題型分析 我要高分
完形填空也可稱(chēng)為綜合填空、完形測(cè)試或完形程序(Cloze Procedure，簡(jiǎn)稱(chēng)Cloze)，其測(cè)試?yán)碚搧?lái)源于格式塔心理學(xué)(Gestalt psychology)，也稱(chēng)為完形心理學(xué)：格式塔心理學(xué)在心理學(xué)歷大的特點(diǎn)是強(qiáng)調(diào)研究心理對(duì)象的整體性，它強(qiáng)調(diào)整體性思想的核心是有機(jī)體或統(tǒng)一的整體構(gòu)成的全體要大于各部分單純相加之和。將這種理論應(yīng)用到英語(yǔ)測(cè)試中來(lái)，于是有了完形填空這一題型。這類(lèi)題型首創(chuàng)于1953年，是能比較有效地測(cè)試學(xué)生實(shí)際英語(yǔ)運(yùn)用能力的一種練習(xí)和測(cè)試題型。正如Taylor(1953)所定義的，“完形填空(Cloze)是完形心理學(xué)在實(shí)際生活中的具體應(yīng)用，即完成一個(gè)熟悉而又不完整的形式——通常用空格表示出來(lái)?！庇⒄Z(yǔ)測(cè)試中的完形填空是從文章中系統(tǒng)地刪掉一些單詞或詞組并由學(xué)生經(jīng)過(guò)選擇后再重新填入空白處的一種練習(xí)過(guò)程。這種測(cè)試方法充分利用了人們遇到一個(gè)整體中不完整的局部時(shí)，都自然而然地想用各種方法加以補(bǔ)充，使得原來(lái)不完整的部分和整體較為一致。
近幾年來(lái)，國(guó)內(nèi)外英語(yǔ)專(zhuān)家對(duì)完形填空的研究表明，完形填空測(cè)試題型涉及詞匯量大，靈活度高，綜合性強(qiáng)，要求學(xué)生具有一定綜合運(yùn)用語(yǔ)言的能力才能較好地完成這種題型。所謂綜合運(yùn)用語(yǔ)言的能力包括：詞匯量及分析詞義和搭配詞語(yǔ)的能力、駕馭語(yǔ)法結(jié)構(gòu)的能力、語(yǔ)篇理解能力、根據(jù)上下文進(jìn)行分析判斷和邏輯推理的能力、甚至社會(huì)背景和普通常識(shí)的運(yùn)用能力等。因此，完形填空被公認(rèn)為是一種測(cè)試學(xué)生綜合運(yùn)用英語(yǔ)能力的有效題型。
歸納起來(lái)，完形填空考查知識(shí)點(diǎn)的主要內(nèi)容分為兩大部分：
1.詞匯辨析和語(yǔ)法結(jié)構(gòu)
完形填空題中的空缺部分既可能是實(shí)詞，也可能是虛詞。這也是該題型與詞匯題極為相似而又互相區(qū)別的地方。如果是實(shí)詞，絕大多數(shù)情況考查的是考生對(duì)于詞匯的記憶和辨析能力，以及對(duì)固定搭配的掌握;如果是虛詞，則更可能考查考生的語(yǔ)法結(jié)構(gòu)運(yùn)用能力。
2.語(yǔ)篇理解能力
即使每一個(gè)選項(xiàng)的意思都了然于胸也有可能選擇了錯(cuò)誤答案，因?yàn)橥晷翁羁者€要求考生根據(jù)上下文所給出的信息和提示進(jìn)行分析判斷、排除其他選項(xiàng)而終選擇正確答案。如果考生對(duì)于整個(gè)語(yǔ)篇理解有障礙，就難以選出正確答案。而語(yǔ)篇理解能力正是完形填空和一般詞匯、語(yǔ)法題型的本質(zhì)區(qū)別。請(qǐng)看2007年6月的大學(xué)英語(yǔ)四級(jí)考試試題：
An earthquake hit Kashmir on Oct. 8，2005. It took some 75, 000 lives, 67 130,000 and left nearly 3.5 million without food, jobs or homes. 68 overnight, scores of tent villages bloomed 69 the region, tended by international aid organizations, military 70 and aid groups working day and night to shelter the survivors before winter 71.
Mercifully, the season was mild. But with the 72 of spring, the refugees will be moved again. Camps that 73 health care, food and shelter for 150,000 survivors have begun to close as they were 74 intended to be permanent.
For most of the refugees, the thought of going back brings 75emotions. The past six months have been difficult. Families of 76 many as 10 people have had to shelter 77 a single tent and share cookstoves and bathing 78 with neighbors. “They are looking forward to the clean water of their rivers,” officials say. “They are 79 of free fresh fruit. They want to get back to their herds and start 80 again.” But most of them will be returning to 81 but heaps of ruins. In many villages, electric 82have not been repaired, nor have roads. Aid workers 83 that it will take years to rebuild what the earthquake took 84. And for the thousands of survivors, the 85, will never be complete. Yet the survivors have to start somewhere. New homes can be built 86 the stones, bricks and beams of old ones. Spring is coming and it is a good time to start again.
67.A.injured B.ruined C.destroyed D.damaged
68.A.Altogether B.Almost C.Scarcely D.Surely
69.A.among B.above C.amid D.across
70.A.ranks B.personnel C.equipment D.installations
71.A.out B.in C.on D.forth
72.A.falling B.emergence C.arrival D.appearing
73.A.strengthened B.aided C.transferred D.provided
74.A.never B.once C.ever D.yet
75.A.puzzled B.contrasted C.doubled D.mixed
76.A.like B.as C.so D.too
77.A.by B.below C.under D.with
78.A.facilities B.instruments C.implements D.appliances
79.A.seeking B.dreaming C.longing D.searching
80.A.producing B.cultivating C.farming D.nourishing
81.A.anything B.something C.everything D.nothing
82.A.lines B.channels C.paths D.currents
83.A.account B.measure C.estimate D.evaluate
84.A.aside B.away C.up D.out
85.A.reservation B.retreat C.replacement D.recovery
86.A.from B.through C.upon D.onto
這篇完形填空涉及詞匯題(包括固定搭配在內(nèi))多達(dá)15題，另外考查介詞用法三處(69，77，86)，篇章連接2處(68，74)。
六級(jí)
六級(jí)大綱核心詞匯，出現(xiàn)次數(shù)>20次
accord ac-cord n.一致，符合;諒解，協(xié)議 v.相符合，相一致
[例句] If you want to set up a company, you must accord with the regulations laid down by the authorities. (1999年 6月詞匯32)
[譯文] 如果你想創(chuàng)建公司，就必須遵守主管部門(mén)制定的規(guī)則。
[用法] in accord (with sth. /sb.) / in accordance with sth. 與…一致;
according to按照，依…而定
comprehension com-pre-hen-sion n.理解，理解力，領(lǐng)悟
[例句] What is worse, the misprints spread everywhere in the dictionary and seriously affect my comprehension.
[譯文] 更糟的是，字典中到處是印刷錯(cuò)誤，這嚴(yán)重地影響了我的閱讀。
statement state-ment n.陳述，聲明;結(jié)算單，報(bào)表
[例句] One should create a solid statement in a dozen or so sentences that describe in detail how they see their life related to work. (2007年6月快速閱讀)
[譯文] 一個(gè)人應(yīng)該用十幾個(gè)左右的句子做出堅(jiān)定的說(shuō)法，詳細(xì)描述他們?cè)鯓涌创c工作相關(guān)聯(lián)的生活。
vary va-ry vt.改變;使多樣化vi.變化;有差異
[例句] Not only do approaches to teaching science and math vary among individual U.S. communities, the report finds, but there appears to be little strategic focus within a school district’s curricula, its textbooks, or its teachers’ activities. (2005年1月閱讀3)
[譯文] 報(bào)告發(fā)現(xiàn)，在各個(gè)美國(guó)社區(qū)不僅教授科學(xué)和數(shù)學(xué)的方式各不相同，并且在學(xué)校區(qū)域內(nèi)的課程，教材或者教師活動(dòng)好像也缺乏一點(diǎn)策略性的焦點(diǎn)。
[辨析] vary，range
這是一組意思相近的動(dòng)詞。 vary v. 表示改變，變動(dòng)，變化(尤指伴隨某種因素而產(chǎn)生)，vary from sth. to sth.;e.g. His mood varies from optimism to extreme depression.他的情緒由樂(lè)觀轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)榉浅Ｏ?。range v. 表示在…與…之間變化，從…延伸到…，range from sth. to sth.;e.g. Their ages range from 25 to 50.他們的年齡在25和50之間。
concern con-cern n.關(guān)切的事，有關(guān)的事;關(guān)心;關(guān)聯(lián) vt.涉及，關(guān)于;使關(guān)心，使擔(dān)心
[例句] One thing I’m concerned about is our practice of putting offenders in jail who haven’t harmed anyone. (2008年6月復(fù)合式聽(tīng)寫(xiě))
[譯文] 我所關(guān)注的一件事就是把沒(méi)有傷害任何人的被告置于牢獄中的這種做法。
[用法] as/so far as... be concerned 關(guān)于，至于，就…而言;be concerned about 關(guān)心;be concerned over/at sth. 為某事憂(yōu)慮;be concerned with/in 牽涉到， 與…有關(guān)， 參與;everyday concerns 日常事務(wù);feel concern about 憂(yōu)慮， 掛念;have no concern for 毫不關(guān)心;have no concern with 和…毫無(wú)關(guān)系; It is no concern of mine/ yours. 這不關(guān)我/你的事。
compose com-pose vt.組成，構(gòu)成;為…譜曲;使平靜，使鎮(zhèn)靜
[例句] These organs would be entirely composed of human cells, grown by introducing them into animal hosts, and allowing them to develop into an organ in place of the animal’s own. (2008年6月快速閱讀)
[譯文] 這些器官將完全由人類(lèi)細(xì)胞構(gòu)成，通過(guò)植入動(dòng)物身體使其成長(zhǎng)，并且使它們發(fā)展成代替動(dòng)物本身器官的器官。
[用法] be composed of... 某物由…構(gòu)成
完形填空也可稱(chēng)為綜合填空、完形測(cè)試或完形程序(Cloze Procedure，簡(jiǎn)稱(chēng)Cloze)，其測(cè)試?yán)碚搧?lái)源于格式塔心理學(xué)(Gestalt psychology)，也稱(chēng)為完形心理學(xué)：格式塔心理學(xué)在心理學(xué)歷大的特點(diǎn)是強(qiáng)調(diào)研究心理對(duì)象的整體性，它強(qiáng)調(diào)整體性思想的核心是有機(jī)體或統(tǒng)一的整體構(gòu)成的全體要大于各部分單純相加之和。將這種理論應(yīng)用到英語(yǔ)測(cè)試中來(lái)，于是有了完形填空這一題型。這類(lèi)題型首創(chuàng)于1953年，是能比較有效地測(cè)試學(xué)生實(shí)際英語(yǔ)運(yùn)用能力的一種練習(xí)和測(cè)試題型。正如Taylor(1953)所定義的，“完形填空(Cloze)是完形心理學(xué)在實(shí)際生活中的具體應(yīng)用，即完成一個(gè)熟悉而又不完整的形式——通常用空格表示出來(lái)?！庇⒄Z(yǔ)測(cè)試中的完形填空是從文章中系統(tǒng)地刪掉一些單詞或詞組并由學(xué)生經(jīng)過(guò)選擇后再重新填入空白處的一種練習(xí)過(guò)程。這種測(cè)試方法充分利用了人們遇到一個(gè)整體中不完整的局部時(shí)，都自然而然地想用各種方法加以補(bǔ)充，使得原來(lái)不完整的部分和整體較為一致。
近幾年來(lái)，國(guó)內(nèi)外英語(yǔ)專(zhuān)家對(duì)完形填空的研究表明，完形填空測(cè)試題型涉及詞匯量大，靈活度高，綜合性強(qiáng)，要求學(xué)生具有一定綜合運(yùn)用語(yǔ)言的能力才能較好地完成這種題型。所謂綜合運(yùn)用語(yǔ)言的能力包括：詞匯量及分析詞義和搭配詞語(yǔ)的能力、駕馭語(yǔ)法結(jié)構(gòu)的能力、語(yǔ)篇理解能力、根據(jù)上下文進(jìn)行分析判斷和邏輯推理的能力、甚至社會(huì)背景和普通常識(shí)的運(yùn)用能力等。因此，完形填空被公認(rèn)為是一種測(cè)試學(xué)生綜合運(yùn)用英語(yǔ)能力的有效題型。
歸納起來(lái)，完形填空考查知識(shí)點(diǎn)的主要內(nèi)容分為兩大部分：
1.詞匯辨析和語(yǔ)法結(jié)構(gòu)
完形填空題中的空缺部分既可能是實(shí)詞，也可能是虛詞。這也是該題型與詞匯題極為相似而又互相區(qū)別的地方。如果是實(shí)詞，絕大多數(shù)情況考查的是考生對(duì)于詞匯的記憶和辨析能力，以及對(duì)固定搭配的掌握;如果是虛詞，則更可能考查考生的語(yǔ)法結(jié)構(gòu)運(yùn)用能力。
2.語(yǔ)篇理解能力
即使每一個(gè)選項(xiàng)的意思都了然于胸也有可能選擇了錯(cuò)誤答案，因?yàn)橥晷翁羁者€要求考生根據(jù)上下文所給出的信息和提示進(jìn)行分析判斷、排除其他選項(xiàng)而終選擇正確答案。如果考生對(duì)于整個(gè)語(yǔ)篇理解有障礙，就難以選出正確答案。而語(yǔ)篇理解能力正是完形填空和一般詞匯、語(yǔ)法題型的本質(zhì)區(qū)別。請(qǐng)看2007年6月的大學(xué)英語(yǔ)四級(jí)考試試題：
An earthquake hit Kashmir on Oct. 8，2005. It took some 75, 000 lives, 67 130,000 and left nearly 3.5 million without food, jobs or homes. 68 overnight, scores of tent villages bloomed 69 the region, tended by international aid organizations, military 70 and aid groups working day and night to shelter the survivors before winter 71.
Mercifully, the season was mild. But with the 72 of spring, the refugees will be moved again. Camps that 73 health care, food and shelter for 150,000 survivors have begun to close as they were 74 intended to be permanent.
For most of the refugees, the thought of going back brings 75emotions. The past six months have been difficult. Families of 76 many as 10 people have had to shelter 77 a single tent and share cookstoves and bathing 78 with neighbors. “They are looking forward to the clean water of their rivers,” officials say. “They are 79 of free fresh fruit. They want to get back to their herds and start 80 again.” But most of them will be returning to 81 but heaps of ruins. In many villages, electric 82have not been repaired, nor have roads. Aid workers 83 that it will take years to rebuild what the earthquake took 84. And for the thousands of survivors, the 85, will never be complete. Yet the survivors have to start somewhere. New homes can be built 86 the stones, bricks and beams of old ones. Spring is coming and it is a good time to start again.
67.A.injured B.ruined C.destroyed D.damaged
68.A.Altogether B.Almost C.Scarcely D.Surely
69.A.among B.above C.amid D.across
70.A.ranks B.personnel C.equipment D.installations
71.A.out B.in C.on D.forth
72.A.falling B.emergence C.arrival D.appearing
73.A.strengthened B.aided C.transferred D.provided
74.A.never B.once C.ever D.yet
75.A.puzzled B.contrasted C.doubled D.mixed
76.A.like B.as C.so D.too
77.A.by B.below C.under D.with
78.A.facilities B.instruments C.implements D.appliances
79.A.seeking B.dreaming C.longing D.searching
80.A.producing B.cultivating C.farming D.nourishing
81.A.anything B.something C.everything D.nothing
82.A.lines B.channels C.paths D.currents
83.A.account B.measure C.estimate D.evaluate
84.A.aside B.away C.up D.out
85.A.reservation B.retreat C.replacement D.recovery
86.A.from B.through C.upon D.onto
這篇完形填空涉及詞匯題(包括固定搭配在內(nèi))多達(dá)15題，另外考查介詞用法三處(69，77，86)，篇章連接2處(68，74)。
六級(jí)
六級(jí)大綱核心詞匯，出現(xiàn)次數(shù)>20次
accord ac-cord n.一致，符合;諒解，協(xié)議 v.相符合，相一致
[例句] If you want to set up a company, you must accord with the regulations laid down by the authorities. (1999年 6月詞匯32)
[譯文] 如果你想創(chuàng)建公司，就必須遵守主管部門(mén)制定的規(guī)則。
[用法] in accord (with sth. /sb.) / in accordance with sth. 與…一致;
according to按照，依…而定
comprehension com-pre-hen-sion n.理解，理解力，領(lǐng)悟
[例句] What is worse, the misprints spread everywhere in the dictionary and seriously affect my comprehension.
[譯文] 更糟的是，字典中到處是印刷錯(cuò)誤，這嚴(yán)重地影響了我的閱讀。
statement state-ment n.陳述，聲明;結(jié)算單，報(bào)表
[例句] One should create a solid statement in a dozen or so sentences that describe in detail how they see their life related to work. (2007年6月快速閱讀)
[譯文] 一個(gè)人應(yīng)該用十幾個(gè)左右的句子做出堅(jiān)定的說(shuō)法，詳細(xì)描述他們?cè)鯓涌创c工作相關(guān)聯(lián)的生活。
vary va-ry vt.改變;使多樣化vi.變化;有差異
[例句] Not only do approaches to teaching science and math vary among individual U.S. communities, the report finds, but there appears to be little strategic focus within a school district’s curricula, its textbooks, or its teachers’ activities. (2005年1月閱讀3)
[譯文] 報(bào)告發(fā)現(xiàn)，在各個(gè)美國(guó)社區(qū)不僅教授科學(xué)和數(shù)學(xué)的方式各不相同，并且在學(xué)校區(qū)域內(nèi)的課程，教材或者教師活動(dòng)好像也缺乏一點(diǎn)策略性的焦點(diǎn)。
[辨析] vary，range
這是一組意思相近的動(dòng)詞。 vary v. 表示改變，變動(dòng)，變化(尤指伴隨某種因素而產(chǎn)生)，vary from sth. to sth.;e.g. His mood varies from optimism to extreme depression.他的情緒由樂(lè)觀轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)榉浅Ｏ?。range v. 表示在…與…之間變化，從…延伸到…，range from sth. to sth.;e.g. Their ages range from 25 to 50.他們的年齡在25和50之間。
concern con-cern n.關(guān)切的事，有關(guān)的事;關(guān)心;關(guān)聯(lián) vt.涉及，關(guān)于;使關(guān)心，使擔(dān)心
[例句] One thing I’m concerned about is our practice of putting offenders in jail who haven’t harmed anyone. (2008年6月復(fù)合式聽(tīng)寫(xiě))
[譯文] 我所關(guān)注的一件事就是把沒(méi)有傷害任何人的被告置于牢獄中的這種做法。
[用法] as/so far as... be concerned 關(guān)于，至于，就…而言;be concerned about 關(guān)心;be concerned over/at sth. 為某事憂(yōu)慮;be concerned with/in 牽涉到， 與…有關(guān)， 參與;everyday concerns 日常事務(wù);feel concern about 憂(yōu)慮， 掛念;have no concern for 毫不關(guān)心;have no concern with 和…毫無(wú)關(guān)系; It is no concern of mine/ yours. 這不關(guān)我/你的事。
compose com-pose vt.組成，構(gòu)成;為…譜曲;使平靜，使鎮(zhèn)靜
[例句] These organs would be entirely composed of human cells, grown by introducing them into animal hosts, and allowing them to develop into an organ in place of the animal’s own. (2008年6月快速閱讀)
[譯文] 這些器官將完全由人類(lèi)細(xì)胞構(gòu)成，通過(guò)植入動(dòng)物身體使其成長(zhǎng)，并且使它們發(fā)展成代替動(dòng)物本身器官的器官。
[用法] be composed of... 某物由…構(gòu)成