英語國家概況精講系列（二十一）
III.Civil Courts
民事法庭
1. Civil Courts in England and Wales
英格蘭和威爾士的民事法庭
Magistrates‘ Courts have limited civil jurisdiction， The main courts of civil jurisdiction are County Courts， the High Court deals with the more complicated civil case. Its jurisdiction covers mainly civil and some criminal cases. It has three divisions： （1） the family Division； （2） the Chancery Division； （3） the Queen’s Bench Division.
治安法庭只有一定的民事審判權。主要行使民事司法權的是民事法院，高等法院處理更為復雜的民事案。主要包括民事案和一些刑事案，高等法院有三個分支：（1）家事庭；（2）娃哈哈官庭；（3）王室庭。
2. Civil Courts in Scotland
蘇格蘭的民事法庭
The Civil Courts are the sheriff court and the Court of session.
民事法院包括郡法院和巡回法院（中心法院）。
3. Civil Courts in Northern Ireland
北愛爾蘭的民事法院
County Court are primarily civil law courts. The magistrates‘ court also deal with certain limited classes of civil cases. The high Court of Justice the superior civil law court.
郡法院主要是民事法院。治安法庭也審理某些有限類型的民事案件。高等法院就是高級民事法院。
IV. The Judiciary
司法機構
There is no ministry of justice in the United Kingdom. Central responsibility lies with the Lord Chancellor the Home Secretary and the Attorney General. In England and Wales， lay magistrates are appointed on behalf of the Crown by the Lord Chancellor who is advised by committees in each county. The Lord Chancellor recommends the High Court and circuit judges. The highest judicial appointments and made by the Queen on the advice of the Prime Minister.
英國沒有司法機構。中央政府的司法工作主要由娃哈哈官內政大臣和檢察總長負責。在英格蘭和威爾士，娃哈哈官根據(jù)各部委員會的建議任命外行人員為治安官。娃哈哈官推薦高等法官和巡回法官。級別的司法官任命由女王根據(jù)首相的建議做出。
V. Police
警察
The police service for United Kingdom is organized and controlled on a local basis under the Home Secretary and the Scottish and Northern Ireland Secretaries. London‘s Metropolitan Police Force is directly under the control of Home Secretary. Police officers are not allowed to join a trade union or go on strike. They do not normally carry firearms.
在內政大臣和蘇格蘭及北愛爾蘭國務大臣的指導下，英國警察分地組建，并以地方管理為基礎。但倫敦警察署直接與內政大臣管轄。警察不得加入工會或罷工。他們通常不佩帶手槍。
VI. Treatment of offenders
對違法者的處理
The chief aims of the penal system are to deter the potential lawbreaker and to reform the convicted offender.
刑罰制度的主要目的是阻止?jié)撛诘倪`法者，并改造已判的違法者。
Capital punishment （ a sentence of death ） for murder has been abolished in the U.K， through proposal for its reinstatement are regularly debated by Parliament， and it remains the penalty for treason and piracy.
英國已廢除對謀殺罪的死刑，但議會仍經(jīng)常辯論要恢復死刑，判國罪和海盜罪仍可判死刑。
III.Civil Courts
民事法庭
1. Civil Courts in England and Wales
英格蘭和威爾士的民事法庭
Magistrates‘ Courts have limited civil jurisdiction， The main courts of civil jurisdiction are County Courts， the High Court deals with the more complicated civil case. Its jurisdiction covers mainly civil and some criminal cases. It has three divisions： （1） the family Division； （2） the Chancery Division； （3） the Queen’s Bench Division.
治安法庭只有一定的民事審判權。主要行使民事司法權的是民事法院，高等法院處理更為復雜的民事案。主要包括民事案和一些刑事案，高等法院有三個分支：（1）家事庭；（2）娃哈哈官庭；（3）王室庭。
2. Civil Courts in Scotland
蘇格蘭的民事法庭
The Civil Courts are the sheriff court and the Court of session.
民事法院包括郡法院和巡回法院（中心法院）。
3. Civil Courts in Northern Ireland
北愛爾蘭的民事法院
County Court are primarily civil law courts. The magistrates‘ court also deal with certain limited classes of civil cases. The high Court of Justice the superior civil law court.
郡法院主要是民事法院。治安法庭也審理某些有限類型的民事案件。高等法院就是高級民事法院。
IV. The Judiciary
司法機構
There is no ministry of justice in the United Kingdom. Central responsibility lies with the Lord Chancellor the Home Secretary and the Attorney General. In England and Wales， lay magistrates are appointed on behalf of the Crown by the Lord Chancellor who is advised by committees in each county. The Lord Chancellor recommends the High Court and circuit judges. The highest judicial appointments and made by the Queen on the advice of the Prime Minister.
英國沒有司法機構。中央政府的司法工作主要由娃哈哈官內政大臣和檢察總長負責。在英格蘭和威爾士，娃哈哈官根據(jù)各部委員會的建議任命外行人員為治安官。娃哈哈官推薦高等法官和巡回法官。級別的司法官任命由女王根據(jù)首相的建議做出。
V. Police
警察
The police service for United Kingdom is organized and controlled on a local basis under the Home Secretary and the Scottish and Northern Ireland Secretaries. London‘s Metropolitan Police Force is directly under the control of Home Secretary. Police officers are not allowed to join a trade union or go on strike. They do not normally carry firearms.
在內政大臣和蘇格蘭及北愛爾蘭國務大臣的指導下，英國警察分地組建，并以地方管理為基礎。但倫敦警察署直接與內政大臣管轄。警察不得加入工會或罷工。他們通常不佩帶手槍。
VI. Treatment of offenders
對違法者的處理
The chief aims of the penal system are to deter the potential lawbreaker and to reform the convicted offender.
刑罰制度的主要目的是阻止?jié)撛诘倪`法者，并改造已判的違法者。
Capital punishment （ a sentence of death ） for murder has been abolished in the U.K， through proposal for its reinstatement are regularly debated by Parliament， and it remains the penalty for treason and piracy.
英國已廢除對謀殺罪的死刑，但議會仍經(jīng)常辯論要恢復死刑，判國罪和海盜罪仍可判死刑。