蜂的溝通模式
講小蜜蜂。分為 honeybee和worker bee。講了honeybee是怎麼尋找蜜源和如何告訴同伴蜜源的位置的。開(kāi)頭先說(shuō)蜜蜂和 termite 與很多 Species 不同，他們是 social。蜜蜂是一個(gè)是由社會(huì)分工合作的動(dòng)物（有題問(wèn)他們有什麼共同點(diǎn)），交流因此就變得很重要（有題）。然後科學(xué)家們就開(kāi)始用他們的聰明才智研究小蜜蜂了。開(kāi)始以為是honeybee是靠scent交流，然後某德國(guó)科學(xué)家研究發(fā)現(xiàn) scout 用舞蹈來(lái)告訴工蜂蜜源的遠(yuǎn)近，遠(yuǎn)的用八字舞，近的用圓圈舞。他因此獲得炸藥獎(jiǎng)。交流的內(nèi)容靠跳 8 字舞或者 circle 區(qū)別 distance，而不是食物的類(lèi)別（有題）。原來(lái) 發(fā)現(xiàn)蜜蜂找到窩以後跳舞是指示food type，後來(lái)發(fā)現(xiàn) more than that。跳舞還指示出了direction and distance。跳舞分兩種一種是 nectar dance 另一種 pollen dance，有一道題問(wèn)這個(gè)的，nectar 是跳圓圈舞，pollen 是跳 8 字舞。但是一直有科學(xué)家懷疑 這個(gè)說(shuō)法直到 1989 年，一些科學(xué)家為了驗(yàn)證他的理論做了 machine bees 模仿 scout，就是不去有食物處（這裏有考題問(wèn)機(jī)器蜜蜂和其他小蜜蜂有什麼不同），發(fā)現(xiàn) robot使用這些動(dòng)作果然可以向工蜂有效傳遞資訊。采蜜只是跳舞來(lái)做一些指示。最後發(fā) 現(xiàn)了小蜜蜂帶回來(lái)的資訊和 wind 無(wú)關(guān)（這裏有考題問(wèn) except 的問(wèn)題，其他選項(xiàng)是 direction, distance 還有一個(gè)忘了）
Bees
Flowers provide food for bees. The bees collect tiny grains of pollen and a sweet liquid called nectar from the blossoms they visit. They make honey from the nectar, and use both honey and pollen as food.
During their food-gathering flights, bees spread pollen from one flower to another, thus pollinating (fertilizing) the plants they visit. This enables the plants to reproduce.
The honey bee colony
A typical honey bee colony is made up of one queen, tens of thousands of workers, and a few hundred drones.
Honey bees live in hives. The hive is a storage space, such as a hollow tree or a box, which contains a honeycomb. The honeycomb is a mass of six-sided compartments called cells.
Worker bees build the honeycomb of wax produced by their bodies. The wax oozes through small pores (holes) in the body and forms tiny white flakes on the outside of the abdomen.
They also collect a sticky substance bee glue, from certain kinds of trees.
The body of the honey bee
A bee has five eyes-three small ones that form a triangle on top of its head, and a large compound eye on each side of its head.
Honey bees were the first insects known to be able to distinguish colors. Bees have three kinds of color-sensitive cells in their eyes. These visual cells are especially sensitive to blue, yellow, and ultraviolet rays, which humans cannot see.
The sting of a worker bee is straight, with barbs (hooks) on it. When the bee thrusts the sting into flesh, the barbs hold tight, and the stinger pulls out of the bee's body.
補(bǔ)充： ANIMAL 動(dòng)物分類(lèi)詞匯：
Darvinism 達(dá)爾文學(xué)說(shuō)
natural selection 自然選擇
class 綱
order 目
family 科
genus 屬
suborder 亞目
species 種
invertebrate 無(wú)脊椎動(dòng)物
vertebrate 脊椎動(dòng)物
aquatic( life) 水生動(dòng)物
reptile 爬行動(dòng)物
amphibian (amphibious animal) 兩棲動(dòng)物
dinosaur 恐龍
bird 鳥(niǎo)類(lèi)
extinction 滅絕
mammal 哺乳動(dòng)物
primates 靈長(zhǎng)目動(dòng)物
insect 昆蟲(chóng)
antenna (複數(shù) antennae) 觸鬚
larva 幼蟲(chóng)，幼體
camouflage 偽裝
pest 害蟲(chóng)
worm 蟲(chóng)，蠕蟲(chóng)
hibernate 冬眠
lizard 蜥蜴
chameleon 變色蜥蜴
regeneration 再生
turtle 龜
beast 野獸
domesticate 馴養(yǎng)
predatory (carnivorous ) 食肉的
predator 捕食者
prey （動(dòng)詞）捕食
（名詞）被捕食的動(dòng)物
scavenger 食腐動(dòng)物
migrate 遷移
wing 翅膀，翼
bill （鳥(niǎo)）嘴
beak （鷹等的）嘴
nest 築巢
dolphin 海豚
whale 鯨魚(yú)
bat 蝙蝠
gorilla 大猩猩
chimpanzee 黑猩猩
habitat 棲息地
rodent 齧齒動(dòng)物（如松鼠）
primate 靈長(zhǎng)動(dòng)物
plankton 浮游生物
mollusk 軟體動(dòng)物
coelenterate 腔腸動(dòng)物（如珊瑚）
shrimp 小蝦
prawn 對(duì)蝦
lobster 對(duì)蝦
crab 螃蟹
clam 蛤蜊
sponge 海綿
coral 珊瑚
starfish 海星
canary 金絲雀
chirp (鳥(niǎo)，蟲(chóng)的叫聲)唧唧
squeak （老鼠等）吱吱
porpoise 海豚
sloth 樹(shù)懶
slothful 懶惰的
hygiene 衛(wèi)生
sanitation 衛(wèi)生
parasite 寄生蟲(chóng)
moth 蛾
caterpillar 毛蟲(chóng)
hordes (昆蟲(chóng)等)群
swarms (昆蟲(chóng)等)群
flock （鳥(niǎo)，羊等）群
community 動(dòng)物的群落或人的部落
herd 獸群
bunch （花等）束，捧
beaver 海貍
monogamous 一夫一妻的，一雄一雌的
polygamous一夫多妻的，一雄多雌的
polyandrous 一妻多夫的，一雌多雄的
trapper 誘捕動(dòng)物者
rhinoceros 犀牛
niche 小生態(tài)環(huán)境
vestige 退化器官，遺跡
oyster 牡蠣
fertilizer 使…受精
larvae 幼蟲(chóng)
tentacle 觸角
homotherm 恒溫動(dòng)物
poikilotherm 變溫動(dòng)物
metabolism 新陳代謝
baboon 狒狒
breed (名詞)品種，（動(dòng)詞）繁殖
multiply （reproduce）繁殖
hatch 孵
spawn (魚(yú)、蝦、蛙等)孵
offspring (young) 後代
anatomy 解剖學(xué)
appetite 食欲
creature 生物
microbe 微生物
herbivorous 食草的
carnivorous 食肉的
omnivorous 雜事的
講小蜜蜂。分為 honeybee和worker bee。講了honeybee是怎麼尋找蜜源和如何告訴同伴蜜源的位置的。開(kāi)頭先說(shuō)蜜蜂和 termite 與很多 Species 不同，他們是 social。蜜蜂是一個(gè)是由社會(huì)分工合作的動(dòng)物（有題問(wèn)他們有什麼共同點(diǎn)），交流因此就變得很重要（有題）。然後科學(xué)家們就開(kāi)始用他們的聰明才智研究小蜜蜂了。開(kāi)始以為是honeybee是靠scent交流，然後某德國(guó)科學(xué)家研究發(fā)現(xiàn) scout 用舞蹈來(lái)告訴工蜂蜜源的遠(yuǎn)近，遠(yuǎn)的用八字舞，近的用圓圈舞。他因此獲得炸藥獎(jiǎng)。交流的內(nèi)容靠跳 8 字舞或者 circle 區(qū)別 distance，而不是食物的類(lèi)別（有題）。原來(lái) 發(fā)現(xiàn)蜜蜂找到窩以後跳舞是指示food type，後來(lái)發(fā)現(xiàn) more than that。跳舞還指示出了direction and distance。跳舞分兩種一種是 nectar dance 另一種 pollen dance，有一道題問(wèn)這個(gè)的，nectar 是跳圓圈舞，pollen 是跳 8 字舞。但是一直有科學(xué)家懷疑 這個(gè)說(shuō)法直到 1989 年，一些科學(xué)家為了驗(yàn)證他的理論做了 machine bees 模仿 scout，就是不去有食物處（這裏有考題問(wèn)機(jī)器蜜蜂和其他小蜜蜂有什麼不同），發(fā)現(xiàn) robot使用這些動(dòng)作果然可以向工蜂有效傳遞資訊。采蜜只是跳舞來(lái)做一些指示。最後發(fā) 現(xiàn)了小蜜蜂帶回來(lái)的資訊和 wind 無(wú)關(guān)（這裏有考題問(wèn) except 的問(wèn)題，其他選項(xiàng)是 direction, distance 還有一個(gè)忘了）
Bees
Flowers provide food for bees. The bees collect tiny grains of pollen and a sweet liquid called nectar from the blossoms they visit. They make honey from the nectar, and use both honey and pollen as food.
During their food-gathering flights, bees spread pollen from one flower to another, thus pollinating (fertilizing) the plants they visit. This enables the plants to reproduce.
The honey bee colony
A typical honey bee colony is made up of one queen, tens of thousands of workers, and a few hundred drones.
Honey bees live in hives. The hive is a storage space, such as a hollow tree or a box, which contains a honeycomb. The honeycomb is a mass of six-sided compartments called cells.
Worker bees build the honeycomb of wax produced by their bodies. The wax oozes through small pores (holes) in the body and forms tiny white flakes on the outside of the abdomen.
They also collect a sticky substance bee glue, from certain kinds of trees.
The body of the honey bee
A bee has five eyes-three small ones that form a triangle on top of its head, and a large compound eye on each side of its head.
Honey bees were the first insects known to be able to distinguish colors. Bees have three kinds of color-sensitive cells in their eyes. These visual cells are especially sensitive to blue, yellow, and ultraviolet rays, which humans cannot see.
The sting of a worker bee is straight, with barbs (hooks) on it. When the bee thrusts the sting into flesh, the barbs hold tight, and the stinger pulls out of the bee's body.
補(bǔ)充： ANIMAL 動(dòng)物分類(lèi)詞匯：
Darvinism 達(dá)爾文學(xué)說(shuō)
natural selection 自然選擇
class 綱
order 目
family 科
genus 屬
suborder 亞目
species 種
invertebrate 無(wú)脊椎動(dòng)物
vertebrate 脊椎動(dòng)物
aquatic( life) 水生動(dòng)物
reptile 爬行動(dòng)物
amphibian (amphibious animal) 兩棲動(dòng)物
dinosaur 恐龍
bird 鳥(niǎo)類(lèi)
extinction 滅絕
mammal 哺乳動(dòng)物
primates 靈長(zhǎng)目動(dòng)物
insect 昆蟲(chóng)
antenna (複數(shù) antennae) 觸鬚
larva 幼蟲(chóng)，幼體
camouflage 偽裝
pest 害蟲(chóng)
worm 蟲(chóng)，蠕蟲(chóng)
hibernate 冬眠
lizard 蜥蜴
chameleon 變色蜥蜴
regeneration 再生
turtle 龜
beast 野獸
domesticate 馴養(yǎng)
predatory (carnivorous ) 食肉的
predator 捕食者
prey （動(dòng)詞）捕食
（名詞）被捕食的動(dòng)物
scavenger 食腐動(dòng)物
migrate 遷移
wing 翅膀，翼
bill （鳥(niǎo)）嘴
beak （鷹等的）嘴
nest 築巢
dolphin 海豚
whale 鯨魚(yú)
bat 蝙蝠
gorilla 大猩猩
chimpanzee 黑猩猩
habitat 棲息地
rodent 齧齒動(dòng)物（如松鼠）
primate 靈長(zhǎng)動(dòng)物
plankton 浮游生物
mollusk 軟體動(dòng)物
coelenterate 腔腸動(dòng)物（如珊瑚）
shrimp 小蝦
prawn 對(duì)蝦
lobster 對(duì)蝦
crab 螃蟹
clam 蛤蜊
sponge 海綿
coral 珊瑚
starfish 海星
canary 金絲雀
chirp (鳥(niǎo)，蟲(chóng)的叫聲)唧唧
squeak （老鼠等）吱吱
porpoise 海豚
sloth 樹(shù)懶
slothful 懶惰的
hygiene 衛(wèi)生
sanitation 衛(wèi)生
parasite 寄生蟲(chóng)
moth 蛾
caterpillar 毛蟲(chóng)
hordes (昆蟲(chóng)等)群
swarms (昆蟲(chóng)等)群
flock （鳥(niǎo)，羊等）群
community 動(dòng)物的群落或人的部落
herd 獸群
bunch （花等）束，捧
beaver 海貍
monogamous 一夫一妻的，一雄一雌的
polygamous一夫多妻的，一雄多雌的
polyandrous 一妻多夫的，一雌多雄的
trapper 誘捕動(dòng)物者
rhinoceros 犀牛
niche 小生態(tài)環(huán)境
vestige 退化器官，遺跡
oyster 牡蠣
fertilizer 使…受精
larvae 幼蟲(chóng)
tentacle 觸角
homotherm 恒溫動(dòng)物
poikilotherm 變溫動(dòng)物
metabolism 新陳代謝
baboon 狒狒
breed (名詞)品種，（動(dòng)詞）繁殖
multiply （reproduce）繁殖
hatch 孵
spawn (魚(yú)、蝦、蛙等)孵
offspring (young) 後代
anatomy 解剖學(xué)
appetite 食欲
creature 生物
microbe 微生物
herbivorous 食草的
carnivorous 食肉的
omnivorous 雜事的