一、海運(yùn)運(yùn)費(fèi)率的類(lèi)型 (考試重點(diǎn))
1-1 課文： Ocean freight rates may be broadly divided into tramp rates and liner freight rates.
注釋?zhuān)篺reight rate: 海運(yùn)運(yùn)費(fèi)率 broadly: 廣泛，寬廣地，大致上地 divide into: 分為，分成 tramp rate: 不定期船運(yùn)費(fèi)率 liner freight rate: 班輪運(yùn)輸費(fèi)率
課文意思：海運(yùn)運(yùn)費(fèi)費(fèi)率可大致上分成不定期船運(yùn)費(fèi)率和班輪運(yùn)費(fèi)率。
1. 不定期船費(fèi)率
特點(diǎn)：
課文：Tramp rates fluctuate with market conditions of supply and demand. In a boom period, the tramp rates rise; in a period of recession, they decline.
不定期船費(fèi)率隨航運(yùn)市場(chǎng)的供求關(guān)系而波動(dòng)。在市場(chǎng)繁榮時(shí)期，不定期船費(fèi)率上升，在市場(chǎng)蕭條時(shí)期，費(fèi)率下降(注釋?zhuān)篺luctuate:變動(dòng)，波動(dòng)，漲落 boom: 繁榮 recession: 不景氣，蕭條)]
2.班輪運(yùn)輸費(fèi)率
特點(diǎn)：
課文：Liner freight rates are fixed by shipping conferences and other liner operators; they are related more to the costs of operation and remain comparatively steady over a period of time. 班輪運(yùn)費(fèi)率由班輪公會(huì)和其他的班輪營(yíng)運(yùn)人確定;他們多與營(yíng)運(yùn)成本密切相關(guān)，在一定時(shí)期內(nèi)保持相對(duì)穩(wěn)定。(注釋?zhuān)篺ixed: 固定的，確定的 shipping conference: 班輪公會(huì) liner operator: 班輪營(yíng)運(yùn)人 comparatively: 比較地，相當(dāng)?shù)?steady: 穩(wěn)定的，穩(wěn)固的，堅(jiān)定的 over a period of time: 在一定時(shí)期內(nèi) )
二、班輪運(yùn)費(fèi)費(fèi)用的范圍 (考試重點(diǎn))
2-1 課文：Freight forwarders are mainly concerned with liner freight rates.
注釋?zhuān)簃ainly: 大體上，主要地 be concerned with: 和…有關(guān)
課文意思： 貨運(yùn)代理主要涉及班輪運(yùn)費(fèi)率。
2-2 課文：Although the principles on which the liner freight rates are fixed have not been clarified by shipping conferences or operators, it is evident that the cost of providing such services will cover actual costs and a margin of profit.
注釋?zhuān)篴lthough: 盡管，雖然 principle: 原則，法則，原理 clarify: 澄清，闡明 evident: 明顯的，顯然的 actual: 實(shí)際的，真實(shí)的，現(xiàn)行的，目前的 margin: 利潤(rùn)，(時(shí)間、金額的)富余 profit: 利潤(rùn)，益處，得益
課文意思：盡管班輪公會(huì)或班輪經(jīng)營(yíng)人對(duì)班輪費(fèi)率的確定原則并不公開(kāi)，但是很顯然，提供班輪服務(wù)的運(yùn)輸成本應(yīng)包括實(shí)際運(yùn)輸成本和利潤(rùn)額度。
2-3 課文：The total costs of providing the services consist of fixed costs and variable costs.
注釋?zhuān)簍otal: 總的，全部的，整個(gè)的 consist of: 由…組成 fixed cost: 固定成本 variable cost: 可變成本 (variable: 可變的，不定的，易變的)
課文意思：這些服務(wù)的全部費(fèi)用由固定成本和可變成本兩個(gè)部分組成。
1. 固定成本包含的費(fèi)用
1) cost of officers and crew 船員的工資 (officer: 船長(zhǎng) crew: 全體船員)
2) insurance 保險(xiǎn)
3) repairs and maintenance 維修和保養(yǎng)費(fèi)(repair: 維修，修理 maintenance: 維護(hù)，保養(yǎng))
4) stores 物料費(fèi) (stores: 物料)
5) administrative costs 管理費(fèi)用 (administrative: 管理的，行政的)
6) interests and depreciation 利息以及折舊 (interest: 利息，利益 depreciation: 折舊，貶值，減價(jià)，跌落)
2.可變成本包含的費(fèi)用
1) cost of fuel 燃料費(fèi) (fuel: 燃料)
2) loading and unloading expenses 裝卸費(fèi) (loading: 裝載 unloading: 卸載 = discharge)
3) port costs 港口費(fèi)
三、決定運(yùn)費(fèi)的因素 (考試重點(diǎn))
3-1 課文：When determining the freight rate, the carrier will also consider stowage factor, distance and the age-old principle of “What the traffic can bear”.
注釋?zhuān)篸etermine: 決定，確定，測(cè)定 consider: 考慮，照顧 stowage factor: 積載因數(shù)(stowage: 裝載，裝載量 factor: 因素，要素，因數(shù)) distance: 距離，在這里引申為“航程” age-old: 古老的 traffic: 運(yùn)輸量，交通量 bear: 負(fù)擔(dān)，承受
課文意思：在確定運(yùn)費(fèi)率時(shí)，承運(yùn)人還將考慮積載因數(shù)，航程以及一個(gè)很古老的原則，即“運(yùn)輸所能承受”的原則。
3-2 課文：In fact, the principle of “what the traffic can bear” in effect means that commodities which are highly rated subsidize those which are rated lower.
注釋?zhuān)篿n fact: 實(shí)際上 in effect: 有效 commodities: 商品 highly: 高地，非常 rated: 定價(jià)的，額定的 subsidize: 補(bǔ)償，資助
課文意思：實(shí)際上，“運(yùn)輸所能承受”原則是指高費(fèi)率的商品可以補(bǔ)償較低費(fèi)率的商品。
3-3 課文：This principle was more commonly adopted in the past than the “cost of service” principle because of the problems involved in the computation of the actual unit costs.
注釋?zhuān)篶ommonly: 普通地，一般地 adopt: 采用 in the past: 在過(guò)去 cost of service: 服務(wù)成本
computation: 計(jì)算，估計(jì) unit: 個(gè)體，(計(jì)量)單位:
課文意思：“運(yùn)輸所能承受”原則在過(guò)去比“服務(wù)成本”原則更為普遍的采用，這是由于實(shí)際單位成本計(jì)算時(shí)所涉及到的問(wèn)題。
3-4 課文：However, containerization with standardized cargo units has made the calculation of the service cost per unit easier than heterogeneous break bulk cargoes.
注釋?zhuān)篽owever: 可是，無(wú)論如何，仍然 containerization: 貨柜運(yùn)輸，貨柜裝貨 standardized: 標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的，定型的 calculation: 計(jì)算，考慮 per unit: 每個(gè)單位 heterogeneous: 不同種類(lèi)的 break bulk cargo：雜貨，普通貨物
課文意思：可是，計(jì)算貨柜運(yùn)輸?shù)臉?biāo)準(zhǔn)貨物單位的服務(wù)成本要比不同種類(lèi)的普通貨物的服務(wù)成本容易得多。
3-5 課文：The carriers are therefore increasingly adopting the “service cost” principle nowadays, particularly with a view to fighting competition.
注釋?zhuān)簍herefore: 因此，所以 increasingly: 日益，愈加 nowadays: 現(xiàn)今，現(xiàn)在 particularly: 獨(dú)特地，顯著地 with a view to: 著眼于，以…為目的，考慮到 fighting: 挑戰(zhàn)性的，適于戰(zhàn)斗的 competition: 競(jìng)爭(zhēng)
課文意思：特別考慮到競(jìng)爭(zhēng)因素，因此如今承運(yùn)人日益采用“服務(wù)成本”原則。
3-6 課文：The open market rates are also taken into account. When commodities move in large quantities and are susceptible to charter competition, the rates may be left “open” so that a liner has the option of charging whatever is considered appropriate in the competitive situation.
注釋?zhuān)簅pen market rate: 公開(kāi)市場(chǎng)費(fèi)率 take into account: 重視，考慮 susceptible:易受影響的 so that : 所以option: 選擇權(quán) charge: 收費(fèi)，要價(jià) appropriate: 適當(dāng)?shù)?competitive: 競(jìng)爭(zhēng)的
課文意思：公開(kāi)市場(chǎng)費(fèi)率同樣受到關(guān)注。當(dāng)貨物運(yùn)輸?shù)臄?shù)量大且易受到租船競(jìng)爭(zhēng)的影響時(shí)，為了適合競(jìng)爭(zhēng)環(huán)境，因此費(fèi)率可能會(huì)公開(kāi)，所以班輪運(yùn)輸在運(yùn)費(fèi)價(jià)格方面有了可供選擇的權(quán)利。
3-7 課文：The liner rates are also subject to surcharges or adjustment factors which may be levied from time to time in order to enable the shipping lines to meet certain price variations in their inputs such as currency adjustment factor (CAF), the bunker adjustment factor (BAF) and port congestion surcharges.
注釋?zhuān)篵e subject to: 受…影響的 surcharge: 附加費(fèi)用 adjustment factor: 調(diào)整因素 levy: 征收 from time to time: 有時(shí) in order to: 為了 enable: 使能夠 shipping line: 航運(yùn)公司 variation: 變化，變更 input: 投入 currency adjustment factor: 貨幣貶值調(diào)整因素，貨幣貶值附加費(fèi) bunker adjustment factor: 燃油價(jià)格調(diào)整因素，燃油附加費(fèi) port congestion surcharge: 港口擁擠附加費(fèi)(congestion: 擁塞)
課文意思：班輪費(fèi)率也受附加費(fèi)和其他調(diào)節(jié)因素的影響而變化，這些費(fèi)用可能會(huì)被不時(shí)征收以使航運(yùn)公司應(yīng)付投入中的價(jià)格變化，比如貨幣貶值的影響，燃油價(jià)格變化的調(diào)整因素和港口擁擠附加費(fèi)。
1.The total costs of providing the service of transportation consist of fixed costs and ( ) -2004年單選題
A. variable costs
B. administrative costs
C. costs of repairs
D. costs of crew
答案：A
分析：班輪運(yùn)費(fèi)總的費(fèi)用包括固定成本和可變成本兩個(gè)部分。
2.When determining the freight rate, the age-old principle of “what the traffic can bear” is increasingly substituted by the ( ) principle nowadays.
A. open market rate
B. surcharges
C. service cost
D. stowage factor
答案：C
分析：決定運(yùn)價(jià)水平高低取決于許多因素，初的“運(yùn)輸所能承受”原則，現(xiàn)在逐漸被考慮服務(wù)成本原則所替代。
練習(xí)
5-1 單選題
1.Liner freight rates will be fixed by ( )
A. the government
B. international conference
C. shipping conference and other liner operators
D. shipowners
答案：C
2. Nowadays the principle of ( ) increasingly adopted by the carriers broadly.
A. What the traffic can bear
B. What the ship can bear
C. cost of fuel
D. cost of service
答案：D
3. When the cost of fuel is fluctuating, the carriers may charge ( )
A. BAF
B. CAF
C.CAD
D.PCS
答案：A
5-2 多選題
1.The cost of providing shipping services contain ( )
A. fixed costs
B. variable costs
C. raw materials cost
D. insurance costs
答案：AB
2.Ocean freight broadly may be divided into ( )
A. tramp freight rate
B. Non-conference liner freight rate
C liner freight rate
D. NVOCC freight rate
答案：AC
3. The fixed cost may contain:
A. cost of fuel
B. cost of crew
C. stores
D. insurance
答案：BCD
5-3 英漢互譯
1. 漢譯英
1)折舊 2)固定成本 3)補(bǔ)貼 4)班輪運(yùn)費(fèi)率 5)海運(yùn)運(yùn)費(fèi) 6)利潤(rùn) 7)附加費(fèi) 8)燃油附加費(fèi)
答案：1) depreciation 2) fixed cost 3) subsidize 4) liner freight rate 5) ocean freight rate 6) profit 7) surcharge 8) bunker adjustment factor
1. 英譯漢
1)variable cost 2) CAF 3) stowage factor 4) tramp freight rate 5) break bulk cargo 6) adjustment factors 7) const of service 8) administrative cost
答案：1)可變成本 2)貨幣貶值調(diào)整因素;貨幣貶值附加費(fèi) 3)積載因素 4)不定期船運(yùn)費(fèi)率 5)雜貨 6)調(diào)整因素 7)服務(wù)成本 8)管理費(fèi)用
1-1 課文： Ocean freight rates may be broadly divided into tramp rates and liner freight rates.
注釋?zhuān)篺reight rate: 海運(yùn)運(yùn)費(fèi)率 broadly: 廣泛，寬廣地，大致上地 divide into: 分為，分成 tramp rate: 不定期船運(yùn)費(fèi)率 liner freight rate: 班輪運(yùn)輸費(fèi)率
課文意思：海運(yùn)運(yùn)費(fèi)費(fèi)率可大致上分成不定期船運(yùn)費(fèi)率和班輪運(yùn)費(fèi)率。
1. 不定期船費(fèi)率
特點(diǎn)：
課文：Tramp rates fluctuate with market conditions of supply and demand. In a boom period, the tramp rates rise; in a period of recession, they decline.
不定期船費(fèi)率隨航運(yùn)市場(chǎng)的供求關(guān)系而波動(dòng)。在市場(chǎng)繁榮時(shí)期，不定期船費(fèi)率上升，在市場(chǎng)蕭條時(shí)期，費(fèi)率下降(注釋?zhuān)篺luctuate:變動(dòng)，波動(dòng)，漲落 boom: 繁榮 recession: 不景氣，蕭條)]
2.班輪運(yùn)輸費(fèi)率
特點(diǎn)：
課文：Liner freight rates are fixed by shipping conferences and other liner operators; they are related more to the costs of operation and remain comparatively steady over a period of time. 班輪運(yùn)費(fèi)率由班輪公會(huì)和其他的班輪營(yíng)運(yùn)人確定;他們多與營(yíng)運(yùn)成本密切相關(guān)，在一定時(shí)期內(nèi)保持相對(duì)穩(wěn)定。(注釋?zhuān)篺ixed: 固定的，確定的 shipping conference: 班輪公會(huì) liner operator: 班輪營(yíng)運(yùn)人 comparatively: 比較地，相當(dāng)?shù)?steady: 穩(wěn)定的，穩(wěn)固的，堅(jiān)定的 over a period of time: 在一定時(shí)期內(nèi) )
二、班輪運(yùn)費(fèi)費(fèi)用的范圍 (考試重點(diǎn))
2-1 課文：Freight forwarders are mainly concerned with liner freight rates.
注釋?zhuān)簃ainly: 大體上，主要地 be concerned with: 和…有關(guān)
課文意思： 貨運(yùn)代理主要涉及班輪運(yùn)費(fèi)率。
2-2 課文：Although the principles on which the liner freight rates are fixed have not been clarified by shipping conferences or operators, it is evident that the cost of providing such services will cover actual costs and a margin of profit.
注釋?zhuān)篴lthough: 盡管，雖然 principle: 原則，法則，原理 clarify: 澄清，闡明 evident: 明顯的，顯然的 actual: 實(shí)際的，真實(shí)的，現(xiàn)行的，目前的 margin: 利潤(rùn)，(時(shí)間、金額的)富余 profit: 利潤(rùn)，益處，得益
課文意思：盡管班輪公會(huì)或班輪經(jīng)營(yíng)人對(duì)班輪費(fèi)率的確定原則并不公開(kāi)，但是很顯然，提供班輪服務(wù)的運(yùn)輸成本應(yīng)包括實(shí)際運(yùn)輸成本和利潤(rùn)額度。
2-3 課文：The total costs of providing the services consist of fixed costs and variable costs.
注釋?zhuān)簍otal: 總的，全部的，整個(gè)的 consist of: 由…組成 fixed cost: 固定成本 variable cost: 可變成本 (variable: 可變的，不定的，易變的)
課文意思：這些服務(wù)的全部費(fèi)用由固定成本和可變成本兩個(gè)部分組成。
1. 固定成本包含的費(fèi)用
1) cost of officers and crew 船員的工資 (officer: 船長(zhǎng) crew: 全體船員)
2) insurance 保險(xiǎn)
3) repairs and maintenance 維修和保養(yǎng)費(fèi)(repair: 維修，修理 maintenance: 維護(hù)，保養(yǎng))
4) stores 物料費(fèi) (stores: 物料)
5) administrative costs 管理費(fèi)用 (administrative: 管理的，行政的)
6) interests and depreciation 利息以及折舊 (interest: 利息，利益 depreciation: 折舊，貶值，減價(jià)，跌落)
2.可變成本包含的費(fèi)用
1) cost of fuel 燃料費(fèi) (fuel: 燃料)
2) loading and unloading expenses 裝卸費(fèi) (loading: 裝載 unloading: 卸載 = discharge)
3) port costs 港口費(fèi)
三、決定運(yùn)費(fèi)的因素 (考試重點(diǎn))
3-1 課文：When determining the freight rate, the carrier will also consider stowage factor, distance and the age-old principle of “What the traffic can bear”.
注釋?zhuān)篸etermine: 決定，確定，測(cè)定 consider: 考慮，照顧 stowage factor: 積載因數(shù)(stowage: 裝載，裝載量 factor: 因素，要素，因數(shù)) distance: 距離，在這里引申為“航程” age-old: 古老的 traffic: 運(yùn)輸量，交通量 bear: 負(fù)擔(dān)，承受
課文意思：在確定運(yùn)費(fèi)率時(shí)，承運(yùn)人還將考慮積載因數(shù)，航程以及一個(gè)很古老的原則，即“運(yùn)輸所能承受”的原則。
3-2 課文：In fact, the principle of “what the traffic can bear” in effect means that commodities which are highly rated subsidize those which are rated lower.
注釋?zhuān)篿n fact: 實(shí)際上 in effect: 有效 commodities: 商品 highly: 高地，非常 rated: 定價(jià)的，額定的 subsidize: 補(bǔ)償，資助
課文意思：實(shí)際上，“運(yùn)輸所能承受”原則是指高費(fèi)率的商品可以補(bǔ)償較低費(fèi)率的商品。
3-3 課文：This principle was more commonly adopted in the past than the “cost of service” principle because of the problems involved in the computation of the actual unit costs.
注釋?zhuān)篶ommonly: 普通地，一般地 adopt: 采用 in the past: 在過(guò)去 cost of service: 服務(wù)成本
computation: 計(jì)算，估計(jì) unit: 個(gè)體，(計(jì)量)單位:
課文意思：“運(yùn)輸所能承受”原則在過(guò)去比“服務(wù)成本”原則更為普遍的采用，這是由于實(shí)際單位成本計(jì)算時(shí)所涉及到的問(wèn)題。
3-4 課文：However, containerization with standardized cargo units has made the calculation of the service cost per unit easier than heterogeneous break bulk cargoes.
注釋?zhuān)篽owever: 可是，無(wú)論如何，仍然 containerization: 貨柜運(yùn)輸，貨柜裝貨 standardized: 標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的，定型的 calculation: 計(jì)算，考慮 per unit: 每個(gè)單位 heterogeneous: 不同種類(lèi)的 break bulk cargo：雜貨，普通貨物
課文意思：可是，計(jì)算貨柜運(yùn)輸?shù)臉?biāo)準(zhǔn)貨物單位的服務(wù)成本要比不同種類(lèi)的普通貨物的服務(wù)成本容易得多。
3-5 課文：The carriers are therefore increasingly adopting the “service cost” principle nowadays, particularly with a view to fighting competition.
注釋?zhuān)簍herefore: 因此，所以 increasingly: 日益，愈加 nowadays: 現(xiàn)今，現(xiàn)在 particularly: 獨(dú)特地，顯著地 with a view to: 著眼于，以…為目的，考慮到 fighting: 挑戰(zhàn)性的，適于戰(zhàn)斗的 competition: 競(jìng)爭(zhēng)
課文意思：特別考慮到競(jìng)爭(zhēng)因素，因此如今承運(yùn)人日益采用“服務(wù)成本”原則。
3-6 課文：The open market rates are also taken into account. When commodities move in large quantities and are susceptible to charter competition, the rates may be left “open” so that a liner has the option of charging whatever is considered appropriate in the competitive situation.
注釋?zhuān)簅pen market rate: 公開(kāi)市場(chǎng)費(fèi)率 take into account: 重視，考慮 susceptible:易受影響的 so that : 所以option: 選擇權(quán) charge: 收費(fèi)，要價(jià) appropriate: 適當(dāng)?shù)?competitive: 競(jìng)爭(zhēng)的
課文意思：公開(kāi)市場(chǎng)費(fèi)率同樣受到關(guān)注。當(dāng)貨物運(yùn)輸?shù)臄?shù)量大且易受到租船競(jìng)爭(zhēng)的影響時(shí)，為了適合競(jìng)爭(zhēng)環(huán)境，因此費(fèi)率可能會(huì)公開(kāi)，所以班輪運(yùn)輸在運(yùn)費(fèi)價(jià)格方面有了可供選擇的權(quán)利。
3-7 課文：The liner rates are also subject to surcharges or adjustment factors which may be levied from time to time in order to enable the shipping lines to meet certain price variations in their inputs such as currency adjustment factor (CAF), the bunker adjustment factor (BAF) and port congestion surcharges.
注釋?zhuān)篵e subject to: 受…影響的 surcharge: 附加費(fèi)用 adjustment factor: 調(diào)整因素 levy: 征收 from time to time: 有時(shí) in order to: 為了 enable: 使能夠 shipping line: 航運(yùn)公司 variation: 變化，變更 input: 投入 currency adjustment factor: 貨幣貶值調(diào)整因素，貨幣貶值附加費(fèi) bunker adjustment factor: 燃油價(jià)格調(diào)整因素，燃油附加費(fèi) port congestion surcharge: 港口擁擠附加費(fèi)(congestion: 擁塞)
課文意思：班輪費(fèi)率也受附加費(fèi)和其他調(diào)節(jié)因素的影響而變化，這些費(fèi)用可能會(huì)被不時(shí)征收以使航運(yùn)公司應(yīng)付投入中的價(jià)格變化，比如貨幣貶值的影響，燃油價(jià)格變化的調(diào)整因素和港口擁擠附加費(fèi)。
1.The total costs of providing the service of transportation consist of fixed costs and ( ) -2004年單選題
A. variable costs
B. administrative costs
C. costs of repairs
D. costs of crew
答案：A
分析：班輪運(yùn)費(fèi)總的費(fèi)用包括固定成本和可變成本兩個(gè)部分。
2.When determining the freight rate, the age-old principle of “what the traffic can bear” is increasingly substituted by the ( ) principle nowadays.
A. open market rate
B. surcharges
C. service cost
D. stowage factor
答案：C
分析：決定運(yùn)價(jià)水平高低取決于許多因素，初的“運(yùn)輸所能承受”原則，現(xiàn)在逐漸被考慮服務(wù)成本原則所替代。
練習(xí)
5-1 單選題
1.Liner freight rates will be fixed by ( )
A. the government
B. international conference
C. shipping conference and other liner operators
D. shipowners
答案：C
2. Nowadays the principle of ( ) increasingly adopted by the carriers broadly.
A. What the traffic can bear
B. What the ship can bear
C. cost of fuel
D. cost of service
答案：D
3. When the cost of fuel is fluctuating, the carriers may charge ( )
A. BAF
B. CAF
C.CAD
D.PCS
答案：A
5-2 多選題
1.The cost of providing shipping services contain ( )
A. fixed costs
B. variable costs
C. raw materials cost
D. insurance costs
答案：AB
2.Ocean freight broadly may be divided into ( )
A. tramp freight rate
B. Non-conference liner freight rate
C liner freight rate
D. NVOCC freight rate
答案：AC
3. The fixed cost may contain:
A. cost of fuel
B. cost of crew
C. stores
D. insurance
答案：BCD
5-3 英漢互譯
1. 漢譯英
1)折舊 2)固定成本 3)補(bǔ)貼 4)班輪運(yùn)費(fèi)率 5)海運(yùn)運(yùn)費(fèi) 6)利潤(rùn) 7)附加費(fèi) 8)燃油附加費(fèi)
答案：1) depreciation 2) fixed cost 3) subsidize 4) liner freight rate 5) ocean freight rate 6) profit 7) surcharge 8) bunker adjustment factor
1. 英譯漢
1)variable cost 2) CAF 3) stowage factor 4) tramp freight rate 5) break bulk cargo 6) adjustment factors 7) const of service 8) administrative cost
答案：1)可變成本 2)貨幣貶值調(diào)整因素;貨幣貶值附加費(fèi) 3)積載因素 4)不定期船運(yùn)費(fèi)率 5)雜貨 6)調(diào)整因素 7)服務(wù)成本 8)管理費(fèi)用