 The problem being discussed is important
    后者表示承受過了的行為 The problem discussed yesterday was important .
    情態(tài)動詞
    must + have + 過去分詞,表示對過去的某事做出肯定性的判斷;
    must + 動詞原形 ,表示對現(xiàn)在的某事作出肯定性的判斷。
    Need not + have +過去分詞 表示過去做了本沒有必要做的事情
    主謂一致 (語法一致、意義一致、就近)
    謂語動詞用單數(shù):
    不定式、動名詞或名詞性結(jié)構(gòu)從句作主語時;
    事件、國名、機構(gòu)名稱、作品名稱作主語時;
    one , every , everyone , everybody , each , one of , many a , either , neither , no one , nobody , anybody ,some body 做主語或修飾主語時;
    表示時間、距離、金錢、體積、數(shù)字等詞語作主語表示總量時;
    a person of , a series of , a kind of 等表示一個、一種、一系列等詞組用來修飾主語時;
    集體名次作主語表示一個整體概念時。
    謂語動詞用復數(shù)
    both , few , many , several 等詞語作主語或修飾主語時;(some 不一定)
    形容詞前加定冠詞用于泛指一類時;
    cattle , people , police , clothes 等名詞作主語時;
    由and 連接兩個主語時;
    a number of 修飾主語時。
    第三講 定語從句
    I. 定義:定語是修飾名詞或代詞的成分,定語可由單詞、短語來充當。當用一個句子來充當名詞或代詞的修飾語時,這種起定語作用的句子就被稱為定語從句。
    They have a clever son.
    Do you know the man over there?
    I know the man who wrote the book.
    II. 要點:
    1.定語從句的前面都有先行詞(被修飾語)
    This is the boy whom we are looking for
    2.定語從句應緊跟在先行詞之后
    3.先行詞與定語從句之間要有關(guān)系詞(有時可省略)
    4.關(guān)系詞在定語從句中充當某一成分
    The girl who is standing under the tree is my sister.
    The man whom you want to see has come.
    III. 關(guān)系詞基本用法
     主格  賓格  所有格 
    人  who  whom  whose 
    物  which  which  of which