4.to aim for： 瞄準；以…為目標
We are aiming for a 50% share of the German market.
我們的目標是取得德國市場50%的份額。
She was aiming for a promotion. 她想獲得提升。
課文精講：
Sacrificed to Science？
Professor Colin Blakemore works at Oxford University Medical School doing research into eye problems and believes that animal research has given humans many benefits：①
1.句中doing research into eye problems 是一個現(xiàn)在分詞短語作狀語，起補充說明的作用；believes 作works 的并列謂語；that 引導的從句作believe的賓語從句。
本句譯文：“科林·布萊克默教授任職于牛津大學醫(yī)學院，正在對眼睛疾病進行研究，他認為，用動物進行研究給人帶來了很多好處?！?BR> The use of animals has been central to the development of anaesthetics， vaccines and treatments for diabetes， cancer， developmental disorders……most of the major medical advances have been based on a background of animal research and development.
There are those who think the tests are simply unnecessary. The International Association Against Painful Experiments on Animals is an organization that promotes the use of alternative methods of research which do not make animals suffer. Their spokesman Colin Smith says：
make animals suffer 中的“suffer”是其實是不帶“to”的不定式，是不定式作賓補的結(jié)構(gòu)。
Animal research is irrelevant to our health and it can often produce misleading results. People and animals are different in their reactions to drugs and in the way their bodies work. We only have to look at some of the medical mistakes to see this is so.
But Professor Blackmore stresses：
It would be completely irresponsible and unethical to use drugs on people that had not been thoroughly tested on animals. ②The famous example of thalidomide is a case for more animals testing， not less. ③The birth defects that the drug produced were a result of inadequate testing. If thalidomide were invented today， it would never be released for human use because new tests on pregnant animals would reveal the dangers.④
2.本句用了虛擬語氣，是與現(xiàn)在事實相反的假設(shè)。雖然沒有用虛擬條件句的形式，但表示虛擬的意義。因為作者認為，藥品不經(jīng)動物實驗就用在人身體上的可能性極小。
that 引導的定語從句修飾先行詞drugs.把本句改為虛擬條件句：It would be completely irresponsible and unethical to use drugs on people if they had not been thoroughly tested on animals.
本句譯文：“如果把還沒有在動物身上徹底實驗過的藥物用在人身上，那是完全不負責任和不道德的?！?BR> 3.為了避免重復，less后面省略了animal testing. 句意為：“的薩立多胺的例子就說明應該對動物進行更多的試驗，而不是更少?！?BR> 4.本句也是一句表示與現(xiàn)在情況相反的虛擬條件句。在虛擬條件中，動詞be 不管用于什么人稱都用were.“because”引導的從句為原因狀語從句。
本句譯文：“如果薩立多胺是今天發(fā)明的，它就決不會用在人身上，因為對懷孕的動物的新試驗將會發(fā)現(xiàn)這種危險?！?BR> Another organization that is developing other methods of research is FRAME. This is the Fund for the Replacement of Animals in Medical Experiments. It recognizes that many experiments still have to be done on animals and is aiming for Reduction. Refinement and Replacement of animals in experiments. In 1981， it established a research programme to improve and expand non-animal testing. Increasingly， new technology is making it easier for us to find alternative methods of testing. Computer models can be used to simulate the way that cells work and to try to predict the toxicity of chemicals.⑤ Data from previous animal experiments is used to develop a computer model which will predict what will happen if you add a chemical with an unknown biological effect to a substance.⑥ The eventual aim of computer modeling is to reduce the number of animals used in experiments.
5.此句中to simulate the way和 to try to predict the toxicity of chemicals 是并列狀語，用來表示使用計算機模型的目的。 that cells work 是定語從句，修飾the way.
本句譯文：“計算機模型可用來模擬細胞的活動方式和預報化學藥品的毒性”
6.在本句中，共有三個從句：
名詞+ which 引導的一個定語從句修飾名詞model；
what 引導一個賓語從句，作動詞predict 的賓語；
if 引導一個條件狀語從句，作happen的狀語。其中add…to 是一個動詞詞組，意思是“把…增加到…”。
本句譯文：可用從以前的動物實驗獲取的數(shù)據(jù)來建立一個計算機模型，這個模型能夠預報如果將某一生物效果不明的化學藥品添加到另一種物質(zhì)上將會出現(xiàn)什么情況。
The Lethal Dose 50 test （LD50） may also be replaced. In the original test， all the animals in a test group are given a substance until half of them die. The test indicates toxicity. A method using a fixed amount， which gives the same eventual information but uses fever animals and does not require that they die， may replace the LD50.⑦ Many other new techniques are now available that enable more research to be done in the test tube to see if chemicals produce harmful biological effects.⑧
We are aiming for a 50% share of the German market.
我們的目標是取得德國市場50%的份額。
She was aiming for a promotion. 她想獲得提升。
課文精講：
Sacrificed to Science？
Professor Colin Blakemore works at Oxford University Medical School doing research into eye problems and believes that animal research has given humans many benefits：①
1.句中doing research into eye problems 是一個現(xiàn)在分詞短語作狀語，起補充說明的作用；believes 作works 的并列謂語；that 引導的從句作believe的賓語從句。
本句譯文：“科林·布萊克默教授任職于牛津大學醫(yī)學院，正在對眼睛疾病進行研究，他認為，用動物進行研究給人帶來了很多好處?！?BR> The use of animals has been central to the development of anaesthetics， vaccines and treatments for diabetes， cancer， developmental disorders……most of the major medical advances have been based on a background of animal research and development.
There are those who think the tests are simply unnecessary. The International Association Against Painful Experiments on Animals is an organization that promotes the use of alternative methods of research which do not make animals suffer. Their spokesman Colin Smith says：
make animals suffer 中的“suffer”是其實是不帶“to”的不定式，是不定式作賓補的結(jié)構(gòu)。
Animal research is irrelevant to our health and it can often produce misleading results. People and animals are different in their reactions to drugs and in the way their bodies work. We only have to look at some of the medical mistakes to see this is so.
But Professor Blackmore stresses：
It would be completely irresponsible and unethical to use drugs on people that had not been thoroughly tested on animals. ②The famous example of thalidomide is a case for more animals testing， not less. ③The birth defects that the drug produced were a result of inadequate testing. If thalidomide were invented today， it would never be released for human use because new tests on pregnant animals would reveal the dangers.④
2.本句用了虛擬語氣，是與現(xiàn)在事實相反的假設(shè)。雖然沒有用虛擬條件句的形式，但表示虛擬的意義。因為作者認為，藥品不經(jīng)動物實驗就用在人身體上的可能性極小。
that 引導的定語從句修飾先行詞drugs.把本句改為虛擬條件句：It would be completely irresponsible and unethical to use drugs on people if they had not been thoroughly tested on animals.
本句譯文：“如果把還沒有在動物身上徹底實驗過的藥物用在人身上，那是完全不負責任和不道德的?！?BR> 3.為了避免重復，less后面省略了animal testing. 句意為：“的薩立多胺的例子就說明應該對動物進行更多的試驗，而不是更少?！?BR> 4.本句也是一句表示與現(xiàn)在情況相反的虛擬條件句。在虛擬條件中，動詞be 不管用于什么人稱都用were.“because”引導的從句為原因狀語從句。
本句譯文：“如果薩立多胺是今天發(fā)明的，它就決不會用在人身上，因為對懷孕的動物的新試驗將會發(fā)現(xiàn)這種危險?！?BR> Another organization that is developing other methods of research is FRAME. This is the Fund for the Replacement of Animals in Medical Experiments. It recognizes that many experiments still have to be done on animals and is aiming for Reduction. Refinement and Replacement of animals in experiments. In 1981， it established a research programme to improve and expand non-animal testing. Increasingly， new technology is making it easier for us to find alternative methods of testing. Computer models can be used to simulate the way that cells work and to try to predict the toxicity of chemicals.⑤ Data from previous animal experiments is used to develop a computer model which will predict what will happen if you add a chemical with an unknown biological effect to a substance.⑥ The eventual aim of computer modeling is to reduce the number of animals used in experiments.
5.此句中to simulate the way和 to try to predict the toxicity of chemicals 是并列狀語，用來表示使用計算機模型的目的。 that cells work 是定語從句，修飾the way.
本句譯文：“計算機模型可用來模擬細胞的活動方式和預報化學藥品的毒性”
6.在本句中，共有三個從句：
名詞+ which 引導的一個定語從句修飾名詞model；
what 引導一個賓語從句，作動詞predict 的賓語；
if 引導一個條件狀語從句，作happen的狀語。其中add…to 是一個動詞詞組，意思是“把…增加到…”。
本句譯文：可用從以前的動物實驗獲取的數(shù)據(jù)來建立一個計算機模型，這個模型能夠預報如果將某一生物效果不明的化學藥品添加到另一種物質(zhì)上將會出現(xiàn)什么情況。
The Lethal Dose 50 test （LD50） may also be replaced. In the original test， all the animals in a test group are given a substance until half of them die. The test indicates toxicity. A method using a fixed amount， which gives the same eventual information but uses fever animals and does not require that they die， may replace the LD50.⑦ Many other new techniques are now available that enable more research to be done in the test tube to see if chemicals produce harmful biological effects.⑧